LT4864B - Sapropelio trąšos ir jų gavimo būdas - Google Patents

Sapropelio trąšos ir jų gavimo būdas Download PDF

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LT4864B
LT4864B LT2001004A LT2001004A LT4864B LT 4864 B LT4864 B LT 4864B LT 2001004 A LT2001004 A LT 2001004A LT 2001004 A LT2001004 A LT 2001004A LT 4864 B LT4864 B LT 4864B
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sapropel
peat
fertilizer
mixture
fertilizers
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LT2001004A (lt
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Evaldas Gei�Toraitis
Antanas Ci�Nys
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Evaldas Gei�Toraitis
Antanas Ci�Nys
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Description

Išradimas priklauso trąšų gamybos sričiai, būtent organinių trąšų mišiniams, į kurių sudėtį įeina sapropelis ir jų gavimo būdui. Šiuo būdu gautos trąšos naudojamos efektyviam dirvų tręšimui.
Sapropelis - tai ežerų dugne, esant deguonies trūkumui, iš tirpių ir kietų nuosėdų, veikiant biologiniamš procesams, per kelis tūkstantmečius susiformavusi organinė medžiaga. Seniai yra žinomas organinio sapropelio panaudojimas žemės ūkyje (L. Katkevičius, A. Ciūnys, E. Bakšienė Ežerų sapropelis žemės ūkiui”, Vilnius, 1998).
Žinomas organmineralinių sapropelio trąšų gavimo būdas, kai sapropelio pulpą sutirština nusodintuve, pašalina pagrindinę nuskaidrinto vandens masę ir į sutirštintą sapropelio pulpą deda mineralinius priedus, būtent skalūnų pelenus (buv. TSRS a.l. Nr. 1724657).
Aprašyto sapropelio trąšų gavimo būdo trūkumas yra ilgai trunkantis šių trąšų paruošimas, o šiuo būdu gautos trąšos lėtai mineralizuojasi ir maisto medžiagas atiduoda palaipsniui, be to, šiose trąšose yra mažai hidrolizuojamų medžiagų.
Žinomos sapropelio trąšos, susidedančios iš sapropelio ir organinių ir/arba mineralinių priedų, kaip organiniai priedai gali būti durpės ir/arba skiedros, ir/arba pjuvenos, ir u.oa mėšlas, o kaip mineraliniai priedai gali būti ceolitas ir/arba mineralinės trąšos, ir/arba šlakas, ir/arba karbonatinis sapropelis. Sapropelio trąšose priedai sudaro nurodytus masės % : durpės su drėgminiu imlumu 1000% 30;Fosforo trąšos 0,4
Kalio trąšos 0,2
Azoto trąšos 0,25
Likusi dalis: Karbonatinis sapropelis (Rusijos patentas Nr. 2041866, 1994 01 20, C05F 7/00).
Žinomas sapropelio trąšų gavimo būdas, kai išimtą iš ežero sapropelį aikštelėje paskleidžia sluoksniu ir periodiškai maišant džiovina pridedant priedų. Žiemą sapropelį šaldo ir sudeda į m aukščio krūvas, kad pavasarį po šalčių sapropelio masės drėgnis būtų apie 40 %
Maišymo metu į sapropelį įveda mineralinius ir/arba organinius priedus, tokius kaip durpes, 2 LT 4864 B ir/arba skiedras, ir/arba pjuvenas, ir/arba ceolitą, ir/arba mineralines trąšas, ir/arba šlaką, ir/arba karbonatinį sapropelį. Po to sapropelį valo nuo pašalinių priemaišų, mala, džiovina iki jo drėgnis siekia 10-40% bei granuliuoja (Rusijos patentas Nr. 2041866, 1994 01 20, C05F 7/00).
Žinomose sapropelio trąšose dedama 30 masės % durpių su drėgminiu imlumu 1000%, tai atitinka sausosios medžiagos durpių 9 masės %. Žinomo sapropelio trąšų gavimo būdas ilgas ir brangus, nes šiuo būdu gautų trąšų kompozicijoje esantis mineralinių ir organinių medžiagų masių santykis neužtikrina greito sapropelio trąšų džiovinimo proceso, be to, reikalinga įranga trąšų malimui, granuliavimui bei jų pergabenimui nuo vienos apdorojimo operacijos prie kitos. Gautos šiuo būdu trąšos nepakankamai efektyvios, nes granulėse esančios maisto medžiagos lėtai atiduodamos dėl mažo granulių vandens imlumo.
Išradimu siekiama supaprastinti sapropelio trąšų gavimo būdą bei pagerinti sapropelio trąšų efektyvumą.
Uždavinio sprendimo esmė yra ta, kad sapropelio trąšose, susidedančiose iš sapropelio ir durpių mišinio, nauja yra tai, kad sapropelio ir durpių sausųjų medžiagų masių santykis mišinyje yra ribose nuo 1 : 1 iki 1 : 0,5.
Sapropelio gavimo būde, apimančiame sapropelio išėmimą iš ežero, jo paskleidimą sluoksniu aikštelėje, džiovinimą ir džiovinimo metu periodiškai maišant organinių priedų, pavyzdžiui, durpių į sapropelį įvedimą, nauja yra tai, kad sapropelio ir durpių sausųjų medžiagų masių santykį mišinyje palaiko ribose nuo 1 : 1 iki 1 : 0,5.
Sapropelio džiovinimo metu jo sumaišymas su durpėmis užtikrinant sausųjų medžiagų masių santykį nuo 1 : 1 iki 1 : 0,5 pagreitina sapropelio džiovinimą, tuo pačiu ir sapropelio trąšų gavimą bei pagerina gautų trąšų efektyvumą. Gauta mišinio masė puri, biri, struktūringa, pasižymi geromis absorbcinėmis sąvybėmis. Šis trąšų gamybos būdas yra pigus, jo realizavimas nereikalauja sudėtingos įrangos. Gautose trąšose esanti durpių dalis pagreitina sapropelio mineralizaciją, padidina lengvai hidrolizuojamų medžiagų bei humusinių rūgščių kiekį, o esanti sapropelio dalis sulėtina durpių mineralizaciją, neleidžia išgaruoti išsiskiriančioms augalų maisto medžiagoms
Trąšų optimalus džiovinimo laikas ir trąšų efektyvumas buvo nustatytas įvertinus žemiau aprašytus bandymus.
Bandymais buvo nustatyti sapropelio, durpių bei šių medžiagų mišinių džiovinimo duomenys, kurie pateikti 1 lentelėje.
lentelė
Bandymų variantai Būklė Džiovinimo laikas paromis' ir medžiagos drėgnis %
Šviežias 5 paros 10 parų 20 parų 30 parų 40
parų
1. Sapropelis (S) Tešlos 92 91 86 79 72 64
Konsist.
2. Durpės (D) Puri 73 69 47 34 27 28
3. S+D 1:1 Tirštos 89 87 81 69 56 51
tesi. kons.
4. S+D 1:2 Biri 87 84 70 62 54 48
5. S+D 1:3 Puri 82 79 63 55 49 36
6. S+D 1:0,5 Tirštos 90 89 84 73 66 58
Tešlos
konsist.
lentelės duomenys rodo, kad sumaišytas sapropelis su durpėmis greičiau džiūsta ir jo struktūra pasidaro puri. Greičiausiai džiūsta durpės ir tas mišinys, kur durpių daugiausiai, t.y. S+D 1:3. Tačiau šis sapropelio ir durpių santykis nėra efektyviausias augalams. Siekiant įvertinti sapropelio ir durpių bei jų mišinio kaip trąšų vertingumą, buvo atlikti bandymai, nustatant šių medžiagų toksiškumą. Kuo mažesnis trąšų toksiškumas, tuo didesni augalų dygimo energija, daigumas ir augimas. Pagal Valstybinį standartąNr.5055-56 buvo nustatyta agurkų veislės “Alfa” sėklų dygimo energija ir daigumas. Escherichia coli bakterinė kultūra buvo įvesta į vandeninę tiriamosios medžiagos ištrauką santykiu (1 : 1). Bandymo rezultatai pateikti 2 lentelėje.
lentelė. Sapropelio - durpių trąšų vertingumo nustatymas
Bandymų variantai Dygimo energija % Daigumas % Augimas pagal E.c.
1. Sapropelis (S) +9 +12 +2
2. Durpės (D) +3 1 -2 -2
3. S + D 1:1 +6 +5 +4
4. S + D 1:2 +3 +3 +3
5. S + D 1:3 +2 +1 +1
6. S + D 1:0,5 +8 +7 +5
lentelės duomenys rodo, kad efektyviausia trąša yra sapropelio ir durpių mišinys 1 : 0,5, tačiau šios trąšos lėtokai džiūsta. Įvertinus abiejų lentelių duomenis buvo nustatyta, kad geriausias trąšų efektyvumas ir palygint neilgas džiovinimo laikas pasiekiam·- Yiant sapropelį su durpėmis sausųjų medžiagų masės santykiu apie 1:1. Toks mišinys gerai išdžiūsta ir gaunama efektyvi trąša.
Pasiūlytos sapropelio trąšos susideda iš sapropelio ir durpių mišinio, kuriame sapropelio ir durpių sausųjų medžiagų masių santykis mišinyje yra nuo 1 : 1 iki 1 : 0,5.
Trąšų gavimo būdas. Nustatomas pradinių medžiagų t.y. sapropelio ir durpių, iš kurių bus gaminamos trąšos, drėgnis. Žinomais literatūroje aprašytais būdais (payzdžiui, sapropelio sausųjų medžiagų kiekis, esant skirtingam žaliavos drėgniui, yra pateiktas grafiko pavidale knygoje L. Katkevičius, A. Ciūnys, E. Bakšienė “Ežerų sapropelis žemės ūkiui”, Vilnius, 1998, 50 psl.) nustatomas santykis tarp atitinkamo drėgnio žaliavos ir sausųjų medžiagų kiekio. Sis santykis pateikiamas 3 lentelėje.
lentelė.
Žaliavos drėgnis, %. Sausųjų medžiagų kiekis, kg/mJ
90% 100 kg/m3
80% 220 kg/m3
70% 360 kg/m3
65% 590 kg/m3
50% 670 kg/m3
40% 820 kg/ m3
30% . 960 kg/m3
Pagal pateiktą lentelę, esant sapropelio drėgniui 70%, sausųjų medžiagų kiekis yra 360 kg/m3, o durpių drėgniui esant apie 40%, sausųjų medžiagų kiekis yra 820 kg/m3, todėl, norint pasiekti minėtų sausųjų medžiagų santykį 1:1, sapropelio kiekį reikia padidinti ne mažiau kaip dvigubai. Esant nurodytam pradinių medžiagų drėgmiui dedama 1 m3 durpių ir 2 m3 sapropelio, po to nurodytu santykiu sudėtos medžiagos mechaniškai sumaišomos. Vėliau mišinys džiovinamas apie 15 parų, kol mišinio drėgnis pasiekia apie 50%.
Pasiūlytų sapropelio trąšų gavimo būdas detaliau paiškintas pateiktuoses pavyzdžiuose.
pavyzdys. Valant užpelkėjusius ežerus iškasamos durpės, kurios būna susiformavusios ežerų pakraščiuose. Durpės vienkaušiu ekskavatoriumi supilamos ant kranto į 2 - 3 m aukščio krūvas. Durpės krūvose greitai išdžiūsta (po 20 dienų jų drėgnis siekia 30 — 4u ir gali būti naudojamos trąšoms gaminti.
Sapropelis kuopiamas atskirai, dažniausiai pulpos pavidale siurbiamas žemsiurbe .> ir plastmasiniais vamzdžiais arba polietileninėmis rankovėmis (žarnomis) transportuojamas į sėsdintuvus, kur supilamas 0,5 m storio sluoksniu. Nuleidus iš sėsdintuvo vandenį sapropelio drėgnis siekia 80 - 85%.
Išdžiūvusios durpės vežamos prie sėsdintuvų, pilamos 0,3 - 0,4 m storio sluoksniu ant sapropelio sluoksnio ir ekskavatoriumi su juo sumaišomos. Po to mišinys dar džiovinamas apie 15 parų. Kai jo drėgnis siekia apie 50%, trąšų mišinys gali būti fasuojamas arba išvežamas autotransportu laukams tręšti.
pavyzdys. Sapropelio ir durpių gavyba vykdoma analogiškai aprašytam pirmajame pavyzdyje. Sapropelis sėsdintuve paliekamas džiūti 15-18 parų, kol jo paviršius sutrūkinėja (jo drėgnis siekia apie 70%). Prie sėsdintuvo atvežamos sausos durpės. Sapropelio ir durpių 6 LT 4864 B maišymas vykdomas betono (ar panašia) maišykle (apie 2/3 tūrio sudaro sapropelis, 1/3 durpės, kad sausųjų medžiagos santykis išliktų 1:1). Mišinio drėgnis siekia 50 - 45%. Po kelių (5-8) parų drėgmė dar sumažėja, mišinys pasidaro purus, birus, jo granulių dydis 0,3 0,8 cm. Mišinys fasuojamas į maišelius.
pavyzdys. Užpelkėjusioje ežero pakrantėje pradžioje vienkaušiu ekskavatoriumi kasamos durpės ir supilamos į 2 - 3 m aukščio krūvas. Po to iš gilesnių sluoksnių kasamos žemiau esantis sapropelis, kraunamas į traktorines priekabas ir išvežamas į sandėliavimo aikštelę, kur paskleidžiamas 0,5 m storio sluoksniu. Po 10 parų sapropelio paviršius sutrūkinėja, jo drėgnis siekia apie 70 %. Tuomet atvežamos išdžiūvusios durpės ir maišomos su sapropeliu pirmajame arba antrajame pavyzdžiuose aprašytu būdu.

Claims (2)

  1. IŠRADIMO APIBRĖŽTIS
    1. Sapropelio trąšos, susidedančios iš sapropelio ir durpių mišinio, besiskiriančios tuo, kad sapropelio ir durpių sausųjų medžiagų masių santykis mišinyje yra nuo 1 : 1 iki
    1 : 0,5.
  2. 2. Sapropelio trąšų pagal 1 punktą gavimo būdas, apimantis sapropelio išėmimą iš ežero, jo paskleidimą sluoksniu aikštelėje, džiovinimą ir džiovinimo metu, periodiškai maišant, durpių įvedimą į sapropelį, besiskiriantis tuo, kad sapropelio ir durpių sausųjų medžiagų masių santykį mišinyje palaiko nuo 1 : 1 iki 1 : 0,5.
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LT6043B (lt) 2012-08-27 2014-06-25 Uab "Mibarsas" Organinės trąšos sapropelio pagrindu ir jų gamybos būdas
LT7101B (lt) 2024-01-16 2024-10-25 Steponavičius Petras Organinės trąšos sapropelio pagrindu ir jų gamybos būdas, panaudojant susmulkintus šiaudus, aukštapelkines durpes ir hidrogelį

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