JP6869425B2 - リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、この製造方法、これを含むリチウム二次電池用正極及びリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、この製造方法、これを含むリチウム二次電池用正極及びリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6869425B2 JP6869425B2 JP2020513288A JP2020513288A JP6869425B2 JP 6869425 B2 JP6869425 B2 JP 6869425B2 JP 2020513288 A JP2020513288 A JP 2020513288A JP 2020513288 A JP2020513288 A JP 2020513288A JP 6869425 B2 JP6869425 B2 JP 6869425B2
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 152
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 77
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 76
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 41
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003759 ester based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004210 ether based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002171 ethylene diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011357 graphitized carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011302 mesophase pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- CXHHBNMLPJOKQD-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC([O-])=O CXHHBNMLPJOKQD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003020 moisturizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005569 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CIBMHJPPKCXONB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-2,2-diol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)O CIBMHJPPKCXONB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007581 slurry coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002733 tin-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
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- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/446—Initial charging measures
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Description
本出願は、2018年1月19日付韓国特許出願第2018−0007302号に基づく優先権の利益を主張し、当該韓国特許出願の文献に開示された全ての内容は本明細書の一部として含まれる。
[化学式1]
Li1+a1(Nib1Coc1Mnd1Ale1M1 f1)O2
前記化学式1において、−0.1≦a1≦0.2、0.8≦b1<1.0、0<c1≦0.2、0<d1≦0.1、0<e1≦0.05、0≦f1≦0.05であり、b1/c1≦25、b1/d1≧20であり、M1はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである。
[化学式2]
Li1+a2(Nib2Coc2Mnd2Ale2M1 f2)O2
前記化学式2において、−0.1≦a2≦0.2、0.6≦b2≦0.95、0<c2≦0.2、0<d2≦0.1、0<e2≦0.05、0≦f2≦0.05であり、b2/c2<13、b2/d2≧3であり、M1はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである。
[化学式1]
Li1+a1(Nib1Coc1Mnd1Ale1M1 f1)O2
前記化学式1において、−0.1≦a1≦0.2、0.8≦b1<1.0、0<c1≦0.2、0<d1≦0.1、0<e1≦0.05、0≦f1≦0.05であり、b1/c1≦25、b1/d1≧20であり、好ましくは0.85≦b1<1.0、0<c1≦0.15、0<d1≦0.05、0<e1≦0.03、0≦f1≦0.02であり、b1/c1≦23、b1/d1≧25であり、M1はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである。
[化学式2]
Li1+a2(Nib2Coc2Mnd2Ale2M1 f2)O2
前記化学式2において、−0.1≦a2≦0.2、0.6≦b2≦0.95、0<c2≦0.3、0<d2≦0.1、0<e2≦0.05、0≦f2≦0.05であり、b2/c2<13、b2/d2≧3であり、好ましくは0.65≦b2≦0.8、0.1≦c2≦0.3、0<d2≦0.05、0.01≦e2≦0.05、0≦f2≦0.02であり、b2/c2≦12、b2/d2≧3であり、M1はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである。
[化学式3]
Nib3Coc3Mnd3Ale3M1 f3(OH)2
前記化学式3において、0.8≦b3<1.0、0≦c3≦0.2、0≦d3≦0.1、0≦e3≦0.05、0≦f3≦0.05であり、M1はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである。
[化学式4]
Nib4Coc4Mnd4Ale4M1 f4(OH)2
前記化学式4において、0.6≦b4≦0.95、0≦c4≦0.2、0≦d4≦0.1、0≦e4≦0.05、0≦f4≦0.05であり、M1はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである。
具体的に、前記電解質は、有機溶媒及びリチウム塩を含んでよい。
実施例1
硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト、硫酸マンガン及び窒酸アルミニウムをニッケル:コバルト:マンガン:アルミニウムのモル比が92:5:2:1となるようにする量で、蒸留水中で混合して2M濃度の第1遷移金属含有溶液を準備した。
前記で製造した正極活物質:カーボンブラック導電材:ポリビニリデンフルオライドバインダを95:2.5:2.5の重量比でN‐メチルピロリドン(NMP)溶媒中で混合して正極形成用組成物を製造した。これを厚さ20μmのアルミニウムホイルに塗布した後、115℃で2時間乾燥し、ロールプレスを行って正極を製造した。
前記で製造した正極と、負極としてリチウム薄膜をポリエチレン分離膜とともに積層して通常の方法でコイン型電池を製造した後、エチレンカーボネート:ジエチルカーボネートを30:70の比率で混合した混合溶媒に1MのLiPF6を溶解させた電解液を注入し、リチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記実施例1で準備した第1遷移金属含有溶液及び第2遷移金属含有溶液を使用した。具体的に、前記第1遷移金属含有溶液が入っている容器と、第2遷移金属含有溶液が入っている容器を前記バッチ式反応器に連結した。更に4MのNaOH溶液と12%濃度のNH4OH水溶液を準備して、それぞれ前記バッチ式反応器に連結した。前記反応器に脱イオン水2.5Lを入れた後、窒素ガスを反応器に1L/分の速度でパージングして水中の溶存酸素を除去し、反応器内を非酸化雰囲気に造成した。
前記実施例1で製造した正極活物質を10℃の水溶液で30分間洗浄した後、硼酸を正極活物質100重量部に対して0.25重量%追加し、350℃で熱処理を行い、表面にコーティング層をさらに形成した正極活物質を用いることを除き、前記実施例1と同様に正極及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池を製造した。
硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト、硫酸マンガン及び窒酸アルミニウムをニッケル:コバルト:マンガン:アルミニウムのモル比が86:10:2:2となるようにする量で、蒸留水中で混合して2M濃度の遷移金属含有溶液を準備した。遷移金属含有溶液として前記で製造した溶液を用いてLi1.07Ni0.86Co0.10Mn0.02Al0.02O2で表される正極活物質を製造することを除き、前記実施例1と同様に正極及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池を製造した。
第1遷移金属含有溶液として硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト、硫酸マンガン及び窒酸アルミニウムをニッケル:コバルト:マンガン:アルミニウムのモル比が90:2:5:3となるようにする量で、蒸留水中で混合して2M濃度の溶液を準備した。
実施例1〜3及び比較例1〜2で製造した正極活物質の表面に存在するリチウム副産物の含量を測定するため、pH meterとしてpH metrohm Titrinoを用いてpH滴定(pH titration)を行った。具体的に正極活物質を粉末10gと、蒸留水100mLを撹拌した後、前記溶液に0.1NのHCl溶液を加えながら、pH滴定を行った。滴定されたHCl含量を介して正極活物質の総リチウム副産物を計算して下記表1に示した。
前記実施例1〜3及び比較例1〜2でそれぞれ製造したコイン型電池を25℃にて4.25Vで0.1C−0.005C CC‐CV(定電流定電圧)充電モードで充電し、2.5Vまで0.1Cで放電して1次効率を測定しており、25℃にて4.25Vで0.1C‐0.005C CC‐CV(定電流定電圧)充電モードで充電し、2.5Vまで0.1CでCC(定電流)放電後、5時間CV放電して2次効率を測定しており、これを下記表2に示した。
前記実施例1〜3及び比較例1〜2でそれぞれ製造したコイン型電池を45℃の恒温槽で0.5Cの率速で4.25Vまで充電した後、0.5Cの率速で3.0Vまで放電した。これを50回繰り返した後、初期容量に比べての50回充放電以後の容量を寿命特性とし、これを下記表3に示した。
Claims (10)
- 平均組成が下記化学式1で表される第1リチウム遷移金属酸化物を含む中心部、及び
平均組成が下記化学式2で表される第2リチウム遷移金属酸化物を含む表面部を含み、
[化学式1]
Li1+a1(Nib1Coc1Mnd1Ale1M1 f1)O2
前記化学式1において、−0.1≦a1≦0.2、0.8≦b1<1.0、0<c1≦0.2、0<d1<0.1、0<e1≦0.05、0≦f1≦0.05であり、b1/c1≦25、b1/d1≧20であり、M1はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つであり、
[化学式2]
Li1+a2(Nib2Coc2Mnd2Ale2M1 f2)O2
前記化学式2において、−0.1≦a2≦0.2、0.6≦b2≦0.95、0<c2≦0.2、0<d2≦0.1、0<e2≦0.05、0≦f2≦0.05であり、b2/c2<13、b2/d2≧3であり、M1はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである、正極活物質。 - 前記化学式1において、b1/c1≦20、b1/d1≧30であり、前記化学式2でb2/c2≦5、b2/d2≧30を満たす、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質は、粒子の中心から粒子全体積の50体積%〜95体積%に該当する領域の中心部、及び前記中心部の外表面上に位置する表面部を有するものである、請求項1又は2に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質内に含まれたニッケルは、前記正極活物質の粒子の中心から表面まで漸進的に減少する濃度勾配を有し、
前記正極活物質内に含まれたコバルトは、前記正極活物質の粒子の中心から表面まで漸進的に増加する濃度勾配を有し、
前記正極活物質内に含まれたマンガンは、前記正極活物質の粒子の中心から表面まで漸進的に増加する濃度勾配を有する、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質の表面に形成され、ホウ素、シリコン、タングステン及びニオブからなる群から選択された少なくとも一つを含むコーティング層をさらに含む、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質の表面に存在するリチウム副産物の含量は、正極活物質100重量部に対して0.2重量部から0.8重量部である、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質。
- ニッケル、コバルト、マンガン、及びアルミニウムを含み、かつ、中心部と表面部の組成が異なる正極活物質前駆体を準備する段階、及び
前記正極活物質前駆体及びリチウムソースを混合して焼成し、リチウム遷移金属酸化物を形成する段階を含み、
前記正極活物質前駆体は、平均組成が下記化学式3で表される中心部、及び平均組成が下記化学式4で表される表面部を含み、
[化学式3]
Ni b3 Co c3 Mn d3 Al e3 M 1 f3 (OH) 2
前記化学式3において、0.8≦b3<1.0、0≦c3≦0.2、0≦d3≦0.1、0≦e3≦0.05、0≦f3≦0.05であり、M 1 はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つであり、
[化学式4]
Ni b4 Co c4 Mn d4 Al e4 M 1 f4 (OH) 2
前記化学式4において、0.6≦b4≦0.95、0≦c4≦0.2、0≦d4≦0.1、0≦e4≦0.05、0≦f4≦0.05であり、M 1 はMg、Ti、Zr、Nb及びWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである、正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記リチウム遷移金属酸化物を、pH9からpH11を有する溶液の温度が−10℃から15℃である条件で洗浄した後、不活性雰囲気で乾燥し、500℃から750℃の酸素雰囲気で熱処理する段階をさらに含む、請求項7に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 正極集電体、及び
前記正極集電体上に形成された正極活物質層を含み、
前記正極活物質層は、請求項1から請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質を含む、二次電池用正極。 - 請求項9に記載の二次電池用正極、負極、前記二次電池用正極と前記負極の間に介在された分離膜、及び電解質を含むリチウム二次電池であって、
25℃にて4.25Vで0.1C−0.005C CC‐CV充電モードで充電し、2.5Vまで0.1Cで放電したとき、充放電効率が90%以上であり、
25℃にて4.25Vで0.1C−0.005C CC‐CV充電モードで充電し、2.5Vまで0.1CでCC放電後、5時間CV放電したとき、充放電効率が95%以上であるリチウム二次電池。
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