CN1902235A - 通过直接氟化交联的聚合物电解质膜 - Google Patents

通过直接氟化交联的聚合物电解质膜 Download PDF

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CN1902235A
CN1902235A CNA2004800398615A CN200480039861A CN1902235A CN 1902235 A CN1902235 A CN 1902235A CN A2004800398615 A CNA2004800398615 A CN A2004800398615A CN 200480039861 A CN200480039861 A CN 200480039861A CN 1902235 A CN1902235 A CN 1902235A
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米格尔·A·格拉
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Abstract

本发明提供一种制备交联聚合物的方法,该方法通过直接氟化包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基的非全氟聚合物,或通过直接氟化第一聚合物与第二聚合物的聚合物混合物,其中所述第一聚合物是非全氟聚合物,第二聚合物包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基。这类交联聚合物或聚合物混合物可用来制备用于电解电池如燃料电池的聚合物电解质膜(PEM’s),且其在燃料电池应用中表现出高的耐用性。

Description

通过直接氟化交联的聚合物电解质膜
发明领域
本发明涉及一种由如下方法制备的交联聚合物电解质膜,该方法包括直接氟化包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基的非全氟聚合物、通常为高度氟化的聚合物的步骤,或直接氟化第一聚合物与第二聚合物的聚合物混合物,所述第一聚合物为非全氟聚合物,第二聚合物包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基。该方法可用于制备用在电解电池如燃料电池中的交联聚合物电解质膜(PEM’s)。
发明背景
四氟乙烯(TFE)与依照式
FSO2-CF2-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-CF2-O-CF=CF2的共聚单体的共聚物是公知的,并以磺酸形式(即,FSO2-端基水解成HSO3-)由DuPontChemical Company,Wilmington,Delaware以商品名Nifion出售。Nifion通常用于制备用在燃料电池中的聚合物电解质膜。
四氟乙烯(TFE)与依照式FSO2-CF2-CF2-O-CF=CF2的共聚单体的共聚物是公知的,并在制备用于燃料电池的聚合物电解质膜中以磺酸形式使用,即,FSO2-端基水解成HSO3-。
于2002年12月19日申请的美国专利申请No.10/325,278公开了一种厚度为90μm或更少且包括聚合物的聚合物电解质膜,所述聚合物包括高度氟化的主链和依照式YOSO2-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-O-[聚合物主链]的重复侧基,其中Y是H+或一价阳离子,例如碱金属阳离子。通常,所述膜为浇铸膜。通常,聚合物的水合值大于22000。通常,聚合物的当量重为800~1200。
美国专利No.6,277,512公开了一种聚合物电解质膜,其包括离子型聚合物与成结构膜聚合物的紧密混合物。任选地,其中的一种或两种被交联。
美国专利No.5,986,012公开了一种氟化全氟弹性体的方法,所述弹性体已通过暴露于电离辐射而预先被交联,这产生了具有低除气的产物。
美国专利No.4,755,567公开了一种在氟化氢清除剂如氟化钠和氟化钾的存在下醚直接氟化的方法。
美国专利No.4,743,419公开了一种连续聚合物膜的在线膜氟化的方法。
美国专利No.4,686,024公开了新型全氟化学品和其制备方法,其可包括用过量氟气进行氟化,从而中间体碳基团与氟反应,而不是彼此间反应。
Kirk-Othmer,Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,3d ed.,vol.10(1980)在840~855页讨论了直接氟化问题。在851页,该文献中陈述“氟化聚合物可用与聚四氟乙烯类似的化学组合物通过氟与聚乙烯的直接反应而制备,并可制备聚丙烯和聚苯乙烯的全氟类似物。这些氟化聚合物不同于非常熟悉的直链结构,因为在氟化反应中发生了非常高的碳-碳交联。”
发明概述
本发明提供一种制备交联聚合物的方法,包括如下步骤:a)提供一种包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基的非全氟聚合物;和b)使所述聚合物直接氟化。该方法还可包括在步骤b)直接氟化所述聚合物之前的步骤c)使所述聚合物形成膜,通常膜厚度为90微米或更小,更通常60微米或更小,最通常30微米或更小。该方法还可包括在步骤b)直接氟化所述聚合物之后的步骤d)使所述磺酰卤基团转变成磺酸基团。所述非全氟聚合物是高度氟化的。所述非全氟聚合物可为包括四氟乙烯(TFE)和偏二氟乙烯(VDF)的单体的聚合物。所述第一侧基如下式所示:-R1-SO2X,其中X是卤素,及其中R1是包括1~15个碳原子和0~4个氧原子的支链或非支链的全氟烷基或全氟醚基团,例如,-O-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-SO2X或-O-CF2-CF(CF3)-O-CF2-CF2-SO2X。任选,步骤c)可包括使聚合物吸入到多孔支撑基质中,例如多孔的聚四氟乙烯料片或高度氟化的非全氟聚合物的多孔料片。
另一方面,本发明提供一种制备交联聚合物的方法,包括如下步骤:a)提供第一聚合物与第二聚合物的聚合物混合物,所述第一聚合物为非全氟聚合物,所述第二聚合物包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基;和b)直接氟化聚合物混合物。该方法还包括在步骤b)直接氟化所述聚合物之前的步骤c)使所述聚合物形成膜,通常膜厚度为90微米或更小,更通常60微米或更小,最通常30微米或更小。该方法还包括在步骤b)直接氟化所述聚合物混合物之后的步骤d)使所述磺酰卤基团转变成磺酸基团。所述第一聚合物可为四氟乙烯(TFE)和偏二氟乙烯(VDF)的共聚物。所述第一聚合物可为四氟乙烯(TFE)、六氟丙烯(HFP)和偏二氟乙烯(VDF)的三元共聚物。第二聚合物可为全氟化的或非全氟化的。所述第一侧基如下式所示:-R1-SO2X,其中X是卤素,及其中R1是包括1~15个碳原子和0~4个氧原子的支链或非支链的全氟烷基或全氟醚基团,例如,-O-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-SO2X或-O-CF2-CF(CF3)-O-CF2-CF2-SO2X。任选,步骤c)可包括使该聚合物混合物吸入到多孔支撑基质中,例如多孔的聚四氟乙烯料片或高度氟化的非全氟聚合物的多孔料片。
另一方面,本发明提供包括根据本发明任一项的方法制备的交联聚合物的聚合物电解质膜。
另一方面,本发明提供根据本发明任一项的方法制备的聚合物电解质膜。
在本申请中:
聚合物的″当量重″(EW)指将中和一当量碱的聚合物重量;
聚合物的″水合积″(HP)指按膜中存在的每当量磺酸基团计,膜吸附的水的当量数(摩尔)乘以聚合物的当量重的数值;和
″高度氟化″指含氟量为40wt%或更大,通常50wt%或更大,更通常60wt%或更大。
详细说明
本发明提供一种交联聚合物,通常是聚合物电解质膜,其通过直接氟化包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基的非全氟聚合物,或通过直接氟化第一聚合物与第二聚合物的聚合物混合物而制备,所述第一聚合物为非全氟聚合物,第二聚合物包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基。所述交联聚合物或聚合物混合物可用于制备用在电解电池如燃料电池中的聚合物电解质膜(PEM’s)。使用本发明的交联聚合物或聚合物混合物可产生在燃料电池中高的PEM耐用性和增加的PEM寿命。
从本发明的交联聚合物制得的PEM′s可用于制造燃料电池中所用的膜电极组件(MEA′s)。MEA是质子交换膜燃料电池的中心元件,如氢燃料电池。燃料电池是电化学电池,其通过燃料如氢和氧化剂如氧的催化化合产生有用的电流。普通MEA′s包括聚合物电解质膜(PEM)(也称作离子导电膜(ICM)),其作为固体电解质。PEM的一侧与阳极电极层接触,其相对侧与阴极电极层接触。每个电极层包括电化学催化剂,通常包括铂金属。气体扩散层(GDL′s)促进气体在阳极和阴极电极材料间的传输,并传导电流。GDL也可被称作流体传输层(FTL)或扩散器/电流收集器(DCC)。阳极和阴极电极层可以催化剂油墨形式应用到GDL′s上,得到的涂覆的GDL′s间插入PEM形成五层MEA。可选择地,阳极和阴极电极层可以催化剂油墨形式应用到PEM的两个相对侧,得到的催化剂涂覆的膜(CCM)夹在两层GDL′s间形成五层MEA。该五层MEA的五层顺序是:阳极GDL、阳极电极层、PEM、阴极电极层和阴极GDL。在通常的PEM燃料电池中,在阳极通过氢氧化形成质子,并穿过PEM传输到阴极与氧反应,从而使电流在与电极连接的外部电路中流动。PEM在反应气体间形成稳定、非多孔、不导电的机械阻挡层,而H+离子容易通过。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,直接氟化包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基的非全氟聚合物。在该第一实施方式中,包括第一侧基的聚合物必须是非全氟的。在本发明的第二实施方式中,直接氟化第一聚合物与第二聚合物的混合物,所述第一聚合物是非全氟聚合物,所述第二聚合物包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基。在该第二实施方式中,具有第一侧基的聚合物可为全氟的或非全氟的。在该第二实施方式中,第一聚合物必须是非全氟的。
本发明方法中使用的具有第一侧基的聚合物包括主链,其可以是支链或非支链的、但通常为非支链的,和第一侧基。当该聚合物为非全氟时,氢可出现在主链上或在侧基上,但更通常出现在主链上。该主链可以包括衍生于任何适当单体的单元,包括衍生自四氟乙烯(TFE)的单元,通常是-CF2-CF2-单元;和衍生自偏二氟乙烯(VDF)的单元,通常是-CF2-CH2-单元;和衍生自其它共聚单体的单元,通常包括依照式CF2=CY-R中的至少一种,其中Y通常是F,但也可以是CF3,其中R是包括依照式-SO2X的基团的第一侧基,其中X为卤素。X更通常为F。通常,直接连接到-SO2X基团上的部分为-CF2-基团,因为这会使-SO2X基团在氟化过程中得到更高的稳定性。在可替换的实施方式中,第一侧基R可通过接枝加到主链上。通常,第一侧基R是高度氟化的,50%~100%的氢被氟取代。通常,R是-R1-SO2X,其中R1是包含1~15个碳原子和0~4个氧原子的支链或非支链的全氟烷基或全氟醚基团。R1通常是-O-R2-,其中R2是包含1~15个碳原子和0~4个氧原子的支链或非支链的全氟烷基或全氟醚基团。R1更通常是-O-R3-,其中R3是包含1~15个碳原子的全氟烷基。R1的例子包括:
-(CF2)n-,其中n为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14或15;
(-CF2CF(CF3)-)n,其中n为1、2、3、4或5;
(-CF(CF3)CF2-)n,其中n为1、2、3、4或5;
(-CF2CF(CF3)-)nCF2-,其中n为1、2、3或4;
(-O-CF2CF2-)n,其中n为1、2、3、4、5、6或7;
(-O-CF2CF2CF2-)n,其中n为1、2、3、4或5;
(-O-CF2CF2CF2CF2-)n,其中n为1、2或3;
(-O-CF2CF(CF3)-)n,其中n为1、2、3、4或5;
(-O-CF2CF(CF2CF3)-)n,其中n为1、2或3;
(-O-CF(CF3)CF2-)n,其中n为1、2、3、4或5;
(-O-CF(CF2CF3)CF2-)n,其中n为1、2或3;
(-O-CF2CF(CF3)-)n-O-CF2CF2-,其中n为1、2、3或4;
(-O-CF2CF(CF2CF3)-)n-O-CF2CF2-,其中n为1、2或3;
(-O-CF(CF3)CF2-)n-O-CF2CF2-,其中n为1、2、3或4;
(-O-CF(CF2CF3)CF2-)n-O-CF2CF2-,其中n为1、2或3;
-O-(CF2)n-,其中n为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13或14;
R通常是-O-CF2CF2CF2CF2-SO2X或
-O-CF2-CF(CF3)-O-CF2-CF2-SO2-X,最通常是-O-CF2CF2CF2CF2-SO2X,其中X为卤素。在聚合过程中,-SO2X最通常是-SO2F,即X为F。磺酰氟基团通常在氟化聚合物用作离聚物之前被水解成-SO3H。
提供第一侧基R的氟单体可通过任何适合的方法来合成,包括美国专利6,624,328中所述的方法。
当使用第一和第二聚合物的聚合物混合物时,第一聚合物可为任何适当的非全氟聚合物,包括四氟乙烯(TFE)与偏二氟乙烯(VDF)的共聚物,和四氟乙烯(TFE)、六氟丙烯(HFP)与偏二氟乙烯(VDF)的三元共聚物,其也被称为THV聚合物。在一些实施方式中,可使用非氟化聚合物,例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯等。可确定第一聚合物中氟与氢的含量,使得提供充分交联和与第二聚合物的充分混溶。
聚合物可通过任何适合的方法制备,包括乳液聚合、挤出聚合、超临界二氧化碳中聚合、溶液或悬浮液聚合等,其可为批量或连续的。
第一和第二聚合物可以通过任何适当的方法混合,包括在溶液或悬浮液中混合、捏合、研磨等。确定第一和第二聚合物的比例,使得通常可提供充分的交联,并满足下述的水合积和当量重。通常,混合物中含1~50%、更通常1~25%、最通常1~10%的第一聚合物。当使用低氟化或非氟化第一聚合物时,可使用较少量的第一聚合物,以获得需要的交联度。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,聚合物或聚合物混合物在交联前形成膜。可以使用任何适当的成膜方法。聚合物或聚合物混合物通常从悬浮液中浇铸。可以使用任何适合的浇铸方法,包括棒涂法、喷涂法、狭缝涂覆法、刷涂法等。可选择地,可以在熔融过程中从纯聚合物或聚合物混合物形成膜,如挤出法。成型后,可以使膜退火。通常膜的厚度为90微米或更小,更通常60微米或更小,最通常30微米或更小。较薄的膜对离子通过的抵抗性较低。在燃料电池使用中,这样会导致较冷的操作和较大的有用能量输出。较薄的膜必须由在使用时可保持其结构完整性的材料制成。
在另一个实施方案中,在交联前,聚合物或聚合物混合物可被吸入到多孔支撑基质中,基质通常是薄膜形式,厚度为90微米或更小,更通常60微米或更小,最通常30微米或更小。可以使用任何适合的方法将聚合物或聚合物混合物吸入到支撑基质的孔中,包括过压法、真空法、芯吸法、浸渍法等。通过交联,聚合物或聚合物混合物嵌在基质中。可以使用任何适当的支撑基质。通常,支撑基质是不导电的。通常,支撑基质由氟聚合物构成,其可为全氟化的,更通常为非全氟化的。在使用非全氟化基质时,直接氟化的方法可使基质与吸入其中的聚合物或聚合物混合物共价键合。常见全氟化基质包括多孔聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),如双轴拉伸的PTFE料片。常见非全氟化基质包括TFE/VDF共聚物的料片。其它实施方式可参见美国专利No.RE37,307、RE37,656、RE37,701和6,254,978。
交联步骤可通过直接氟化来实现,即,通过向聚合物施加氟气。可使用任何适当的方法,包括LaMar法或在本发明背景技术部分列举的参考文献中描述或引用的方法。氟气通常用氮气稀释,混合物通常含5~40%体积的氟气。反应温度通常为-20℃~150℃。低温可防止磺酰卤基团从聚合物中除去。不希望受理论限制,据认为主链和侧链上的氢在氟化过程中被夺取,留下形成交联键的活性基团。交联可在退火前或退火后发生。得到的交联聚合物通常为全氟化的或几乎全氟化的。
交联后,第一侧基的含硫化官能团通过任何适当的方法转变成磺酸形式,例如水解法。在一种常规方法中,将聚合物浸渍到LiOH、NaOH或KOH的水溶液中,用水洗涤,随后浸渍到硝酸进行酸化,随后再次用水洗涤。
在聚合物或聚合物混合物中酸官能侧基通常以足量存在,从而使水合积(HP)大于22,000,更通常大于23,000,更通常大于24,000,最通常大于25,000。通常,较高HP与较高离子电导相关。
在聚合物或聚合物混合物中酸官能侧基通常以足量存在,从而使当量重(EW)小于1200,更通常小于1100,更通常小于1000,更通常小于900。
可以理解,用本发明方法制得的聚合物和膜,其化学结构、交联结构、交联位置、酸官能团位置、在侧基上存在或不存在交联键或在交联键上存在或不存在酸官能团等方面不同于用其他方法得到的那些。
本发明用于制造适用于电解电池(如燃料电池)的增强聚合物电解质膜。
在不脱离本发明范围和主旨的前提下,本领域的技术人员可对本发明进行各种修改和变化,应当理解为在此提出的示例性实施方式不是对本发明不适当的限制。

Claims (10)

1.一种制备交联聚合物的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基的非全氟化聚合物;和
b)直接氟化所述的聚合物。
2.一种制备交联聚合物混合物的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供第一聚合物与第二聚合物的聚合物混合物,其中所述第一聚合物为非全氟聚合物,第二聚合物包括含磺酰卤基团的第一侧基;和
b)直接氟化所述的聚合物混合物。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述的第一聚合物为四氟乙烯(TFE)、六氟丙烯(HFP)和偏二氟乙烯(VDF)的三元共聚物。
4.权利要求1~3中任一项的方法,其还包括在所述步骤b)直接氟化所述聚合物之后的下述步骤:
d)将所述的磺酰卤基团转化成磺酸基团。
5.权利要求1~4中任一项的方法,其中所述第一侧基如下式所示:-R1-SO2X,其中X是卤素,及其中R1是包括1~15个碳原子和0~4个氧原子的支链或非支链的全氟烷基或全氟醚基团。
6.权利要求1~5中任一项的方法,其还包括在所述步骤b)直接氟化所述聚合物之前的下述步骤:
c)将所述的聚合物形成膜。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中步骤c)包括将所述聚合物吸入到多孔支撑基质中。
8.权利要求6或7的方法,其中所述膜的厚度为90微米或更少。
9.一种聚合物电解质膜,包括根据权利要求1~5中任一项的方法制备的交联聚合物。
10.一种由权利要求6~8中任一项的方法制备的聚合物电解质膜。
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US20070105966A1 (en) 2007-05-10
US7326737B2 (en) 2008-02-05
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