JP5128277B2 - 二核酵素の強力な阻害剤としてのジアリールアルカン類 - Google Patents
二核酵素の強力な阻害剤としてのジアリールアルカン類 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5128277B2 JP5128277B2 JP2007515432A JP2007515432A JP5128277B2 JP 5128277 B2 JP5128277 B2 JP 5128277B2 JP 2007515432 A JP2007515432 A JP 2007515432A JP 2007515432 A JP2007515432 A JP 2007515432A JP 5128277 B2 JP5128277 B2 JP 5128277B2
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- tyrosinase
- diarylalkanes
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- skin
- binuclear
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Description
Ar1およびAr2は置換型の5または6員の芳香環または芳香族複素環から成る群から独立して選択され、各々の6員の芳香環または芳香族複素環は1〜5個のR’基(R’1〜R’5)で独立して置換され、各々の5員の芳香環または芳香族複素環は1〜4個のR’基(R’1〜R’4)で置換されるが、例外としてAr1とAr2の両方が6員の芳香環、すなわちフェニル基であるとき、Ar1とAr2のうちの少なくとも一方は1〜5個のR’基(R’1〜R’5)で置換され、前記R’1〜R’5のうちの少なくとも2つはHではなく、
ここで、
R’は、−H、−OH、−SH、−OR、−CN、−SR、−NH2、−NHR、−NR2、X、および単糖または2〜6個の単糖類から構成されるオリゴ糖のグリコシドから成る群から独立して選択され、前記単糖(類)は、アルドペントース、メチルアルドペントース、アルドヘキソース、ケトヘキソース、およびこれらの化学的誘導体から成る群から独立して選択され、Rは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、XはCl、Br、F、Iから成る群から選択されるハロゲンであり、
R6、およびR7は、−H、−OH、−OR、−CN、−NHR、−NH2、およびXから成る群から独立して選択され、Rは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、XはCl、Br、F、Iから成る群から選択されるハロゲンであり、n=1〜10である。好ましい実施形態ではn=2〜4である。
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R’1、R’2、R’3、R’4、およびR’5は、−H、−OH、−SH、−OR、−CN、−SR、−NH2、−NHR、−NR2、X、および単糖または2〜6個の単糖類から構成されるオリゴ糖のグリコシドから成る群から独立して選択され、前記単糖(類)は、アルドペントース、メチルアルドペントース、アルドヘキソース、ケトヘキソース、およびこれらの化学的誘導体から成る群から独立して選択され、Rは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、XはCl、Br、F、Iから成る群から選択されるハロゲンであり、R1〜R5のうちの少なくとも2つ、またはR’1〜R’5のうちの少なくとも2つはHではなく、
R6およびR7は、−H、−OH、−OR、−CN、−NHR、−NH2、およびXから成る群から独立して選択され、Rは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、XはCl、Br、F、Iから成る群から選択されるハロゲンであり、n=1〜10である。好ましい実施形態ではn=2〜4である。
R1〜R5およびR’1〜R’5およびnは上記に定義される通りであり、R6とR7は一緒に1つまたは複数のカルボニル基を形成する。還元剤はアルコール類へのケトン類の還元のためのいずれの知られている還元剤から選択されることも可能であり、限定はされないが、ボロヒドリド類、触媒存在下でのH2、NaH、およびLiAlH4を含む。一実施形態では、還元剤はNaBH4である。
Ar1およびAr2は、置換型5または6員の芳香環または芳香族複素環から成る群から独立して選択され、各々の6員の芳香環または芳香族複素環は、1〜5個のR’基(R’1〜R’5)で独立して置換され、各々の5員の芳香環または芳香族複素環は1〜4個のR’基(R’1〜R’4)で置換されるが、例外としてAr1とAr2の両方が6員の芳香環、すなわちフェニル基であるとき、Ar1とAr2のうちの少なくとも一方は1〜5個のR’基(R’1〜R’5)で置換され、前記R’1〜R’5のうちの少なくとも2つはHではなく、
ここで、
R’は、−H、−OH、−SH、−OR、−CN、−SR、−NH2、−NHR、−NR2、X、および単糖または2〜6個の単糖類から構成されるオリゴ糖のグリコシドから成る群から独立して選択され、前記単糖(類)は、アルドペントース、メチルアルドペントース、アルドヘキソース、ケトヘキソース、およびこれらの化学的誘導体から成る群から独立して選択され、Rは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、XはCl、Br、F、およびIから成る群から選択されるハロゲンであり、
R6およびR7は、−H、−OH、−OR、−CN、−NHR、−NH2、およびXから成る群から独立して選択され、Rは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、XはCl、Br、F、Iから成る群から選択されるハロゲンであり、n=1〜10である。好ましい実施形態ではn=2〜4である。
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R’1、R’2、R’3、R’4、およびR’5は、−H、−OH、−SH、−OR、−CN、−SR、−NH2、−NHR、−NR2、X、および単糖または2〜6個の単糖類から構成されるオリゴ糖のグリコシドから成る群から独立して選択され、前記単糖(類)は、アルドペントース、メチルアルドペントース、アルドヘキソース、ケトヘキソース、およびこれらの化学的誘導体から成る群から独立して選択され、Rは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、XはCl、Br、F、Iから成る群から選択されるハロゲンであり、R1〜R5のうちの少なくとも2つ、またはR’1〜R’5のうちの少なくとも2つはHではなく、
R6、およびR7は、−H、−OH、−OR、−CN、−NHR、−NH2、およびXから成る群から独立して選択され、Rは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、XはCl、Br、F、およびIから成る群から選択されるハロゲンであり、n=1〜10である。好ましい実施形態ではn=2〜4である。
「医薬としてまたは治療薬として有効な用量または量」は望ましい生物学的結果を誘導するのに十分な用量を称する。その結果は疾病の徴候、症状、または原因の緩和、またはいずれかの他の生物学的システムの望ましい変化であることもあり得る。正確な用量は、限定はされないが、対象の年齢およびサイズ、疾病および達成される治療を含めた様々な要因に応じて変わるであろう。
以下に従って使用することが可能であるジアリールアルカンは上述の一般構造で例示される化合物を含む。本発明のジアリールアルカン類は合成法によって得られることが可能であり、または限定はされないが、キク科(Compositae)、マメ科(Fabaceae)、クスノキ科(Lauraceae)、マメ科(Leguminosae)、ユリ科(Liliaceae)、ヤドリギ科(Loranthaceae)、クワ科(Moracea)、およびニクズク科(Myristicaceae)を含む群から選択される1つまたは複数の植物の科から単離することが可能である。本発明のジアリールアルカン類は、限定はされないが、アカシア(Acacia)、コウゾ(Broussonetia)、キキョウラン(Dianella)、ムギワラギク(Helichrysum)、イリアンテラ(Iryanthera)、クネマ(Knema)、クロモジ(Lindera)、シタン(Pterocarpus)、ヤドリギ(Viscum)、およびキサントセルシス(Xanlhocercis)を含む高木植物の属から抽出、濃縮、および精製することが可能である。これらのジアリールアルカン類は、限定はされないが、茎、茎の皮、心材、幹、幹の皮、小枝、塊茎、根、根の皮、葉柄、種子、地下茎、花および他の繁殖可能な組織、葉および他の空中の部分を含む植物の多様な部分に見出することが可能である。一実施形態では、ジアリールアルカン類はコウゾ属、キキョウラン属、およびイリアンテラ属の植物または植物類から単離される。
R1〜R5およびR’1〜R’5およびnは上記に定義される通りであり、R6とR7は一緒に1つまたは複数のカルボニル基を形成する。還元剤はアルコール類へのケトン類の還元のためのいずれの知られている還元剤から選択されることも可能であり、限定はされないが、ボロヒドリド類、触媒存在下でのH2、NaH、およびLiAlH4を含む。一実施形態では、還元剤はNaBH4である。
本発明は、活性な植物抽出物およびこれらの抽出物の中で二核酵素チロシナーゼを特異的に阻害する特定の化合物を識別するためにチロシナーゼ阻害アッセイを化学的デレプリケーション法と組み合わせる方策を実施する。上記で言及したように、チロシナーゼを阻害する酵素はメラニン生成の減少につながり、したがって、皮膚を効果的に白くすることが可能である。実施例1で述べられるように、乾燥植物粉末を有機溶剤で抽出することによって植物抽出物のライブラリが作り出された。実施例2で述べられるように、チロシナーゼ阻害アッセイはJones et al.(2002)Pigment.Cell Res.15:335によって報告された方法に従って展開された。このアッセイを使用して、合計1144の植物抽出物が、キノコのチロシナーゼの活性を阻害するそれらの能力について選別された。この一次選別は強力なチロシナーゼ阻害活性を備えた20の植物抽出物(ヒット率1.75%)を識別した。表1は、4つの異なる属から単離された4つのこれら抽出物のチロシナーゼ阻害割合を描いている。
乾燥処理された植物材料が2mm以下の粒子サイズに磨り潰され、一部分(60g)が三角フラスコに移され、600mlのメタノール:ジクロロメタン(1:1)で抽出処理された。この混合物が1時間振とう処理され、濾過され、バイオマスがメタノール:ジクロロメタン(1:1)(600ml)で再び抽出処理された。各々の植物材料からの有機抽出物を供給するためにこれらの有機抽出物が組み合わされ、真空下で蒸発処理された。その後、各々の抽出物(約75mg)が1.5mlのDMSO中に溶解されて50mg/mlの濃度にされ、これが次いで−70℃の冷凍庫に貯蔵された。抽出液のアリコートが実施例2に述べられるチロシナーゼアッセイのために使用された。
チロシナーゼ阻害アッセイはJones et al.(2002)Pigment.Cell Res.15:335によって報告された方法を使用して実行された。この方法を使用して、チロシナーゼの基質であるL−ドーパをドーパクロムに変換した後に450nmでの吸収をモニターする。チロシナーゼが2000U/mlで50mMのリン酸カリウムバッファ、pH6.8(アッセイバッファ)中に調製され、使用の前に1mlのアリコートで−20℃で貯蔵された。分析に使用するために、ストック酵素溶液が解凍され、アッセイバッファで200U/mlに希釈された。基質であるL−DOPAの2mM作業溶液が各々の分析のためにアッセイバッファ中に調製された。サンプルが10%DMSO(0.5ml)中に溶解され、アッセイバッファで5mlに希釈された。反応混合物が0.050mlの2mM L−DOPA、0.050mlの200U/mlキノコチロシナーゼ、および0.050mlの阻害剤で構成された。アッセイバッファで反応体積が200μlに調節された。アッセイは96穴のFalcon3097平底マイクロタイタープレート(Beckton Dickinson,NJ)中で実施された。ドーパクロムの出現はWALLAC1420 Multilable Counter(Turku,Finland)で測定された。1分当たりの450nmでの吸収の変化量(ΔA450)によって測定される直線的酵素速度から平均速度が判定された。試験サンプルによるチロシナーゼの阻害割合は次の式(1)を使用してサンプルvs.対照区の吸光度の比較によって判定された。
結果は表1に述べられる。
活性有機抽出物(400mg)が予め充填された順相のフラッシュカラム(内径2cm×8.2cm、10gシリカゲル)に装填された。このカラムが(A)50:50のEtOAc:ヘキサンおよび(B)メタノールの勾配移動相を備えたHitachi高処理能力精製(HTP)システムを使用して5mL/minの流量で30分で100%Aから100%Bの条件で溶離された。分離は広帯域波長のUV検出器を使用してモニターされ、画分はGilsonフラクションコレクターを使用して1.9mL/wellで96深穴プレートに集められた。サンプルプレートは低真空および遠心分離で乾燥処理された。各々のセルのサンプルを溶解するためにDMSO(1.5mL)が使用され、チロシナーゼ阻害アッセイのために正副2つで一部分(100μL)が取られた。
キキョウラン(植物全体4.3kg)が集められ、磨り潰され、メタノールを溶剤として浸透抽出装置を使用して3回抽出処理された。抽出物が組み合わされ、メタノールを除去するために蒸発処理された。その後、粗抽出物が水に懸濁され、DCMで分離された。これらの層が分離され、DCM層が蒸発処理されて60gの物質を与えた。両方の層のLC−MS/PDA分析は、UP302aの大部分がDCM層に存在し、水の層には微量しか存在しないことを明らかにした。DCM抽出物はヘキサン−ETOACの勾配で溶離させて3つの別々のシリカゲルカラムで分画された。合計15の部分画分が得られ、HPLC−MS/PDAによって分析された。標的の化合物(UP302a)が画分6〜9で見出され、これらが組み合わされて合計3gの濃縮されたUP302aを生じた。この濃縮UP302aがさらに、水−MeOH勾配で溶離させてCG−161樹脂で充填されたオープンカラムで分離された。合計23の画分が集められ、UP302aは画分15〜21に溶離した。その後、画分15〜21は組み合わされ、溶剤が蒸発させられて700mgの固体を生じ、これらがさらにC−18カラムで準備段階のHPLCによって精製されて30mgのUP302aを生じた。構造、チロシナーゼ阻害活性、および精製産物の純度がNMR、酵素阻害アッセイ、およびLC−MS/PDAによって確認された。
具体例を示す目的で、置換型カルコン類の水素化ホウ素ナトリウム還元によるジアリールアルカン類の合成のための一般的方法が2,4−ジヒドロキシ−3,4−ジメトキシカルコン(4)を使用して下記に述べられる。
置換型ジアリールプロパノンの水素化ホウ素ナトリウム還元による置換型ジフェニルプロパノールの合成のための方法が、具体例を示す目的で1−(2−ヒドロキシ−5−メトキシフェニル)−3−(2’,4’−ジメトキシフェニル)−1−プロパノン(6)の還元を使用して下記に述べられる。
合成ジアリールアルカンによるチロシナーゼ阻害は実施例2に述べられた方法を使用して測定された。各々のサンプルのIC50値は特定の時間および濃度で反応が直線的であったことを確認するための反応速度論ソフトウェアを使用して計算された。実施例7〜12に述べられた方法を使用して合計24の化合物が合成され、チロシナーゼを阻害する能力について評価された。これらの結果は表2に述べられる。
実施例2に述べられた方法を使用し、基質としてL−DOPAを0.75、1.25、および2.5mMの濃度で使用して、阻害剤(UP302a)の様々な濃度(0、261、522、1044nM)でチロシナーゼの阻害を評価した。図10に示されるように、UP302aが強力で長期持続性の競合阻害剤であることが見出された。チロシナーゼ活性はUP302aとのインキュベーションの後の数日間は再開されなかった。対照的に、コウジ酸とのインキュベーションの後のわずか1時間後にチロシナーゼ活性は完全に復元された。
メラニン生成の阻害は2つの異なるアッセイを使用して評価した。第1のアッセイでは、β−MSHによる誘発を行わずにメラニン生成の阻害を評価し、それに対して第2のアッセイでは細胞培養培地でβ−MSH誘発を伴なってメラニン生成の阻害を測定した。簡単に述べると、B16F1細胞(ATCC#CRL−622)を密集成長させ、その後、1ウェル当たり40,000細胞で植菌した。細胞は5%CO2を含む高湿環境で37℃にて一晩付着可能にされた。2日目に、阻害剤を0〜1000μMの範囲の濃度で3サンプル一組で細胞に添加し、4日間インキュベートした。メラニン形成を誘発するために必要とされるβ−MSHの量は、0〜1000nMの範囲の濃度で10倍ずつ上げながらホルモンを添加することによって判定した。適切なβ−MSH濃度が決定されると、細胞を上記のように植菌して一晩付着可能にし、その後、0〜1000μMの範囲の濃度でチロシナーゼ阻害剤と共にインキュベートした。発色を毎朝目視でモニターした。発色後、200μlの細胞上清が各々のウェルから取り出し、450nmで吸光度を測定した。結果の読み取り値を、β−MSH誘発を伴なった細胞アッセイと伴なわない細胞アッセイでのメラニン形成に関してIC50を判定するために使用した。細胞毒性の初期の比較に関して、乳酸脱水素酵素アッセイ(LDH)を実施するために250μM処理ウェルを使用した。LDHは損傷を受けた、または死んだ細胞から漏れ出る代謝酵素である。この酵素はNAD+の存在下で発色団を変換して分光学的にモニターすることが可能な色の変化を生じさせる。
乳酸脱水素酵素アッセイ(LDH)を実施するために、化合物で処理されたウェルが使用された。LDHは損傷を受けた、または死んだ細胞から漏れ出る代謝酵素である。この酵素はNAD+の存在下で発色団を変換して分光学的にモニターすることが可能な色の変化を生じさせる。細胞毒性は250μMの濃度で調べられた。この濃度で、これらの化合物はいずれもコウジ酸を有意に超える細胞毒性ではなかった。しかしながら、1つの濃度(250μM)のみで細胞毒性が試験されたことが留意されるされるべきである。表3に示されるように、UP288(1)およびUP302a(1)は中程度の細胞毒性を示し、これはコウジ酸と匹敵した。
分子力学の計算はエネルギーの最小化および最も安定な3−D構造の判定を目的としてChem3Dソフトウェアを使用して実施された。以下のパラメータ、すなわちステップ間隔=2.0fs、フレーム間隔=10fs、10,000ステップで終了、加熱/冷却速度=1.000Kcal/atom/PS、目標温度=3000K、特性:π結合次数および立体エネルギーの概要が使用された。すべての天然と合成の化合物、および他のジアリールアルカンとジアリールアルカノールの構造が分析された。キキョウラン(L.)DC.の植物全体から単離される最も強力なチロシナーゼ阻害剤である1−(3−メチル−2,4−ジメトキシフェニル)−3−(2,4−ジヒドロキシフェニル)−プロパン(UP302a(2)、IC50=0.24μM)が極めて独特の三次元構造を有し、2つの芳香環が互いに重なり合っていることが見出された。立体構造に関する最小の全体的エネルギーは−4.7034KJ/Molである。2つの芳香環の間の距離は3.28Åであった。第1の芳香環上のフェノール性ヒドロキシル基は第2の芳香環上の2つのメトキシル基の真上にあり、2つの酸素原子との間の距離は図12〜14に例示されるようにそれぞれ2.99Åおよび3.16Åであった。この分子内平行構造は、二核酵素の両方の銅イオンが過酸化物の形[CuII−O2−CuII]にあるときにこの化合物がこれらを上部と下部から完全にキレートすることを可能にする。
UP302aは主要な活性成分として置換型ジアリールプロパンで構成される。これらの化合物は、限定はされないが、エタノール、プロピレングリコール、およびエチレングリコールを含む高い極性の溶剤中に可溶性である。これらは医薬および/または化粧品として許容可能な賦形剤、アジュバント、および/または担体と共に処方することが可能である。そのような賦形剤の範例は、限定はされないが、水、バッファ、生理食塩水、リンゲル液、デキストロース溶液、マンニトール、ハンクス液、保存料、および他の水性の生理学的平衡塩類溶液を含む。限定はされないが、固定油、ゴマ油、オレイン酸エチル、またはトリグリセリドを含む非水性の賦形剤もやはり使用することが可能である。限定はされないが、他の有用な処方は、限定はされないが、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム、ソルビトールまたはデキストランを含めた増粘剤を含有する懸濁液を含む。賦形剤もやはり、色と化学的安定性を促進する酸化防止剤といった微量の添加物または保存料を含むことがあり得る。UP302はまた、皮膚浸透性を高めるためにリポソーム処方で調製すること、または活性成分の組成物を宿主の中に徐々に放出する制御放出製剤として調製することが可能である。
Claims (6)
- 合成的に製造された、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- キキョウラン(Dianella ensifolia)の植物全体から単離又は抽出された、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 紫外光への曝露に起因する皮膚の黒化と損傷;日焼け;皮膚の老化、肝斑、火傷もしくは局所外傷によって引き起こされる過剰色素沈着の斑点;真菌、微生物、もしくはウィルス感染によって生じる炎症状態に起因する皮膚の色素沈着;白斑(vitilago)、カルシノーマ、またはメラノーマの治療における使用のための、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を含む組成物。
- 有効量の請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を含む、メラニンの過剰生成または不均一な分布に関連した疾病または状態を予防または治療するための内服投与又は局所投与のための組成物。
- 局所投与のための、請求項4又は5に記載の組成物。
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2023200786A1 (en) | 2022-04-12 | 2023-10-19 | Unigen, Inc. | Diarylalkane compounds and compositions for use with skin aging and methods of production thereof |
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