JP5869203B2 - 活性リチウムをベースとする多層材料、調製方法、および電気化学的発電装置における応用 - Google Patents
活性リチウムをベースとする多層材料、調製方法、および電気化学的発電装置における応用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5869203B2 JP5869203B2 JP2009519761A JP2009519761A JP5869203B2 JP 5869203 B2 JP5869203 B2 JP 5869203B2 JP 2009519761 A JP2009519761 A JP 2009519761A JP 2009519761 A JP2009519761 A JP 2009519761A JP 5869203 B2 JP5869203 B2 JP 5869203B2
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 125
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 116
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 47
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910018091 Li 2 S Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910018119 Li 3 PO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910012229 Li3.3PO3.9N0.17 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000608 laser ablation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002200 LIPON - lithium phosphorus oxynitride Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 62
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 15
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
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- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical group [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTKINSOISVBQLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycidol Chemical compound OCC1CO1 CTKINSOISVBQLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004397 aminosulfonyl group Chemical group NS(=O)(=O)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- DVSDBMFJEQPWNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyllithium Chemical compound C[Li] DVSDBMFJEQPWNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000005740 oxycarbonyl group Chemical group [*:1]OC([*:2])=O 0.000 description 2
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000003232 water-soluble binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUZDXNQOSGWMJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical group OC(=O)C=C.CC(=C)C(O)=O MUZDXNQOSGWMJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical class COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RQMIWLMVTCKXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[C] Chemical compound [AlH3].[C] RQMIWLMVTCKXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCWHNFOFIUDEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[P].[Li] Chemical compound [N].[P].[Li] RCWHNFOFIUDEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003282 alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005336 allyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001769 aryl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- MYWGVEGHKGKUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.C=C.OC(O)=O MYWGVEGHKGKUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940105990 diglycerin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GPLRAVKSCUXZTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycerol Chemical compound OCC(O)COCC(O)CO GPLRAVKSCUXZTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OSRSDOSHWBOXBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;2h-triazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile Chemical compound [Li].N#CC1=NNN=C1C#N OSRSDOSHWBOXBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003879 lubricant additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002294 plasma sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012453 solvate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/10—Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides or silicides; Mixtures thereof
- C23C4/11—Oxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
- C23C28/322—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Description
本発明の多層材料は、電気化学的電池にアノードとして組み込んだ場合、優れたインピーダンス安定性を有するが、サイクルの間に樹枝状結晶は形成されない。
パッシベーション層は、Li2O、Li2CO3、LiOHおよびLi2S2O4からなる群からの少なくとも1種のリチウム化合物を含む。Li2O、Li2CO3およびLiOHは乾燥雰囲気中で形成され、Li2S2O4はSO2の存在下で形成される。
この多層材料が活性リチウム層の両側に2つの保護層を備える場合、リチウム膜のもう一方の空いている表面上に堆積される第1の保護層と同時に第2の保護層を活性リチウム膜上に堆積させることができる。第1の層の堆積後、好ましくは15秒未満後に第2の層を堆積させることもできる。
イオン伝導性保護層は、互いに独立に10−4S.cm2よりも高いイオン伝導度を有する材料で構成される少なくとも2つのサブ層を備えることができ、この材料は、セラミックス、ガラスおよびセラミック充填剤を含有してもよいポリマーから選択される。
セラミックで、またはガラスで構成される保護層は、好ましくは1μmに等しいかまたはそれ未満の厚さを有する。
ポリマー型保護層は、好ましくは1〜100μmの厚さを有する。
3つの枝分かれを有するポリマーとは、Hiroe Nakagawaらによる「Relationship between Structural Factor of Gel Electrolyte and Characteristics of Electrolyte and Lithium−ion Polymer Battery Performances」、第44回シンポジウム、日本、2003年11月4日〜6日、抄録3D26に記載されているポリマーのような、3つに枝分かれしたくしの形をした3つの枝分かれを有するポリマーを意味する。これらのポリマーの3つの実質的に平行な枝分かれは、好ましくは中心に固定され、また好ましくは3つの原子、より好ましくは3つの炭素原子を鎖の中に含む小さい骨格の2つの末端に固定される。3つの炭素原子を有する鎖の場合、これらの原子のそれぞれが枝分かれに結合している。
−R1およびR2はそれぞれ、水素原子または(好ましくは炭素原子1〜7個を有する)低級アルキル基を示し、
−R3は水素原子またはメチル基を示し、
−mおよびnはそれぞれ0以上の整数を示し、
−各高分子量鎖において、m+n>35であり、
−基R1、R2およびR3のそれぞれならびにパラメータmおよびnのそれぞれは、4つの高分子量鎖において同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
エチレングリコール(EG)型のビニルポリマー、特に欧州特許第1249461号(DKS)に記載されているポリマーも保護材料として有利であり、特に平均分子量が600〜2,500であるポリマーが有利である。
保護層用の材料として使用するポリエーテルポリマーは、下記式(1)で表される構造単位および下記式(2)で表される構造単位および/または下記式(3)で表される構造単位を有する。一分子中の下記式(1)を有する単位の数は、1個〜22,800個、好ましくは5個〜11,400個、より好ましくは10個〜5,700個である。下記式(2)および/または下記式(3)を有する単位の総数は、1個〜13,600個、好ましくは5個〜6,800個、より好ましくは10個〜3、400個である。
ポリエーテルポリマーの平均分子量(Mw)は特に限定されないが、通常約500から200万、有利には約1,000から最大150万である。
保護層がアノードのコレクタを形成するためのものである場合、電子伝導性材料で構成される。この電子伝導性材料は、Ni、Cuおよびステンレス鋼から選択される金属製でよい。
本発明の第2の目的は、本発明の方法によって得られる多層材料にある。
本発明による多層材料は、互いに付着する少なくとも1つの活性リチウム層と1つの保護層とを含む。この多層材料は、リチウム層が、50Å未満の平均厚さを有する連続または不連続パッシベーション層を、その表面の少なくとも一方に有する活性リチウム層であることを特徴とし、また前記少なくとも1つの保護層がイオン伝導性材料で構成されることを特徴とする。
2つの金属保護層間の活性リチウム層で構成される多層材料は、好ましくは電気化学的発電装置以外の分野において用途がある。
−コレクタと、
−カソード材料と、
−ポリマー電解質、あるいはゲル電解質を含浸させたセパレータまたは液体電解質を含浸させたセパレータと、
−多層材料とで構成される少なくとも1つのアセンブリを備え、
前記多層材料は、金属保護層と、LIPON型セラミックス、イオンガラス、導電性ポリマー、セラミック充填剤を含有するポリマーおよび液体溶媒中においてイオン化合物溶液を添加することによって導電性となるポリマーから選択される材料で構成される非金属保護層との間の活性リチウム層で構成され、非金属保護層は前記電解質と接触している。
−コレクタと、
−カソード材料と
−ポリマー電解質と、
−多層材料と、
−電解質と、
−カソードと、
−コレクタとで構成される少なくとも1つのアセンブリで構成され、
前記多層材料は、LIPON、イオンガラス、導電性ポリマーおよびセラミック充填剤を含有するポリマー、ならびに液体溶媒中においてイオン化合物溶液を添加することによって導電性となるポリマーからそれぞれ互いに独立に選択される材料で構成される2つの保護層間のリチウム層で構成される。
本発明による電池のカソードは、活性カソード材料および/または電子伝導体および/またはポリマーおよび/またはリチウム塩および/または結合剤を含む材料で構成される。
電子伝導体は、Ketjen炭素、Shawinigan炭素、黒鉛、炭素繊維、蒸着炭素繊維、およびこれらのうち少なくとも2つの混合物で構成される。
カソードのコレクタは、炭素により任意選択でコーティングされたアルミニウムで好ましくは構成される。
多層のリチウム膜がニッケルまたは銅支持体と接触している場合、前記支持体が電流コレクタとして働く。本発明による発電装置の電解質は、ポリプロピレン(PP)またはポリプロピレンとエチレンとの配列共重合体(PP−PE−PP)で構成されるセパレータに含浸されている液体またはゲル電解質でよい。
本発明による発電装置は、カソード膜および電解質膜で構成される半電池上に、活性リチウム層に隣接してガラスまたはセラミックの層を堆積させることによって作製することができる。
本発明の好ましい実施形態についての説明
全固体電池
全固体電池を作製するために、K ZaghibおよびSurampudiによるNew Power Source、PV 2000−03、16〜30頁および70〜80頁に記載されている方法によって調製したLIPON(リチウム−リン−窒素)源からのプラズマスパッタリング(窒素ガスを含む)によって、半電池で構成される基板上にセラミック層(保護層を構成する)を堆積させる。この半電池は、カソードおよび固体ポリマー電解質(SPE)を備える。堆積させたLIPON層は、有利には約1μmの厚さを有する。この半電池は、コレクタと、カソード形成材料と、SPE電解質との重ね合せで構成される。保護層は、この半電池のSPE層上に堆積させる。
液体電解質電池
本発明による液体電解質電池は、カソードと、電解質を含浸させたセパレータと、保護層と、活性リチウム膜で構成されるアノードとを備える。
セパレータは、ポリプロピレン(PP)または、たとえばCELGARD型のPP−PPE−PPから作製することができる。
活性リチウム膜は、市販のリチウム膜を薄層化することによって得る。
ゲル電解質電池
本発明のこの特定の実施形態によれば、82%のLiFePO4(Phostech製)を、先に混合した粉末の総重量の20重量%の比率で溶媒NMPが存在する中で3重量%のKetjenブラック、3重量%の黒鉛、12重量%のPVDFと混合することによって調製した組成物から、カソードを作製する。
このように製造したアセンブリを、ゲル電解質の前駆体の混合物と共にアルミニウム軟質バッグに導入し、その後このバッグを封止する。前駆体の混合物は、95重量%のポリエーテル(好ましくは4つに枝分かれしたタイプの)と、1MのLiTFSi+0.5MのLiPF6+EC+GBLの混合物と(容量で1:3)、架橋抑制剤としての1,000ppmのPekadox16(登録商標)とで構成される。
この電池を60℃で1時間維持する。この工程は、電極材料Celgardの表面に存在する細孔内に、またLIPONの細孔内にゲルを形成するために必要である。この方法を実施することによって作製される電池は、周囲温度で作動する。
実施例1
電流コレクタと、カソード材料と、固体ポリマー電解質SPEとで構成される半電池を作製する。
電解質SPEは、LiTFSi溶液をポリエーテル型ポリマー中に導入して構成され、その厚さは20〜30μmである。
実施例2
押出成形によって厚さ250μmのメチルリチウム膜を得る。その後、このメチルリチウム膜を、ジュエラーロールミルにより周囲温度で2秒間薄層化する。厚さ55μmの活性リチウム膜がこうして得られ、厚さ45Åのパッシベーション層を有する。この膜を、同じ日にXPS分析器で評価した。Li2O層について測定された厚さは255Åである。
これらの値を、Li2O層が厚さ400ÅでLi2CO3層が厚さ150μmであるFMCからの市販のリチウムの値と比較すべきである。
実施例3
電流コレクタ/カソード材料/SPE半電池を、実施例1の方法によって作製する。
実施例4
LiV3O8/SPE/LIPON/リチウム型電池を、下記プロセスによって作製した。
その後、厚さ250μmの市販の押出膜から、LIPON膜上にリチウム膜を堆積させた。このリチウム膜は、厚さが50Åを超えるパッシベーション層を有する。この市販のリチウム膜を、クラス1,000タイプの無水室内の2本のステンレス鋼ロール間で薄層化して、厚さ50μmのリチウム膜を得た。
このように製造した電池は、5mAhのキャパシタンスを有する。この電池をC/3放電で循環させ、3.1ボルトの定電位まで1時間で充電した。キャパシタンスおよびクーロン効率は、100サイクルの間安定している。3%のキャパシタンスの損失が100サイクルの後測定されるが、クーロン効率は99.9〜100%のままである。
特定の諸実施形態の助けを借りて本発明を説明してきたが、前記実施形態にいくつかの変更および修飾を施してもよいことは理解され、本発明の目的は、一般的には本発明の原則に従うが、本発明が適用される活動分野で既知または慣用的となる、以下の特許請求の範囲に従って上述の必須要素に適用することができる本記載の任意の代替形態を含めた本発明のこのような修飾、使用または適用を対象とすることである。
Claims (19)
- 少なくとも1つの活性リチウム層を備える多層材料を調製するための方法であって、
前記活性リチウム層が、99%よりも高い純度を有するリチウムで、または3000ppm未満の不純物を含むリチウム合金で構成され、
前記活性リチウム層が、50Å未満の平均厚さを有する連続または不連続パッシベーション層をその表面の少なくとも一方に有し、
前記活性リチウム層の2つの表面がイオン伝導性保護層を有し、
表面にパッシベーション層を有するリチウム膜を2つのロール間で薄層化して活性リチウム膜を準備する工程、及び
前記リチウム膜を2つのロール間で薄層化してから2秒未満で、活性リチウム膜に前記保護層を付着させる工程、を含む前記方法。 - 活性リチウム層が、その表面の一方または両方に、「パッシベーション層の厚さ」/「前記活性リチウム層の厚さ」の比率が2×10−5〜1×10−3となるような前記パッシベーション層を有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- パッシベーション層が、Li2O、Li2CO3、LiOHおよびLi2S2O4からなる群からの少なくとも1種のリチウム化合物を含み、Li2O、Li2CO3およびLiOHが乾燥雰囲気中で形成され、Li2S2O4がSO2の存在下で形成されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- リチウム膜を薄層化した後、リチウム膜の表面のそれぞれに保護層を付着させ、前記2つの保護層がイオン伝導性材料で構成されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 露点−45℃〜−55℃および相対湿度0.7%〜2.2%を特徴とする無水室内の乾燥空気雰囲気中で実行されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 露点−50℃および相対湿度1.3%で実行されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第1の保護層を前記活性リチウム膜の一方の表面に付着させると同時に、第2の保護層を前記活性リチウム膜のもう一方の表面に付着させる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第1の保護層を前記活性リチウム膜の一方の表面に付着させてから、第2の保護層を前記活性リチウム膜のもう一方の表面に付着させる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 保護層を形成するために使用する材料が、10−4S.cm2よりも高いイオン伝導度を有し、セラミックス、ガラス、ポリマーおよびこれらの混合物から選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 保護層を構成する材料が、非化学量論的リチウムリン酸窒化物型のセラミックで構成されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 酸窒化物が式Li3.3PO3.9N0.17を有する、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 非化学量論的リチウムリン酸窒化物型セラミック層が、Li3PO4ターゲットからのカソードスパッタリング、レーザアブレーションまたはプラズマアブレーションによって基板上に堆積される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 基板が、ポリプロピレンの、またはPP−PE−PP共重合体の膜である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 基板が予め調製された1/2セルであり、コレクタ、カソードおよび電解質層で構成され、非化学量論的リチウムリン酸窒化物型セラミック層が前記電解質層上に堆積される、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 保護層がセラミックまたはガラスで構成され、1μm以下の厚さを有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 保護層が、イオン化合物溶液を導入したポリマー、またはイオン基を有するポリマーで構成される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記保護層が、セラミックを含有している、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 保護層がポリマーからなり、1〜100μmの厚さを有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 保護層がポリエーテルまたはポリビニルで構成されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
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2006
- 2006-07-18 CA CA002552282A patent/CA2552282A1/fr not_active Abandoned
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2007
- 2007-07-17 WO PCT/CA2007/001254 patent/WO2008009107A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2007-07-17 US US12/373,945 patent/US20090280410A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-07-17 JP JP2009519761A patent/JP5869203B2/ja active Active
- 2007-07-17 EP EP07763908.6A patent/EP2040916B1/fr active Active
- 2007-07-17 KR KR1020157010067A patent/KR20150048911A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-07-17 KR KR1020097003355A patent/KR101538079B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2007-07-17 CA CA2657492A patent/CA2657492C/fr active Active
- 2007-07-17 CN CN200780026871.9A patent/CN101489776B/zh active Active
- 2007-07-17 ES ES07763908T patent/ES2855977T3/es active Active
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2012
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2008009107A2 (fr) | 2008-01-24 |
CA2657492C (fr) | 2015-04-28 |
KR20090040442A (ko) | 2009-04-24 |
US20200243833A1 (en) | 2020-07-30 |
JP2015038877A (ja) | 2015-02-26 |
CN101489776B (zh) | 2015-02-25 |
US11335894B2 (en) | 2022-05-17 |
KR101538079B1 (ko) | 2015-07-22 |
US20090280410A1 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
ES2855977T3 (es) | 2021-09-27 |
US20130122365A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
EP2040916B1 (fr) | 2020-09-30 |
JP2009544121A (ja) | 2009-12-10 |
EP2040916A4 (fr) | 2012-04-04 |
CA2552282A1 (fr) | 2008-01-18 |
WO2008009107A3 (fr) | 2008-03-06 |
JP6077508B2 (ja) | 2017-02-08 |
CN101489776A (zh) | 2009-07-22 |
KR20150048911A (ko) | 2015-05-07 |
CA2657492A1 (fr) | 2008-01-24 |
EP2040916A2 (fr) | 2009-04-01 |
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