JP7045754B2 - 二次元材料を製造する方法 - Google Patents
二次元材料を製造する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7045754B2 JP7045754B2 JP2018527020A JP2018527020A JP7045754B2 JP 7045754 B2 JP7045754 B2 JP 7045754B2 JP 2018527020 A JP2018527020 A JP 2018527020A JP 2018527020 A JP2018527020 A JP 2018527020A JP 7045754 B2 JP7045754 B2 JP 7045754B2
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
- C01B32/186—Preparation by chemical vapour deposition [CVD]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
- C01B33/021—Preparation
- C01B33/027—Preparation by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Description
i. 非常に良好な結晶品質、すなわち、グラフェン構造格子がすべての軸まわりにきわめて均一であり、全単層にわたって対称性の繰り返し性が高く、最小限の格子形成不良を示すこと;
ii. 材料グレインサイズが大きいことにより、成長したグラフェンのグレイン構造が、個々のグレイン寸法≧10μm×10μmを示すこと;
iii. 欠陥が、結晶格子破壊、中断(interruption)、結晶への他の元素からの原子または分子汚染、または、酸化等による貧弱なグラフェン単層表面条件を含むものであるとする材料欠陥が、最小限であること;
iv. 大きいシートサイズ、すなわち3cm×3cmより大きく、好ましくは数10センチメートルの程度;および
v. 基板上に製造された、上記ivで与えられたサイズの完全なシートが、そこからそのまま取り外し可能なように自立していること;
が挙げられる。
● 米国特許第20130156678A1号 - 金属性基板上または膜上での、溶液を用いたグラフェンの電気泳動であり、これにより、炭素を含む溶液に浸した導電性基板に電位を印加する。この結果は、印加電場による基板表面への炭素輸送であり、その時点で、グラフェン「シート」中への炭素の自己整合が生じる;
● 米国特許第8147791B2号 - グラフェン酸化物の還元機構であり、これによりグラフェン酸化物が、水および溶媒の溶液に導入され、中程度(<300℃)の温度にまで加熱される結果、酸素が解離して、おそらくグラフェン結晶構造配置での炭素のアマルガム化が生じる;そして、
● 国際公開第2014110170A1号 - 触媒反応により促進される化学気相成長(CVD)法であり、これによって、加熱された銅基板を、標準的なCVDチャンバーにおいて触媒性表面として使用して炭化水素を分解させる結果、炭素が金属性表面に残る。
a) 電子デバイスを作製するために、製造されたグラフェンを装置から取り出さなければならず、よってグラフェンを外部環境に暴露し、その結果として、電子デバイスの製造に必要なさらなる工程に悪影響を及ぼす表面汚染が生じること;そして
b) グラフェン材料を汚染する化学薬品または物理的工程を必要とする触媒金属系基板からグラフェンを分離させなければならないこと
である。
気相にある、および/または気体中に浮遊している前駆体を密結合反応チャンバーに導入することと;
前駆体の分解範囲内の温度であって、分解前駆体から放出される化学種から二次元結晶材料を形成できる温度にまで基板を加熱することと、を含む。
1)前駆体入口点と基板表面との間の急峻な熱勾配;
2)前駆体入口点と基板表面との間の短い流路;そして
3)前駆体入口点と二次元結晶材料形成点との近接性を実現できる。
●半導体単結晶ウェーハ、例えば、シリコン(Si)、シリコンカーバイド(SiC)、ヒ化ガリウム(GaAs)、リン化インジウム(InP)、窒化ガリウム(GaN)、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)、またはアンチモン化インジウム(InSb);
●絶縁性材料、例えば、サファイア(Al2O3)、ケイ石(SiO 2);
●化合物半導体のホモおよびヘテロ構造の構造、例えば、InP/CdTe、GaN/InGaN/AlGaN、Si/AlN/GaN、GaAs/AlInGaP、GaN/BN、シリコン・オン・インシュレータ(SOI);
●セラミックス、例えば、二酸化ジルコニウム、アルミノケイ酸塩、シリコンナイトライド(Si3N4)、炭化ホウ素(B4C);
●ガラス、例えば、石英、溶融石英ガラス、ボロフロート;
●プラスチックおよびポリマー、例えば高性能プラスチック、例えばポリエーテルケトン(PEK)、ポリエーテル・エーテルケトン(PEEK)、ポリアミドイミド(PAI)、ポリフェニレン・スルフィド(PPS);
●複合材料、例えば、繊維強化ポリマー、ガラス強化マトリクス、および炭素複合材;
●ナノマテリアル、例えばナノチューブ、ナノ粒子;
●有機基材、例えば有機ポリマー、例えばポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、またはポリカーボネート(PC)が挙げられる。
しかしながら、基板の最小厚は、基材の機械的特性、および基板を加熱することになる最高温度によって部分的には決まってしまう。
第2の組の反応器条件の下に第2の前駆体を導入して、基板上に第2の層を形成すること、
を含む。
Claims (33)
- a.核形成サイトを有する基板を、少なくとも1つの前駆体入口点を有する密結合反応チャンバー内に用意して、形成される二次元結晶材料の下に接する基板表面と少なくとも1つの前駆体入口点との間に十分に小さい間隔を用意すること;
b.前記少なくとも1つの前駆体入口点を水冷により冷却すること;
c.気相である、および/または気体中に浮遊している前駆体を、前記少なくとも1つの前駆体入口点において前記密結合反応チャンバーに導入すること;ならびに、
d.前記前駆体の分解範囲内の温度に前記基板を加熱して前記密結合反応チャンバー内で前記気相において反応する前記前駆体の分画が、前記前駆体の分解から放出された化学種から二次元結晶材料を形成可能なほど十分低い程度に、前記基板表面と前記少なくとも1つの前駆体入口点との間に十分に急峻な温度勾配を用意すること;を含み、
製造される前記二次元結晶材料の下に接する前記基板表面と前記前駆体入口点との間の距離が10mm未満であり;
前記温度勾配は、前記基板表面と前記前駆体入口点との間の1メートル当り10000℃を超える温度降下であり;並びに
前記二次元結晶材料がグラフェンであり前記化学種が炭素である、または、前記二次元結晶材料がシリセンであり前記化学種がシリコンである、
二次元結晶材料を製造する方法。 - 前記前駆体を導入した後に前記反応チャンバーを封止して、前記密結合反応チャンバーへのまたはそこからの前記前駆体の流れを最小限にするまたは防止する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記反応チャンバー内で前記加熱された基板上に前駆体の流れを通すことを含む、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記基板表面に実質的に垂直な方向から、前記前駆体の流れが前記基板の界面層に衝突する、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記基板の実質的に全表面上に前駆体の均一な体積流量を提供することを含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記加熱された基板上の前駆体の流れをパルス化させることを含む、請求項3、4、または5に記載の方法。
- 前記基板への前記化学種の初期吸着を促進する第1の組の反応器条件を用意し、続いて二次元結晶材料の形成と合体を促進する第2の組の反応器条件を用意することを含む、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の組の反応器条件の用意が、前記基板の温度を変更すること、および/または前記密結合反応チャンバー内の圧力を変更すること、および/または前記基板上の前駆体の流量を変更することを含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 製造される前記二次元結晶材料の下に接する前記基板の表面と、前記基板に直に向かい合う前記密結合反応チャンバーの天井との間の前記距離が、20mm未満かまたはそれに等しい、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記距離が10mmより小さい、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記基板が、製造される前記二次元結晶材料の下に接する結晶表面を備える、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記基板が、製造される前記二次元結晶材料の下に接する非金属表面を備える、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記前駆体と希釈ガスとの混合物を、加熱された基板上に通す、請求項5~12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記希釈ガスが、水素、窒素、アルゴン、およびヘリウムの列挙からの一つまたは複数を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記希釈ガスが、水素および/または窒素を含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記密結合反応チャンバー内にドーピング元素を導入することと、前記基板の温度、前記密結合反応チャンバーの圧力、およびガス流量を選択することとを含んで、ドープされた二次元結晶材料を製造する、請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記前駆体が前記ドーピング元素を含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 気相であって、および/または気体中に浮遊していてドーピング元素を含む第2の前駆体を、前記密結合反応チャンバー内の前記加熱した基板上に通す、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記加熱された基板上で前記第2の前駆体の流れをパルス化させる、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の前駆体が、以下の群:有機金属、メタロセン、ハロ炭素、水素化物、およびハロゲンのうちの一つまたは複数から得られる一つまたは複数の化合物を含む、請求項18または19に記載の方法。
- 請求項1~20のいずれか一項に記載の方法を用いて、二次元結晶材料またはドープされた二次元結晶材料の第1の層を製造し;続いて、前記基板の温度を変更して、および/または前記密結合反応チャンバーの圧力を変更して、および/または前駆体の流量を変更して、前記二次元結晶材料またはドープされた二次元結晶材料の第1の層上にさらなる二次元結晶材料またはドープされた二次元結晶材料を形成することを含む、多層積層二次元結晶材料を製造する方法。
- 前記前駆体を変更すること、ならびに/または気相である、および/もしくは気体中に浮遊している第二の前駆体を導入してさらなる二次元結晶材料を形成することを含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記前駆体が:炭化水素、水素化物、ハロアルカンおよびハロアミド含むハロ炭素、メタロセン、有機金属、アルキルアミンを含むアミン、有機溶媒、およびアゾ化合物、ならびに随意にアジド、イミド、スルフィド、およびリン化物の群のうちいずれか一つまたは複数から得られる一つまたは複数の化合物を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記前駆体が:ハロ炭素、炭化水素、アゾ、メタロセン、および随意に有機金属の群のいずれか一つまたは複数から得られる一つまたは複数の化合物を含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記前駆体が、ブロモメタン、メタン、エタン、シクロペンタジエニルマグネシウム、四臭化炭素、アゾメタン、アゾエタン、および/またはアセチレンを含む、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 第2の層との間に界面を有する二次元結晶材料を含むヘテロ構造を製造する方法であって:
第1の組の反応器条件とともに請求項1~25のいずれか一項に記載の方法を使用して、密結合反応チャンバー内で基板上に二次元結晶材料を製造することと;
第2の組の反応器条件の下、第2の前駆体を導入して、前記基板上に前記第2の層を形成することと
を含む方法。 - 前記第2の層が膜を含む、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の層が半導体である、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の層が、以下の、GaN、BN、AlN、AlGaN、SiNの少なくとも一つを含む、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の層が、第2の二次元結晶材料である、請求項26~29のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記基板と、前記基板の直上の前記密結合反応器チャンバーの天井との間の間隔を、前記二次元結晶材料と前記第2の層の形成の合間に変更する、請求項26~29のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- a.核形成サイトを有する基板を、前記基板に結合したヒーターがチャンバーへの唯一の熱源である、低温壁の反応チャンバー内に用意すること;
b.気相である、および/または気体中に浮遊している前駆体を、流入口を通じて反応チャンバー内に導入すること;
c.前記前駆体の分解範囲内にある温度であって、前記前駆体の分解から放出された炭素からグラフェンを形成可能にする温度に、前記基板を加熱すること;
d.1メートルあたり10000℃に等しいかまたはそれ以上の温度降下であって、基板表面から基板表面に直に向かい合う反応器の壁に向かって遠ざかるように延びる温度勾配を形成するため、比較的低温である前記流入口を維持すること;ならびに、
e.前記流入口から前記前駆体を、前記基板表面に向けて温度勾配に通すこと;
を含み、
前記前駆体を導入した後に、前記反応チャンバーを密閉して前記反応チャンバー内へのまたはその外への前記前駆体の流れを最小限にする、または、防止することをさらに含む、
グラフェンを製造する方法。 - 流入口と前記基板表面との間の間隔が、100 mm以下である、請求項32に記載の方法。
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