DE69433579D1 - Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Monomeren in Wirbelschichtbetten - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Monomeren in WirbelschichtbettenInfo
- Publication number
- DE69433579D1 DE69433579D1 DE69433579T DE69433579T DE69433579D1 DE 69433579 D1 DE69433579 D1 DE 69433579D1 DE 69433579 T DE69433579 T DE 69433579T DE 69433579 T DE69433579 T DE 69433579T DE 69433579 D1 DE69433579 D1 DE 69433579D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- fluidized bed
- monomers
- polymerization
- olefins
- alpha
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
- B01J8/1809—Controlling processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
- B01J8/1818—Feeding of the fluidising gas
- B01J8/1827—Feeding of the fluidising gas the fluidising gas being a reactant
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
- B01J2208/00265—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
- B01J2208/00274—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant vapours
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00584—Controlling the density
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00628—Controlling the composition of the reactive mixture
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F110/02—Ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/14—Monomers containing five or more carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/65908—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an ionising compound other than alumoxane, e.g. (C6F5)4B-X+
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/65916—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond supported on a carrier, e.g. silica, MgCl2, polymer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/6592—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
- C08F4/65922—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not
- C08F4/65925—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not two cyclopentadienyl rings being mutually non-bridged
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1993/003946 WO1994025495A1 (en) | 1993-05-20 | 1993-04-26 | Process for polymerizing monomers in fluidized beds |
WOPCT/US93/03946 | 1993-04-26 | ||
US6525093A | 1993-05-20 | 1993-05-20 | |
US65250 | 1993-05-20 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE69433579D1 true DE69433579D1 (de) | 2004-04-01 |
DE69433579T2 DE69433579T2 (de) | 2004-12-16 |
DE69433579T3 DE69433579T3 (de) | 2009-11-05 |
Family
ID=26745385
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69433579T Expired - Lifetime DE69433579T3 (de) | 1993-04-26 | 1994-04-25 | Verfahren zur Polymerisation von Monomeren in Wirbelschichtbetten |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0696293B2 (de) |
JP (2) | JPH08509773A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1130913A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE260305T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU681147B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2161448C (de) |
DE (1) | DE69433579T3 (de) |
DK (1) | DK0970971T3 (de) |
ES (2) | ES2148327T5 (de) |
GR (1) | GR3034220T3 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2125063C1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1994025497A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (120)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5462999A (en) * | 1993-04-26 | 1995-10-31 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Process for polymerizing monomers in fluidized beds |
US5763543A (en) * | 1994-09-14 | 1998-06-09 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Olefin polymerization process with little or no scavenger present |
US5712353A (en) * | 1994-10-31 | 1998-01-27 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Gas phase polymerization process |
US5693727A (en) * | 1996-06-06 | 1997-12-02 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Method for feeding a liquid catalyst to a fluidized bed polymerization reactor |
US5990250A (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 1999-11-23 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Method of fluidized bed temperature control |
AU8382698A (en) * | 1997-07-08 | 1999-02-08 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Method for reducing sheeting during olefin polymerization |
DE19801859A1 (de) | 1998-01-20 | 1999-07-22 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Vermeidung von Instabilitäten bei der Gasphasenpolymerisation von Kautschuk |
EP1070088B1 (de) * | 1998-04-07 | 2005-06-08 | ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Polymerisationsverfahren |
EP1159320B1 (de) | 1998-11-02 | 2011-01-12 | Dow Global Technologies Inc. | Unter scherwirkung verflüssigbare ethylen/alpha-olefin/dien polymere und ihre herstellung |
US6127441A (en) * | 1998-11-05 | 2000-10-03 | Nippon Unicar Company Limited | Expandable resin composition |
US6258903B1 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2001-07-10 | Univation Technologies | Mixed catalyst system |
US6218484B1 (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2001-04-17 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Fluidized bed reactor and polymerization process |
CN100513428C (zh) * | 2002-12-26 | 2009-07-15 | 尤尼威蒂恩技术有限责任公司 | 气相聚乙烯反应器的静电测量和探测方法 |
CA2566855A1 (en) * | 2004-05-20 | 2005-12-01 | Robert O. Hagerty | Gas olefin polymerization process |
DE102005056775A1 (de) | 2005-11-28 | 2007-05-31 | Basell Polyolefine Gmbh | Verfahren für den Katalysatorwechsel in einem Gasphasenwirbelschichtreaktor |
US7696289B2 (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2010-04-13 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Low molecular weight induced condensing agents |
EP2082797A1 (de) | 2007-12-24 | 2009-07-29 | Borealis Technology OY | Reaktorsystem für die katalytische Polymerisierung von Olefinen mit Abschirmmitteln und Verfahren und Verwendung davon |
EP2090356A1 (de) | 2007-12-24 | 2009-08-19 | Borealis Technology OY | Reaktorsysteme und Verfahren zur katalytischen Polymerisierung von Olefinen, sowie die Verwendung des Reaktorsystems bei der katalytischen Polymerisierung von Olefinen |
EP2090357B1 (de) | 2007-12-24 | 2018-04-04 | Borealis Technology OY | Reaktorsystem und verfahren zur katalytischen polymerisierung von olefinen und verwendung eines solchen reaktorsystems bei der katalytischen polymerisierung von olefinen |
EP2103632A1 (de) * | 2008-03-20 | 2009-09-23 | Ineos Europe Limited | Polimerisationsverfahren |
EP2130862A1 (de) | 2008-06-02 | 2009-12-09 | Borealis AG | Polymerzusammensetzung und daraus hergestellte druckfeste Rohre |
EP2130863A1 (de) | 2008-06-02 | 2009-12-09 | Borealis AG | Hochdichte Polymerzusammensetzungen, Verfahren für ihre Herstellung und daraus hergestellte druckfeste Rohre |
EP2130859A1 (de) | 2008-06-02 | 2009-12-09 | Borealis AG | Polymerzusammensetzungen mit verbesserter Homogenität und verbessertem Geruch, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und daraus hergestellte Rohre |
EP2182524A1 (de) | 2008-10-31 | 2010-05-05 | Borealis AG | Kabel und Polymerzusammensetzung enthaltend ein multimodales Ethylen-Copolymer |
EP2182525A1 (de) | 2008-10-31 | 2010-05-05 | Borealis AG | Kabel und Polymerzusammensetzung enthaltend ein multimodales Ethylen-Copolymer |
EP2182526A1 (de) | 2008-10-31 | 2010-05-05 | Borealis AG | Kabel und Polymerzusammensetzung enthaltend ein multimodales Ethylen-Copolymer |
ATE551369T1 (de) | 2008-11-17 | 2012-04-15 | Borealis Ag | Mehrstufiger prozess zur herstellung von polyethylen mit reduzierter gelbildung |
EP2223943B1 (de) | 2009-02-25 | 2011-10-19 | Borealis AG | Multimodales Polymer aus Propylen, Zusammensetzung damit und Verfahren zur Herstellung davon |
EP2223944A1 (de) | 2009-02-26 | 2010-09-01 | Borealis AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Semikristallin-Propylenpolymeren |
EP2322568B1 (de) | 2009-11-13 | 2013-05-15 | Borealis AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Olefin-Polymerisationskatalysatoren |
ES2424958T3 (es) | 2009-11-13 | 2013-10-10 | Borealis Ag | Proceso para polimerización de olefinas |
EP2499169B1 (de) | 2009-11-13 | 2014-04-02 | Borealis AG | Verfahren zur wiederherstellung einer übergangsmetallverbindung |
WO2011058089A1 (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2011-05-19 | Borealis Ag | Process for producing a polymerization catalyst |
EP2348056A1 (de) | 2010-01-26 | 2011-07-27 | Ineos Europe Limited | Verfahren zur Gasphase Polymenisation von Olefinen |
EP2397221B1 (de) | 2010-06-17 | 2017-04-12 | Borealis AG | Steuerungssystem für einen Gasphasenreaktor, Gasphasenreaktor für katalytische Herstellung von Polyolefinen, Verfahren zur katalytischen Herstellung von Polyolefinen und zur Verwendung des Steuerungssystems |
EP2452960B1 (de) | 2010-11-12 | 2015-01-07 | Borealis AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Propylencopolymeren mit einer extrem hohen Schmelzflussrate |
EP2452959B1 (de) | 2010-11-12 | 2015-01-21 | Borealis AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung von statistischen Propylencopolymeren und deren Verwendung |
EP2452976A1 (de) | 2010-11-12 | 2012-05-16 | Borealis AG | Heterophasische Propylencopolymere mit verbesserten Steifheits-/Stoßfestigkeits-/Fließfähigkeitsverhältnis |
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BR112013013384B1 (pt) | 2010-11-29 | 2021-03-16 | Ineos Sales (Uk) Limited | processo de controle de polimerização |
EP2457647A1 (de) | 2010-11-29 | 2012-05-30 | Ineos Commercial Services UK Limited | Vorrichtung und Verfahren |
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ES2813282T3 (es) | 2011-03-02 | 2021-03-23 | Borealis Ag | Conjunto de reactor de alto rendimiento para la polimerización de olefinas |
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ES2613070T3 (es) | 2012-11-09 | 2017-05-22 | Abu Dhabi Polymers Company Limited (Borouge) | Tubería de riego por goteo que comprende una composición polimérica que comprende una resina base de polietileno multimodal |
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EP2749580B1 (de) | 2012-12-28 | 2016-09-14 | Borealis AG | Verfahren zum herstellen von copolymeren aus propylen |
EP2796472B1 (de) | 2013-04-22 | 2017-06-28 | Borealis AG | Zweistufiges Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polypropylenzusammensetzungen |
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ES2628082T3 (es) | 2013-04-22 | 2017-08-01 | Borealis Ag | Procedimiento con múltiples etapas para producir composiciones de polipropileno resistentes a baja temperatura |
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EP2883887A1 (de) | 2013-12-13 | 2015-06-17 | Borealis AG | Mehrstufenverfahren zur Herstellung von Polyethylenzusammensetzungen |
EP2995631A1 (de) | 2014-09-12 | 2016-03-16 | Borealis AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Pfropfcopolymeren auf einem Polyolefinrückgrat |
KR102006091B1 (ko) | 2014-11-26 | 2019-07-31 | 보레알리스 아게 | 필름 층 |
WO2016083208A1 (en) | 2014-11-26 | 2016-06-02 | Borealis Ag | Polyethylene composition for a film layer |
ES2790649T3 (es) | 2014-12-08 | 2020-10-28 | Borealis Ag | Procedimiento para producir gránulos de copolímeros de propileno |
BR112017013299A2 (pt) | 2014-12-22 | 2018-01-02 | Sabic Global Technologies Bv | processo de transição entre catalisadores incompatíveis |
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1994
- 1994-04-25 AT AT99118595T patent/ATE260305T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-04-25 ES ES94914901T patent/ES2148327T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-04-25 CN CN94192274A patent/CN1130913A/zh active Pending
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- 1994-04-25 CA CA002161448A patent/CA2161448C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-04-25 DE DE69433579T patent/DE69433579T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-04-25 DK DK99118595T patent/DK0970971T3/da active
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- 1994-04-25 AU AU67127/94A patent/AU681147B2/en not_active Expired
- 1994-04-25 JP JP6524448A patent/JPH08509773A/ja active Pending
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JP4191748B2 (ja) | 2008-12-03 |
EP0696293A1 (de) | 1996-02-14 |
CN1130913A (zh) | 1996-09-11 |
ES2148327T5 (es) | 2009-11-17 |
DK0970971T3 (da) | 2004-03-29 |
RU2125063C1 (ru) | 1999-01-20 |
ES2148327T3 (es) | 2000-10-16 |
ATE260305T1 (de) | 2004-03-15 |
GR3034220T3 (en) | 2000-12-29 |
EP0696293B2 (de) | 2009-06-17 |
ES2212443T5 (es) | 2009-11-13 |
CA2161448C (en) | 2003-10-14 |
JPH08509773A (ja) | 1996-10-15 |
DE69433579T2 (de) | 2004-12-16 |
AU681147B2 (en) | 1997-08-21 |
ES2212443T3 (es) | 2004-07-16 |
WO1994025497A1 (en) | 1994-11-10 |
EP0696293B1 (de) | 2000-05-24 |
CA2161448A1 (en) | 1994-11-10 |
JP2006241467A (ja) | 2006-09-14 |
AU6712794A (en) | 1994-11-21 |
DE69433579T3 (de) | 2009-11-05 |
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Owner name: UNIVATION TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, HOUSTON, TEX., US |