EP0076888B1 - Saugfähiges Flächengebilde und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung - Google Patents

Saugfähiges Flächengebilde und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0076888B1
EP0076888B1 EP82103019A EP82103019A EP0076888B1 EP 0076888 B1 EP0076888 B1 EP 0076888B1 EP 82103019 A EP82103019 A EP 82103019A EP 82103019 A EP82103019 A EP 82103019A EP 0076888 B1 EP0076888 B1 EP 0076888B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
fibre
latex
fibres
suspension
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82103019A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0076888A2 (de
EP0076888A3 (en
Inventor
Michel Dr. Pässler
Bruno Reisch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Carl Freudenberg KG
Original Assignee
Carl Freudenberg KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Carl Freudenberg KG filed Critical Carl Freudenberg KG
Publication of EP0076888A2 publication Critical patent/EP0076888A2/de
Publication of EP0076888A3 publication Critical patent/EP0076888A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0076888B1 publication Critical patent/EP0076888B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4266—Natural fibres not provided for in group D04H1/425
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/425—Cellulose series
    • D04H1/4258—Regenerated cellulose series
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
    • D04H1/435—Polyesters
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
    • D04H1/64—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
    • D04H1/68—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions the bonding agent being applied in the form of foam
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31826—Of natural rubber
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3325—Including a foamed layer or component
    • Y10T442/3366—Woven fabric is coated, impregnated, or autogenously bonded
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/647—Including a foamed layer or component
    • Y10T442/652—Nonwoven fabric is coated, impregnated, or autogenously bonded

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an absorbent sponge cloth with pores and made of a latex-bonded fiber material, which can contain a reinforcement made of woven, knitted, foam, nonwoven or abrasive nonwoven.
  • An expedient method for producing such sponge cloths is also described.
  • Sponge cloths are used in particular as household towels. They are known in different versions. For example, it is possible to impregnate nonwovens, in particular nonwovens or fabrics consolidated by needles, with a heat-coagulable latex as a binder. The textile fabric is immersed in the aqueous dispersion of the latex and the amount of latex is regulated by pressing with suitable press rollers.
  • a household cloth is the subject of DE-A-2 824 715.
  • the cloth is absorbent in a certain sense, but it has no properties similar to natural sponges, in particular it does not contain any open pores. Because of its lack of usage properties, it is not produced on a large scale and has just as little practical importance as rubber or polyurethane sponge cloths. Sponges and window cloths made of cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol also have poor performance properties because such products are hard and brittle when dry.
  • viscose sponge cloths which mostly contain a fabric to increase the tensile strength. Since the viscose sponge cloth is hard and brittle when dry, an impregnation with dilute softening solution, e.g. B. glycerin, proposed. While the viscose sponge cloth does not withstand any mechanical stress in the absolutely dry state without this plasticizer additive and absorbs around 10% moisture when air-conditioned, the moisture absorption in a "softened” cloth is around 20%. In practical use, where the cloth dries only by leaving it lying around, a cloth that is subjectively perceived as dry still contains at least 15 to 20% moisture, which is sufficient to not let the cloth become completely brittle.
  • dilute softening solution e.g. B. glycerin
  • a viscose sponge cloth which contains polyolefin fibers of different lengths and in different proportions to improve the wiping effect on greasy and water-repellent surfaces and to avoid the appearance of streaks, wiping pores and cleaning strips.
  • the fiber content is up to 80% by weight.
  • the cloth is manufactured using the traditional xanthate process.
  • the improvement of this viscose sponge cloth compared to the cloths described above essentially consists in the better cleaning properties.
  • the hard grip and the brittleness in the dry state are not reduced by mixing in the fibers.
  • the environmental impact of the xanthate process has not been eliminated.
  • the invention is based on the object of developing such a sponge cloth that does not have the known disadvantages of the viscose sponge cloth with high water absorption and good suction speed.
  • the cloth should be soft and pleasant to the touch, especially when dry, and should not show any bacteria or fungi.
  • plasticizers, pore formers or similar substances that interfere with use and change the properties of the cloth during use should be avoided.
  • Another object of the invention is the development of an environmentally friendly method for producing the novel sponge cloths.
  • the object according to the invention is achieved by the sponge cloth described in the claims and by the method for its production, which is also specified.
  • the sponge cloth according to the invention contains a hydrophilic fiber material which is latex-bonded and has essentially open pores.
  • a hydrophilic fiber material which is latex-bonded and has essentially open pores.
  • the nonwoven fabric can also contain mineral abrasives, so that the nonwoven fabric side has an abrasive effect.
  • the fiber material consists of a mixture of hydrophilic staple fibers of different lengths and optionally fiber dust, pulp, wood pulp, linters or the like.
  • hydrophobic staple fibers made of synthetic material can be added as an admixture.
  • the fiber mixture is embedded in an open-pore foam, which expediently consists of heat-coagulable latex. Without any addition of salts or other pore formers, the latex is foamed using a gaseous medium, preferably with air.
  • the fiber / latex ratio is expediently in the range from 80:20 to 10:90% by weight.
  • the fiber material from the mixture described above is mixed with the latex mixture in an aqueous suspension according to a preferred method and then foamed with air.
  • the resulting foam mass is applied to a textile carrier and fixed by coagulation by the action of heat.
  • the fiber-latex structure is then dried together with the carrier material in order to obtain a coherent structure.
  • the sponge cloth according to the invention differs decisively both from the raw materials and with regard to the production process from the known viscose sponge cloths. While the viscose sponge cloth over the cellulose xanthate with salts, e.g. B. sodium sulfate, is produced as a pore former, the cloth according to the invention can be produced without pore former.
  • the mass, which is only foamed with air, is fixed in its shape. The fixed latex foam is vulcanized during or after drying
  • the fiber mixture is processed into the fiber foam in a 5 to 30% by weight suspension, based on its total weight.
  • a wetting agent can be added. It is usually advisable to use a 10% by weight suspension.
  • the latex mixture can either be added to this foam without being foamed or it can also be already foamed. It is advisable to use heat-sensitive latex mixtures that are coagulated by heat after application to the reinforcing fabric, knitted fabric, foam or nonwoven fabric. The fabric fixed in this way is dried and then vulcanized.
  • the sponge cloth according to the invention has a soft feel even in the dry state and, unlike viscose sponge cloths, can therefore be commercially available dry packaged without the addition of water and plasticizers. It is therefore hygienically harmless, while the moist packaged viscose sponge cloths can always be infected by bacteria or fungi.
  • the sponge cloth is essentially open-pored.
  • the cell walls are severely broken.
  • the product is very similar to the natural sponge with its dense tangle of fibrils and extensive cavities.
  • the material according to the invention can have hydrophilic properties both with respect to the fibers and with respect to the latex. In the dry state it is soft and elastic, while the elasticity is essentially retained even when wet. When wetting takes place very quickly, the material absorbs several times its own weight in water.
  • the fiber-latex ratio is between 80: 20 and 10: 90% by weight.
  • Cellulose short cuts with a fiber length of about 2 to 16 mm are proposed as hydrophilic, absorbent fibers, furthermore cellulose, cellulose dust, cotton dust, linters, wood pulp, polyvinyl alcohol fibers and mixtures of the above-mentioned components.
  • fiber components of up to 100% by weight of cotton dust, up to 50% by weight of cellulose and 10 to 50% by weight of short cotton cuts (1.7 to 22 dtex) are recommended.
  • fibers with a length of 5 to 8 mm are preferred.
  • Polyamide, polyester, polypropylene or polyacrylonitrile fibers are suitable as hydrophobic synthetic short cut fibers.
  • the synthetic fibers are expediently added in an amount of 2 to 30% by weight.
  • the weight fractions relate to the total weight of the fiber mixture. For better processability, 0.5 to 2% by weight of conventional wetting agents are expediently added.
  • the latex mixture consists of conventional acrylates, methacrylates, polyurethanes, butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers or butadiene-styrene copolymers, it being advisable to use heat-coagulable mixtures, the composition of which can be determined by simple preliminary tests.
  • a 10% by weight fiber suspension is foamed to a liter weight of 200 to 500 g.
  • the non-foamed or foamed latex mixture is added to this foam, the mixture of both components being expediently used to a liter weight of 200 to 500 g.
  • the coagulation point of the heat-sensitive mixture is expediently between 30 ° and 60 ° C.
  • the foamed mixture is applied to a reinforcing carrier made of woven, knitted, foam or nonwoven and coagulated under the action of heat.
  • a pattern can be embossed for optical reasons.
  • After drying at about 130 ° C is then vulcanized, for. B. at 150 ° C.
  • the cloth is then washed out. Most of the water is removed by squeezing or suction and the pre-dewatered structure is dried again by the action of heat.
  • the backing material coated on one or both sides remains as a reinforcement in the finished sponge cloth.
  • the hydrophilic properties of the cloth can be varied according to the intended use.
  • a further variation is also possible through a suitable choice of latex.
  • rubber latex made from butadiene acrylonitrile, butadiene styrene and their diverse copolymers, if appropriate together with other copolymers, is also suitable as latex.
  • aqueous dispersions of polyurethanes are also suitable.
  • 106 g of butadiene acrylonitrile latex with a solids content of 47% by weight is adjusted to heat sensitivity using conventional additives (sulfur, zinc oxide, vulcanization accelerators, organopolysiloxanes, etc.) (coagulation point 55 to 60 ° C.) and foamed to twice the volume.
  • 350 g of a 10% by weight cellulose dust / cotton dust suspension (cellulose / cotton 1: 1) are introduced into the foam and the entire mass is foamed to a final volume of 1100 ml.
  • the foam mass is applied to a textile carrier material (cellulose fleece, 50 g / m 2 ), coagulated and dried at 130 ° C.
  • the material thus produced is soft and has closely spaced pores of approximately 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter. The material absorbs four times its own weight in water.
  • 106 g of butadiene acrylonitrile latex with a solids content of 47% by weight is adjusted to heat sensitivity using conventional additives (as in Example 1) (coagulation point 55 to 60 ° C.) and foamed to twice the volume.
  • 200 g of a 10% by weight pulp suspension containing a wetting agent are stirred in, producing 650 ml of foam.
  • the mass is applied to a 50 g / m 2 cellulose fleece, coagulated, dried at 130 ° C and vulcanized at 150 ° C. After washing, it is dried again.
  • the result is a heavy material with very good strength.
  • the rather layer-like structure has pores of very different sizes of approximately 0.5 to 4 mm in diameter. With this material, a sink can be weighted to dryness.
  • the latex foam produced as in Example 2 is mixed with 400 g of foam, which is produced by foaming a 10% by weight suspension of 75% by weight cellulose and 25% by weight fiber dust from 50% by weight cellulose and 50% % By weight of cotton dust, water and wetting agent was obtained. 1700 ml of foam are produced.
  • the foam mass is applied approximately 2.5 mm thick to an approximately 50 g / m 2 nonwoven fabric made of cellulose fibers, coagulated at 55 ° C and pre-dried at 130 ° C.
  • the back of the nonwoven fabric is treated in the same way and the product is then vulcanized at 150 ° C. and then washed out and dried again.
  • the pores of the material are separated by very thin layers of material, so that there is a loose structure and a soft feel.
  • 142 g of a latex foam made of polybutadiene acrylonitrile with a solids content of 42% by weight and a liter weight of 475 g are mixed with 350 g of a foam which is made by foaming a 10% by weight cellulose dust and cotton dust suspension (50% cellulose dust and 50 wt .-% cotton dust) was obtained.
  • the foam mass is applied to a carrier made of 2 mm thick foam, coagulated at 50 ° C and stamped with a pattern. After predrying, the back is also coated, coagulated at 50 ° C and also provided with a sample. After drying and vulcanization at 140 or 160 ° C, the material is washed out and mechanically freed of water by squeezing.
  • the very soft, spring-elastic cloth has a very low basis weight (289 g / m 2 ).
  • 180 g of latex mixture made of polybutadiene acrylonitrile with a solids content of 35.5% by weight and containing 10 g of chalk are foamed to 350 ml.
  • 17.5 g of cotton dust, 8.8 g of bleached cellulose and 15.1 g of cellulose short cut fibers 5.6 / 6 (58%) are made up to 1200 with 330 g of water and 25 g of oleoyl methyl tauride as a wetting agent (24%) ml foam volume brought. Both foams are combined and foamed to a total of 2100 ml.
  • the mass is applied 2.5 mm thick to a cellulose fabric (mesh size 1 x 3 mm) and coagulated at 47 ° C. After the pattern is pre-dried and the back of the cellulose fabric coated, coagulated and embossed in the same way. After drying at 130 ° C is vulcanized at 150 °, then washed out and dried again.
  • the sponge cloth obtained according to this example has particularly favorable combinations of properties.
  • the material is very soft and pleasant to the touch, has good strength and a low basis weight with a very open pore structure. It can be cooked without losing its structure and strength.
  • Example 5 180 g of latex mixture as in Example 5 are added without foaming to 399 g of fiber suspension which has been foamed to 1000 ml.
  • the fiber blend contains 25% cotton dust, 25% cellulose dust, 25% cellulose, 10% cellulose short cut fibers 5,6 / 8 and 15% polyester short cut fibers 3,3 / 8.
  • the mixture of latex compound and fiber scarf is foamed to 2,150 ml.
  • the mass is applied as in Example 5, dried and vulcanized.
  • the material has a slightly harder grip than the material obtained in Example 5 and is characterized by a high tear strength with a very low basis weight.

Landscapes

  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Cleaning Implements For Floors, Carpets, Furniture, Walls, And The Like (AREA)
  • Synthetic Leather, Interior Materials Or Flexible Sheet Materials (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
EP82103019A 1981-10-14 1982-04-08 Saugfähiges Flächengebilde und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung Expired EP0076888B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19813140784 DE3140784A1 (de) 1981-10-14 1981-10-14 "saugfaehiges flaechengebilde und verfahren zu seiner herstellung"
DE3140784 1981-10-14

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0076888A2 EP0076888A2 (de) 1983-04-20
EP0076888A3 EP0076888A3 (en) 1985-09-11
EP0076888B1 true EP0076888B1 (de) 1988-11-23

Family

ID=6144076

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82103019A Expired EP0076888B1 (de) 1981-10-14 1982-04-08 Saugfähiges Flächengebilde und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US4559243A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0076888B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (2) JPS5876434A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU553566B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DD (1) DD202107A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE3140784A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES8400860A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FI (1) FI77973C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO162492C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
YU (1) YU42597B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO162492B (no) 1989-10-02
JPS5876434A (ja) 1983-05-09
DE3140784C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1987-06-11
EP0076888A2 (de) 1983-04-20
FI77973C (fi) 1989-06-12
FI821599A0 (fi) 1982-05-06
NO821896L (no) 1983-04-15
EP0076888A3 (en) 1985-09-11
ES516474A0 (es) 1983-12-01
YU110682A (en) 1984-12-31
YU42597B (en) 1988-10-31
NO162492C (no) 1990-01-10
AU8465882A (en) 1983-04-21
JPH0332507Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1991-07-10
DE3140784A1 (de) 1983-04-28
JPS63177934U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1988-11-17
US4559243A (en) 1985-12-17
ES8400860A1 (es) 1983-12-01
DD202107A5 (de) 1983-08-31
AU553566B2 (en) 1986-07-24
FI821599L (fi) 1983-04-15
FI77973B (fi) 1989-02-28
DE3279227D1 (en) 1988-12-29

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