EP0576836B1 - Strombegrenzendes Element - Google Patents

Strombegrenzendes Element Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0576836B1
EP0576836B1 EP93108622A EP93108622A EP0576836B1 EP 0576836 B1 EP0576836 B1 EP 0576836B1 EP 93108622 A EP93108622 A EP 93108622A EP 93108622 A EP93108622 A EP 93108622A EP 0576836 B1 EP0576836 B1 EP 0576836B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
resistance
current
sub
bodies
resistivity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP93108622A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0576836A2 (de
EP0576836A3 (en
Inventor
Felix Dr. Greuter
Claus Dr. Schüler
Ralf Dr. Strümpler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
Original Assignee
ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
ABB Research Ltd Sweden
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Research Ltd Switzerland, ABB Research Ltd Sweden filed Critical ABB Research Ltd Switzerland
Publication of EP0576836A2 publication Critical patent/EP0576836A2/de
Publication of EP0576836A3 publication Critical patent/EP0576836A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0576836B1 publication Critical patent/EP0576836B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/13—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material current responsive

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a current-limiting element with an electrical resistance body which is arranged between two contact connections and contains first resistance material which exhibits PTC behavior, has a low specific cold resistance below a first temperature and forms at least one current-carrying path running between the two contact connections, and which has a high specific hot resistance compared to its specific cold resistance above the first temperature.
  • Resistors with PTC behavior have long been state of the art and are described for example in DE 2 948 350 C2 or US 4 534 889 A.
  • Such resistors each contain a resistance body made of a ceramic or polymeric material, which exhibits PTC behavior and conducts electrical current well below a material-specific limit temperature.
  • PTC material is, for example, a ceramic based on doped Barium titanate or an electrically conductive polymer, such as a thermoplastic, semi-crystalline polymer, such as polyethylene, with, for example, carbon black as the conductive filler.
  • PTC resistors can therefore be used as overload protection for circuits. Because of their limited conductivity - carbon-filled polymers, for example, have a specific resistance greater than 1 ⁇ cm - their practical application generally limits them to nominal currents up to approx. 8 A at 30 V and up to approx. 0.2 A at 250 V.
  • PTC resistors based on a polymer filled with borides, silicides or carbides with very high specific conductivity at room temperature, which in principle could also be used as current-limiting elements in power circuits with currents of, for example, 50 to 100 A at 250 V.
  • resistors are not commercially available and therefore cannot be implemented without considerable effort.
  • PTC resistor As a current-limiting protective element in an electrical network designed for large operating currents and large operating voltages If a short circuit occurs during the switch-off process, considerable energy is used in the PTC resistance sand. Particularly when the switching process in the PTC resistor is inhomogeneous, this can lead to the PTC resistor forming locally overheated areas, so-called "hot spots", approximately in the middle between the contact connections. In the overheated areas, the PTC resistor switches to the high-resistance state earlier than on not heated areas. The total voltage across the PTC resistor then drops over a relatively small distance at the location of the highest resistance. The associated high electrical field strength can then lead to breakdowns and damage to the PTC resistor.
  • the invention as specified in claim 1, is based on the object of creating a current-limiting element with PCT behavior which, despite its simple and inexpensive construction, is distinguished by homogeneous switching capacity and high nominal current carrying capacity.
  • the current-limiting element according to the invention consists of easily manageable elements, such as a resistor with PTC behavior and a resistor with linear, non-linear or PTC behavior, and is of simple construction. It can therefore not only be manufactured comparatively inexpensively, but can also be of small dimensions at the same time.
  • a resistor with PTC behavior and a resistor with linear, non-linear or PTC behavior
  • PTC resistor with linear, non-linear or PTC behavior By integrating one or more linear, non-linear or possibly PTC resistors arranged in parallel to the PTC resistor, the PTC resistor performing the switching function is relieved. At the same time, the undesirable occurrence of "hot spots" is suppressed by the fact that the current to be limited commutates into the resistor connected in parallel with the PTC resistor. This results in a homogeneous switching behavior and an increase in the permissible energy density.
  • the thermal energy generated in the PTC resistor is also dissipated more quickly, and the nominal current carrying capacity of the current-limiting element according to the invention is considerably increased.
  • the parallel resistor consists of a material with high thermal conductivity, it also ensures a homogenization of the temperature distribution in the resistor according to the invention. This counteracts the risk of local overheating particularly effectively.
  • the current-limiting elements shown in FIGS. 1 to 10 each contain a resistance body 3 arranged between two contact connections 1, 2.
  • Partial resistance bodies identified by reference number 4 contain first resistance material with PTC behavior. This resistance material has a low specific cold resistance below a first temperature and, after installation in an electrical network to be protected by current limitation, forms at least one path running between the two contact connections 1, 2 and preferably carrying a nominal current. Above the first temperature, the resistance material has a high specific resistance compared to its specific cold resistance.
  • Partial resistance bodies identified by reference number 5 are formed by a second resistance material with a specific resistance which lies between the specific cold and the specific hot resistance of the first resistance material forming the partial resistance body 4.
  • the resistance material forming the partial resistance body 5 is brought into intimate electrical contact with the resistance material forming the partial resistance body 4 and forms at least one resistor connected in parallel with at least a partial section of the nominal current.
  • the resistance made of second resistance material connected in parallel to the current-carrying path is several times greater than the cold resistance of the first resistance material.
  • the size of the resistor made of a second resistor material is preferably about 3-10 4 times the size of the Cold resistance of the first resistance material and advantageously has PTC behavior itself.
  • the resistance body 3 can have a matrix which is preferably formed by a polymer, such as a thermoset or thermoplastic.
  • the partial resistance bodies 4, 5 fillers are embedded in this matrix to form the resistance materials.
  • These fillers can be in the form of powder, fibers and / or platelets. Short fibers or platelets are particularly preferred as fillers, since a percolation concentration which is particularly low to achieve the PTC behavior can then be maintained.
  • the fillers provided in the partial resistance bodies 4 are identified as circles and the fillers provided in the partial resistance bodies 5 as squares.
  • the filler provided in the partial resistance body 4 forms current paths through the resistance body 3 and at the same time brings about the PTC effect.
  • the material of the partial resistance bodies 5, on the other hand, depending on the amount added, forms paths that percolate locally or through the entire resistance body 3, into which current commutates as the resistance of the current paths increases during a current limiting process, and thus the undesired formation of overheated areas in the partial resistance bodies 4 exhibiting PTC behavior can be prevented.
  • the filler provided in the first resistance material contains electrically conductive particles in the form of carbon and / or a metal, such as nickel, and / or at least one boride, silicide, oxide and / or carbide, such as TiC 2 , TiB 2 , MoSi 2 or V 2 O 3 , each in undoped or doped form.
  • the filler provided in the second resistance material contains at least one doped semiconducting ceramic, for example based on ZnO, SnO 2 , SrTiO 3 , TiO 2 , SiC, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x , a metal granulate, an intrinsically electrically conductive or fine one Filler made of electrically conductive plastic and / or short or long fibers.
  • the concentration and the geometric dimensions of the filler provided in the partial resistance bodies 5 are dimensioned such that current commutation can take place locally from a partial resistance body 4 to a partial resistance body 5.
  • the filler provided in the partial resistance bodies 5 can, but need not necessarily, form continuous current paths.
  • the proportion of the filler forming the partial resistance body 4 can be between 15 and 50 vol% and that of the filler forming the partial resistance body 5 between 5 and 40 vol%, the polymer matrix embedding the filler should have a proportion of 20-60 vol% of the resistance body 3 .
  • the particles can be aligned with a strong magnetic field when the polymer matrix hardens or in the melt of the polymer matrix.
  • the field runs in the direction from contact connection 1 to contact connection 2. In this way, chains are formed which act as current paths and consist predominantly of the filler of one or the other partial resistance bodies.
  • the parallel resistor By integrating parallel resistors into the resistor with PTC behavior, this resistance is considerably relieved when switching functions are performed.
  • the addition of the parallel resistor causes a resistance above the step temperature of the resistor with PTC behavior Reduction of the specific total resistance of the current-limiting element from typically 10 8 ⁇ cm to a significantly lower value, which can advantageously be about 3 to 10 4 times the cold resistance of the resistor with PTC behavior. In this way, however, the current to be switched off can already be limited sufficiently and the circuit carrying the current can be mechanically separated.
  • the current-limiting element according to the invention suppresses undesirable "hot spots" in the partial resistance bodies 4 with PTC behavior, the switching behavior is homogenized and the permissible energy density during the switching process is increased. At the same time, part of the heat generated in the partial resistance bodies 4 is dissipated through the partial resistance bodies 5. As a result, the nominal current carrying capacity of the current-limiting element according to the invention is considerably increased compared to a current-limiting element without resistors connected in parallel.
  • the resistance material of the partial resistance bodies 5 generally has a linear or non-linear behavior, but may also have PTC behavior according to the resistance material provided in the partial resistance bodies 4. If the resistance material exhibits PTC behavior, the step temperature is equal to or higher than that of the resistance material contained in the partial resistance bodies 4. This results in a delayed switch-off in two stages. When inductive networks are switched off, overvoltages are reduced because first a rapid partial limitation of the current and only then a complete current limitation takes place.
  • the resistance body 3 is constructed from two or more flat partial resistance bodies 4, 5, which are preferably each formed as a plate.
  • the partial resistance body 5 shown in FIG. 2 is or the partial resistance body 5 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are contacted with both connections 1, 2.
  • the partial resistance bodies 5 have a resistance which is several times higher than that of the partial resistance bodies 4.
  • the partial resistance body 4 is also contacted with both connections 1, 2.
  • the partial resistance bodies 4 and 5 have common contact surfaces over their entire areal extension. The partial resistance bodies 4, 5 are brought into intimate electrical contact with one another on these contact surfaces.
  • the resistance bodies 3 can be produced as follows: First, approximately 0.5 to 2 mm thick plates are produced from an electrically conductive doped ceramic by a method customary in the production of resistors, such as by pressing or casting and subsequent sintering. With a shear mixer, epoxy resin and an electrically conductive filler, such as TiC, are used to produce PTC material based on a polymer. This is poured with a thickness of 0.5 to 4 mm onto a previously made plate-shaped ceramic. If necessary, it is possible to cover the poured-on layer with a further ceramic and to repeat the previously described process steps successively. This leads to a stack in which, in accordance with a multilayer arrangement, layers of the two different resistance materials are arranged alternately in succession. The epoxy resin is then cured at temperatures between 60 and 180 ° C to form the resistance body 3.
  • a filled elastomer or thermoplastic or a wire mesh can be used as the material for this.
  • the partial resistance bodies 5 formed from the second resistance material can protrude in a rib-like manner over the partial resistance bodies 4.
  • the protruding parts of the partial resistance bodies 5 then act as cooling fins and bring about a particularly good dissipation of the heat generated in the partial resistance bodies 4.
  • thermoplastic PTC polymer can also be used as the resistance material for the partial resistance bodies 4. This is first extruded into thin plates or foils, which are hot-pressed to form the resistance body 3 when they are assembled with the partial resistance bodies 5.
  • the flat partial resistance bodies 4, 5 can be connected to one another by gluing using an electrically anisotropically conductive elastomer.
  • this elastomer should have a high adhesive strength.
  • this elastomer should only be electrically conductive in the direction of the normal to the flat elements.
  • Such an elastomer is known, for example, from J.Applied Physics 64 (1984) 6008.
  • the resistance bodies 3 can subsequently be cut up by cutting.
  • the resistance bodies produced in this way can have, for example, a length of 0.5 to 20 cm and end faces of, for example, 0.5 to 10 cm 2 .
  • the end faces of the resistance structure 3 having a sandwich structure are smoothed, for example by lapping and polishing, and can be connected to the contact connections 1, 2, for example, by soldering with a low-melting solder or by gluing with a conductive adhesive or by hot pressing.
  • the current-limiting element according to FIGS. 2 and 3 and 4 normally conducts electricity during the operation of a system receiving it.
  • the current flows in an electrically conductive path of a partial resistance body 4 running between the contact connections 1 and 2. If the partial resistance body 4 heats up so much due to an overcurrent that it suddenly increases its resistance by many orders of magnitude, the overcurrent is limited. Since the partial resistance bodies 5 have intimate electrical contact with the partial resistance bodies 4 along their entire length and are connected in parallel with current paths carrying their overcurrent, strongly overheated, inhomogeneous regions in the partial resistance body 4 with PTC behavior are avoided. Before such inhomogeneous regions are formed, at least part of the current to be switched off commutates into the partial resistance bodies 5 made of second resistance material.
  • the comparatively high thermal conductivity of the partial resistance bodies 5 also ensures that the temperature distribution in the partial resistance bodies 4 is homogenized, as a result of which the risk of local overheating is additionally reduced in these parts.
  • the high heat dissipation in the partial resistance bodies 5 contributes to the nominal current carrying capacity of the current-limiting element according to the invention to significantly increase that of a current-limiting element according to the prior art.
  • FIG. 5 shows a tubular resistor according to the invention, which is cut along its tube axis.
  • This resistor contains a partial resistance body 5 serving for current commutation and two partial resistance bodies 4 with PTC behavior.
  • the partial resistance bodies 4, 5 are each hollow cylinders and, together with ring-shaped contact connections, form a tubular current-limiting element.
  • This element can advantageously be produced from a hollow cylindrical ceramic, which is coated in a cylindrical casting mold on the inside and on the outer surface with a polymeric PTC casting compound, for example based on an epoxy resin. Instead of a hollow cylindrical ceramic, a fully cylindrical ceramic can also be used.
  • a current-limiting element equipped with such a partial resistance body 5 is particularly simple to manufacture, whereas a current-limiting element designed as a tube has particularly good heat dissipation by convection and can be cooled particularly well with a liquid. If a thermoplastic polymer is used as the PTC material instead of a thermoset polymer, the PTC material can be extruded directly onto the cylinder or the hollow cylinder. If a polymer / filler composite is used as the resistance material for the partial resistance body 5, for example one with a high degree of filling of C, SiC, ZnO and / or TiO 2 , the current-limiting element according to the invention can be produced in a particularly simple manner by coextrusion.
  • partial resistance body 5 which has long co-extruded wires or fibers, for example based on metal, carbon or silicon carbide.
  • the partial resistance body 5 can also be a simple winding with a conductive fiber or wire. At This embodiment of the invention achieves particularly good mechanical stability.
  • the resistance body 3 each has the shape of a full cylinder with stacked partial resistance bodies.
  • the partial resistance bodies made of second resistance material are designed as circular disks 50 or as ring bodies 51 and the partial resistance bodies 4 with PTC behavior are congruently designed as ring bodies 40 or as circular disks 41.
  • contact disks 6 are additionally provided.
  • Each partial resistance body designed as a disk 50 or annular body 51 is in intimate electrical contact along its entire circumference with a partial resistance body with PTC behavior designed as an annular body 40 or disk 41.
  • Each part 50, 51 and each part 40, 41 contacted with it is either in contact with one of the two contact connections 1, 2 and a contact disk 6 or with two contact disks 6.
  • the ring bodies 50 or the disks 51 with linear resistance behavior or the ring bodies 40 or the disks 41 with PTC behavior are connected in series in each of the embodiments 6 to 8 between the contact connections 1, 2.
  • the current-limiting elements according to FIGS. 6 to 8 can be produced as follows:
  • the disks 50 and ring bodies 51 can be produced from powdered ceramic material, such as from suitable metal oxides, by pressing and sintering.
  • the diameters of the disks can be, for example, between 0.5 and 5 cm and those of the ring bodies between 1 and 10 cm with a thickness of, for example, between 0.05 and 1 cm.
  • the disks 50 are stacked with the contact disks 6 lying between them.
  • the contact washers 6 may have holes 7 of any shape in the edge area and may even be designed as a grid.
  • the stack is placed in a mold.
  • the free space between the contact disks 6 is then filled with polymeric PTC material to form the ring body 40 and the cast stack is cured.
  • the top and bottom of the stack are then contacted.
  • the metal contact disks 6 ensure a low contact resistance in a current path formed by the disks 40 or ring bodies 41 connected in series. Overvoltages that occur can be derived over the entire circular cross section of the disks 50.
  • the holes 7 filled with PTC material reduce the total resistance in the current path of the partial resistance bodies designed as ring bodies 40 with PTC behavior.
  • the ring body 40 can also be sintered from ceramic. There is then no need to punch the contact disks 6. In this case, the contact resistance can be kept low by pressing or soldering.
  • the partial resistance bodies made of second resistance material can be used as ring bodies 51 and Partial resistance bodies with PTC behavior can be designed as circular disks 41.
  • Partial resistance bodies with PTC behavior can be designed as circular disks 41.
  • the partial resistance body 5 is cylindrical and has through bores 8, 9 of, for example, 1 to 5 mm in diameter.
  • the partial resistance body 5 is preferably made of a material that has a high tensile strength and / or is elastic.
  • Partial resistance bodies 4 are cast into the through bores 8, preferably those based on duromer, such as epoxy, or pressed in, preferably those based on thermoplastic, such as polyethylene.
  • the through holes 9 are kept open for cooling purposes.
  • the partial resistance 5, respectively. 50, 51 themselves also have PTC behavior, just as in the embodiments according to FIGS. 1-4.
  • the current-limiting element according to the invention is used in the medium-voltage range, ie in particular in networks with voltages in the kilovolt range, its dimensions perpendicular to the current flow should be small compared to its length parallel to the current flow. If the current-limiting element according to the invention is used in the low-voltage range, ie in particular in networks with voltages of up to 1 kilovolt, its dimensions perpendicular to the current flow should be large compared to its length parallel to the current flow.
  • the current-limiting element is, for example, essentially cylindrically symmetrical, then when used for Voltages in the kilovolt range have a small diameter compared to its axial length and, when used for voltages up to 1000 V, have a large diameter compared to its axial length.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
EP93108622A 1992-06-29 1993-05-28 Strombegrenzendes Element Expired - Lifetime EP0576836B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4221309 1992-06-29
DE4221309A DE4221309A1 (de) 1992-06-29 1992-06-29 Strombegrenzendes Element

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0576836A2 EP0576836A2 (de) 1994-01-05
EP0576836A3 EP0576836A3 (en) 1994-07-13
EP0576836B1 true EP0576836B1 (de) 1997-08-06

Family

ID=6462077

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP93108622A Expired - Lifetime EP0576836B1 (de) 1992-06-29 1993-05-28 Strombegrenzendes Element

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US5414403A (ja)
EP (1) EP0576836B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP3433974B2 (ja)
AT (1) ATE156627T1 (ja)
DE (2) DE4221309A1 (ja)
ES (1) ES2107580T3 (ja)
NO (1) NO306229B1 (ja)

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JP5223927B2 (ja) * 2008-09-30 2013-06-26 株式会社村田製作所 チタン酸バリウム系半導体磁器組成物及びｐｔｃサーミスタ
CN102245536B (zh) * 2008-12-12 2013-07-31 株式会社村田制作所 半导体陶瓷以及正特性热敏电阻
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0576836A2 (de) 1994-01-05
NO306229B1 (no) 1999-10-04
DE59307055D1 (de) 1997-09-11
EP0576836A3 (en) 1994-07-13
JP3433974B2 (ja) 2003-08-04
ES2107580T3 (es) 1997-12-01
NO932339D0 (no) 1993-06-25
DE4221309A1 (de) 1994-01-05
NO932339L (no) 1993-12-30
ATE156627T1 (de) 1997-08-15
JPH06178444A (ja) 1994-06-24
US5414403A (en) 1995-05-09

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