JP2007006504A - デジタル像符牒の処理方法及びシステム - Google Patents

デジタル像符牒の処理方法及びシステム Download PDF

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JP2007006504A
JP2007006504A JP2006177155A JP2006177155A JP2007006504A JP 2007006504 A JP2007006504 A JP 2007006504A JP 2006177155 A JP2006177155 A JP 2006177155A JP 2006177155 A JP2006177155 A JP 2006177155A JP 2007006504 A JP2007006504 A JP 2007006504A
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signature
digital
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JP4004528B2 (ja
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Robert D Powell
ディー ポーウェル ロバート
Mark J Nitzberg
ジェイ ニッツバーグ マーク
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Digimarc Corp
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Abstract

【目的】 符牒をデジタル像にエンコードし、当該像を監査してそれが上記エンコードされた像から派生したものであるかどうかを判断する方法及びシステムを提供する。
【構成】 デジタル表示と、プリント又はフィルムとの両方において可視像内に符牒を埋め込む方法及びシステムが提供される。符牒は、可視像内に分離不能に埋め込まれ、サイズ変更や、プリント又はフィルムへの変換そしてデジタル形態への再変換のような像変換を行っても存続する。オリジナル像のピクセルの中から符牒ポイントを選択し、符牒ポイント及びそのまわりのピクセルのピクセル値をデジタルスキャナで検出し得る量だけ調整し、この調整された符牒ポイントがデジタル符牒を形成し、これが、像から派生した当該像を後で識別するために記憶される。符牒は、ピクセル値の連続スペースにおいて相対的に極端な値を探索して、それらの中から符牒ポイントを選択することによって像内に埋め込まれる。
【選択図】 図1

Description

本発明は、符牒(シグニチュア)をデジタル像にエンコードしそしてデジタルの当該像を監査してそれがエンコードされた像から派生したものかどうかを判断する方法及びシステムに係る。
伝統的な印刷物や写真媒体において種々の像が一般に多数のユーザに配布される。例えば、一般社会に関する印刷物、写真及びフィルムクリップが媒体の中で配布されることが挙げられる。所有者は、印刷物や電子媒体におけるそれら像の使用を監査したいことがあり、従って、印刷物、フィルム及びデジタル像を分析して、それらが所有者から直接入手したものかそれらの像から派生したものかを判断する方法が必要となる。例えば、像の所有者は、その像のアクセス又は使用を制限したいことがある。このような制限を監視及び実施するために、当該像が所有者の像からコピー又は派生されたものであることを照合する方法をもつことが有用である。この立証方法は、正確である上に、妨害のできないものでなければならない。更に、この方法は、サイズ変更、回転、切断、又は他の方法で若干変更された無断コピーを検出できるものでなければならない。
コンピュータの分野では、データの出所を識別するために、デジタルの符牒が像以外のデジタルデータに適用されている。これら公知のデジタル符牒は、種々の理由でデジタルの像データには適用されていない。その1つの理由は、これら公知のデジタル符牒が適用されたデータを変更した場合、これらデジタル符牒が失われてしまうからである。デジタル像は、それらがプリントされ、走査され、コピーされ、又は写真撮影されるたびに、使用する機械的な再生装置により意図しない「ノイズ」が形成されるために、しばしば変更される。更に、像をサイズ変更、回転、切断、又は他のやり方で意図的に変更することもしばしば所望される。従って、既存のデジタル符牒は、デジタル像に使用するには受け入れられないものである。
本発明は、像符牒を可視像内に埋め込む方法及びシステムであって、ここに述べる好ましい実施例では、デジタル表示にも、印刷物やフィルムのような他の媒体にも適用できる方法及びシステムを提供する。符牒は、像の出所又は所有権を識別し、そして単一像の別々のコピーも区別する。好ましい実施例では、これらの符牒は、サイズ変更や、プリントからフィルムへの変換といった像の変換を行っても存続し、従って、プリントや他の形態の派生像を含むデジタル像のその後の使用を追跡する方法を与えるものである。
以下に述べる好ましい実施例では、ピクセル値をもつピクセルを有するオリジナル像内に配置される複数の符牒ポイントが選択される。符牒ポイントのピクセル値は、デジタルスキャナにより検出できる量で調整される。調整された符牒ポイントは、その像から派生した当該像を将来識別するために記憶されるデジタル符牒を形成する。
以下に述べる本発明の好ましい実施例では、ピクセル値が相対的に極端であるような候補ポイントを位置決めすることによりオリジナル像内に符牒が埋め込まれる。符牒ポイントは候補ポイントの中から選択され、各符牒ポイントにおいて各ポイントの及びそのまわりのピクセル値を調整することによりデータビットがエンコードされる。符牒は、像内に冗長に埋め込まれ、その冗長表示のいずれを用いても符牒を識別できるのが好ましい。符牒は、当該像の識別に後で使用するために記憶される。
好ましい実施例によれば、当該像を識別するには、当該像が正規化され、即ちオリジナル像と同じサイズ、回転及び輝度レベルのものとなるよう確保することが含まれる。予め正規化されない場合には、当該像におけるピクセルのサブセットの輝度値を、オリジナル像における対応サブセットと一致させるよう整列及び調整することにより、当該像が正規化される。正規化された当該像は、次いで、オリジナル像から差し引かれ、そしてその結果が記憶されたデジタル符牒と比較される。別の実施例では、正規化された当該像が符牒付けされた像と直接比較される。
本発明は、オリジナル像に符牒を埋め込み、符牒付けされた像を形成する方法及びシステムに関する。好ましい実施例は、オリジナル像において多数の候補ポイントを選択しそしてこれらの候補ポイントの中から多数の符牒ポイントを選択することを含む。これら符牒ポイントは若干変更されて符牒を形成する。符牒ポイントは、当該像を監査してその当該像が符牒付けされた像から派生したものであるかどうかを判断するように後で使用するために記憶される。
符牒は、像の可視ドメインにエンコードされ、従って、像の一部となり、符牒についての公知の知識では検出もできないし除去することもできない。重要な点は、符牒によって表された変更が人間の目で見るには僅か過ぎるが、通常のデジタル像スキャナでは容易に且つ一貫して認識できるものであり、その後、ソフトウェアアルゴリズムによって符牒を抽出し、解読しそして照合することができることである。
像以外のデータについて使用された公知の符牒方法とは異なり、この符牒は、可視像は保持するがデジタルデータは完全に変更してしまうことのある著しい像変換を行っても存続する。許される特定の変換は、像をより大きく又はより小さくサイズ変更したり、像を回転したり、色、輝度及び/又はコントラストを均一に調整したり、制限された切断を行ったりすることを含む。重要なことは、像を紙やフィルムにプリントしたりそれを再走査してデジタル形態にしたりするプロセスを行っても符牒が存続することである。
図1に示されたコンピュータシステム10は、本発明を実施するのに使用されるものである。このコンピュータシステム10は、通常の相補的なメモリ及び論理回路を有するコンピュータ12と、ディスプレイモニタ14と、キーボード16と、マウス18又は他の指示装置とを備えている。又、コンピュータシステムは、写真や絵のようなオリジナル像を表すデジタル像を形成するのに使用されるデジタルスキャナ20も備えている。典型的に、絵のような繊細な像は、デジタル形態へと走査される前に、プリントやフィルムに変換される。1つの実施例において、プロセッサから出力されるデジタル像をプリントするためにプリンタ22がコンピュータ12に接続される。更に、デジタル像は、後でリモート位置で表示するためにフロッピーディスクのような記憶媒体23へデータフォーマットで出力することもできる。通常のコンピュータ用プリンタ、X−Yプロッタ又はディスプレイスクリーンのようないかなるデジタルディスプレイデバイスが使用されてもよい。
コンピュータ12へのスキャナ20の出力の一例が、図2に示すデジタル像24である。より詳細には、スキャナは、デジタル像を表すデータを出力し、コンピュータは、デジタル像24をディスプレイモニタ14に表示させる。ここで用いる「デジタル像」という用語は、デジタル像を表すデジタルデータ、モニタ又は他のディスプレイスクリーンに表示されるデジタル像、及びプリンタ22又はリモートプリンタによってプリントされるデジタル像を指すものとする。
デジタル像24は、種々のピクセル値を有する多数のピクセル24を用いて描かれている。グレイスケール像24においては、ピクセル値が、黒から白へと変化する輝度レベルを表す輝度値である。カラー像においては、ピクセルがカラー値及び輝度値を有し、その両方がピクセル値である。カラー値は、ベクトルによるカラーの表示においていかなる成分の値も含むことができる。図3は、ピクセル26の配列体の形態でデジタル像24Aを示している。各ピクセルには、1つ以上のピクセル値が組み合わされ、これらは、図3に示す例では、0から15までの輝度値である。
図2に示すデジタル像24は、数千のピクセルを含んでいる。図3に示されたデジタル像24Aは、225個のピクセルを含んでいる。本発明は、数百万個のピクセルを有する像に使用されるのが好ましい。それ故、ここでは、当然、本発明の有用性について簡単に説明することにする。
本発明の好ましい実施例によれば、オリジナル像内において多数の候補ポイントが位置決めされる。これら候補ポイントの中から符牒ポイントが選択され、符牒を形成するように変更される。符牒は、任意の数の符牒ポイントのパターンである。好ましい実施例では、符牒が、16ビットないし32ビットの長さの二進数である。符牒ポイントは、像内のどこにあってもよいが、できるだけ目立たないように選択するのが好ましい。符牒ポイントの数は、符牒のビット数より相当に大きいのが好ましい。これにより、符牒を像において冗長にエンコードすることができる。6ないし32ビットの符牒を用いる場合、像に対して多数の符牒を得るために、50ないし200の符牒ポイントが好ましい。
本発明の好ましい実施例では、像内の相対的な最大及び最小(全体的に極端なものと称する)を見つけることにより、候補ポイントが位置決めされる。これらの極端なものは、局部的に極端な輝度又は色を表している。図4は、相対的に極端なものが何を意味しているかを示している。図4は、デジタル像の小さい部分のピクセル値を示すグラフである。このグラフの縦軸は、ピクセル値を表しており、一方、横軸は、デジタル像の1本の線に沿ったピクセル位置を示している。32で示したピクセル値の小さな変動は、ピクセル間で輝度又は色が僅かに変化するだけのデジタル像部分を表している。相対的な最大値34は、像の所与のエリアに対して最も高いピクセル値を有するピクセルを表している。同様に、相対的な最小値36は、像の所与のエリアに対して最も低いピクセル値を有するピクセルを表している。
相対的に極端な値が、2つの主たる理由で好ましい符牒ポイントとなる。先ず第1に、それらは、簡単な良く知られた処理によって容易に探索される。そして第2に、それらは符牒ポイントをあまり目立たないようにエンコードできるようにする。
相対的に極端な値を決定する最も簡単な方法の1つは、「平均の差」の技術を使用することである。この技術は、各ピクセル26のまわりの所定の近隣を使用するものであり、図2及び3には小さな近隣28と大きな近隣30とが示されている。ここに示す例では、これら近隣は簡単化のために方形であるが、好ましい実施例では、円形の近隣が使用される。この技術は、小さな近隣の平均ピクセル値と、大きな近隣の平均ピクセル値との差を決定する。この差が周囲のピクセルについての差に比して大きい場合に、最初のピクセル値が相対的な最大又は最小となる。
図3の像を一例として用いると、ピクセル26Aに対する平均の差は次のように決定される。3x3ピクセルの小さな近隣28A内のピクセル値を加えると、69となり、それを9ピクセルで除算すると、平均が7.67となる。5x5ピクセルの大きな近隣30A内のピクセル値を加えると、219となり、これを25ピクセルで除算すると、平均が8.76となり、従って、平均値の差は−1.09となる。同様に、小さな近隣28Gの平均は10.0であり、大きな近隣30Gの平均は9.8であり、それ故、ピクセル26Gの平均の差は、0.2となる。ピクセル26Bないし26Fについて同様に計算すると、次のテーブルが形成される。

26A 26B 26C 26D 26E 26F 26G
小さな近隣 7.67 10.56 12.89 14.11 13.11 11.56 10.0
大きな近隣 8.76 10.56 12.0 12.52 12.52 11.36 9.8
平均の差 -1.09 0.0 0.89 1.59 0.59 0.2 0.2

ピクセル26Aないし26Gによると、ピクセル26Dに相対的な最大があり、その平均の差1.59は、その行において検査した他のピクセルに対する平均の差より大きい。ピクセル26Dが単なる小さな変動ではなくて相対的な最大であるかどうかを判断するためには、その平均の差を、大きなエリアにおいてそれを取り巻いているピクセルに対する平均の差と比較しなければならない。
いずれの側でも像サイズの10%以内の極端な値は、符牒ポイントとして使用しないのが好ましい。これは、像の境界エリアを切断する規定によって符牒ポイントが失われるのを阻止する。又、規則的なパターンで現れるものではなくて、ランダムに且つ広く間隔が空いている相対的に極端な値が使用されるのが好ましい。
平均の差の技術又は他の既知の技術を用いると、非常に多数の極端な値が得られるが、その数は、像のピクセル密度及びコントラストに基づく。このようにして見つかった極端な値の全数の中で、好ましい実施例では、50ないし200の符牒ポイントが選択される。これは、ユーザが、キーボード16、マウス18、又は他の指示装置で、ディスプレイモニタ14に表示される極端な値の中から各符牒ポイントを選択することによって手動で行われる。これらの極端な値は、デジタル像として表示されて、マウス又はピクセルを指す他の指示装置を用いて各ポイントを選択するようにしてもよいし、或いはこれらの値が座標のリストとして表示されて、キーボード、マウス又は他の指示装置によって選択するようにしてもよい。或いは又、符牒ポイントをランダムに選択するか又は予めプログラムされたパターンに基づいて選択するようにコンピュータ12をプログラムすることができる。
像内の各符牒ポイントにおいてはそのポイントのピクセル値及びそのまわりのピクセル値を調整することにより1ビットの2進データがエンコードされる。像は、その符牒ポイントにおけるピクセル値を僅かに好ましくは2%ないし10%だけ正又は負に調整することにより、2進0又は1を表すように変更される。約5x5ないし10x10の格子においてその各々の符牒ポイントを取り巻いているピクセルは、その符牒ポイントにおける新たな値への連続的な移行を確保するように比例的に調整されるのが好ましい。符牒ポイントにおいて多数のビットがエンコードされて、その像に対する符牒であるパターンが形成される。
好ましい実施例では、符牒が全ての符牒ポイントのパターンである。当該像を監査するときに、当該像における統計学的に著しい数の潜在的な符牒ポイントがその符牒付けされた像における対応する符牒ポイントに一致する場合には、当該像は、その符牒付けされた像から派生されたものと考えられる。統計学的に著しい数とは、100%より若干低いものであるが、その当該像がその符牒付けされた像から派生したことが適度に確信されるものであれば充分である。
別の実施例では、符牒が冗長パターンを用いてエンコードされ、このパターンは、符牒ポイントのサブセットのみを用いて確実に検索できるやり方で符牒ポイントの中に符牒を分布させるものである。1つの実施例では、単に、符牒の厳密な複製が所定数だけエンコードされる。又、エラー修正コードのような他の冗長表示方法を使用してもよい。
将来像を監査して、それらが符牒付けされた像に一致するかどうかを判断するために、符牒はデータベースに記憶され、そこで、オリジナル像に関連される。符牒は、各符牒ポイントのビット値をその符牒ポイントのx−y座標に関連させることにより記憶することができる。符牒は、符牒付けされた像とは個別に記憶されてもよいし、その一部として記憶されてもよい。このとき、符牒付けされた像はデジタル形態で分布される。
上記したように、符牒付けされた像は、派生した像を形成するように変換及び操作することができる。派生した像は、サイズ変更や、回転や、色、輝度及び/又はコントラストの調整や、切断や、プリント又はフィルムへの変換といった種々の変換によって符牒付けされた像から派生される。派生は、多数の段階又はプロセスで行ってもよいし、又は符牒付けされた像を単に直接コピーするだけでもよい。
所有者が追跡しようとする像の派生は、像の解像度及び一般的な質を実質的に保持する使用目的のみを含むものと仮定する。90%のサイズ縮小、著しい変色又は明確なピクセル値の低下は、符牒を破壊するが、監査をしようと思わないように像の意義や価値も低下させる。
好ましい実施例に基づいて当該像を監査するために、ユーザは、その当該像が複製であると思われるオリジナル像を識別する。プリント又はフィルム像の場合には、当該像を走査し、デジタル像ファイルを形成する。デジタル像の場合は、走査が不要である。この当該デジタル像は、以下に述べる技術を使用して、無修正のオリジナル像と同じサイズ、及び同じ全輝度、コントラスト及びカラープロファイルに対して正規化される。この当該像は、以下に述べる方法によって分析されて、符牒がもしあればそれを抽出し、その像に対して記憶された符牒と比較する。
この正規化プロセスは、当該像に対して既になされた変換を取り消し、それをオリジナル像の解像度及び見掛けにできるだけ近づくように戻す一連のステップを含む。当該像は上記したように操作及び変換されていると仮定する。当該像をオリジナル像に整列するために、好ましい実施例では、オリジナル像内のポイントに対応する3つ以上のポイントを当該像から選択する。当該像のこれらの3つ以上のポイントは、オリジナル像の対応するポイントと整列される。選択されなかった当該像のポイントは、選択されたポイントの整列を受け入れるように必要に応じて回転及びサイズ変更される。
例えば、図5は、図2のオリジナル像24よりも小さいデジタル当該像38を示している。この当該像をサイズ変更するために、ユーザは、マウス18又は他の指示装置を用いて当該像の口40B、耳42B及び目44Bのような3つのポイントを指す。単一のピクセルを正確に指すことは通常は困難であるから、コンピュータは、ユーザが指したピクセルに最も近い極端値を選択する。ユーザは、オリジナル像の口40A、耳42A及び目44Aを指す。コンピュータ12は、ポイント40A、42A及び44Aがオリジナル像において互いに位置設定されているのと同様にポイント40B、42B及び44Bが互いに位置設定されるよう確保するために、当該像を必要に応じてサイズ変更及び回転する。残りのピクセルは、これらポイント40B、42B及び44Bの再位置設定に比例して位置設定し直される。これら3つのポイントを整列することにより、各ピクセルを個々に整列する必要なく、当該像全体がオリジナル像と整列される。
当該像が整列された後の次の段階は、当該像の輝度、コントラスト及び/又はカラーを正規化することである。この正規化は、オリジナル像の値分布プロファイルに一致するように当該像のピクセル値を調整することを含む。これは当該像を整列するのに用いたものと同様の技術によって行われる。当該像におけるピクセルのサブセットは、オリジナル像における対応ピクセルに等しくなるように調整される。このサブセットにないピクセルは、サブセットのピクセルに対して行われた調整に比例して調整される。符牒ポイントに対応する当該像のピクセルはサブセットのピクセル内にあってはならない。さもなくば、当該像の符牒ポイントは、オリジナル像の対応するピクセルに等しく調整されるときに、検出から隠れてしまう。
好ましい実施例では、サブセットは、当該像の最も明るいピクセルと最も暗いピクセルを含む。これらのピクセルは、オリジナル像内の対応するピクセルの輝度値に等しい輝度値をもつように調整される。符牒ポイントを検出できるよう確保するために、上記した符牒埋め込みプロセス中には、オリジナル像の最も明るいピクセル及び最も暗いピクセルの中から符牒ポイントを選択してはならない。例えば、重畳しないよう確保するために、最も明るいものと最も暗いものの5%未満の中から符牒ポイントを選択した後に、サブセットを調整するために最も明るいものと最も暗いものの3%の中からピクセルを使用することができる。
当該像は、完全に正規化した後に、オリジナル像と比較されるのが好ましい。これら像を比較する1つの方法は、一方の像を他方から差し引くことである。この差し引きにより、当該像に存在した符牒ポイントを含むデジタル像が形成される。これらの符牒ポイントは、もしあれば、符牒付けされた像に対して記憶された符牒ポイントと比較される。符牒ポイントが一致しない場合には、当該像は、その符牒付けされた像から実質的に変更されていない限り、その符牒付けされた像から派生した像ではない。
別の実施例において、正規化された当該像は、これをオリジナル像から差し引くのではなくて、符牒付けされた像と直接比較される。この比較は、当該像を符牒付けされた像から差し引くことを含む。この差し引きによってほとんど又は全く像が生じない場合には、その当該像は符牒付けされた像に等しく、それ故、符牒付けされた像から派生したものである。
更に別の実施例では、当該像全体を正規化するのではなく、各潜在的な符牒ポイントを取り巻く当該像の部分のみが、オリジナル像の対応する部分と同じ一般的解像度及び見掛けのものであるように正規化される。これは、当該像の各潜在的な符牒ポイントを選択しそして各潜在的な符牒ポイントのまわりの部分を選択することによって行われる。各選択された部分の正規化は、当該像全体の正規化について上記したものと同様の方法に従って行われる。
各選択された部分を個々に正規化すると、当該像の各潜在的な符牒ポイントを符牒付けされた像の対応する符牒ポイントと直接比較することができる。潜在的な符牒ポイントのピクセル値を、その潜在的な符牒ポイントのまわりの複数のピクセルのピクセル値で平均化することにより、各潜在的な符牒ポイントごとに平均値が計算されるのが好ましい。各符牒ごとに計算された平均値は、符牒付けされた像の対応する符牒ポイントと直接比較される。
上記したように当該像から符牒を正規化し抽出する方法は輝度値に関与していたが、カラー値についても同様の方法を用いることができる。輝度値を変更することによって正規化するのに代わって又はそれに加えて、当該像のカラー値を、オリジナルカラー像の対応するカラー値に等しく調整することもできる。しかしながら、符牒をエンコードしたり又はカラー像から符牒を抽出したりするためにカラー値を調整する必要はない。カラー像は、輝度値及びカラー値を含むピクセル値を有するピクセルを使用する。デジタル符牒は、ピクセル値が輝度値であるか、カラー値であるか又は他の形式のピクセル値であるかに係わりなく、いかなるピクセル値でもエンコードできる。変更が人間の目に見えることなく容易に変更を行えることから、輝度値が好ましい。
以上、本発明の特定の実施例を解説の目的で詳細に説明したが、本発明の精神及び範囲から逸脱せずに種々の変更がなされ得ることが明らかであろう。故に、本発明は、特許請求の範囲のみによって限定されるものとする。
本発明の好ましい実施例に用いるコンピュータシステムを示す図である。 本発明の好ましい実施例が使用されるデジタル像サンプルを示す図である。 ピクセル値をもつピクセルアレイの形態のデジタル像を示す図である。 相対的に最小及び最大のピクセル値を示すピクセル値のグラフである。 本発明の好ましい実施例により図2の像と比較されるデジタル当該像を示す図である。
符号の説明
10 コンピュータシステム
12 コンピュータ
14 ディスプレイモニタ
16 キーボード
18 マウス
20 デジタルスキャナ
22 プリンタ
23 記憶媒体
24 デジタル像
26 ピクセル

Claims (3)

  1. ソース信号内にNビットの符牒を埋め込む方法であって、Nは少なくとも1であり、ソース信号は、各々2進値を有するデータ値より成り、上記方法は、符牒の各ビットに対し、ソース信号データ値の値をそれに基づいて変化させる段階を含む方法において、ランダム関数を使用して、符牒の上記ビットがソース信号の上記値を変化させるところのソース信号内の位置をランダム化することを特徴とする方法。
  2. 符牒を埋め込むために像をマークする方法であって、その複数のポイントで像を変化させる段階を含む方法において、像はピクセルより成り、そして変化を生じさせるところでピクセルをランダムに選択する段階を含むことを特徴とする方法。
  3. 第2データの複数のエレメントにより表わされた著作物内のNビットの第1データを埋め込む方法であって、Nは、少なくとも1であり、各エレメントは、ある値を有し、上記方法は、第1データの各ビットに対して、
    ランダム関数を含むプロセスにより上記ビットを第2データの少なくとも1つのエレメントへとマップし、そして
    第2データの上記少なくとも1つのエレメントの値を変化させ、
    著作物に対する上記変化は、本質的に人間に分からないものであることを特徴とする方法。
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