Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
  • C07H21/02—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids with ribosyl as saccharide radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/16—Purine radicals
  • C07H19/20—Purine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids
  • C07H19/213—Purine radicals with the saccharide radical esterified by phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids containing cyclic phosphate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7084—Compounds having two nucleosides or nucleotides, e.g. nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, flavine-adenine dinucleotide
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
  • C07H21/04—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids with deoxyribosyl as saccharide radical

Definitions

• the present invention provides novel cyclic di-nucleotide cGAMP analogs, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, their synthetic methods and their use in medical therapy.
• the compounds of the invention enhance the body's immune responses by activating STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) and are useful for the immunotherapy of cancer, infectious diseases and immune disorders.
• STING Stimulator of Interferon Genes
• the compounds are also useful as adjuvants for developing vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases.
• Cytosolic DNA induces type-I interferons and other cytokines that are important for immune defense against microbial infections and malignant cells but can also result in autoimmunity.
• This DNA signaling pathway requires the adaptor protein STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) and the transcription factor IRF3, but the mechanism of DNA sensing was unclear until recently.
• WO 2014099824 to The University of Texas disclosed that mammalian cytosolic extracts synthesized cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) in vitro from ATP and GTP in the presence of DNA but not RNA. DNA transfection or DNA virus infection of mammalian cells also triggered cGAMP production.
• cGAMP bound to STING, lead to the activation of IRF3 and induction of type-I interferons including interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ).
• IFN- ⁇ interferon- ⁇
• cGAMP represents the first cyclic di-nucleotide in metazoa and it functions as an endogenous second messenger that triggers interferon production in response to cytosolic DNA.
• cGAS cGAMP synthase
• the inventors on WO 2014099824 also determined that the second messenger cGAMP they isolated and synthesized contains two phosphodiester linkages, one between the 2'-OH of GMP and 5'-phosphate of AMP, and the othe between the 3'-OH of AMP and 5'-phosphate of GMP; this molecule is referred to as 2'3'-cGAMP.
• CDN cyclic-di-nucleotide
• WO 2015077354 A1 to The University of Chicago discloses Methods and compositions for treating cancer by intratumorally administering a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist.
• STING interferon genes
• compositions and methods concerning methods for treating cancer in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, wherein the STING agonist is administered intratumorally.
• WO 2015161762 to Fudan University discloses the use of cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP for preparing antitumor drugs, wherein the tumor is gastric cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer or pancreatic cancer. cGAMP was shown to inhibit the growth of human tumor cell lines in immune compromised mice.
• WO 2015185565 to GlaxoSmithKline discloses a class of cyclic dinucleotide compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and tautomers thereof, compositions, combinations and medicaments containing said compounds and processes for their preparation.
• the invention also relates to the use of said compounds, combinations, compositions and medicaments, in the treatment of diseases and conditions in which modulation of STING is beneficial, for example inflammation, allergic and autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cancer and as vaccine adjuvants.
• WO 2014179335 to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center discloses compositions, methods, kits, and assays related to the use and/or exploitation of isomers of cGAMP as well as the structure of the enzyme cGAS.
• WO 2016096174 discloses dinucleotide compounds.
• US 2014/329889 discloses methods and compositions for increasing the production of a type I interferon (IFN) in a cell.
• US 2015/010613 discloses a combination therapy which relies on a small molecule immune stimulator-cyclic-di-nucleotide (CDN)-that activates dentritic cells via a cytoplasmic receptor known as STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) formulated with allogeneic human tumor cell lines engineered to secrete high amounts of GM-CSF.
• CDN immune stimulator-cyclic-di-nucleotide
• STING Stimulator of Interferon Genes
• Zhang et al (Mol Cell. 2013 Jul 25;51(2):226-35 ) disclose that the molecule 2'3'-cGAMP binds to the adaptor protein STING with a much greater affinity than cGAMP molecules containing other combinations of phosphodiester linkages.
• cGAMP analogues with better potency, stability and specificity than endogenous cGAMP are still needed.
• a compound of the invention having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of the invention having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of the invention having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of the invention having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of the invention having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of the invention having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of the invention, in combination with at least one further therapeutic agent and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy.
• the present invention provides an effective amount of a compound of the invention, for use in inducing or promoting an immune response.
• the present invention provides a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention, for use in the treatment of cancer, or an infectious disease, or an immune disorder.
• the present invention provides a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention, in combination with an immune checkpoint antibody, radiation, or an anti-neoplastic agent, for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the present invention provides an immunogenic composition comprising an antigen or antigen composition and a compound of the invention.
• the present invention provides an immunogenic composition comprising an antigen or antigen composition and a compound of the invention, for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease, wherein the immunogenic composition is to be administered to a patient suffering from or susceptible to the disease.
• the oxygen atom in one or both of the tetrahydrofuranyl rings of Formula Ic is replaced by a sulfur or a selenium atom.
• the oxygen atom in one or both of the tetrahydrofuranyl rings of Formula Ie is replaced by a sulfur or a selenium atom.
• a disclosed compound is:
• the compound is:
• the compound is:
• the compound is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• the compound is:
• the compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• the oxygen atom in one or both of the tetrahydrofuranyl rings of Formula Ig is replaced by a sulfur or a selenium atom.
• the oxygen atom in one or both of the tetrahydrofuranyl rings of Formula Ii is replaced by a sulfur or a selenium atom.
• the compound is:
• a disclosed compound is:
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating a disease or condition in which modulation of STING is beneficial comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a disease or condition in which modulation of STING is beneficial.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically composition thereof, such as a nanoparticle or a delivery vehicles that enhances the cellular uptake, stability and efficacy of a compound of the invention for use in the treatment of cancer.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating cancer comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof.
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at least one further therapeutic agent, and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in therapy.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of a disease or condition for which modulation of STING is beneficial.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of cancer.
• Also disclosed is a method for treating a disease or condition for which modulation of STING is beneficial comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a combination comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the therapeutic agent includes but is not limited to immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as humanized antibodies against PD1, PD-L1, CTLA4 and other molecules that block effective anti-tumor immune responses.
• a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent.
• the therapeutic agent includes but is not limited to immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as humanized antibodies against PD1, PD-L1, CTLA4 and other molecules that block effective anti-tumor immune responses.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the therapeutic agent includes radiation, such as high-dose radiation, which directly kills tumor cells, enhances presentation of tumor antigens and activates the STING pathway.
• a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent.
• the therapeutic agent includes radiation, such as high-dose radiation, which directly kills tumor cells, enhances presentation of tumor antigens and activates the STING pathway.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the therapeutic agent includes another chemotherapeutic agent that selectively kills tumor cells and enhances presentation of tumor antigens.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent.
• the therapeutic agent includes another chemotherapeutic agent that selectively kills tumor cells and enhances presentation of tumor antigens.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a pharmaceutical formulation including a nanoparticle, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the therapeutic agent includes radiation and/or another chemotherapeutic agent.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a pharmaceutical formulation including a nanoparticle, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the therapeutic agent includes radiation and/or another chemotherapeutic agent.
• a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a pharmaceutical formulation including a nanoparticle, and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the compound of Formula I may be injected directly to tumors, or systemically, including injection into muscles (intra-muscular), skins (subcutaneous and intra-dermal), peritoneal (intraperitoneal), lymph nodes (intralymphatic) or veins (intravenous).
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a vaccine adjuvant.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, such as a nanoparticle or a delivery vehicles that enhances the cellular uptake, stability and efficacy of a compound of the invention, for use as a vaccine adjuvant.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a vaccine.
• Also disclosed is a method of inducing or promoting an immune response comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an adjuvant and a tumor antigen.
• Also disclosed is a method of inducing or promoting an immune response comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, as an adjuvant, a tumor antigen, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, such as a nanoparticle or a delivery vehicles that enhances the cellular uptake of the adjuvant and tumor antigen.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an adjuvant and an immunogen for a target pathogen.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a vaccine adjuvant.
• Also disclosed is a method of inducing or promoting an immune response comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an adjuvant and an immunogen for a target pathogen.
• the present invention provides a vaccine adjuvant comprising: a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides an immunogenic composition
• an immunogenic composition comprising: an antigen or antigen composition and a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides an immunogenic composition
• an immunogenic composition comprising: an antigen or antigen composition and a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease, including cancer and infectious diseases.
• a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of an immunogenic composition comprising an antigen or antigen composition, for the treatment or prevention of a disease, including cancer and infectious diseases.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating or preventing a disease comprising: administering to a patient suffering from or susceptible to the disease, an immunogenic composition comprising an antigen or antigen composition and a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a vaccine composition
• a vaccine composition comprising: an antigen or antigen composition and a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease, including cancer and infectious diseases.
• a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a vaccine composition comprising an antigen or antigen composition for the treatment or prevention of a disease, including cancer and infectious diseases.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating or preventing disease comprising the administration to a patient suffering from or susceptible to the disease, a vaccine composition comprising an antigen or antigen composition and a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of immune disorders, including autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically composition thereof, such as a nanoparticle or a delivery vehicles that enhances the cellular uptake, stability and efficacy of a compound of Formula I, for use in the treatment of immune disorders, including autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating immune disorders comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof.
• the present invention provides novel cGAMP analogs, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and uses thereof in therapy.
• 2'3'-cGAMP is an endogenous second messenger produced by mammalian cells. It is a high affinity ligand for STING, inducing conformational changes therein, and a potent inducer of type-I interferons.
• cGAS and the cGAS-cGAMP pathway is important for triggering inflammatory responses to self and foreign DNA. As such, cGAS is important for immune defense against microbial pathogens that contain DNA and require DNA in their life cycles. These pathogens include DNA viruses, retroviruses including HIV, bacteria including mycobacterium tuberculosis, fungi and parasites.
• cGAS can also detect tumor DNA and is important for the body's intrinsic immunity against malignant cells. Activation of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway is important for cancer immunotherapy.
• cGAMP As a potent inducer of type-I interferons, cGAMP (and hence the cGAMP analogs of the present invention) provides a rational immune adjuvant.
• a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be used as a vaccine adjuvant, particularly with mucosal vaccines, and may be formulated with immunogens and delivered as have been cyclic-di-GMP and c-di-AMP as vaccine adjuvants (see, e.g. Pedersen, et al.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of cancer.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a compound of the invention.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutical formulation including a nanoparticle or another delivery vehicle.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a compound of the invention in combination with at least one further therapeutic agent, which includes but is not limited to immune checkpoint inhibitors such as antibodies against PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-4.
• the therapeutic agent used in combination with a compound of the invention also includes radiation of tumors or a chemotherapeutic agent that targets tumor cells.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an adjuvant and an immunogen for a target pathogen.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a vaccine.
• a method of inducing or promoting an immune response comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as an adjuvant and an immunogen for a target pathogen.
• halo and halogen', alone or in combination with other groups, refers to fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- and iodo-.
• C 1-6 alkyl refers to monovalent, linear chain or branched chain alkyl groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Exemplary C 1-6 alkyl groups include but not limited to metheyl, ethyl, n -propyl, iso -propyl, n -butyl, sec-butyl and tert -butyl groups. More preferred are C 1-4 alkyls.
• C 1-6 alkoxy refers to, alone or in combination with other groups, R'-O-, where R' is C 1-6 alkyl.
• haloC 1-6 alkyl alone or in combination with other groups, refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group subsituted with one or more halo suctsitutents, for example CF 3 and CH 2 CF 3 .
• a compound of the invention or "a compound of Formula I” includes all solvates, complexes, polymorphs, radiolabeled derivatives, tautomers, stereoisomers, and optical isomers of the compounds of Formula I and salts thereof, unless otherwise specified.
• an effective amount means that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought, for instance, by a researcher or clinician.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means any amount which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results in improved treatment, healing, prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder.
• the term also includes within its scope amounts effective to enhance normal physiological function.
• prophylaxis includes prevention and refers to a measure or procedure which is to prevent rather than cure or treat a disease. Preventing refers to a reduction in risk of acquiring or developing a disease causing at least one clinical symptom of the disease not to developing a subject that may be exposed to a disease-causing agent or a subject predisposed to the disease in advance of disease outset.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipients includes all diluents, carriers, binders, glidants, and other components of pharmaceutical formulations with which the compound of the invention is administered.
• the compounds of the invention may exist in solid or liquid form.
• compound of the invention may exist in a continuum of solid states ranging from fully amorphous to fully crystalline.
• 'amorphous' refers to a state in which the material lacks long range order at the molecular level and, depending upon the temperature, may exhibit the physical properties of a solid or a liquid. Typically, such materials do not give distinctive X-ray diffraction patterns and, while exhibiting the properties of a solid, are more formally described as a liquid. Upon heating, a change from solid to liquid properties occurs which is characterized by a change of state, typically second order ('glass transition').
• 'crystalline' refers to a solid phase in which the material has a regular ordered internal structure at the molecular level and gives a distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern with defined peaks. Such materials when heated sufficiently will also exhibit the properties of a liquid, but the change from solid to liquid is characterized by a phase change, typically first order ('melting point').
• the compounds of the invention may have the ability to crystallize in more than one form, a characteristic, which is known as polymorphism, and it is understood that such polymorphic forms (“polymorphs”) are within the scope of the invention.
• Polymorphism generally can occur as a response to changes in temperature or pressure or both and can also result from variations in the crystallization process.
• Polymorphs can be distinguished by various physical characteristics known in the art such as x-ray diffraction patterns, solubility and melting point.
• the compound of Formula I may exist in solvated and unsolvated forms.
• solvate refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute (in this invention, a compound of Formula I or a salt) and a solvent. Such solvents for the purpose of the invention may not interfere with the biological activity of the solute.
• pharmaceutically acceptable solvates may be formed for crystalline compounds wherein solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystalline lattice during crystallization.
• the incorporated solvent molecules may be water molecules or non-aqueous such as ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetic acid, ethanolamine, and ethyl acetate molecules. Crystalline lattice incorporated with water molecules are typically referred to as "hydrates". Hydrates include stoichiometric hydrates as well as compositions containing variable amounts of water. The present invention includes all such solvates.
• tautomers refer to compounds that are interchangeable forms of a particular compound structure, and that vary in the displacement of hydrogen atoms and electrons. Thus, two structures may be in equilibrium through the movement of re electrons and an atom (usually H). For example, enols and ketones are tautomers because they are rapidly interconverted by treatment with either acid or base. It is understood that all tautomers and mixtures of tautomers of the compounds of the present invention are included within the scope of the compounds of the present invention.
• the compounds of Formula I may be in the form of a salt.
• the salts of the present invention are pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Salts encompassed within the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention.
• suitable salts see e.g., Berge et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19 .
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts can include acid addition salts.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt can be formed by reaction of a compound of Formula I with a suitable inorganic or organic acid (such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, p -toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic such as 2-naphthalenesulfonic), optionally in a suitable solvent such as an organic solvent, to give the salt which is usually isolated for example by crystallization and filtration.
• a suitable inorganic or organic acid such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, p -toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic such as 2-naphthalenesulfonic
• a suitable solvent such as an organic solvent
• a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of Formula I can be, for example, a hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, p- toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, or naphthalenesulfonate (e.g. 2-naphthalenesulfonate) salt.
• Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts e.g. trifluoroacetates, may be used, for example in the isolation of compounds of the invention, and are included within the scope of this invention.
• the invention includes within its scope all possible stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric forms of the compounds of Formula I.
• compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound. Accordingly, the invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
• a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition including the agent, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of any of the conditions described herein.
• the compound of the invention is administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount.
• the amount of the compound actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
• Pharmaceutical compositions may be presented in unit dose forms containing a predetermined amount of active ingredient per unit dose.
• unit dosage forms refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient, vehicle or carrier.
• Typical unit dosage forms include prefilled, premeasured ampules or syringes of the liquid compositions or pills, tablets, capsules or the like in the case of solid compositions.
• Preferred unit dosage compositions are those containing a daily dose or sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient. Such unit doses may therefore be administered once or more than once a day.
• Such pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmacy art.
• compositions may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example by the oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, inhaled, intranasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual or transdermal), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or intradermal) route.
• Such compositions may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s).
• compositions adapted for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or whips; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in- oil liquid emulsions.
• the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipient such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
• an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipient such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
• Powders are prepared by reducing the compound to a suitable fine size and mixing with a similarly prepared pharmaceutical excipient such as an edible carbohydrate, as, for example, starch or mannitol. Flavoring, preservative, dispersing and coloring agent can also be present.
• Capsules are made by preparing a powder mixture, as described above, and filling formed gelatin sheaths. Excipients including glidants and lubricants such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or solid polyethylene glycol can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation. A disintegrating or solubilizing agent such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate can also be added to improve the availability of the medicament when the capsule is ingested.
• Excipients including glidants and lubricants such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or solid polyethylene glycol can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation.
• a disintegrating or solubilizing agent such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate can also be added to improve the availability of the medicament when the capsule is ingested.
• excipients including suitable binders, glidants, lubricants, sweetening agents, flavors, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.
• suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like.
• Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like. Tablets are formulated, for example, by preparing a powder mixture, granulating or slugging, adding a lubricant and disintegrant and pressing into tablets.
• a powder mixture is prepared by mixing the compound, suitably comminuted, with a diluent or base as described above, and optionally, with a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelatin, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a solution retardant such as paraffin, a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt and/or an absorption agent such as bentonite, kaolin or dicalcium phosphate.
• the powder mixture can be granulated by wetting with a binder such as syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage or solutions of cellulosic or polymeric materials and forcing through a screen.
• the powder mixture can be run through the tablet machine and the result is imperfectly formed slugs broken into granules.
• the granules can be lubricated to prevent sticking to the tablet forming dies by means of the addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc or mineral oil.
• the lubricated mixture is then compressed into tablets.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be combined with a free flowing inert carrier and compressed into tablets directly without going through the granulating or slugging steps.
• a clear or opaque protective coating consisting of a sealing coat of shellac, a coating of sugar or polymeric material and a polish coating of wax can be provided. Dyestuffs can be added to these coatings to distinguish different unit dosages.
• Oral fluids such as solution, suspensions, syrups and elixirs can be prepared in dosage unit form so that a given quantity contains a predetermined amount of the compound.
• Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compound in a suitably flavored aqueous solution, while elixirs are prepared through the use of a non-toxic alcoholic vehicle.
• Suspensions can be formulated by dispersing the compound in a non-toxic vehicle.
• Solubilizers and emulsifiers such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxy ethylene sorbitol ethers, preservatives, flavor additive such as peppermint oil or natural sweeteners or saccharin or other artificial sweeteners, and the like can also be added.
• dosage unit compositions for oral administration can be microencapsulated.
• the composition can also be prepared to prolong or sustain the release as for example by coating or embedding particulate material in polymers, wax or the like.
• the compounds of the invention may also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles.
• Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.
• Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches intended to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time.
• compositions adapted for topical administration may be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols or oils.
• compositions are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream.
• the active ingredient may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
• the active ingredient may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in-oil base.
• compositions adapted for topical administrations to the eye include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent.
• compositions adapted for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges, pastilles and mouth washes.
• compositions adapted for rectal administration may be presented as suppositories or as enemas.
• Dosage forms for nasal or inhaled administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, solutions, suspension drops, gels or dry powders.
• compositions for intranasal administration include aqueous compositions administered to the nose by drops or by pressurised pump. Suitable compositions contain water as the diluent or carrier for this purpose.
• Compositions for administration to the lung or nose may contain one or more excipients, for example one or more suspending agents, one or more preservatives, one or more surfactants, one or more tonicity adjusting agents, one or more co-solvents, and may include components to control the pH of the composition, for example a buffer system. Further, the compositions may contain other excipients such as antioxidants, for example sodium metabisulphite, and taste-masking agents. Compositions may also be administered to the nose or other regions of the respiratory tract by nebulization.
• Intranasal compositions may permit the compound(s) of Formula I or (a) pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof to be delivered to all areas of the nasal cavities (the target tissue) and further, may permit the compound(s) of Formula I or (a) pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof to remain in contact with the target tissue for longer periods of time.
• a suitable dosing regime for intranasal compositions would be for the patient to inhale slowly through the nose subsequent to the nasal cavity being cleared. During inhalation, the composition would be administered to one nostril while the other is manually compressed. This procedure would then be repeated for the other nostril. Typically, one or two sprays per nostril would be administered by the above procedure one, two, or three times each day, ideally once daily. Of particular interest are intranasal compositions suitable for once- daily administration.
• the suspending agent(s), if included, will typically be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5% (w/w), such as from 1.5% to 2.4% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition.
• pharmaceutically acceptable suspending agents include, but are not limited to, Avicef (microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium), carboxymethylcellulose sodium, veegum, tragacanth, bentonite, methylcellulose, xanthan gum, carbopol and polyethylene glycols.
• compositions for administration to the lung or nose may contain one or more excipients may be protected from microbial or fungal contamination and growth by inclusion of one or more preservatives.
• pharmaceutically acceptable anti-microbial agents or preservatives include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium compounds (for example benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, lauralkonium chloride and myristyl picolinium chloride), mercurial agents (for example phenylmercuric nitrate, phenylmercuric acetate and thimerosal), alcoholic agents (for example chlorobutanol, phenylethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol), antibacterial esters (for example esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid), chelating agents such as disodium edetate (EDTA) and other anti-microbial agents such as chlorhexidine, chlorocresol, sorbic acid and its salts (such
• compositions may include one or more surfactants which functions to facilitate dissolution of the medicament particles in the aqueous phase of the composition.
• the amount of surfactant used is an amount which will not cause foaming during mixing.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants include fatty alcohols, esters and ethers, such as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Polysorbate 80), macrogol ethers, and poloxamers.
• the surfactant may be present in an amount of between about 0.01 to 10% (w/w), such as from 0.01 to 0.75% (w/w), for example about 0.5% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition.
• One or more tonicity-adjusting agent(s) may be included to achieve tonicity with body fluids e.g. fluids of the nasal cavity, resulting in reduced levels of irritancy.
• pharmaceutically acceptable tonicity-adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, dextrose, xylitol, calcium chloride, glucose, glycerine and sorbitol.
• a tonicity-adjusting agent, if present, may be included in an amount of from 0.1 to 10% (w/w), such as from 4.5 to 5.5% (w/w), for example about 5.0% (w/w), based on the total weight of the composition.
• compositions of the invention may be buffered by the addition of suitable buffering agents such as sodium citrate, citric acid, trometamol, phosphates such as disodium phosphate (for example the dodecahydrate, heptahydrate, dihydrate and anhydrous forms), or sodium phosphate and mixtures thereof.
• suitable buffering agents such as sodium citrate, citric acid, trometamol, phosphates such as disodium phosphate (for example the dodecahydrate, heptahydrate, dihydrate and anhydrous forms), or sodium phosphate and mixtures thereof.
• a buffering agent if present, may be included in an amount of from 0.1 to 5% (w/w), for example 1 to 3% (w/w) based on the total weight of the composition.
• taste-masking agents include sucralose, sucrose, saccharin or a salt thereof, fructose, dextrose, glycerol, corn syrup, aspartame, acesulfame-K, xylitol, sorbitol, erythritol, ammonium glycyrrhizinate, thaumatin, neotame, mannitol, menthol, eucalyptus oil, camphor, a natural flavouring agent, an artificial flavouring agent, and combinations thereof.
• co-solvent(s) may be included to aid solubility of the medicament compound(s) and/or other excipients.
• pharmaceutically acceptable co-solvents include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, ethanol, polyethylene glycols (for example PEG300 or PEG400), and methanol.
• the co-solvent is propylene glycol.
• Co-solvent(s), if present, may be included in an amount of from 0.05 to 30% (w/w), such as from 1 to 25% (w/w), for example from 1 to 10% (w/w) based on the total weight of the composition.
• compositions for inhaled administration include aqueous, organic or aqueous/organic mixtures, dry powder or crystalline compositions administered to the respiratory tract by pressurised pump or inhaler, for example, reservoir dry powder inhalers, unit-dose dry powder inhalers, pre-metered multi-dose dry powder inhalers, nasal inhalers or pressurised aerosol inhalers, nebulisers or insufflators.
• Suitable compositions contain water as the diluent or carrier for this purpose and may be provided with conventional excipients such as buffering agents, tonicity modifying agents and the like.
• Aqueous compositions may also be administered to the nose and other regions of the respiratory tract by nebulisation.
• Such compositions may be aqueous solutions or suspensions or aerosols delivered from pressurised packs, such as a metered dose inhaler, with the use of a suitable liquefied propellant.
• compositions for administration topically to the nose (for example, for the treatment of rhinitis) or to the lung include pressurised aerosol compositions and aqueous compositions delivered to the nasal cavities by pressurised pump.
• Compositions which are non- pressurised and are suitable for administration topically to the nasal cavity are of particular interest. Suitable compositions contain water as the diluent or carrier for this purpose.
• Aqueous compositions for administration to the lung or nose may be provided with conventional excipients such as buffering agents, tonicity-modifying agents and the like. Aqueous compositions may also be administered to the nose by nebulisation.
• a fluid dispenser may typically be used to deliver a fluid composition to the nasal cavities.
• the fluid composition may be aqueous or non-aqueous, but typically aqueous.
• Such a fluid dispenser may have a dispensing nozzle or dispensing orifice through which a metered dose of the fluid composition is dispensed upon the application of a user-applied force to a pump mechanism of the fluid dispenser.
• Such fluid dispensers are generally provided with a reservoir of multiple metered doses of the fluid composition, the doses being dispensable upon sequential pump actuations.
• the dispensing nozzle or orifice may be configured for insertion into the nostrils of the user for spray dispensing of the fluid composition into the nasal cavity.
• Dry powder compositions for topical delivery to the lung by inhalation may, for example, be presented in capsules and cartridges of for example gelatine, or blisters of for example laminated aluminium foil, for use in an inhaler or insufflator.
• Powder blend compositions generally contain a powder mix for inhalation of the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a suitable powder base (carrier/diluent/excipient substance) such as mono-, di-, or polysaccharides (for example lactose or starch).
• Dry powder compositions may also include, in addition to the drug and carrier, a further excipient (for example a ternary agent such as a sugar ester for example cellobiose octaacetate, calcium stearate, or magnesium stearate.
• a further excipient for example a ternary agent such as a sugar ester for example cellobiose octaacetate, calcium stearate, or magnesium stearate.
• compositions adapted for parental administration include aqueous and nonaqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the composition isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
• compositions may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example, those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
• compositions may contain antibody(ies) or antibody fragment(s) or an antigenic component including but not limited to protein, DNA, live or dead bacteria and/or viruses or virus-like particles, together with one or more components with adjuvant activity including but not limited to aluminium salts, oil and water emulsions, heat shock proteins, lipid A preparations and derivatives, glycolipids, other TLR agonists such as CpG DNA or similar agents, cytokines such as GM-CSF or IL-12 or similar agents.
• antibody(ies) or antibody fragment(s) or an antigenic component including but not limited to protein, DNA, live or dead bacteria and/or viruses or virus-like particles, together with one or more components with adjuvant activity including but not limited to aluminium salts, oil and water emulsions, heat shock proteins, lipid A preparations and derivatives, glycolipids, other TLR agonists such as CpG DNA or similar agents, cytokines such as GM-CSF or IL-12 or similar agents.
• a therapeutically effective amount of the agent will depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the subject, the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration, and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian.
• the subject to be treated is a mammal, particularly a human.
• the agent may be administered in a daily dose. This amount may be given in a single dose per day or more usually in a number (such as two, three, four, five or six) of subdoses per day such that the total daily dose is the same.
• the amount of the compound of the invention administered according to the present invention will be an amount selected from about 0.01 mg to about 1 g per day (calculated as the free or unsalted compound).
• the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be employed alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.
• the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) may be administered together or separately and, when administered separately, administration may occur simultaneously or sequentially, in any order, by any convenient route in separate or combined pharmaceutical compositions.
• the amounts of the compound(s) of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) and the relative timings of administration will be selected in order to achieve the desired combined therapeutic effect.
• the compound(s) of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof and further therapeutic agent(s) may be employed in combination by administration simultaneously in a unitary pharmaceutical composition including both compounds.
• the combination may be administered separately in separate pharmaceutical compositions, each including one of the compounds in a sequential manner wherein, for example, the compound of the invention is administered first and the other second and vice versa.
• Such sequential administration may be close in time (e.g. simultaneously) or remote in time.
• the compounds are administered in the same dosage form, e.g. one compound may be administered topically and the other compound may be administered orally.
• both compounds are administered orally.
• combination kit or kit of parts
• the combination kit can contain both compounds in a single pharmaceutical composition, such as a tablet, or in separate pharmaceutical compositions.
• the combination kit will contain each compound in separate pharmaceutical compositions either in a single package or in separate pharmaceutical compositions in separate packages.
• the combination kit can also be provided by instruction, such as dosage and administration instructions.
• dosage and administration instructions can be of the kind that are provided to a doctor, for example by a drug product label, or they can be of the kind that are provided by a doctor, such as instructions to a patient.
• such sequential administration may be close in time or remote in time.
• administration of the other agent several minutes to several dozen minutes after the administration of the first agent, and administration of the other agent several hours to several days after the administration of the first agent are included, wherein the lapse of time is not limited.
• one agent may be administered once a day, and the other agent may be administered 2 or 3 times a day, or one agent may be administered once a week, and the other agent may be administered once a day and the like.
• the other therapeutic ingredients(s) may be used in the form of salts, for example as alkali metal or amine salts or as acid addition salts, or prodrugs, or as esters, for example lower alkyl esters, or as solvates, for example hydrates, to optimize the activity and/or stability and/or physical characteristics, such as solubility, of the therapeutic ingredient. It will be clear also that, where appropriate, the therapeutic ingredients may be used in optically pure form.
• the two compounds When combined in the same composition it will be appreciated that the two compounds must be stable and compatible with each other and the other components of the composition and may be formulated for administration. When formulated separately they may be provided in any convenient composition, conveniently, in such a manner as known for such compounds in the art.
• the dose of each compound may differ from that when the compound is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
• the patient in the methods and uses of the present invention is a mammal. In another embodiment, the patient is a human.
• the compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of diseases and conditions in which modulation of STING is beneficial, including cancer. As modulators of the immune response, the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be useful, as stand-alone, in combination or as adjuvants, in the treatment of diseases and conditions in which modulation of STING is beneficial.
• the disease or condition to be treated is cancer.
• cancer diseases and conditions in which a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may have potentially beneficial anti-tumor effects include cancers of the lung, bone, pancreas, skin, head, neck, uterus, ovaries, stomach, colon, breast, esophagus, small intestine, bowel, endocrine system, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, urethra, prostate, penis, testes, ureter, bladder, kidney or liver; rectal cancer; cancer of the anal region; carcinomas of the fallopian tubes, endometrium, cervix, vagina, vulva, renal pelvis, renal cell; sarcoma of soft tissue; myxoma; rhabdomyoma; fibroma; lipoma; teratoma; cholangiocarcinoma; hepatoblastoma; angiosarcoma; hemagioma; hepatom
• the present invention provides a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of cancer.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a compound of the invention may be employed with other therapeutic methods of cancer treatment, e.g., in anti-neoplastic therapy, combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, other chemotherapeutic, hormonal, antibody agents as well as surgical and/or radiation treatments.
• Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as humanized antibodies against PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA4, have recently been shown to be highly successful in treating several types of metastatic cancer, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancers, renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer ( Sharma and Allison, 2015, Science 348, 56 ).
• checkpoint inhibitor therapies in part because insufficient number of anti-tumor immune cells, such as CD8 T cells, are generated and/or infiltrated into the tumors.
• Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway activates anti-tumor immunity, including the production and infiltration of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Therefore, cGAMP analogues are expected to function synergistically with immune checkpoint inhibitors and the combination therapies are likely to bring therapeutic benefits to a larger percentage of cancer patients.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one immune checkpoint inhibitor.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one immune checkpoint inhibitor for use in therapy.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one immune checkpoint inhibitor for use in treating cancer.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one immune checkpoint inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least immune checkpoint inhibitor.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at least one immune checkpoint inhibitor, and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and excipients.
• cGAMP analogues are expected to function synergistically with radiation therapies to benefit a larger percentage of cancer patients.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with radiation therapy such as SBRT.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with radiation therapy such as SBRT for use in treating cancer.
• compositions comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with radiation therapy such as SBRT in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with radiation therapy such as SBRT.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and excipients, in combination with radiation therapy such as SBRT for the treatment of cancer.
• Anti-neoplastic agents include chemical compounds and antibodies that kill tumor cells by inhibiting cell cycle, signal transduction, DNA metabolism and angiogenesis and/or by promoting DNA damage, apoptosis and necrosis. These agents comprise that largest class of molecules currently used for cancer therapies. Anti-neoplastic agents selectively kill tumor cells, although many of them also kill normal cells, thereby generating severe side effects. Processing of dead tumor cell associated antigens by antigen presenting cells leads to the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. This process can be enhanced by cGAMP analogues. Therefore, combination of cGAMP analogues with anti-neoplastic agents are likely to generate synergistic effects that benefit a larger percentage of patients.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent for use in therapy.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent for use in treating cancer.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
• Also disclosed is a method of treating cancer comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at least one anti-neoplastic agent, and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and excipients.
• anti-neoplastic agent that has activity versus a susceptible tumor being treated may be utilized in the combination.
• Typical anti-neoplastic agents useful include anti-microtubule agents such as diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids; platinum coordination complexes; alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, oxazaphosphorines, alkylsulfonates, nitrosoureas, and triazenes; antibiotic agents such as anthracyclins, actinomycins and bleomycins; topoisomerase II inhibitors such as epipodophyllotoxins; antimetabolites such as purine and pyrimidine analogues and anti-folate compounds; topoisomerase I inhibitors such as camptothecins; hormones and hormonal analogues; signal transduction pathway inhibitors; non-receptor tyrosine angiogenesis inhibitors; immunotherapeutic agents; proapoptotic agents; and cell cycle signaling inhibitors.
• Anti-microtubule or anti-mitotic agents are phase specific agents active against the microtubules of tumor cells during M or the mitosis phase of the cell cycle.
• Examples of anti-microtubule agents include diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids.
• Diterpenoids which are derived from natural sources, are phase specific anti-cancer agents that operate at the G 2 /M phases of the cell cycle. It is believed that the diterpenoids stabilize the ⁇ -tubulin subunit of the microtubules, by binding with this protein. Disassembly of the protein appears then to be inhibited with mitosis being arrested and cell death following. Examples of diterpenoids include paclitaxel and its analog docetaxel.
• Vinca alkaloids are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the periwinkle plant. Vinca alkaloids act at the M phase (mitosis) of the cell cycle by binding specifically to tubulin. Consequently, the bound tubulin molecule is unable to polymerize into microtubules. Mitosis is believed to be arrested in metaphase with cell death following. Examples of vinca alkaloids include vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine.
• Platinum coordination complexes are non-phase specific anti-cancer agents, which are interactive with DNA.
• the platinum complexes enter tumor cells, undergo, aquation and form intra- and interstrand crosslinks with DNA causing adverse biological effects to the tumor.
• Examples of platinum coordination complexes include oxaliplatin, cisplatin and carboplatin.
• Alkylating agents are non-phase anti-cancer specific agents and strong electrophiles. Typically, alkylating agents form covalent linkages, by alkylation, to DNA through nucleophilic moieties of the DNA molecule such as phosphate, amino, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and imidazole groups. Such alkylation disrupts nucleic acid function leading to cell death.
• alkylating agents include nitrogen mustards such as cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan; nitrosoureas such as carmustine; and triazenes such as dacarbazine.
• Antibiotic anti-neoplastics are non-phase specific agents, which bind or intercalate with DNA. Typically, such action results in stable DNA complexes or strand breakage, which disrupts ordinary function of the nucleic acids leading to cell death.
• antibiotic anti-neoplastic agents include actinomycins such as dactinomycin, anthrocyclins such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin; and bleomycins.
• Topoisomerase II inhibitors include epipodophyllotoxins.
• Epipodophyllotoxins are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the mandrake plant. Epipodophyllotoxins typically affect cells in the S and G 2 phases of the cell cycle by forming a ternary complex with topoisomerase II and DNA causing DNA strand breaks. The strand breaks accumulate and cell death follows. Examples of epipodophyllotoxins include etoposide and teniposide.
• Antimetabolite neoplastic agents are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents that act at S phase (DNA synthesis) of the cell cycle by inhibiting DNA synthesis or by inhibiting purine or pyrimidine base synthesis and thereby limiting DNA synthesis. Consequently, S phase does not proceed and cell death follows.
• Examples of antimetabolite anti-neoplastic agents include fluorouracil, methotrexate, cytarabine, mecaptopurine, thioguanine, and gemcitabine.
• Camptothecins including, camptothecin and camptothecin derivatives are available or under development as Topoisomerase I inhibitors. Camptothecins cytotoxic activity is believed to be related to its Topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. Examples of camptothecins include, but are not limited to irinotecan, topotecan, and the various optical forms of 7-(4- methylpiperazino-methylene)-10,11-ethylenedioxy-20-camptothecin described below.
• Hormones and hormonal analogues are useful compounds for treating cancers in which there is a relationship between the hormone(s) and growth and/or lack of growth of the cancer.
• hormones and hormonal analogues useful in cancer treatment include adrenocorticosteroids such as prednisone and prednisolone which are useful in the treatment of malignant lymphoma and acute leukemia in children; aminoglutethimide and other aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole, letrazole, vorazole, and exemestane useful in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma and hormone dependent breast carcinoma containing estrogen receptors; progestrins such as megestrol acetate useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancer and endometria 1 carcinoma; estrogens, and anti-estrogens such as fulvestrant, flutamide.
• adrenocorticosteroids such as prednisone and prednisolone which are useful in the treatment of malignant lymphom
• nilutamide, bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate and 5a-reductases such as finasteride and dutasteride, useful in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy; anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene, iodoxyfene, as well as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast carcinoma and other susceptible cancers; and gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) and analogues thereof which stimulate the release of leutinizing hormone (LH) and/or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for the treatment prostatic carcinoma, for instance, LHRH agonists and antagagonists such as goserelin acetate and luprolide.
• anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene, drol
• Signal transduction pathway inhibitors are those inhibitors, which block or inhibit a chemical process which evokes an intracellular change. As used herein this change is cell proliferation or differentiation.
• Signal transduction inhibitors useful in the present invention include inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, SH2/SH3domain blockers, serine/threonine kinases, phosphotidyl inositol-3 kinases, myoinositol signaling, and Ras oncogenes.
• protein tyrosine kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of specific tyrosyl residues in various proteins involved in the regulation of cell growth.
• protein tyrosine kinases can be broadly classified as receptor or non-receptor kinases.
• Receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins having an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a tyrosine kinase domain. Receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in the regulation of cell growth and are generally termed growth factor receptors. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of many of these kinases, i.e. aberrant kinase growth factor receptor activity, for example by over-expression or mutation, has been shown to result in uncontrolled cell growth. Accordingly, the aberrant activity of such kinases has been linked to malignant tissue growth. Consequently, inhibitors of such kinases could provide cancer treatment methods.
• Growth factor receptors include, for example, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFr), erbB2, erbB4, ret, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFr), tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and epidermal growth factor homology domains (TIE-2), insulin growth factor -I (IGFI) receptor, macrophage colony stimulating factor (cfms), BTK, ckit, cmet, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, Trk receptors (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC), ephrin (eph) receptors, and the RET protooncogene.
• EGFr epidermal growth factor receptor
• PDGFr platelet derived growth factor receptor
• erbB2 erbB2
• VEGFr vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
• TIE-2 immunoglobulin-like and epidermal growth factor homo
• inhibitors of growth receptors include ligand antagonists, antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-sense oligonucleotides.
• Growth factor receptors and agents that inhibit growth factor receptor function are described, e.g., in Kath, John C, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2000) 10(6):803-818 ; Shawver et al. DDT Vol 2, No. 2 February 1997 ; and Lofts, F. J. et al in "Growth factor receptors as targets", New Molecular Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy, ed. Workman, Paul and Kerr, David, CRC press 1994, Lond on.
• Non-receptor tyrosine kinases which are not growth factor receptor kinases are termed nonreceptor tyrosine kinases.
• Non-receptor tyrosine kinases useful in the present invention include cSrc, Lck, Fyn, Yes, Jak, cAbl, FAK (Focal adhesion kinase), Brutons tyrosine kinase, and Bcr-Abl.
• Such non-receptor kinases and agents which inhibit non-receptor tyrosine kinase function are described, e.g., in Sinh, S.
• SH2/SH3 domain blockers are agents that disrupt SH2 or SH3 domain binding in a variety of enzymes or adaptor proteins including PI3-K p85 subunit, Src family kinases, adaptor molecules (She, Crk, Nek, Grb2) and Ras-GAP.
• SH2/SH3 domains as targets for anti-cancer drugs are discussed in Smithgall, T.E. (1995), Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 34(3) 125-32 .
• Inhibitors of Serine/Threonine Kinases include MAP kinase cascade blockers which include blockers of Raf kinases (rafk), Mitogen or Extracellular Regulated Kinase (M EKs), and Extracellular Regulated Kinases (ERKs); and Protein kinase C family member blockers including blockers of PKCs (alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon, mu, lambda, iota, zeta).
• I kB kinase family I KKa, I KKb
• PKB family kinases akt kinase family members
• TGF beta receptor kinases TGF beta receptor kinases.
• Serine/Threonine kinases and inhibitors thereof are described, e.g., in Yamamoto, T. et al., (1999), Journal of Biochemistry. 126 (5) 799-803 ; Brodt, P et al. (2000), Biochemical Pharmacology, 60. 1101-1107 ; Massague, J., and Weis- Garcia, F. (1996) Cancer Surveys. 27:41-64 ; Philip, P.A.; and Harris, A.L. (1995), Cancer Treatment and Research. 78: 3-27 ; Lackey, K. et al Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, (10), 2000, 223-226 ; U.S. Patent No. 6,268,391 ; and Martinez-lacaci, L, et al., Int. J. Cancer (2000), 88(1), 44-52 .
• Inhibitors of Phosphotidyl inositol-3 Kinase family members including blockers of PI3-kinase, ATM, DNA-PK, and Ku are also useful in the present invention.
• Such kinases are discussed, e.g., in Abraham, R.T. (1996), Current Opinion in Immunology. 8 (3) 412-8 ; Canman, C.E., Lim, D.S. (1998), Oncogene 17 (25) 3301-3308 ; Jackson, S.P. (1997), International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 29 (7):935-8 ; and Zhong, H. et al. Cancer Res., (2000) 60(6), 1541-1545 .
• Myo-inositol signaling inhibitors such as phospholipase C blockers and Myoinositol analogues.
• signal inhibitors are described, e.g., in Powis, G., and Kozikowski A., (1994) New Molecular Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy ed., Paul Workman and David Kerr, CRC press 1994, Lond on.
• Ras Oncogene Another group of signal transduction pathway inhibitors are inhibitors of Ras Oncogene.
• Such inhibitors include inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, geranyl-geranyl transferase, and CAAX proteases as well as anti-sense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and immunotherapy.
• Such inhibitors have been shown to block ras activation in cells containing wild type mutant ras, thereby acting as antiproliferation agents.
• Ras oncogene inhibition is discussed in Scharovsky, O.G., et al. (2000), Journal of Biomedical Science. 7(4) 292-8 ; Ashby, M.N. (1998), Current Opinion in Lipidology. 9 (2) 99 - 102 ; and BioChim. Biophys. Acta, (19899) 1423(3): 19-30 .
• Antibody antagonists to receptor kinase ligand binding may also serve as signal transduction inhibitors.
• This group of signal transduction pathway inhibitors includes the use of humanized antibodies to the extracellular ligand binding domain of receptor tyrosine kinases. Examples include Imclone C225 EGFR specific antibody (see Green, M.C. et al, Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Solid Tumors, Cancer Treat.
• Herceptin ® erbB2 antibody see Tyrosine Kinase Signalling in Breast cancer: erbB Family Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, Breast cancer Res., 2000, 2(3), 176- 183
• 2CB VEGFR2 specific antibody see Brekken, R.A. et al, Selective Inhibition of VEGFR2 Activity by a monoclonal Anti-VEGF antibody blocks tumor growth in mice, Cancer Res. (2000) 60, 5117-5124 ).
• Anti-angiogenic agents such as non-receptor MEK angiogenesis inhibitors may also be useful, as well as those which inhibit the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (e.g., the anti-vascular endothelial cell growth factor antibody bevacizumab [Avastin TM ]), and compounds that work by other mechanisms (e.g., linomide, inhibitors of integrin ⁇ 3 function, endostatin and angiostatin).
• vascular endothelial growth factor e.g., the anti-vascular endothelial cell growth factor antibody bevacizumab [Avastin TM ]
• linomide inhibitors of integrin ⁇ 3 function, endostatin and angiostatin
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent which is an anti-microtubule agent, platinum coordination complex, alkylating agent, antibiotic agent, topoisomerase II inhibitor, antimetabolite, topoisomerase I inhibitor, hormones and hormonal analogue, signal transduction pathway inhibitor, nonreceptor tyrosine MEK angiogenesis inhibitor, immunotherapeutic agent, proapoptotic agent, or cell cycle signaling inhibitor.
• an anti-microtubule agent platinum coordination complex, alkylating agent, antibiotic agent, topoisomerase II inhibitor, antimetabolite, topoisomerase I inhibitor, hormones and hormonal analogue, signal transduction pathway inhibitor, nonreceptor tyrosine MEK angiogenesis inhibitor, immunotherapeutic agent, proapoptotic agent, or cell cycle signaling inhibitor.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent selected from diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids.
• Tresent invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent which is a platinum coordination complex.
• at least one anti-neoplastic agent is paclitaxel, carboplatin, or vinorelbine.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent which is a signal transduction pathway inhibitor.
• the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a growth factor receptor kinase VEGFR2, TIE2, PDGFR, BTK, erbB2, EGFr, IGFR-1, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, or c-fms.
• the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a serine/threonine kinase rafk, akt, or PKC-zeta.
• the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a non- receptor tyrosine kinase selected from the src family of kinases. In another embodiment, the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of c-src. In another embodiment, the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of Ras oncogene selected from inhibitors of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase. In another embodiment, the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a serine/threonine kinase selected from the group consisting of PI3K.
• the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is a dual EGFr/erbB2 inhibitor, for example N- ⁇ 3-Chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl) oxy]phenyl ⁇ -6-[5-( ⁇ [2-(methanesulphonyl) ethyl]amino ⁇ methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent which is a cell cycle signaling inhibitor.
• the cell cycle signaling inhibitor is an inhibitor of CDK2, CDK4 or CDK6.
• Compounds of Formula I may be prepared by methods known in the art of organic synthesis as set forth in the schemes below and/or the specific Examples described below. In all of the methods, it is well understood that protecting groups for sensitive or reactive groups may be employed where necessary in accordance with general principles of chemistry. Protecting groups are manipulated according to standard methods of organic synthesis ( T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts (1999) Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons ). These groups are removed at a convenient stage of the compound synthesis using methods that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The selection of processes as well as the reaction conditions and order of their execution shall be consistent with the preparation of compounds of Formula I.
• Step 5 azaadenine 12
• Step 1 trifluoroethyl ether 40
• Step 1 pyrazole 44
• Step 8 purine 63
• Step 2 diol 71
• Step 1 boranophosphate 87
• Step 3 EB1 and EB2
• 2'3'-cGAMP can be degraded by the enzyme ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP1) which is present in fetal bovine serum (FBS) ( Li et al., 2015, Nat Chem Biol, 11, 235 ).
• ENPP1 ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase
• FBS fetal bovine serum

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