Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
  • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
  • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
  • G02B2027/0118—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices for improving the contrast of the display / brillance control visibility
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
  • G02B27/0149—Head-up displays characterised by mechanical features
  • G02B2027/0154—Head-up displays characterised by mechanical features with movable elements

Definitions

• the invention relates to a device for displaying a first image in a second image, which is visible through a transparent pane, on which light emanating from the first image is reflected and which is arranged such that the first and second images are viewed by a viewer can be grasped from the same perspective.
• Such devices can be used for example in airplanes and cars.
• the second image represents the e.g. environment visible through the windshield.
• marks in the driver's field of vision can be displayed as virtual images above the windshield, with which orientation aids for starting and landing are given.
• HUD Head-Up Displays
• imaging optics are either completely dispensed with or conventional glass optics are used, for example according to GB 2 203 855 A, and creates a virtual image using an image generator.
• the information that is displayed as the first image on a hidden LCD is only projected onto the windshield of a vehicle.
• the imaging element can then be a holographic-optical element (HOE) in transmission mode (transmission HOE, T-HOE), which is integrated in the dashboard of the motor vehicle.
• HOE holographic-optical element
• the essential components of this solution are a light source, an image generator and the T-HOE, which performs several functions. It directs the light beam onto the windshield in the desired direction, creates an enlarged virtual image of the object a few meters away from the windshield and compensates for the errors caused by the reflection of the light on the windshield.
• a stationary image plane is sufficient.
• a variable distance display is useful. It can be implemented in different ways.
• a holographic way fixed symbols can be displayed as a three-dimensional image at different distances using a so-called multihologram.
• Such a hologram consists of a large number of individual holograms that reconstruct the same object at different distances.
• an adjustment device is required for the targeted illumination of each individual hologram.
• imaging with a stereoscopic beam path is more elegant, since the image generation can be changed as desired. This method has been implemented in the HUD mentioned above.
• the stereoscopic procedure creates the spatial image impression through binocular parallax, if the left and right eye are offered the corresponding, slightly different aspect of an object.
• the shift in space is achieved by generating two images of the object to be displayed from the corresponding visual angle of the eyes, taking into account the convergence or the object size.
• the imaging level image level
• the HUD therefore consists of two optical channels, each with an image generator. The information of each individual image gets into one eye. The brain then merges both partial images into one overall image.
• suitable LCDs have a pixel size of more than 0.3 mm. With a magnification factor of 50, the driver sees the pixels with a size of 15 mm. The distance between the pixels is around 10% larger than the pixels themselves. The unwanted image of the pixel matrix is therefore still clearly visible from a distance of 10 to 15 m. With this pixel size, only relatively large jumps in distance can be represented exactly, since although the size of the symbols can be generated correctly, the jumps in distance of the symbols to be generated (cross-dispersion) is very large, particularly at large distances, because of the pixel size.
• the T-HOEs mentioned at the outset have the property of breaking down white light into its spectral components. Imaging over a T-HOE when irradiated with white light would result in smearing of the image due to such chromatic errors. These chromatic errors can be compensated for in a wavelength range of around 100 nm by a combination of several HOEs, but if only one HOE is used, there is a requirement for a narrow-band light source with an unrealistic requirement of ⁇ ⁇ 10 nm the light source has the highest possible luminance, so that the observer can still see the display on a bright, real background; the required luminance of the light source can be determined from the luminance at the location of the observer and the efficiency of the optical system.
• Another factor for the suitability of a light source is its size and power. Light sources that consume 100 W and more are impractical not only because of the high power, but also because of the high heat generation. Furthermore, a light source must not have a large delay time (t ⁇ 10s) between Have control phase and operating phase so that warning symbols can be displayed as directly as possible.
• DCG dichromate gelatin
• holographic storage medium which have also been used in aircraft for many years.
• Another material that should also be of interest for this purpose is the photopolymer.
• the photopolymer Of particular note here are those from Polaroid, Offenbach, (with wet development) and those from Du Pont Wilmington, USA. The latter do not require a complex wet development process with toxic chemicals.
• the hologram is completely developed and fixed by a simple diffuse post-exposure and subsequent heat treatment. However, the photopolymers are still in the development phase, that is, not yet commercially available.
• the combiner can also correct the distortion of the virtual photo in principle.
• a narrow-band green phosphor serves as the light source for the display, which, in conjunction with the combiner, suppresses chromatic aberrations.
• LCD displays or backlit display displays or cathode ray tubes do not achieve the required luminance in the driver's field of vision because the device also protects against glaring sunlight must be operable.
• the holograms used to reflect the display element also have the very unpleasant property that they appear in the visible range and in the rainbow colors when illuminated with broadband light.
• the object of the invention is therefore to create a generic device in which the first image has sufficient luminosity compared to the second image.
• a simple and inexpensive construction should also be possible.
• the invention dispenses with a holographic combiner which causes the disturbing rainbow colors and the deteriorated resolution.
• the first and the second picture are simply combined on a pane, which can be the windshield, for example. This is inexpensive and also allows the first image to be clearly displayed.
• the expansion of the light beam should be a maximum of 30 to 50 cm, so that the first picture is good regardless of the position of the driver's head is recognizable and on the other hand the expansion of the light beam is small enough for it to reach the driver with optimal light intensity. Good results have been achieved in practice with a beam expansion of less than ⁇ 7 °.
• segments for emitting the light bundle with little expansion or for reflecting or transmitting the light from the at least one light source are provided, which can be controlled with regard to emission, transmission or reflection in order to form the first image.
• the information for producing the first image is impressed on the light beam or beams with little expansion.
• the segments can preferably be designed as laser diodes. These generate the light bundle, which is essentially parallel according to the invention, with a correspondingly high intensity so that the projected first image stands out sufficiently well from the second image.
• Another likewise preferred possibility of impressing the information of the first image on the parallel light of the light source by means of reflection or transmission similarly permits a high intensity of the first image in comparison to the second image, wherein the controllability of the segments also enables different image contents can be represented.
• the segments could, for example, be designed as seven-segment displays for the display of numerical information. According to a preferred development of the invention, however, it is particularly advantageous if the segments are arranged in the form of a matrix. This enables much greater information densities to be exploited, which can be used, for example, to display graphics in the first image.
• the transmission can be used particularly well if the matrix is an LCD matrix.
• one or more mirrors are provided which reflect the light bundle generated by the at least one light source for shaping the image.
• the light beam generated by the at least one light source can be directed completely onto the pane, with light losses, e.g. due to polarization in the LCD matrix. The light intensity is thus also increased in a simple manner.
• the cost of mirrors can be kept particularly low if two mirrors are provided with which the light beam can be deflected in two directions.
• the effort for image generation is greatly reduced, for example compared to a pixel matrix made of mirrors. Furthermore, the light intensity of the entire light bundle is available at full intensity because the first image is generated by deflecting it.
• the mirrors can be changed independently of one another by a deflection device with which the first image can be represented as a vector graphic.
• a deflection device with which the first image can be represented as a vector graphic.
• the points are scanned which should be detectable as illuminated points. Dark duty cycles are reduced to a minimum, so that practically the full light intensity of the primary light source is used to display the first image.
• a deflection device with which the light beam emanating from the at least one light source can be scanned in two directions, and a controller, with which the intensity of the light beam can be controlled, are provided.
• the image is used via a uniform grid, as is known, for example, from the display of television pictures. This enables particularly beautiful images to be displayed, which increases driving comfort and also leads to greater driving safety.
• the deflection can be carried out, for example, with the aid of acousto-optical modulators.
• the advantages of the above development of the invention can be exploited by deflecting the light beam via two mirrors.
• one of the mirrors is a polygon mirror rotating at a uniform rotational speed, as a result of which very rapid deflections can be achieved and flickering of the image is avoided.
• due to the inertia of the rotating mirror there are only slight synchronous inaccuracies, which brings about significant advantages especially when operating in a motor vehicle, in which the device is also exposed to shocks and vibrations.
• the at least one light source is an LED with parallelizing and collimating optics.
• an LED can be regarded as essentially spot-shaped, so that the expansion requirements can be met in a simple manner with the aid of such optics, without a loss of light due to collimation significantly reducing the intensity.
• the laser is a laser diode or contains it as a pump source.
• Laser diodes already generate a high light output at voltages that is significantly lower than the voltage of a car battery. So you do not need complex electronics, such as a high voltage supply when using a gas laser. ⁇ ⁇ ",. "" - PCT / EP96 / 04041 O 97/16757
• high intensities can be achieved if the laser is a diode-pumped solid-state laser.
• devices for frequency conversion are also provided for the diode-pumped solid-state laser. With the devices for frequency conversion, a wavelength can always be selected in this way, for example in the green area, where eye sensitivity is very high, or in the red area, which is always perceived by humans as a warning, without being significantly restricted to the selection of diode-pumped solid-state lasers with regard to high intensity . Because of these features, particularly high light intensities can be achieved with little effort for the primary light source.
• the light emanating from the first image is polarized.
• at least one polarization filter can be provided or a laser emitting a polarizing light can be used.
• the advantages of using polarized light are particularly clear from DE 38 22 222 A1, which has already been described above.
• the light source itself is polarized, so that due to an additional polarization, to reduce reflections or to attenuate the light of the second image for the first image, with appropriate adjustment of the polarization direction, no light losses occur.
• the advantage of using polarized light is particularly noticeable in a further development of the invention in which the light source is arranged in such a way that the light emitted by the first image falls on the pane at approximately the Brewster angle. At the Brewster angle, the polarized light is completely reflected, so that the full intensity of the essentially parallel light beam is available to the vehicle driver for observing the first image.
• the light intensity is therefore optimal without the need to provide additional polarizers, for example on the reflecting disk.
• the pane is provided with a layer on which the first image can be completely reflected, since the entire intensity, which is from first image is sent out, is available at the location of the vehicle driver for capturing the first image.
• the layer is or contains a dielectric layer and which completely reflects the first image.
• Dielectric layers for full reflection are known from the prior art, for example for coating lenses.
• the layer thicknesses are dimensioned on the basis of the optical parameters of the layer material so that maximum reflection occurs.
• it is particularly interesting that at a single wavelength of the first light as is the case, for example, when using a laser, only a single dielectric layer must be provided, the layer thickness of which is designed so that the angle to the incident light transmitted rays are extinguished by interference.
• the advantage of reflective layers can also be realized particularly easily if the light emanating from the first image is polarized and, according to an advantageous development of the invention, the layer on the pane is a polarizing layer or contains a polarizing partial layer.
• the layer is applied to the side of the pane facing away from the second image.
• This advantageously avoids double images due to different reflection on the front and back of the pane, as would occur if the layer were attached on the side facing away from the first image.
• This results in a particularly clear image representation, so that the light intensity of the first image is also optimized for the viewer due to this development.
• the clearer image also reduces the burden on the driver, so that traffic safety is increased due to less fatigue.
• the layer is a composite of several individual layers. If several individual layers are provided, the reflection behavior can be designed for a broad wavelength spectrum of the light source. At the Compound, for example in the laminated glass of a windshield, results in a particularly low outlay in terms of production technology.
• the layer is designed such that it allows light from the second image to pass through unhindered. This does not affect the visibility of the surroundings for the driver. This is particularly advantageous for night driving, where safety is impaired anyway due to poor lighting conditions. For this reason, the additional layer should not dampen the light from the surroundings.
• the windshield itself can be the windshield itself, for example. However, their bend is generally curved due to design decisions and the lowest possible air propulsion losses when driving, so that the first image generally has to be corrected for the distortions caused by this curvature. These distortions can be counteracted, for example, by suitably displaying the first image.
• a special pane is provided which is arranged in a vehicle between a windshield and the position of a vehicle driver. This allows the shape of the disk to be suitably dimensioned to represent the first image.
• a flat disk is advantageous in terms of expenditure, since no special production is required for it.
• the arrangement between the windshield and the driver's place is particularly advantageous because possible undesired reflections or light losses on the windshield are avoided.
• the window is also located inside the vehicle. This has the further advantage that weather conditions have no influence on the view. A condensation of fog or adhering drops in the rain, on the other hand, could severely impair the visibility of the first image when the pane is arranged outside the vehicle.
• the light source emits
• Light bundle of three different wavelengths This also allows colored images to be displayed in the first image, which can increase the information content, but it does also allowed to make the information shown in the first picture aesthetically particularly pleasant. This increases driving comfort and contributes to safety when driving due to the lower nervous strain due to the additional information. Furthermore, the colored representation enables, for example, the display of warning signals in red and static information, for example in the driver, to show a pleasant green. According to this further development, it is also possible to display switched-on high beam, for which a blue light is prescribed in Germany, without any problems within the first image.
• an imaging optical system is provided between the pane and the first image.
• virtual images can be displayed at a great distance, which is particularly advantageous for the adaptability of the driver's eye.
• a virtual image at a great distance can be achieved particularly advantageously if the first image is imaged within the focal length of the optical system on the object side.
• Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention to explain essential
• FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment in which the first image is represented by a matrix on a diffusing screen
• FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration for a colored first image
• FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment with an LED array and a polarization filter
• FIG. 6 shows a basic arrangement for a matrix for displaying a colored first image
• 7 shows a schematic illustration for image generation with two movable mirrors arranged one after the other for a further exemplary embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 8 is a windshield with internal reflection layers.
• the device shown in FIG. 1 has a control device 1 which generates the data required for the symbol display.
• An output of the control device 1 is connected to the input of a control electronics 2, with which a light source 3 is controlled to generate an essentially parallel light beam 4.
• the light source was a diode-pumped solid-state laser with frequency conversion in order to generate light with a wavelength at the maximum of eye sensitivity.
• the essentially parallel light beam 4 is incident on a mirror 5, from which it is reflected in the direction of a lens 6.
• the mirror 5 can be pivoted about two axes to deflect the light beam.
• the corresponding angles of rotation are designated in FIG. 1 by ⁇ and ⁇ .
• the pivoting movements taking place by the angles ⁇ and ⁇ are also controlled by the control device 1.
• the control device 1 can be used to generate images on the lens 6 in different ways. If the control device 1 is designed such that the mirror 5 rasterizes the light beam evenly over the lens 6 and the intensity of the light beam 4 is controlled via the control electronics 2, images can be displayed in a rastering manner, for example from television technology with electron beams on the screen a television tube is known.
• the intensity of the light beam 4 was kept constant, while a structure was projected onto the lens 6 with the aid of movements of the mirror 5.
• the intensity of the light beam is only blanked out when changing from one structure to another.
• the structures are depicted in the form of a vector graphic on the lens 6.
• an optical system 8 is provided with a focal point 7 on the object, within the focal length of which the lens 6 lies.
• the light emerging from the optical system 8 then falls on a reflection layer 9, so that the image generated is virtually visible at a position 10.
• the reflection layer 9 is arranged on the inside of the windshield 11 of a motor vehicle.
• An observer whose eye 12 is shown schematically, then sees a virtual image 10 behind the windshield in addition to the area lying in the viewing area. Since the reflection layer 9 is designed such that it essentially only reflects at wavelengths of the light source 3, the observer at position 12 can also see the surroundings unhindered and the virtual image at position 10 is inserted into this view.
• the area in which the virtual image is clearly visible at the position 10 is essentially given by the scattering properties of the lens 6.
• the scattering of the primary light beam 4 this is designed such that the image at position 10 can only be detected optically in the area which lies within typical driver head movements. It has been found to be advisable that the widening of the essentially parallel light bundle should be at most in a range of 30 to 50 cm due to the diffusing screen 6 and the subsequent optics 8. This means that practically the entire light beam 4 is directed at the driver with full intensity. Loss of light due to a too wide angular range is reduced to a minimum. Good results have been achieved in practice with an expansion of the light beam of less than or equal to ⁇ 7 °.
• the diffusing screen 6 can also be designed for even smaller angle divisions in the light beam, but it is then advisable to make the device positionally adjustable or the tilting direction of the mirror 5 via the control device 1 to apply an adjustable DC voltage so that the
• Driver at position 12 can bring the virtual image 10 into the optimal head area, so that the virtual image is always visible with optimal intensity with different driver sizes and seating positions. From the sizes given for the expansion, it can also be seen directly that the parallelism of the light beam 4 is not very critical. Therefore, a light-emitting diode of high intensity can also be used as the light source 3 instead of a laser. Since the light in such components essentially arises at the barrier layer, it can essentially be regarded as a point light source, the output light bundle of which can be suitably parallelized with the aid of a lens, a concave mirror and / or collimators.
• the selection of a laser for the light source 3 also has advantages with regard to the reflection on the windshield 11.
• a linearly polarized light bundle 4 was generated with the aforementioned laser.
• the reflective layer 9 was designed as a polarizer, the linear polarization direction of which was selected such that all of the light generated by the lens 6 was reflected in the area of the driver's head.
• the polarization properties of the reflective layer 9 have the advantage that reflections on the windshield are switched off, so that the virtual image is more clearly visible.
• the device can also be arranged in such a way that the light beams emanating from the optical system strike the windshield 11 at approximately a Brewster angle. As is known, the reflection of a polarized light beam is then at a maximum with a suitable direction of polarization. This means that no coating of the windshield is required.
• the windshield 11 is drawn as a flat surface.
• the image 6 is displayed undistorted at position 10.
• windshields are curved.
• the resulting distortion can be compensated for by the control device 1 by the image on the lens 6 being so distorted that the distortion is canceled out by the reflection in the windshield 11.
• the resolution in different image areas of the virtual image at position 10 can be different.
• a flat pane can be arranged between the windshield 11 and the driver, with which the same advantageous imaging properties result as in the flat windshield 11 shown schematically.
• the reflective layer 9 should, however, be arranged on the driver's side, so that multiple reflections in the window itself do not produce any further virtual images that could be perceived as extremely disruptive.
• Reflective layers can be formed as thin layers, so-called dielectric mirrors, as are also known from other applications in optics. In the case of a multiplicity of wavelengths which are to be reflected by the layers, it is expedient to apply a composite of a plurality of individual layers which are matched to the wavelength or wavelengths of the light source 3.
• FIG. 2 shows a similar embodiment to that shown in FIG. 1.
• the image representation on the lens 6 is different from this.
• the image is generated as a rasterized matrix, as has already been described above.
• a further exemplary embodiment can, however, be explained with reference to FIG. 2.
• the light beam 4 is widened accordingly, for example if the light source 3 is an LED with parallelizing optics, an LCD matrix can also be provided instead of the lens 6.
• the LCD matrix whose image is known to be based on different polarization directions when a voltage is applied to different segments in the matrix, allows practically all of the light to pass through at points with the same polarization as that of the light beam 4 become.
• FIG. 3 shows an example similar to that in FIG. 1.
• the light source 3 is replaced by a light source 13.
• the light source 13 there are three lasers with the colors red, green and blue.
• the light beams emanating from the lasers are combined into a single parallel beam 15 by a beam combiner 14.
• the image is generated in the same way as has already been described in the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2.
• dichroic mirrors can be used 7/16757 PCI7EP96 / 04041
• a single light beam 4 or 14 and the deflecting mirror 5 are dispensed with.
• a laser diode matrix 18 is arranged between the optical system 8 and the associated focal point 7, as shown in FIG. 4. The image is generated by electrical activation of the individual laser diodes at the corresponding pixels in the matrix.
• control electronics 17 are integrated together with the integrated matrix arrangement in the same component, with which the individual laser diodes in the matrix can be controlled with regard to light intensity.
• an LED matrix 15 with integrated control electronics 16 is provided here.
• the LED matrix was selected such that the expansion required for maximum light intensity by the individual LEDs of the matrix was given due to the structure.
• LEDs can also be used if a film is placed over such an LED matrix 15, on which small elevations which match the LEDs are designed as lenses and are dimensioned such that the expansion of the outgoing light bundles together with a change in beam profile due to the optics 8 is small enough so that the essential portion of the light is within the range that is accessible by the driver's head movements.
• a polarization filter 19 is arranged in the light path of the light bundles emitted by the LEDs. 5, this polarization filter 19 is inserted between the optical system 8 and the LED matrix 15.
• the LED matrix 15 and the laser diode matrix 18 can in principle be referred to as a light source matrix.
• the embodiment of FIG. 6 shows how such a light source matrix must be designed so that colored images are also possible.
• the light source matrix 20, which is integrated together with a control electronics 21, consists of different laser diodes or LEDs different wavelengths, which are denoted by R, G, B, corresponding to the designations R, G, B for red, green and blue image points in color television.
• the LEDs are shown in Fig. 6 according to their wavelengths with different shading. 6 shows a possible arrangement of the various laser diodes or LEDs, with which colored images can be displayed.
• two independent mirrors 23 and 22 can also be provided.
• Such an embodiment is shown in FIG. 7.
• a polygon mirror can also be used instead of one of the mirrors 22 or 23 for rastering lines. Because of their inertia, polygon mirrors generally guarantee a very even raster.
• the reflective layer 9 is not applied to the windshield 11 itself, but is integrated into it. Since the above-mentioned reflective layers are primarily very thin layers, such an installation in a laminated glass designed as a windshield provides 1 1 protection for the thin layer 24 shown in FIG. 8. Here, too, the layer 24 can be used as a thin layer total reflection of the light beam 3 can be executed. Furthermore, layers reflecting polarization-dependent can also be used.
• An essential element is that with the help of an essentially parallel light beam in the driver's field of vision maximum light intensity is generated due to the slight expansion of the light beam.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Instrument Panels (AREA)
• Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
• Projection Apparatus (AREA)

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• 1995
  • 1995-10-27 DE DE19540108A patent/DE19540108C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1996
  • 1996-09-13 KR KR1019970704090A patent/KR100300102B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1996-09-13 WO PCT/EP1996/004041 patent/WO1997016757A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1996-09-13 IL IL12093496A patent/IL120934A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1996-09-13 US US08/849,586 patent/US5864432A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1996-09-13 CA CA002205994A patent/CA2205994A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1996-09-13 CN CN96191296A patent/CN1166878A/zh active Pending
  • 1996-09-13 JP JP51701197A patent/JP3146286B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1996-09-13 BR BR9607549A patent/BR9607549A/pt unknown
  • 1996-09-13 EP EP96932530A patent/EP0800661A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1996-10-22 ZA ZA968870A patent/ZA968870B/xx unknown

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