NO20004567L - Syklodekstrinholde smaksstoff-leverende systemer - Google Patents

Syklodekstrinholde smaksstoff-leverende systemer

Info

Publication number
NO20004567L
NO20004567L NO20004567A NO20004567A NO20004567L NO 20004567 L NO20004567 L NO 20004567L NO 20004567 A NO20004567 A NO 20004567A NO 20004567 A NO20004567 A NO 20004567A NO 20004567 L NO20004567 L NO 20004567L
Authority
NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
cyclodextrin
active
solution
complex
inclusion complex
Prior art date
Application number
NO20004567A
Other languages
English (en)
Norwegian (no)
Other versions
NO20004567D0 (no
Inventor
Nikhil Prasad
David Straus
Glenn Reichart
Original Assignee
Nestle Sa
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nestle Sa filed Critical Nestle Sa
Publication of NO20004567D0 publication Critical patent/NO20004567D0/no
Publication of NO20004567L publication Critical patent/NO20004567L/no

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
    • C08B37/0009—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid alpha-D-Glucans, e.g. polydextrose, alternan, glycogen; (alpha-1,4)(alpha-1,6)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)(alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. isolichenan or nigeran; (alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. pseudonigeran; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/0012—Cyclodextrin [CD], e.g. cycle with 6 units (alpha), with 7 units (beta) and with 8 units (gamma), large-ring cyclodextrin or cycloamylose with 9 units or more; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L27/70—Fixation, conservation, or encapsulation of flavouring agents
    • A23L27/75—Fixation, conservation, or encapsulation of flavouring agents the flavouring agents being bound to a host by chemical, electrical or like forces, e.g. use of precursors

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Seasonings (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
  • Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
NO20004567A 1999-09-16 2000-09-13 Syklodekstrinholde smaksstoff-leverende systemer NO20004567L (no)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/397,289 US6287603B1 (en) 1999-09-16 1999-09-16 Cyclodextrin flavor delivery systems

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
NO20004567D0 NO20004567D0 (no) 2000-09-13
NO20004567L true NO20004567L (no) 2001-03-19

Family

ID=23570594

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NO20004567A NO20004567L (no) 1999-09-16 2000-09-13 Syklodekstrinholde smaksstoff-leverende systemer

Country Status (17)

Country Link
US (1) US6287603B1 (ko)
EP (1) EP1084625B1 (ko)
JP (1) JP2001089503A (ko)
KR (1) KR20010050028A (ko)
AT (1) ATE320195T1 (ko)
AU (1) AU5941500A (ko)
BR (1) BR0004231A (ko)
CA (1) CA2310790A1 (ko)
DE (1) DE60026638T2 (ko)
HU (1) HUP0003658A3 (ko)
ID (1) ID27272A (ko)
MY (1) MY117225A (ko)
NO (1) NO20004567L (ko)
NZ (1) NZ506241A (ko)
PL (1) PL342510A1 (ko)
SG (1) SG98403A1 (ko)
ZA (1) ZA200004933B (ko)

Families Citing this family (58)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002001967A2 (en) * 2000-06-30 2002-01-10 Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. Flavouring compositions
US6638557B2 (en) * 2001-08-14 2003-10-28 Cerestar Holding B.V. Dry, edible oil and starch composition
US6916463B2 (en) * 2002-09-24 2005-07-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Oral products having an aesthetic layer
US20040109920A1 (en) * 2002-12-04 2004-06-10 Bioactives Llc Coated carotenoid cyclodextrin complexes
US20040180125A1 (en) * 2003-03-11 2004-09-16 Plank David W. Cyclodextrin-containing compositions and methods
EP1462512B1 (en) * 2003-03-24 2007-08-01 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions comprising complexes of cyclodextrin and at least one laundry treatment active
US7125833B2 (en) * 2003-03-24 2006-10-24 Wacker Chemie Ag Cyclodextrin laundry detergent additive complexes and compositions containing same
CA2522548A1 (en) * 2004-10-07 2006-04-07 General Mills, Inc. Microwave popcorn with visous liquid fat and method of preparation
US20060088648A1 (en) * 2004-10-15 2006-04-27 Teoh Heidi M Microwave popcorn with thaumatin and method of preparation
US20060134132A1 (en) * 2004-12-20 2006-06-22 Watkins Jackie M Protective barriers for micronutrients, phytochemicals, and nutraceuticals
JP2008546386A (ja) * 2005-06-13 2008-12-25 カーギル インコーポレイテッド シクロデキストリン包接複合体及びその製造方法
AU2006259878A1 (en) * 2005-06-13 2006-12-28 Cargill, Incorporated Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and methods of preparing same
US8685478B2 (en) 2005-11-21 2014-04-01 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Flavor pouch
JP2009539978A (ja) * 2006-06-13 2009-11-19 カーギル インコーポレイテッド 大粒子シクロデキストリン包接複合体及びその製造方法
WO2008073935A1 (en) * 2006-12-13 2008-06-19 Dow Global Technologies Inc. Method and composition for removal of mercaptans from gas streams
WO2008083213A2 (en) * 2006-12-27 2008-07-10 Cargill, Incorporated Stabilisation by preparing cyclodextrin inclusion complexes
US20080213203A1 (en) * 2007-03-01 2008-09-04 Timothy Alan Seavone Antiperspirant compositions comprising cyclodextrin complexing material
US10149910B2 (en) * 2007-03-01 2018-12-11 The Procter & Gamble Plaza Compositions and/or articles comprising cyclodextrin complexing material
US11090250B2 (en) 2007-03-01 2021-08-17 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions and/or articles comprising cyclodextrin complexing material
US20080215023A1 (en) * 2007-03-01 2008-09-04 Timothy Alan Scavone Compositions and/or articles comprising cyclodextrin complexing material
US20080283693A1 (en) * 2007-05-15 2008-11-20 Evans Michael J F Propulsion apparatus and system
CN101677614B (zh) * 2007-05-23 2013-12-11 弗门尼舍有限公司 调味组合物
WO2009010881A2 (en) * 2007-07-16 2009-01-22 Philip Morris Products S.A. Oral pouch products with immobilized flavorant particles
WO2009010884A2 (en) 2007-07-16 2009-01-22 Philip Morris Products S.A. Tobacco-free oral flavor delivery pouch product
JP5306626B2 (ja) * 2007-09-04 2013-10-02 オリザ油化株式会社 粉末製剤並びにそれを用いた食品素材及び化粧品素材
KR100929920B1 (ko) * 2007-09-05 2009-12-04 주식회사 마크로케어 사이클로덱스트린 및 이의 유도체에 소수성 생리활성성분이 포접된 포접체의 제조방법 및 이로써 제조된포접체의 용도
EP2263703B1 (en) * 2009-06-18 2013-12-25 The Procter and Gamble Company Absorbent articles comprising an odour control system
US8735374B2 (en) * 2009-07-31 2014-05-27 Intelgenx Corp. Oral mucoadhesive dosage form
US8747562B2 (en) 2009-10-09 2014-06-10 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Tobacco-free pouched product containing flavor beads providing immediate and long lasting flavor release
US20110136815A1 (en) 2009-12-08 2011-06-09 Horst Zerbe Solid oral film dosage forms and methods for making same
US10610528B2 (en) 2009-12-08 2020-04-07 Intelgenx Corp. Solid oral film dosage forms and methods for making same
DE102010023790A1 (de) 2010-06-15 2011-12-15 Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Waschaktive Zusammensetzung
EP2468308A1 (en) * 2010-12-21 2012-06-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent article having releasable odor control
EP2491796B1 (en) * 2011-02-22 2015-08-26 Symrise AG Novel pandan extract articles in powder form and process for the production thereof
JP5803150B2 (ja) * 2011-03-02 2015-11-04 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 ピロロキノリンキノンーシクロデキストリン包接体
CN105722495B (zh) 2013-08-15 2020-02-28 国际香料和香精公司 聚脲或聚氨酯胶囊
ES2869275T3 (es) 2015-04-24 2021-10-25 Int Flavors & Fragrances Inc Sistemas de suministro y procedimientos de preparación del mismo
US10226544B2 (en) 2015-06-05 2019-03-12 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Malodor counteracting compositions
CN115089512B (zh) 2016-02-18 2024-08-27 国际香料和香精公司 聚脲胶囊组合物
WO2017161364A1 (en) 2016-03-18 2017-09-21 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Silica microcapsules and methods of preparing same
BR112018076803B1 (pt) 2016-07-01 2022-05-03 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc Composição estável de microcápsula, e, produto de consumo
MX2019002544A (es) 2016-09-06 2019-07-01 Procter & Gamble Composiciones en aerosol.
US11458049B2 (en) 2016-09-06 2022-10-04 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent articles including perfume and cyclodextrins
MX2019002545A (es) 2016-09-06 2019-07-01 Procter & Gamble Composiciones antitranspirantes y desodorantes.
WO2018048717A1 (en) 2016-09-06 2018-03-15 The Procter & Gamble Company Perfume compositions
ES2950434T3 (es) 2016-09-16 2023-10-10 Int Flavors & Fragrances Inc Composiciones de microcápsula estabilizadas con agentes de control de la viscosidad
US20180085291A1 (en) 2016-09-28 2018-03-29 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Microcapsule compositions containing amino silicone
CA3050072A1 (en) * 2017-01-20 2018-07-26 Nutri Co., Ltd. Highly dispersible dextrin and production method therefor
US20180346648A1 (en) 2017-05-30 2018-12-06 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Branched polyethyleneimine microcapsules
JP6790149B2 (ja) * 2018-03-12 2020-11-25 三栄源エフ・エフ・アイ株式会社 香気または香味増強用組成物
WO2020131855A1 (en) 2018-12-18 2020-06-25 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Guar gum microcapsules
CN109700769A (zh) * 2019-02-28 2019-05-03 闽南师范大学 一种维生素a粉剂及片剂及制备方法
EP4124383A1 (en) 2021-07-27 2023-02-01 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Biodegradable microcapsules
EP4154974A1 (en) 2021-09-23 2023-03-29 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Biodegradable microcapsules
EP4209265A1 (en) 2022-01-07 2023-07-12 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Biodegradable chitosan microcapsules
EP4212239A1 (en) 2022-01-14 2023-07-19 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Biodegradable prepolymer microcapsules
EP4406641A1 (en) 2023-01-26 2024-07-31 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Biodegradable microcapsules containing low log p fragrance
CN116602397A (zh) * 2023-06-16 2023-08-18 浙江大学长三角智慧绿洲创新中心 一种灵芝复配制剂及其制备方法和应用

Family Cites Families (47)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3140184A (en) 1959-10-29 1964-07-07 Gen Foods Corp Edible materials containing water soluble dextrin forming complexes
US3061444A (en) 1960-10-07 1962-10-30 Gen Foods Corp Inclusion compounds incorporating edible juice constituents
JPS503362B1 (ko) 1970-06-10 1975-02-04
US4054736A (en) 1970-06-10 1977-10-18 Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Clathrate compounds of prostaglandins or their analogues with cyclodextrin
US4024223A (en) 1972-11-11 1977-05-17 Teijin Limited Stripe composition and method of reducing smell associated therewith
JPS5017529B2 (ko) 1972-11-20 1975-06-21
JPS5738569B2 (ko) 1974-03-27 1982-08-16
US4001438A (en) 1974-10-15 1977-01-04 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc Flavor composition for use in orally utilizable compositions
HU174699B (hu) * 1977-07-01 1980-03-28 Chinoin Gyogyszer Es Vegyeszet Sposob poluchenija natural'nykh i sinteticheskikh ciklodektrinnykh okkluzionnykh kompleksov prjaznostej, aromatov i vkusnykh vehhestv
HU176215B (en) 1978-01-27 1981-01-28 Chinoin Gyogyszer Es Vegyeszet Process for preparing a cyclodextrin-indomethacin inclusion complex with a ratio of at about 2:1
EP0008830A1 (en) 1978-09-09 1980-03-19 THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY Suds-suppressing compositions and detergents containing them
JPS5592312A (en) 1978-12-29 1980-07-12 Yamanouchi Pharmaceut Co Ltd Suppository containing bronchodilating compound
US4247535A (en) 1979-11-05 1981-01-27 American Cyanamid Company Modified cyclodextrin sulfate salts as complement inhibitors
HU184066B (en) 1979-12-28 1984-06-28 Chinoin Gyogyszer Es Vegyeszet Plant growth regulating substance and process for preparing such compound
FI67168C (fi) * 1980-02-18 1985-02-11 Chinoin Gyogyszer Es Vegyeszet Foerfarande foer aromatisering av te och foer aromatisering ave anvaendbara produkter
US4371673A (en) 1980-07-21 1983-02-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Water soluble forms of retinoids
US4296138A (en) 1980-08-07 1981-10-20 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Flavoring with 1-n-butoxy-1-ethanol acetate
US4348416A (en) 1980-08-07 1982-09-07 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Flavoring with 1-ethoxy-1-ethanol acetate - acetaldehyde mixtures
US4296137A (en) 1980-08-07 1981-10-20 International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. Flavoring with 1-ethoxy-1-ethanol acetate
AU544564B2 (en) 1980-08-09 1985-06-06 Sato Shokuhin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Extracting beverages using cyclodextrin
HU182217B (en) 1980-10-17 1983-12-28 Chinoin Gyogyszer Es Vegyeszet Process for producing inclusive complexes of cyclodextrines and strong inorganic oxyacids
JPS5813541A (ja) 1981-07-16 1983-01-26 Kureha Chem Ind Co Ltd エイコサペンタエン酸又はドコサヘキサエン酸のシクロデキストリン包接化合物
JPS5984810A (ja) 1982-11-08 1984-05-16 Shiseido Co Ltd パ−マネントウエ−ブ用剤第１剤
HU187177B (en) 1982-11-08 1985-11-28 Chinoin Gyogyszer Es Vegyeszet Method for producing honey powder preserving the natural flavour materials
US4751095A (en) 1983-07-28 1988-06-14 Karl Curtis L Aspartame stabilization with cyclodextrin
US4675395A (en) 1984-03-14 1987-06-23 Seiwa Technological Laboratories Limited Cyclodextrin inclusion compound and process for its preparation
US4596795A (en) 1984-04-25 1986-06-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary, Dept. Of Health & Human Services Administration of sex hormones in the form of hydrophilic cyclodextrin derivatives
US4616008A (en) 1984-05-02 1986-10-07 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. Antibacterial solid composition for oral administration
JPS6147143A (ja) 1984-08-15 1986-03-07 Morinaga Milk Ind Co Ltd フレ−バ−等を強化したインスタント・クリ−ミング・パウダ−
JPS6165805A (ja) 1984-09-10 1986-04-04 Nippon Ekishiyou Kk 防殺虫フイルムの製造方法
JPS61286318A (ja) 1985-06-13 1986-12-16 Ichiro Shibauchi 浴剤の製造方法
JPS61286319A (ja) 1985-06-13 1986-12-16 Ichiro Shibauchi 浴剤の製造方法
US4663316A (en) 1985-06-28 1987-05-05 Warner-Lambert Company Antibiotic clathrates and pharmaceutical compositions thereof
JPS62120344A (ja) * 1985-11-20 1987-06-01 Nippon Redarii Kk ４−ビフエニリル酢酸エステル−シクロデキストリン包接化合物
JPS6463552A (en) * 1987-09-04 1989-03-09 Lederle Japan Ltd 4-biphenylylacetic acid ester-cyclodextrin inclusion compound
CA1321192C (en) * 1988-04-20 1993-08-10 Abdul Majid Inclusion complexes of cyclodextrins by agglomeration
GB8813682D0 (en) * 1988-06-09 1988-07-13 Reckitt & Colmann Prod Ltd Pharmaceutical compositions
FR2647343B1 (fr) * 1989-05-24 1994-05-06 Rhone Poulenc Sante Nouvelle forme pharmaceutique poreuse et sa preparation
US5206025A (en) * 1989-05-24 1993-04-27 Rhone-Poulenc Sante Porous pharmaceutical form and its preparation
CA2013485C (en) 1990-03-06 1997-04-22 John Michael Gardlik Solid consumer product compositions containing small particle cyclodextrin complexes
FR2665613B1 (fr) * 1990-08-13 1993-02-12 Orsan Aromes de vins et d'alcools forts en poudre.
CA2119578A1 (en) * 1991-09-21 1993-04-01 Shusei Ito Complex of compound having chalcone skeleton
HUT63704A (en) * 1991-11-20 1993-09-28 Forte Fotokemiai Ipar Method for accelerating development of photo-materials
JPH06248194A (ja) * 1993-02-25 1994-09-06 Ensuiko Sugar Refining Co Ltd ケルセチン含有着色料
US5780089A (en) * 1996-05-03 1998-07-14 Nestec S.A. Flavor composition
JPH10167958A (ja) * 1996-12-09 1998-06-23 Sankyo Co Ltd ロキソプロフェンナトリウム類を含有する口腔内速溶性製剤及びその製造方法
JPH10330403A (ja) * 1997-06-04 1998-12-15 Yamasan:Kk 新規包接体、その用途及び樹脂組成物

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO20004567D0 (no) 2000-09-13
CA2310790A1 (en) 2001-03-16
HU0003658D0 (en) 2000-09-15
ZA200004933B (en) 2002-03-15
EP1084625B1 (en) 2006-03-15
DE60026638D1 (de) 2006-05-11
BR0004231A (pt) 2001-08-14
EP1084625A3 (en) 2001-10-10
AU5941500A (en) 2001-03-22
US6287603B1 (en) 2001-09-11
ATE320195T1 (de) 2006-04-15
DE60026638T2 (de) 2007-01-18
SG98403A1 (en) 2003-09-19
JP2001089503A (ja) 2001-04-03
HUP0003658A2 (hu) 2002-02-28
KR20010050028A (ko) 2001-06-15
NZ506241A (en) 2000-11-24
MY117225A (en) 2004-05-31
HUP0003658A3 (en) 2002-03-28
PL342510A1 (en) 2001-03-26
ID27272A (id) 2001-03-22
EP1084625A2 (en) 2001-03-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
NO20004567L (no) Syklodekstrinholde smaksstoff-leverende systemer
Rebbah et al. Les oxydes ATiMO5: échangeurs cationiques
JP2001089503A5 (ko)
KR101239407B1 (ko) 사이클로프로펜 복합체 조성물
NO944097L (no) Acetylering av ligoncelluloseholdige materialer
de Melo et al. Exploring the favorable ion-exchange ability of phthalylated cellulose biopolymer using thermodynamic data
Wöhrle et al. Polymeric bound porphyrines and their precursors: 2. Solid phase synthesis of a monosubstituted phthalocyanine
KR970704787A (ko) 히드록시프로필-b-사이클로덱스트린 분말 조성물 및 그의 제조방법(pulverulent hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin composition and process for its preparation)
Tong et al. Microcalorimetric investigation of the complexation between 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and amine drugs with the diphenylmethyl functionality
Menuel et al. Access to pyrrole derivatives in water with the assistance of methylated cyclodextrins
AU638824B2 (en) Inclusion complexes of n-ethoxycarbonyl-3-morpholino-sydnonimine or salts formed with cyclodextrin derivatives, preparation thereof and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same
IE55626B1 (en) Adduct of mutually stabilizing menadione and thiamine
JP3705810B2 (ja) ポリ−ｎ−ビニルラクタムおよびデキストリンからなるヨードホア
CA2492098A1 (en) Depolymerization of water soluble polysaccharides
Liu et al. Molecular recognition study of a supramolecular system. Part 4.1 Molecular recognition thermodynamics of amino acids by modified β-cyclodextrins
JP4030195B2 (ja) 光学分割用カラム充填剤
CN109232902B (zh) 一种irmof3后合成修饰产物及其在药物传递系统中的应用
JP2018030919A (ja) グリコクラスター化合物、アルキン修飾直鎖状オリゴ糖誘導体、分散剤及び包接錯体
JPS635032B2 (ko)
Wardell et al. Neighbouring group participation in reactions between iodine and Ph3Sn (CH2) nS (O) mC6H4Me-p
JPH0352990A (ja) 土壌調節方法
JPS6153231A (ja) 光増感性包接化合物及びその製造方法
JPS57126802A (en) Benzophenone-3,3'-disulfonate-capped compound of beta-cyclodextrin
JP2671404B2 (ja) 消臭剤
WO2000059836A1 (fr) Utilisation d'un support polymerique acrylique ou d'une silice fonctionnalisee en catalyse supportee

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FC2A Withdrawal, rejection or dismissal of laid open patent application