JP2014058976A - 排ガス中のNOxの還元機構 - Google Patents
排ガス中のNOxの還元機構 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2014058976A JP2014058976A JP2013233354A JP2013233354A JP2014058976A JP 2014058976 A JP2014058976 A JP 2014058976A JP 2013233354 A JP2013233354 A JP 2013233354A JP 2013233354 A JP2013233354 A JP 2013233354A JP 2014058976 A JP2014058976 A JP 2014058976A
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- gas stream
- catalyst
- exhaust gas
- scr
- oxidation catalyst
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical group N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 22
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbamate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC([O-])=O BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid monoamide Natural products NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
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- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
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- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/30—Arrangements for supply of additional air
- F01N3/32—Arrangements for supply of additional air using air pump
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Abstract
【解決手段】燃焼ガス、特にディーゼルエンジンから排出されるガス、中のNOx還元機構は、NOの少なくとも一部をNO2に転化する酸化触媒、粒子状物質フィルター、還元剤、例えばNH3、の供給源、およびSCR触媒を含む。NOx転化における著しい改良が観察される。
【選択図】なし
Description
我々は、SCR機構の性能を大幅に改良できれば、その用途が拡大し、自動車にも応用できるであろうと考える。本発明の目的は、SCR機構におけるNOxの転化を大幅に改良し、SCR機構を使用して他の汚染物質の抑制を改善することである。
その様なガス流を、ガス流中のNOの少なくとも一部をNO2に転化するのに有効な条件下で酸化触媒上を通過させること、
該粒子状物質の少なくとも一部を除去すること、
NO2含有量が高くなったガス流に還元剤流体を添加し、ガス混合物を形成すること、そして
ガス混合物をSCR触媒上を通過させることを含んでなる方法を提供する。
本発明は以下の別の態様を提案する。
(1)車両の燃焼排ガスを処理する改良されたSCR機構であって、
前記燃焼排ガスが、NOおよび煤煙型の粒子状物質を含んでなり、
NOxの少なくとも一部をNO2に効果的に転化し、前記燃焼排ガスのNO2含有量を増加させる酸化触媒と、
NO2の存在下で比較的低い温度で燃焼させ、前記煤煙型の粒子状物質の少なくとも一部を除去するウォール−フローフィルターと、
アンモニア又は尿素である還元剤流体の供給源と、
前記ウォール−フローフィルターの下流に配置された、前記還元剤流体の注入手段と、及び、
SCR触媒とを、これらの順序で、かつ、組み合わせて、備えてなる、SCR機構。
(2)前記酸化触媒が、スルー−フローハニカム担体上に担持された白金触媒である、(1)に記載のSCR機構。
(3)前記SCR触媒の上流でガスを冷却する手段をさらに備えてなる、(1)又は(2)に記載のSCR機構。
(4)前記ガス冷却手段が、高いSCR触媒温度が感知された時又は高い触媒温度になるものと予想される条件が確認された時にのみ作動する制御手段をさらに備えてなる、(3)に記載のSCR機構。
(5)(1)〜(4)のいずれか一項に記載のSCR機構を備えてなる、ディーゼルエンジン。
(6)前記ディーゼルエンジンが、ライトデューティーディーゼルエンジンである、(5)に記載のディーゼルエンジン。
(7)車両の燃焼排ガス流中の、煤煙型の粒子状物質およびNOxを包含する汚染物質を低減させるための方法であって、
前記排ガス流を、排ガス流中のNOの少なくとも一部をNO2に転化し、排ガス流のNO2含有量を増加させるのに有効な条件下で酸化触媒上を通過させることと、
前記煤煙型の粒子状物質の少なくとも一部をウォール−フローフィルターで除去することと、
前記トラップされた粒子状物質をNO2と反応させることと、
前記排ガス流にアンモニア又は尿素である還元剤流体を添加し、前記ウォール−フローフィルターの下流でガス混合物を形成することと、及び
前記ガス混合物を、NOx還元条件下でSCR触媒上を通過させることを含んでなり、
酸化触媒と、前記ウォール−フローフィルターと一緒の手段により、前記SCR触媒を用いたNOx還元を改善し、前記ガス流中のNOとNO2の比が調節されてなる、方法。
(8)前記排ガス流が、ディーゼル、GDIまたはCNGエンジンからの排気である、(7)に記載の方法。
(9)必要であればSCR触媒に到達する前に、前記ガスが冷却されてなる、(7)または(8)に記載の方法。
市販のV2O5/WO3/TiO2触媒を使用する従来のSCR機構を採用し、エンジンの排気機構に取り付けた。SCR触媒の上流にNH3を様々な比率で注入した。NH3は圧縮ガスのシリンダーから供給し、通常の質量流量制御装置を使用し、実験注入リングへのNH3ガスの流量を調整した。注入リングは、直径10cmの輪状リングであり、排ガス流の方向にガスを注入するための20個の小さな注入口が配置されている。SCR触媒の前後にNOx分析系を取り付けてNOx転化率を測定し、排ガス温度との関係を図1に示す。エンジン速度を一定に維持し、作用させるトルクを変えることにより、温度を変化させた。
NH3注入の上流で排気管中に市販の直径10.5インチ、長さ6インチ(直径26.67cm、長さ15.24cm)、10gPt/ft3(0.35g/リットル)触媒体積を含む白金酸化触媒を挿入することにより試験装置を修正した。同等の試験を行ない、図2にプロットする結果から、225℃でも、NOxの転化率は25%から>60%に増加することを観察した。最大転化率は95%を超えていた。この試験でも、下記の試験でも、NH3のすり抜けは観察されなかった。
NH3注入の上流に粒子状物質トラップを挿入して試験装置をさらに修正し、同じ条件下で、100%NH3注入およびSCR触媒上40,000〜70,000hr−1の空間速度で試験を行なった。結果を図3にプロットする。驚くべきことに、NOx転化率が劇的に改良され、225℃で90%を超え、350℃で100%に達した。さらに、無論、ディーゼルエンジンから排出される最も良く目に見える汚染物質である粒子状物質も抑制された。
V2O5/WO3/TiO2SCR触媒上で、80%NH3注入によるR49試験を行なった。この試験により、67%粒子状物質、89%HCおよび87%NOx転化率が得られ、結果を図4にプロットする。
Claims (9)
- 車両の燃焼排ガス流中における、煤煙型粒子状物質およびNOxを包含する汚染物質を低減する方法であって、
前記排ガス流を、前記排ガス流中のNOの少なくとも一部をNO2に転化し、NOとNO2との混合物を含んでなるガス混合物を生成するのに有効な条件下で酸化触媒上を通過させ、
前記ガス混合物が、前記酸化触媒に入る前記排ガス流に対してNO2含有量が増加してなるものであり、
前記酸化触媒の下流に配置された、ウォール−フローフィルターで、前記煤煙型粒子状物質の少なくとも一部を除去し、
前記トラップされた前記煤煙粒子状物質をNO2と反応させ、
前記排ガス流にアンモニア又は尿素である還元剤流体を添加し、前記ウォール−フローフィルターの下流でガス混合物を形成し、及び
前記ガス混合物を、NOx還元条件下で遷移金属/ゼオライトSCR触媒に通過させることを含んでなり、
前記ウォール−フローフィルターと一緒に酸化触媒により、前記ガス流中のNOとNO2の比を調整し、前記SCR触媒を用いて、NOx還元を改善するものである、方法。 - 前記排ガス流が、ディーゼル、GDI又はCNGエンジンからの排気である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記SCR触媒に到達する前に、前記ガスを冷却してなる、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス流中のNOとNO2の比が、4:1〜1:3の体積比で調整されてなる、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記酸化触媒が、セラミック製又は金属製のフロースルーハニカム担体に1〜150gPt/ft3(0.035〜5.3gPt/リットル)で担持されてなる、Pt/Al2O3酸化触媒である、請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記SCR触媒の下流に配置した浄化触媒により、前記SCR触媒を通過する未反応又は副生成物としてのNH3またはその誘導体を除去することを含んでなる、請求項1〜5の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記SCR触媒を160℃〜450℃の温度に維持する、請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 車両の燃焼排ガス流中における、煤煙型粒子状物質およびNOxを包含する汚染物質を低減する、SCR機構であって、
酸化触媒と、粒子状物質トラップとしてのウォール−フローフィルターと、アンモニア又は尿素である還元剤流体の供給源と、遷移金属/ゼオライトSCR触媒とを備えてなり、
前記排ガス流を、前記排ガス流中のNOの少なくとも一部をNO2に転化し、NOとNO2との混合物を含んでなるガス混合物を生成するのに有効な条件下で酸化触媒上を通過させ、
前記ガス混合物が、前記酸化触媒に入る前記排ガス流に対してNO2含有量が増加してなるものであり、
前記酸化触媒の下流に配置された、ウォール−フローフィルターで、前記煤煙型粒子状物質の少なくとも一部を除去し、
前記トラップされた前記煤煙粒子状物質をNO2と反応させ、
前記排ガス流にアンモニア又は尿素である還元剤流体を添加し、前記ウォール−フローフィルターの下流でガス混合物を形成し、及び
前記ガス混合物を、NOx還元条件下で遷移金属/ゼオライトSCR触媒に通過させることを含んでなり、
前記ウォール−フローフィルターと一緒に酸化触媒により、前記ガス流中のNOとNO2の比を調整し、前記SCR触媒を用いて、NOx還元を改善するものである、SCR機構。 - 請求項1〜7の何れか一項に記載の方法をさらに備えてなる、請求項8に記載のSCR機構。
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JP2002502927A (ja) * | 1998-02-06 | 2002-01-29 | ジョンソン、マッセイ、パブリック、リミテッド、カンパニー | 排ガス中のNOxの還元機構 |
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JP2002502927A (ja) | 2002-01-29 |
ATE209954T1 (de) | 2001-12-15 |
AU2290299A (en) | 1999-08-23 |
EP1054722B1 (en) | 2001-12-05 |
NO20003963L (no) | 2000-08-04 |
JP5266439B2 (ja) | 2013-08-21 |
EP1054722A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 |
US6805849B1 (en) | 2004-10-19 |
DE29923945U1 (de) | 2001-10-31 |
NO321171B1 (no) | 2006-03-27 |
US20100199646A1 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
CA2319483C (en) | 2007-04-24 |
DE69900548T2 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
WO1999039809A1 (en) | 1999-08-12 |
JP2012211586A (ja) | 2012-11-01 |
US8142747B2 (en) | 2012-03-27 |
NO20003963D0 (no) | 2000-08-04 |
CA2319483A1 (en) | 1999-08-12 |
US7498010B2 (en) | 2009-03-03 |
US20090169451A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
US20110286903A1 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
DE69900548D1 (de) | 2002-01-17 |
JP2011089521A (ja) | 2011-05-06 |
JP5847784B2 (ja) | 2016-01-27 |
US8480986B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 |
GB9802504D0 (en) | 1998-04-01 |
US20040258594A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 |
DK1054722T3 (da) | 2002-03-04 |
US20070240402A1 (en) | 2007-10-18 |
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