DE69910539T2 - Verfahren zur reinigung einer dispersion und herstellung von inkjet tinten - Google Patents
Verfahren zur reinigung einer dispersion und herstellung von inkjet tinten Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE69910539T2 DE69910539T2 DE69910539T DE69910539T DE69910539T2 DE 69910539 T2 DE69910539 T2 DE 69910539T2 DE 69910539 T DE69910539 T DE 69910539T DE 69910539 T DE69910539 T DE 69910539T DE 69910539 T2 DE69910539 T2 DE 69910539T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- centrifugation
- coo
- dispersion
- membrane
- counterions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 113
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 title claims description 55
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 title description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 117
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000011026 diafiltration Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ALYNCZNDIQEVRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-aminobenzoic acid Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 ALYNCZNDIQEVRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- -1 Na + Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- ZUROCNHARMFRKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dibromo-1h-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(Br)=C(Br)N1 ZUROCNHARMFRKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 101100431668 Homo sapiens YBX3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 102100022221 Y-box-binding protein 3 Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229960004050 aminobenzoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229920001429 chelating resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HVBSAKJJOYLTQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 HVBSAKJJOYLTQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012510 hollow fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011882 ultra-fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC HNSDLXPSAYFUHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010021036 Hyponatraemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium titanate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-] JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002113 barium titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001246 colloidal dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium oxide Inorganic materials O=[Ge]=O YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- JFRJCQJVFMHZOO-QZHHGCDDSA-N n-(2-aminoethyl)-2-[4-[[2-[4-[[9-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]purin-6-yl]amino]phenyl]acetyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CC(=O)NCCN)=CC=C1NC(=O)CC(C=C1)=CC=C1NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 JFRJCQJVFMHZOO-QZHHGCDDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxogermanium Chemical compound [Ge]=O PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229950000244 sulfanilic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
- C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
- C09D11/324—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S516/00—Colloid systems and wetting agents; subcombinations thereof; processes of
- Y10S516/921—Colloid systems having specified high purity, e.g. ultra-pure silica
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US7297898P | 1998-01-29 | 1998-01-29 | |
| US72978P | 1998-01-29 | ||
| PCT/US1999/002056 WO1999038921A1 (en) | 1998-01-29 | 1999-01-29 | Processes of purifying a dispersion and making inkjet inks |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE69910539D1 DE69910539D1 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
| DE69910539T2 true DE69910539T2 (de) | 2004-06-24 |
Family
ID=22110960
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69910539T Expired - Lifetime DE69910539T2 (de) | 1998-01-29 | 1999-01-29 | Verfahren zur reinigung einer dispersion und herstellung von inkjet tinten |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6328894B1 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP1049746B1 (https=) |
| JP (3) | JP2002501965A (https=) |
| AU (1) | AU2487499A (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE69910539T2 (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO1999038921A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (69)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| ES2193059T3 (es) | 1999-03-05 | 2003-11-01 | Cabot Corp | Procedimiento para preparar pigmentos de color. |
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| ATE239770T1 (de) * | 1999-10-01 | 2003-05-15 | Cabot Corp | Modifizierte pigmente mit sterischen und amphiphilen gruppen |
| US6506245B1 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2003-01-14 | Cabot Corporation | Ink jet inks, inks, and other compositions containing colored pigments |
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| US6562117B2 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2003-05-13 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Process for producing pigment dispersion |
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| US20050139122A1 (en) * | 2003-12-30 | 2005-06-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | Pigmented inks formed using microfiltration |
| KR20120056900A (ko) * | 2004-03-15 | 2012-06-04 | 캐보트 코포레이션 | 개질 탄소 제품 및 이의 응용 |
| US20050256225A1 (en) * | 2004-05-11 | 2005-11-17 | Viola Michael S | Aqueous inkjet ink compositions comprising comb-branched copolymers |
| JP4729869B2 (ja) * | 2004-05-31 | 2011-07-20 | Ｄｉｃ株式会社 | インクジェットプリンター用水性記録液の製造方法 |
| JP2006022275A (ja) * | 2004-07-09 | 2006-01-26 | Brother Ind Ltd | インクジェット記録用水性インク |
| US20060083694A1 (en) | 2004-08-07 | 2006-04-20 | Cabot Corporation | Multi-component particles comprising inorganic nanoparticles distributed in an organic matrix and processes for making and using same |
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| WO2006126189A1 (en) * | 2005-05-24 | 2006-11-30 | Jettable, Ltd. | Pigmented inks suitable for use with ceramics and a method of producing same |
| JP4830361B2 (ja) * | 2005-06-20 | 2011-12-07 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 顔料分散液精製方法、顔料分散液、インクセット、液滴吐出装置及びインクジェット記録用インクタンク。 |
| CN101291996B (zh) * | 2005-08-31 | 2012-10-03 | 卡伯特公司 | 制备改性颜料的方法 |
| US8268064B2 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2012-09-18 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Ink-jet inks and ink sets exhibiting reduced bleed, wicking, and/or halo effect and associated methods |
| EP1780013B2 (en) | 2005-10-28 | 2021-09-08 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Aqueous ink, ink jet recording method, ink cartridge, recording unit and ink jet recording apparatus |
| BRPI0618100B1 (pt) | 2005-10-31 | 2018-03-27 | Cabot Corporation | Corantes modificados e composições de tinta para jatos de tinta compreendendo corantes modificados |
| JP2007131831A (ja) * | 2005-11-09 | 2007-05-31 | Cheil Industries Inc | ベンゼン化合物で表面処理されたカーボンブラック及びこれを利用したカラーフィルター用ブラックマトリックスに用いるカーボンブラック分散液組成物 |
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| US20090020035A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2009-01-22 | Christian Jackson | Inkjet ink |
| US8133311B2 (en) * | 2007-04-30 | 2012-03-13 | Cabot Corporation | Pigment dipsersions comprising functionalized non-polymeric dispersants |
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-
1999
- 1999-01-29 DE DE69910539T patent/DE69910539T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-29 JP JP2000529385A patent/JP2002501965A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-01-29 EP EP99904484A patent/EP1049746B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-29 AU AU24874/99A patent/AU2487499A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-01-29 WO PCT/US1999/002056 patent/WO1999038921A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-01-29 US US09/240,291 patent/US6328894B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2008
- 2008-06-25 JP JP2008166495A patent/JP5529398B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2013
- 2013-06-05 JP JP2013118805A patent/JP2013177628A/ja not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2008274296A (ja) | 2008-11-13 |
| US6328894B1 (en) | 2001-12-11 |
| EP1049746A1 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
| EP1049746B1 (en) | 2003-08-20 |
| JP2013177628A (ja) | 2013-09-09 |
| DE69910539D1 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
| JP2002501965A (ja) | 2002-01-22 |
| WO1999038921A1 (en) | 1999-08-05 |
| JP5529398B2 (ja) | 2014-06-25 |
| AU2487499A (en) | 1999-08-16 |
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