EP1527228A1 - Verfahren zum färben mit schwefel und schwefelküpenfarbstoffen - Google Patents
Verfahren zum färben mit schwefel und schwefelküpenfarbstoffenInfo
- Publication number
- EP1527228A1 EP1527228A1 EP03766263A EP03766263A EP1527228A1 EP 1527228 A1 EP1527228 A1 EP 1527228A1 EP 03766263 A EP03766263 A EP 03766263A EP 03766263 A EP03766263 A EP 03766263A EP 1527228 A1 EP1527228 A1 EP 1527228A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- dyeing
- dye
- sulfur
- cell
- dyebath
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P3/00—Special processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the material treated
- D06P3/02—Material containing basic nitrogen
- D06P3/04—Material containing basic nitrogen containing amide groups
- D06P3/24—Polyamides; Polyurethanes
- D06P3/243—Polyamides; Polyurethanes using vat or sulfur dyes, indigo
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/22—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using vat dyestuffs including indigo
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/22—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using vat dyestuffs including indigo
- D06P1/221—Reducing systems; Reducing catalysts
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/30—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using sulfur dyes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P3/00—Special processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the material treated
- D06P3/34—Material containing ester groups
- D06P3/52—Polyesters
- D06P3/523—Polyesters using vat or sulfur dyes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P3/00—Special processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the material treated
- D06P3/58—Material containing hydroxyl groups
- D06P3/60—Natural or regenerated cellulose
- D06P3/6025—Natural or regenerated cellulose using vat or sulfur dyes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P5/00—Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
- D06P5/20—Physical treatments affecting dyeing, e.g. ultrasonic or electric
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P5/00—Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
- D06P5/20—Physical treatments affecting dyeing, e.g. ultrasonic or electric
- D06P5/2016—Application of electric energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for dyeing fiber materials with sulfur and sulfur vat dyes
- the group of sulfur or sulfur vat dyes (hereinafter only called sulfur dyes) comprises dyes of the same manufacturing principle and the same dyeing method.
- the sulfur dyes are formed by reacting suitable organic substances with sulfur, alkali sulfides or alkali polysulfides. The resulting products contain repetitive organic
- the reduced dyes can be dispensed with in the production of the reduced dyes and when they are used in continuous dyeing processes, if the dye concentration used is sufficiently high, for example 50 g / l solid sulfur dye, so that the reduction equivalents introduced into the dye liquor with the reduced dye can compensate for the disruptive influence of air oxidation.
- Such a procedure is particularly suitable for the production of relatively concentrated products or dye liquors, which are only exposed to the oxidative action of atmospheric oxygen for a short time during continuous dyeing.
- the chassis volume can be exchanged within less than 3 minutes at a usual fabric speed of 60 m / min, a running meter weight of 200 g / m and a fleet absorption of 80%.
- the present invention is based on the surprising finding that sulfur dyes can also act as mediators in the case of pull-out dyeings and that sufficient bath stability can be achieved if a continuous regeneration of the reduction state can be achieved. According to the present invention, this is achieved in that a sufficient circulation of the dye bath is made possible by a suitably coupled electrolysis cell during the dyeing process.
- the present invention thus relates to a process for dyeing fiber materials with sulfur dyes with regeneration of the dye bath redox potential, which is characterized in that the dyeing liquor circulates between the dyeing system and a coupled electrolysis cell during the dyeing process and the sulfur dye which is undesirably oxidized in the dye bath is cathodically reduced in the dye bath.
- the process according to the invention can be carried out, for example, as an exhaust process, but also according to the continuous process. Accordingly, dyeing machines such as yarn dyeing machines, reel runners, tree dyeing machines, jet or overflow dyeing systems are used as dyeing systems in the exhaust process. In contrast, the dyeing systems customary for this method are used for the continuous process.
- dyeing machines such as yarn dyeing machines, reel runners, tree dyeing machines, jet or overflow dyeing systems are used as dyeing systems in the exhaust process.
- the dyeing systems customary for this method are used for the continuous process.
- the dye bath must be circulated between the dyeing machine and the electrolysis cell in accordance with the dye concentration and the oxidative load. With a high oxidative load and low dye concentration, the circulation has to achieve larger volume flows than with a high dye concentration and low oxygen pollution.
- the cathodically reduced dye reaches the electrolysis cell
- the partially oxidized dye bath flows from the dyeing machine to
- Electrolysis cell The required fleet exchange in l / min between
- the electrolysis cell and dyeing system depend on several framework conditions. These include, for example, dye concentration, more desired
- Degree of reduction in the dyeing system maximum degree of reduction which can be achieved for a sulfur dye by cathodic reduction, minimum degree of reduction of the sulfur dye required in terms of dyeing technology, current density which can be used in cell technology, and also the oxygen input into the dyeing system (oxidative load).
- Dyeing apparatus can also be easily calculated by an average specialist.
- the liquor exchange ranges between 0.51 / min kg and 1001 / min kg, preferably between 1 and 50 l / min kg and very particularly preferably between 5 and 30 l / min kg, based on a kg of material to be dyed.
- the dye concentration in the dyebath in the process according to the invention is preferably 0.5 to 100 g / l pure dye, particularly preferably 5 to 50 g / l pure dye.
- the process according to the invention is advantageously carried out at temperatures of 20 to 1 35 ° C, with 60 to 95 ° C being particularly preferred.
- the dyeing process is influenced by controlling the redox potential. This is done by adjusting the cell current, as a result of which the redox potential in the dyebath can be changed or regulated within certain potential limits.
- the adjustable potential range is determined by the sulfur dye used, its concentration, as well as by pH and dyeing temperature.
- the cell current is defined in particular by the oxygen input and ranges between 0.5 and 50 A / kg, preferably between 1 and 10 A / kg in conventional dyeing plants.
- the values can be reduced.
- the pH of the dyebath is, for example, between 9 and 1 4, preferably between 1 1 and 1 3.
- the redox potential in the dyebath is determined by the dye and the desired one
- Color loss defines and is between - 300mV and - 900mV, preferably between - 400mV and - 700mV.
- electrolysis cell with a liquor circulation is coupled to the dyeing system.
- Conventional electrolysis cells available from cell manufacturers or commercially available can be used as electrolysis cells. Normal or multi-cathode cells can be used.
- the electrolysis cell is preferably designed as a divided cell, a membrane electrolysis cell again being used particularly preferably.
- a cation exchange membrane very particularly preferably serves as a separator.
- Alkaline solutions preferably alkaline solutions, are preferred as the conductive electrolyte
- Soda, table salt or Glauber's salt is particularly preferred for
- Dye bath added lye, advantageously sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or soda used. Also the salts added during dyeing, preferably table salt or
- Glauber's salt can improve conductivity as electrolytes.
- this is carried out under an inert atmosphere.
- the dyebath is overlaid with nitrogen or an inert gas, particularly preferably argon, in the dyeing apparatus.
- the required electrolytic cells can be dimensioned with smaller cell currents and thus more economically.
- the process according to the invention can be used without restriction for all sulfur dyes.
- Oxidized dyes, filter cakes from synthesis, as well as cathodically or chemically pre-reduced dyes and dye preparations can be used.
- Sulfur dyes produced by cathodic reduction, as described for example in DE-A 1 906 083 or WO 99/1 1716, are particularly preferably used.
- all fiber materials can be dyed which are basically dyeable with sulfur dyes. These are in particular fiber materials made from cellulose and polyamide, as well as from cellulose / polyester and cellulose / polyamide mixtures. Fiber materials preferably mean textile fiber materials.
- the dye When dyeing with sulfur dyes, the dye is added to the dye bath
- the sulfur dye takes on the task of reducing agents or cathodic regenerable mediators which were previously indispensable in the exhaust process.
- the use of chemicals, which cause costs for procurement and wastewater disposal, can therefore be dispensed with and an advantageous overall ecological balance is obtained.
- the low concentrations of sulfur dye, such as are used in exhaust processes are sufficient to carry out the process according to the invention.
- the process according to the invention is very particularly advantageous when dyeing on a standing bath, where only the sulfur dye discharged with the goods has to be added to the dye bath.
- a cell divided by a cation exchange membrane is used as the electrolysis cell.
- Cathode stainless steel cathodes, total area (surface) cathode 0.43 m 2 area, total volume 2 I.
- Anode stainless steel plate with an area of 0.01 m 2 . Volum en 0.3 I. 0.1 M NaOH is used as the anolyte. Cell current: 0.9 A, cell voltage between 2.7 V and 4.1 V
- the dyebath (2 l total volume) is passed through the filter at 1 50 ml / min
- pattern 1 There is a bleached cotton knit (pattern 1) with a in the dye bath
- the catholyte temperature is brought to 70 ° C.
- the redox potential drops by - 259 mV (vs. Ag / AgCI, 3 M KCI
- sample 2 mass 6.9 g
- sample 2 is introduced into the dyebath and dyed for 30 minutes while continuing the electrolysis process.
- the redox potential drops to - 545 mV.
- the sample 2 is removed after 30 minutes and finished as already described.
- the pH value of the dyebath is approx. 1 2.2
- the color depth can be described by measuring the color location.
- pattern 2 is darker, although the dyeing time was shorter. This is due to the further development of the redox potential in the dye bath. Despite the low dye concentration, the successful dye reduction under the conditions of exhaust dyeing can be confirmed.
- a cell divided by a cation exchange membrane is used as the electrolysis cell.
- Cathode stainless steel cathodes, total area (surface) cathode 0.43 m 2 area, total volume 2 I.
- Anode stainless steel plate with 0.01 m 2 area. Volum en 0.3 I. 0.1 M NaOH is used as the anolyte.
- Cell current 0.9 A, cell voltage between 3.0 V and 4.7 V
- the dye bath (2 l total volume) is pumped through the cathode compartment at 150 ml / min so that the dye bath is continuously regenerated
- the catholyte temperature is brought to 62-64 ° C. During one
- sample 4 mass 7.0 g is introduced into the dyebath
- the redox potential is - 437 - -431 mV during this time.
- the sample 4 is removed after 80 minutes and finished as already described.
- the pH of the dyebath is approx. 1 2, 1 - 1 2.2.
- the color depth can be described by measuring the color location.
- sample 4 is darker, although the dyeing time was shorter.
- the electrolysis cell is divided by a cation exchange membrane
- Cathode stainless steel cathodes, total area (surface) cathode 1 m 2 , volume
- a Looptex laboratory dyeing machine for denim dyeing is used as a dyeing machine
- Dyeing program pre-wetting (3 g / l wetting agent), squeezing, diving in the sulfur bucket, squeezing, air oxidation, then rinsing in cold water.
- the dye bath is returned to the cell and reduced again by cathodic reduction.
- Dye bath / catholyte composition 80.25 g / l filter cake Sulfur Black 1 (50% water content)
- the regeneration of the bath contents can thus maintain the
- the pH value of the dyebath is approx. 1 2.5 - 1 2.7.
- the color depth can be described by measuring the color location. Results:
- a solution of 20 ml / l Cassulfon Carbon CMR from DyStar Textilmaschine GmbH & Co. Kunststoff KG (approx. 30-40% solution of Leuco Sulfur Black 1) becomes anhydrous at pH 12 in the presence of 20 g / l Na 2 SO 4 and room temperature electrolyzed in a system according to Application Example 1.
- Sodium hydroxide solution (40 g / l NaOH) is again used as the anolyte.
- the solution of the reduced sulfur dye has a content of reducing agent equivalents of 0.075 mol / l at the start of the electrolysis in iodometric titration.
- the cathodic reduction is carried out in accordance with the low sulfur dye content in the catholyte at a current density of 0.26 mA / cm 2 .
- the electrolysis is terminated at an analytically determined content of 0.125 mol / l.
- the solution now has a reducing agent equivalent content of 335 Ah based on 1 kg of solid sulfur dye.
- the solution of the sulfur dye thus prepared can be used directly for dyeing, for example as described in Application Example 1.
- the electrolysis cell is divided by a cation exchange membrane
- Cathode three-dimensional stainless steel cathodes, visible surface cathode 60x55 cm, 0.33 m 2 surface, total volume and cathode space 100 I.
- the dye bath (230 I total volume) is pumped through the cathode compartment so that the dye bath or the reduced dye is continuously regenerated by exchange with the catholyte.
- Dyebath / catholyte composition :
- the goods speed is 50 m / min.
- the liquor circulation through the cell is 30 l / min.
- the catholyte temperature is brought to approx. 55 ° C, then the cell circulation is coupled and further heated to 76 ° C. During one
- Electrolysis time of approx. 80 min is the redox potential measured in the cell between - 630 mV and - 720 mV and measured in the jet dyeing machine between - 460 mV and - 432 mV (vs. Ag / AgCI, 3 M KCI reference).
- the pH value of the dyebath is approx. 12.1 - 12.2.
- Acetic acid, rinsing and exhaust Acetic acid, rinsing and exhaust.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Coloring (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Oxygen Or Sulfur (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
- Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10234825 | 2002-07-31 | ||
DE10234825A DE10234825A1 (de) | 2002-07-31 | 2002-07-31 | Verfahren zum Färben mit Schwefel- und Schwefelküpenfarbstoffen |
PCT/EP2003/008050 WO2004013406A1 (de) | 2002-07-31 | 2003-07-23 | Verfahren zum färben mit schwefel und schwefelküpenfarbstoffen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1527228A1 true EP1527228A1 (de) | 2005-05-04 |
EP1527228B1 EP1527228B1 (de) | 2009-05-06 |
Family
ID=30469240
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03766263A Expired - Lifetime EP1527228B1 (de) | 2002-07-31 | 2003-07-23 | Verfahren zum färben mit schwefel und schwefelküpenfarbstoffen |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050257327A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1527228B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2005534820A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20050026542A (de) |
CN (1) | CN100351459C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE430831T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003250143A1 (de) |
BR (1) | BR0312606B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10234825A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2326315T3 (de) |
MX (1) | MXPA05001097A (de) |
TW (1) | TWI276722B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004013406A1 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA200409847B (de) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004040601A1 (de) * | 2004-08-21 | 2006-03-02 | Dystar Textilfarben Gmbh & Co. Deutschland Kg | Neuartige flüssige Chinonimin-Schwefelfarbstoff-Zusammensetzungen sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung zum Färben von cellulosehaltigem Material |
CN108708100A (zh) * | 2018-05-24 | 2018-10-26 | 武汉纺织大学 | 一种电化学还原染色装置及方法 |
CN108642760A (zh) * | 2018-05-24 | 2018-10-12 | 武汉纺织大学 | 一种石墨烯电化学还原染色装置及方法 |
CN108754915A (zh) * | 2018-05-24 | 2018-11-06 | 武汉纺织大学 | 电化学染料染色装置及方法 |
CN108642780A (zh) * | 2018-05-24 | 2018-10-12 | 武汉纺织大学 | 一种以纱线染色辊为阴极的电化学染色装置及方法 |
CN108716138A (zh) * | 2018-05-24 | 2018-10-30 | 武汉纺织大学 | 一种单溶质间接电化学还原靛蓝的染液及染色方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1906083A1 (de) * | 1969-02-07 | 1970-08-13 | Cassella Farbwerke Mainkur Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung reduzierter Schwefelfarbstoffe |
GB1359275A (en) * | 1972-11-30 | 1974-07-10 | Bombay Textile Research Ass | Vat dye reduction process |
DE2263138C3 (de) * | 1972-12-22 | 1978-06-29 | The Bombay Textile Research Association, Bombay (Indien) | Verfahren zum Färben von Textilmaterial mit Küpenfarbstoffen und Vorrichtung hierfür |
JPS5239951B2 (de) * | 1974-05-28 | 1977-10-07 | ||
AT398316B (de) * | 1989-06-01 | 1994-11-25 | Verein Zur Foerderung Der Fors | Verfahren zur reduktion von farbstoffen |
US5632782A (en) * | 1994-09-01 | 1997-05-27 | Clariant Finance (Bvi) Ltd. | Exhaust dyeing process for sulphur dyes |
JPH1136173A (ja) * | 1997-07-15 | 1999-02-09 | Nishie Denimu:Kk | 着色衣料の脱色方法 |
AT408455B (de) * | 1997-09-04 | 2001-12-27 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur reduktion von schwefelfarbstoffen |
ATE304075T1 (de) * | 1998-11-24 | 2005-09-15 | Walter Marte | Verfahren und apparatur zur reduktion von küpen- und schwefelfarbstoffen |
DE19962155A1 (de) * | 1999-12-22 | 2001-06-28 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Reduktion von Küpenfarbstoffen |
DE10010059A1 (de) * | 2000-03-02 | 2001-09-06 | Dystar Textilfarben Gmbh & Co | Mediatorsysteme auf Basis gemischter Metallkomplexe zur Reduktion von Farbstoffen |
-
2002
- 2002-07-31 DE DE10234825A patent/DE10234825A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-07-23 MX MXPA05001097A patent/MXPA05001097A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-07-23 BR BRPI0312606-4A patent/BR0312606B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-07-23 US US10/521,917 patent/US20050257327A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-23 ES ES03766263T patent/ES2326315T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-23 CN CNB038160072A patent/CN100351459C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-07-23 JP JP2004525286A patent/JP2005534820A/ja active Pending
- 2003-07-23 AT AT03766263T patent/ATE430831T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-07-23 WO PCT/EP2003/008050 patent/WO2004013406A1/de active Application Filing
- 2003-07-23 AU AU2003250143A patent/AU2003250143A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-23 EP EP03766263A patent/EP1527228B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-23 KR KR1020057001695A patent/KR20050026542A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-07-29 TW TW092120699A patent/TWI276722B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2004
- 2004-12-06 ZA ZA200409847A patent/ZA200409847B/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2004013406A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MXPA05001097A (es) | 2005-05-27 |
KR20050026542A (ko) | 2005-03-15 |
EP1527228B1 (de) | 2009-05-06 |
BR0312606B1 (pt) | 2012-11-27 |
AU2003250143A1 (en) | 2004-02-23 |
TW200407485A (en) | 2004-05-16 |
ZA200409847B (en) | 2006-07-26 |
DE10234825A1 (de) | 2004-02-19 |
CN1665983A (zh) | 2005-09-07 |
US20050257327A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
JP2005534820A (ja) | 2005-11-17 |
CN100351459C (zh) | 2007-11-28 |
BR0312606A (pt) | 2005-04-19 |
TWI276722B (en) | 2007-03-21 |
ES2326315T3 (es) | 2009-10-07 |
ATE430831T1 (de) | 2009-05-15 |
WO2004013406A1 (de) | 2004-02-12 |
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