JP2016517616A - 燃料電池を使用する集積化された発電および炭素捕捉 - Google Patents
燃料電池を使用する集積化された発電および炭素捕捉 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016517616A JP2016517616A JP2016501774A JP2016501774A JP2016517616A JP 2016517616 A JP2016517616 A JP 2016517616A JP 2016501774 A JP2016501774 A JP 2016501774A JP 2016501774 A JP2016501774 A JP 2016501774A JP 2016517616 A JP2016517616 A JP 2016517616A
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Abstract
Description
様々な態様において、本発明は、燃焼動力源との溶融カーボネート燃料電池の集積化(又は統合もしくは統一)を介した、得られた排出物の分離および/または捕捉を伴う低排出動力発生に関する。
発電所から排出されるガスの捕捉は、関心が高まっている領域である。化石燃料(例えば、石油、天然ガスまたは石炭)の燃焼をベースとする発電所は、反応の副産物として二酸化炭素を発生させる。歴史的に、この二酸化炭素は、燃焼後、雰囲気に放出されてきた。しかしながら、燃焼の間に生成する二酸化炭素の他の用途を発見する方法を識別することは、ますます望ましくなってきている。
一態様において、燃焼供給源(又は燃焼源(combustion source))からの二酸化炭素を捕捉するための方法が提供される。この方法は、以下を含むことができる:
燃焼供給源からのアウトプット流を捕捉することであって、前記捕捉されたアウトプット流が酸素および二酸化炭素を含むこと
1つ以上の溶融カーボネート燃料電池の燃料電池アレイによって、捕捉されたアウトプット流を処理することであって、1つ以上の燃料電池のそれぞれがアノードおよびカソードを有し、溶融カーボネート燃料電池が、燃料電池アレイの溶融カーボネート燃料電池の1つ以上のカソードインレットを通して二酸化炭素流に動作的(又は作動式)(operatively)に連結されていること
1つ以上の燃料電池アノード内で、1つ以上の燃料電池カソードからのカーボネートと燃料を反応させ、電気を発生させることであって、燃料電池アレイの少なくとも1つのアノードアウトレットからのアノード排出物流が、二酸化炭素および水素を含み、カーボネートと反応した燃料の少なくとも一部分が、アノード排出物流からリサイクルされる水素を含むこと
1つ以上の分離段階においてアノード排出物流から二酸化炭素を分離すること
アノード排出物流からの二酸化炭素の分離の後、アノード排出物流の少なくとも一部分を、アノードにリサイクルすること。
任意に、燃料電池の燃料利用は約60%以下であることができ、かつ/または二酸化炭素をアノード排出物から分離する前に、アノード排出物流を水性ガスシフト反応段階に通過させることができる。
様々な態様において、溶融カーボネート燃料電池(MCFC)(molten carbonate fuel cell)を使用して、燃焼供給源(combustion source)からのCO2を捕捉する(capturing)ためのシステムおよび方法が提供される。このシステムおよび方法は、燃焼排出物流からの炭素捕捉(carbon capture)に関連する1つ以上の課題に取り組むことができ、および/または溶融カーボネート燃料電池を使用して炭素捕捉を実行する。
本発明の様々な態様において、溶融カーボネート燃料電池は、燃料電池のアノード部分においてより低い燃料利用を可能にする条件で作動させることができる。これは、燃料利用が、燃料電池に送達される燃料の70%以上が燃料電池の作動の一部として消費されることを可能にするために典型的に選択されることができる、燃料電池に関する従来の作動とは対照的であることができる。従来の作動において、燃料のほとんど全ては、典型的に燃料電池のアノード内で消費されることができるか、または燃料電池への供給流に著しい熱を提供するために燃焼することができる。
本発明による様々な態様において、炭素捕捉のために使用される溶融カーボネート燃料電池は、発電能力を向上させることとは対照的に(またはその代価で)、燃料電池の炭素捕捉態様を改善するか、または向上させるために作動させることができる。従来は、溶融カーボネート燃料電池は、アノードに送達される燃料流における全ての燃料を消費しながら、望ましい電圧を提供することをベースとして作動させることができる。これは従来は、部分的に、カソードインプット流の少なくとも一部分としてアノード排出物を使用することによって達成することができる。対照的に、本発明は、アノードインプットおよびカソードインプットのための別々の/異なる供給源を使用する。アノードインプットフローおよびカソードインプットフローの組成の関連を除去することによって、二酸化炭素の捕捉を改善するために燃料電池を作動するための追加的な選択肢が利用可能になる。
水素または合成ガスのいずれも、化学エネルギーアウトプットとしてアノード排出物から回収することができる。水素は、燃焼時に温室効果ガスを発生させることのないクリーンな燃料として使用することができる。その代わりに、炭化水素(または炭化水素様化合物)の改質によって発生する水素関して、CO2はアノードループにおいてすでに「捕捉」されている。追加的に、水素は様々な精製装置プロセスおよび/または他の合成プロセスの間の有用なインプットであることができる。合成ガスは、様々なプロセスのための有用なインプットであることもできる。燃料価を有することに加えて、フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成および/またはメタノール合成プロセスのためのインプットとして合成ガスを使用することなどによって、他のより高価値の生成物のための原料として合成ガスを使用することができる。
本明細書に記載される燃料電池作動戦略の追加、補足、および/または代替として、カソード排出流において燃料電池を出るCO2の量を減少または最小化させながらも、合成ガス(または水素)の生成を増加させて、溶融カーボネート燃料電池(例えば、燃料電池アセンブリ)を作動させることができる。合成ガスは、様々なプロセスの間の有用なインプットであることができる。燃料価を有することに加えて、例えば、フィッシャー−トロプシュ合成および/またはメタノール合成プロセスのためのインプットとして合成ガスを使用することにより、他のより高い値の生成物を形成するための原材料として、合成ガスを使用することができる。合成ガスを製造するための1つの選択肢は、炭化水素または炭化水素様燃料、例えば、メタンまたは天然ガスを改質することであることが可能である。工業プロセスの多くの種類に関して、2:1に近い(またはより低い)H2対COの比率を有する合成ガスは、しばしば望ましくなることが可能である。水性ガスシフト反応は、アノードで生じるものなどの追加的なCO2が利用可能である場合、合成ガス中のH2対COの比率を低下させるために使用されることができる。
アノード排出物中の正味の合成ガス対カソードCO2の比率=(H2+CO)ANODEの正味のモル/(CO2)CATHODEのモル
合成ガス:本記載において、合成ガスは、いずれかの比率でのH2とCOとの混合物として定義される。任意に、H2Oおよび/またはCO2が合成ガスに存在してもよい。任意に、不活性化合物(例えば、窒素)および残留する改質可能燃料化合物が合成ガスに存在してもよい。H2およびCO以外の成分が合成ガスに存在する場合、合成ガス中のH2およびCOの組み合わせられた体積パーセントは、合成ガスの全体積と比較して、少なくとも25体積%、例えば、少なくとも40体積%、または少なくとも50体積%、または少なくとも60体積%であることができる。追加的に、または代わりとして、合成ガス中のH2およびCOの組み合わせられた体積パーセントは、100体積%以下、例えば、95体積%以下、または90体積%以下であることができる。
本発明の様々な態様において、MCFCアレイには、例えば、水素および炭化水素、例えば、メタン(または代わりに、CおよびHとは異なるヘテロ原子を含有してもよい炭化水素もしくは炭化水素様化合物)を含む、アノードインレットで受け取られる燃料が供給されることができる。アノードに供給される大部分のメタン(または他の炭化水素もしくは炭化水素様化合物)は、典型的に新しいメタンであることができる。本記載において、新しいメタンなどの新しい燃料は、別の燃料電池プロセスからリサイクルされない燃料を指す。例えば、アノードアウトレット流からアノードインレットにリサイクルされるメタンは、「新しい」メタンとは考えられず、その代わりに、回収されたメタンと記載することができる。使用された燃料供給源は、CO2含有流をカソードインプットに提供するために燃料供給源の一部分を使用するタービンなどの他の構成要素と共有されることができる。燃料供給源インプットは、水素を発生させる改質部分において炭化水素(または炭化水素様)化合物を改質するために、燃料に対して適切な割合で、水を含むことができる。例えば、メタンがH2を発生させるために改質するための燃料インプットである場合、水対燃料のモル比は、約1:1〜約10:1、例えば少なくとも約2:1であることができる。4:1以上の比率は外部改質に関して典型的であるが、内部改質に関してはより低い値が典型的であることができる。H2が燃料供給源の一部分である範囲まで、いくつかの任意の態様において、アノードにおけるH2の酸化が、燃料を改質するために使用することができるH2Oを生じる傾向があることが可能であるため、追加的な水は燃料に必要とされなくてもよい。燃料供給源は、燃料供給源に重要ではない成分を任意に含有することもできる(例えば、天然ガス供給は、追加的な成分としてCO2のいくらかの含有量を含有することができる)。例えば、天然ガス供給は、追加的な成分として、CO2、N2および/または他の不活性(不活性)ガスを含有することができる。任意に、いくつかの態様において、燃料供給源は、アノード排出物のリサイクルされた部分からのCOなどのCOを含有してもよい。燃料電池アセンブリへの燃料におけるCOのための追加的、または代わりの潜在的供給源は、燃料電池アセンブリに入る前に燃料において実行される炭化水素燃料の蒸気改質によって発生するCOであることができる。
Keq=[CO2][H2]/[CO][H2O]
従来、溶融カーボネート燃料電池は、アノードに送達される燃料流における燃料のいくらかの部分を消費しながら、所望の負荷を引き出すことをベースとして作動されることができる。次いで、燃料電池の電圧は、負荷、アノードへの燃料インプット、カソードに提供される空気およびCO2、ならびに燃料電池の内部抵抗によって決定することができる。カソードへのCO2は、従来、カソードインプット流の少なくとも一部分としてアノード排出物を使用することによって、部分的に提供されることができる。対照的に、本発明はアノードインプットおよびカソードインプットのための別々の/異なる供給源を使用することができる。アノードインプットフローおよびカソードインプットフローの組成物のいずれの直接的な関連も除去することによって、追加的な選択肢は、燃料電池を作動するために利用可能になり、例えば、過剰量の合成ガスを発生させ、二酸化炭素の捕捉を改善し、および/または特に、燃料電池の全体効率(電気および化学動力)を改善する。
様々な態様において、燃料電池(例えば、複数の燃料電池積層を含有する燃料電池アレイ)のための構成選択肢は、複数の燃料電池間でCO2含有流を分割することであることができる。CO2含有流のいくつかの種類の供給源は、個々の燃料電池の能力と比較して、大きい体積フローレートを発生させることができる。例えば、工業用の燃焼供給源からのCO2含有アウトプット流は、典型的に、適切な径の単一MCFCのために望ましい作動条件と比較して大きいフロー体積に相当することができる。単一MCFCで全フローを処理する代わりに、それぞれのユニットのフローレートが所望のフロー範囲内にあることができるように、通常そのなかの少なくともいくつかが並列であることができる複数のMCFCユニットの間にフローを分割することができる。
いくつかの態様において、燃料電池は、単回通過または貫流モードで作動されてよい。単回通過モードにおいては、アノード排出物の改質された生成物はアノードインレットに戻されない。したがって、アノードアウトプットから直接、アノードインレットに合成ガス、水素またはいくつかの他の生成物をリサイクルすることは、単回通過作動では行われない。より一般に、単回通過作動において、アノード排出物の改質された生成物は、例えば、その後アノードインレットに導入された燃料流を処理するために改質された生成物を用いることによって、アノードインレットに間接的にも戻されない。任意に、アノードアウトレットからのCO2は、単回通過モードのMCFCの作動の間、カソードインレットにリサイクルされることができる。より一般に、いくつかの別の態様において、アノードアウトレットからカソードインレットへのリサイクルは、単回通過モードで作動するMCFCに関して生じてもよい。アノード排出物またはアウトプットからの熱は、単回通過モードにおいて追加的に、または代わりとしてリサイクルされてもよい。例えば、アノードアウトプットフローは熱交換器を通過してもよく、そこでは、アノードアウトプットは冷却されて、そして別の流れ、例えばアノードおよび/またはカソードのためのインプット流が加温される。アノードから燃料電池まで熱をリサイクルすることは、単回通過または貫流モード作動における使用と調和する。任意に、しかし好ましくはないが、アノードアウトプットの成分は、単回通過モードの間、燃料電池に熱を提供するために燃焼されてもよい。
本発明の様々な態様において、上記のシステムおよび方法によって、加圧流体としての二酸化炭素の生成を可能にすることができる。例えば、低温分離段階から発生するCO2は、最初、少なくとも約90%、例えば、少なくとも約95%、少なくとも約97%、少なくとも約98%、または少なくとも約99%の純度を有する加圧されたCO2液体に相当することができる。この加圧されたCO2流は、例えば、二次石油採集においてなど、さらに油またはガス回収を向上させるためのウェルへの注入に使用されることができる。ガスタービンを包含する設備の付近で実行される場合、全体的なシステムは、電気/機械的動力の使用における追加的な相乗効果から、および/または全体システムとの熱集積化を通して利益を得てもよい。
本発明のいくつかの態様において、動力を発生させるため、およびCO2含有排気物を排気するための燃焼供給源は、溶融カーボネート燃料電池の作動と集積化させることができる。適切な燃焼供給源の一例は、ガスタービンである。好ましくは、ガスタービンは、追加的な効率のために蒸気発生および熱回収と集積化された複合サイクルモードにおいて、天然ガス、メタンガスまたは他の炭化水素ガスを燃焼させることができる。現代の天然ガス複合サイクル効率は、最大および最新のデザインに関して、約60%である。得られるCO2含有排出物ガス流は、MCFC作動との適合性を有する高温、例えば、300℃〜700℃、好ましくは500℃〜650℃で生成することができる。ガス供給源は、任意であるが、好ましくは、タービンに入る前に、MCFCに悪影響を及ぼす可能性のある硫黄などの汚染物質をクリーニングすることができる。あるいは、ガス供給源は、排出物ガスが典型的に、排出物ガスの汚染物質のより高い濃度のため、燃焼後にクリーニングされる発電機であることができる。そのような代替案において、ガスへの/ガスからのいくらかの熱交換は、より低い温度でのクリーンアップを可能にするために必要とされてもよい。追加的または代わりの実施形態において、CO2含有排出物ガスの供給源は、煮沸器、燃焼室、または炭素の豊富な燃料を燃焼させる熱供給源からのアウトプットであることができる。他の追加的または代わりの実施形態において、CO2含有排出物ガスの供給源は、他の供給源と組み合わせた生物学的に生成されたCO2であることができる。
CO2の捕獲および最終的な分離のために燃料電池アレイに排出物ガスを提供することを除き、排出物ガスの追加的または代わりの潜在的用途は、CO2含有量を増加させるための燃焼反応へのリサイクルを含むことができる。燃焼電池アレイのアノード排出物からの水素などの水素が燃焼反応への添加のために利用可能である場合、燃焼反応の範囲内でCO2含有量を増加させるためにリサイクルされた排出物ガスを使用することから、さらなる利点を得ることができる。
図8は、タービンに動力を供給するために、CO2を含有するリサイクルされた排出物ガスおよび燃料電池アノード排出物からのH2またはCOの両方の燃焼反応への導入を含む、集積化されたシステムの実施例を概略的に示す。図8中、タービンは、圧縮器802、シャフト804、膨張器806および燃焼領域815を含むことができる。酸素供給源811(例えば、空気および/または酸素富化空気)を、リサイクルされた排出物ガス898と組み合わせ、そして燃焼領域815に入る前に圧縮器802において圧縮することができる。CH4などの燃料812、および任意にH2またはCO187を含有する流れを、燃焼領域まで送達することができる。燃料および酸化剤は、領域815において反応することができ、そして任意であるが、好ましくは、電力を発生させるために、膨張器806に通過させることができる。膨張器806からの排出物ガスは、2つの流れ、例えば、CO2含有流822(燃料電池アレイ825のためのインプット供給として使用することができる)および別のCO2含有流892(例えば、蒸気タービン894を使用して、追加的な電気の発生を可能にすることができる、熱回収および蒸気発生器システム890のためのインプットとして使用することができる)を形成するために使用することができる。CO2含有流からのH2Oの一部分の任意の除去を含む、熱回収システム890を通過した後、アウトプット流898は、圧縮器802または図示されない第2の圧縮器における圧縮のためにリサイクルすることができる。CO2含有流892のために使用される膨張器806からの排出物の割合は、燃焼領域815への添加のためのCO2の所望の量をベースとして決定することができる。
ガスタービンは、いくつかの因子によってそれらの作動で制限されることができる。1つの典型的な制限は、規制排出限界を満たすために、酸化窒素(NOx)の十分に低い濃度を達成するため、燃焼領域における最大温度が特定の限界より低く制御されることができるということであることができる。規制排出限界は、燃焼排出物を環境に出す時に、燃焼排出物が約20vppm以下、可能であれば10vppm以下のNOx含有量を有することを必要とすることができる。
従来の燃料電池の実施は、溶融カーボネートおよび固体酸化物形燃料電池が、出力密度を最大化するために作動されなければならないことを教示する。出力密度を最大化する能力は、他の作動の制約、例えば、燃料電池内の温度差を満たすことの必要性によって制限されることができる。一般に、燃料電池パラメーターは、実行可能な所与の他の制約と同程度に、出力密度を最適化するために選択される。一例として、NETL Fuel Cell Handbookの図6〜13および、図6〜13の周囲の考察では、低燃料利用での燃料電池の作動は、燃料利用が減少して生じる燃料変換の減少によって妨害されることが教示される。一般に、作動電圧VAが高いほど、出力密度を増加させるために望ましい。
実施形態1
燃焼供給源からの二酸化炭素を捕捉するための方法であって、
燃焼供給源からのアウトプット流を捕捉することであって、前記捕捉されたアウトプット流が酸素および二酸化炭素を含むことと;
1つ以上の溶融カーボネート燃料電池の燃料電池アレイによって、前記捕捉されたアウトプット流を処理して、前記燃料電池アレイの少なくとも1つのカソードアウトレットからのカソード排出物流(cathode exhaust stream)を形成することであって、前記1つ以上の溶融カーボネート燃料電池が1つ以上の燃料電池アノードおよび1つ以上の燃料電池カソードを含み、前記1つ以上の溶融カーボネート燃料電池が、少なくとも1つのカソードインレットを通して前記燃焼供給源からの前記捕捉されたアウトプット流に動作的に連結されていることと;
前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノード内で、前記1つ以上の燃料電池カソードからのカーボネートをH2と反応させ、電気と、前記燃料電池アレイの少なくとも1つのアノードアウトレットからのアノード排出物流とを発生させることであって、前記アノード排出物流がCO2およびH2を含むことと;
任意に、前記アノード排出物流を水性ガスシフト反応段階に通過させ、任意にシフトされたアノード排出物流を形成することと;
1つ以上の分離段階において前記任意にシフトされたアノード排出物流から二酸化炭素を分離して、CO2欠乏アノード排出物流(CO2-depleted anode exhaust stream)を形成することと;
前記CO2欠乏アノード排出物流の少なくとも一部分を、前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードにリサイクルすることであって、カーボネートと反応させる前記H2の少なくとも一部分が、前記CO2欠乏アノード排出物流の前記リサイクルされた少なくとも一部分からのH2を含むことと
を含む方法。
前記アノード排出物流のH2含有量が少なくとも約10体積%(例えば、少なくとも約20体積%)である、実施形態1の方法。
前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードの燃料利用が約60%以下(例えば、約50%以下)である、上記実施形態のいずれかの方法。
前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードの前記燃料利用が少なくとも約30%(例えば、少なくとも約40%)である、上記実施形態のいずれかの方法。
カソード排出物が約2.0体積%以下(例えば、約1.5体積%以下)のCO2含有量を有する、上記実施形態のいずれかの方法。
前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードへと炭素含有燃料を通過させることをさらに含む、上記実施形態のいずれかの方法。
前記炭素含有燃料が、アセンブリの内部の少なくとも1つの改質段階において改質され、前記アセンブリが前記少なくとも1つの改質段階および前記燃料電池アレイを含む、実施形態6の方法。
前記CO2欠乏アノード排出物流の前記リサイクルされた少なくとも一部分からの前記H2が、少なくとも約5体積%のアノードインプット流を含む、実施形態6または7の方法。
前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードに入る前に改質段階へと前記炭素含有燃料を通過させることなく、前記炭素含有燃料を前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードへと通過させる、実施形態8の方法。
前記炭素含有燃料がメタンを含む、実施形態6〜9のいずれかの方法。
前記アノード排出物流の一部分を、前記1つ以上のカソードに直接的または間接的にリサイクルすることなく、前記CO2欠乏アノード排出物流の少なくとも一部分が前記1つ以上のアノードにリサイクルされる、上記実施形態のいずれかの方法。
前記捕捉されたアウトプット流が少なくとも約4体積%のCO2を含む、上記実施形態のいずれかの方法。
前記捕捉されたアウトプット流が約8体積%以下のCO2を含む、上記実施形態のいずれかの方法。
Claims (13)
- 燃焼供給源からの二酸化炭素を捕捉するための方法であって、
燃焼供給源からのアウトプット流を捕捉することであって、前記捕捉されたアウトプット流が酸素および二酸化炭素を含むことと;
1つ以上の溶融カーボネート燃料電池の燃料電池アレイによって、前記捕捉されたアウトプット流を処理して、前記燃料電池アレイの少なくとも1つのカソードアウトレットからのカソード排出物流を形成することであって、前記1つ以上の溶融カーボネート燃料電池が1つ以上の燃料電池アノードおよび1つ以上の燃料電池カソードを含み、前記1つ以上の溶融カーボネート燃料電池が、少なくとも1つのカソードインレットを通して前記燃焼供給源からの前記捕捉されたアウトプット流に動作的に連結されていることと;
前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノード内で、前記1つ以上の燃料電池カソードからのカーボネートをH2と反応させ、電気と、前記燃料電池アレイの少なくとも1つのアノードアウトレットからのアノード排出物流とを発生させることであって、前記アノード排出物流がCO2およびH2を含むことと;
任意に、前記アノード排出物流を水性ガスシフト反応段階に通過させ、任意にシフトされたアノード排出物流を形成することと;
1つ以上の分離段階において前記任意にシフトされたアノード排出物流から二酸化炭素を分離して、CO2欠乏アノード排出物流を形成することと;
前記CO2欠乏アノード排出物流の少なくとも一部分を、前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードにリサイクルすることであって、カーボネートと反応させる前記H2の少なくとも一部分が、前記CO2欠乏アノード排出物流の前記リサイクルされた少なくとも一部分からのH2を含むことと
を含む方法。 - 前記アノード排出物流のH2含有量が少なくとも約10体積%(例えば、少なくとも約20体積%)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードの燃料利用が約60%以下(例えば、約50%以下)である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードの前記燃料利用が少なくとも約30%(例えば、少なくとも約40%)である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- カソード排出物が約2.0体積%以下(例えば、約1.5体積%以下)のCO2含有量を有する、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードへと炭素含有燃料を通過させることをさらに含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記炭素含有燃料が、アセンブリの内部の少なくとも1つの改質段階において改質され、前記アセンブリが前記少なくとも1つの改質段階および前記燃料電池アレイを含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記CO2欠乏アノード排出物流の前記リサイクルされた少なくとも一部分からの前記H2が、少なくとも約5体積%のアノードインプット流を含む、請求項6または7に記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードに入る前に改質段階へと前記炭素含有燃料を通過させることなく、前記炭素含有燃料を前記1つ以上の燃料電池アノードへと通過させる、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記炭素含有燃料がメタンを含む、請求項6〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記アノード排出物流の一部分を、前記1つ以上のカソードに直接的または間接的にリサイクルすることなく、前記CO2欠乏アノード排出物流の少なくとも一部分が前記1つ以上のアノードにリサイクルされる、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記捕捉されたアウトプット流が少なくとも約4体積%のCO2を含む、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記捕捉されたアウトプット流が約8体積%以下のCO2を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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