CN1357002A - 治疗炎症应答的组合物 - Google Patents
治疗炎症应答的组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1357002A CN1357002A CN00805509A CN00805509A CN1357002A CN 1357002 A CN1357002 A CN 1357002A CN 00805509 A CN00805509 A CN 00805509A CN 00805509 A CN00805509 A CN 00805509A CN 1357002 A CN1357002 A CN 1357002A
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- compound
- alkyl
- amino
- inflammatory response
- methyl
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Abstract
本发明提供了与某些A2a腺苷受体拮抗剂一起用于治疗炎症性疾病的式(I)化合物及方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及用于预防组织损伤(即由于炎症活性造成的组织损伤)的方法与组合物。
发明背景
本发明受美国政府基金(NIH Grant ROL HL37942)资助。美国政府对该发明享有一定权利。
炎症应答用于消灭机体的有害因子。能够引发炎症应答的病原性损害范围广泛,包括感染、变应原、自身免疫刺激、对移植组织、有害化学物和毒素的免疫应答、局部缺血/再灌注、缺氧、机械创伤与热损伤。炎症通常是一种非常局限性的作用,用于逼出、稀释减弱和隔离损害因子与损伤组织。当机体应答在消灭目标因子过程中造成宿主组织不适当损伤或对外伤性创伤产生应答时,它就变为疾病的动因。
作为实例,炎症是多种血管性疾病或损伤的发病机制的组成部分。其实例包括:局部缺血/再灌注损伤(N.G.Frangogiannis等,Myocardial Ischemia:Mechanisms,Reperfusion,Protection,M.Karmazyn编辑,Birkhuser Verlag(1996),236-284;H.S.Sharma等,Med.of Inflamm.,6,175(1987)),动脉粥样硬化(R.Ross,Nature,362,801(1993)),炎症性主动脉瘤(N.Girardi等,Ann.Thor.Surg.,64,251(1997);D.I.Walker等,Brit.J.Surg.,59,609(1972);R.L.Pennell等,J.Vasc.Surg.,2,859(1985)),以及气囊血管成形术后的再狭窄(见上述R.Ross)。与炎症有关的细胞包括白细胞(即免疫系统细胞-嗜中性白细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞,淋巴细胞,单核细胞,嗜碱粒细胞,巨噬细胞,树状细胞,和肥大细胞),血管内皮,血管平滑肌细胞,成纤维细胞和肌细胞。
白细胞释放炎性细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα)是免疫系统杀灭包括感染物在内的病原侵入物的途径。TNFα刺激粘着因子在白细胞和内皮细胞上的表达与活化,引发嗜中性白细胞对次级刺激炎症应答的增强,并增强粘着嗜中性白细胞的氧化活性。参见上面引用的Sharma等的文献。另外,巨噬细胞/树状细胞还用作加工抗原呈递给淋巴细胞的佐细胞。淋巴细胞本身受刺激后起着前炎性细胞毒细胞的作用。
通常,细胞因子刺激嗜中性白细胞以增强氧化性(例如超氧化和次级产物)和非氧化性(例如髓过氧化物酶及其它酶)炎症活性。细胞因子的不适当与过度释放可能会通过组织损伤的氧化与非氧化产物的释放产生相反的超强病源作用(K.G.Tracey等,J.Exp.Med.,167,1211(1988)和D.N.Mannel等,Rev.Infect.Dis.,9(增刊5),S602-S606(1987))。例如,TNFα能诱导嗜中性白细胞粘附于血管壁上,然后通过血管移动到损伤部位,释放它们的氧化和非氧化炎性产物。
尽管单核细胞缓慢聚集在炎症病灶部位,但如果条件适宜单核细胞会发育成长驻佐细胞和巨噬细胞。通过用炎症触发因子刺激,单核细胞/巨噬细胞也能产生和分泌多种细胞因子(包括TNFα)、补体、脂质、活性氧物质、蛋白酶和改造组织和调控外围组织功能的生长因子。
例如,已经证明炎症细胞因子是下列疾病的致病因子:关节炎(C.A.Dinarello,Semin.Immunol.,4,133(1992));局部缺血(A.Seekamp等,Agents-Actions-Supp.,41,137(1993));脓毒性休克(D.N.Mnnel等,Rev.Infect.Dis.,9(增刊5),S602-S606(1987));哮喘(N.M.Cembrzynska等,Am.Rev.Respir,Dis.,147,291(1993));器官移植排斥(D.K.Imagawa等,Transplantation,51,57(1991);多发性硬化(H.P.Hartung,Ann.Neurol.,33,591(1993));AIDS(T.Matsuyama等,AIDS,5,1405(1991));以及在碱灼伤眼睛的情况下(F.Miyamoto等,Opthalmic Res.,30,168(1997))。另外,白细胞中超氧化物的形成能促进人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的复制(S.Legrand-Poels等,AIDSRes.Hum.Retroviruses,6,1389(1990))。
众所周知,腺苷和一些能非选择性激活腺苷受体亚型的腺苷类似物可以减少嗜中性白细胞产生炎性氧化产物(B.N.Cronstein等,Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.,451.291(1985);P.A.Roberts等,Biochem.J.,227,669(1985);D.J.Schrier等,J.Immunol.,137,3284(1986);B.N.Cronstein等,Clinical Immunol.and Immunopath.,42,76(1987);M.A.Iannone等,Topics and Perspective inAdenosine Research,E.Gerlach等编辑.,Springer-Verlag,Berlin,p.286(1987);S.T.McGarrity等,J.Leukocyte Biol.,44,411421(1988);J.De La Harpe等,J.Immunol.,143,596(1989);S.T.McGarrity等,J.Immunol.,142,1986(1989);和C.P.Nielson等,Br.J.Pharmacol,97,882(1989))。例如,已经证明腺苷能抑制趋化物如细菌肽的合成模拟物,f-met-leu-phe(fMLP),以及补体成分C5a刺激引起的嗜中性白细胞释放超氧化物(B.N.Cronstein等,J.Immunol.,135,1366(1985))。腺苷可以降低首先由TNF-α致敏、然后由第二种刺激物如f-met-leu-phe刺激引起的PMN(嗜中性白细胞)显著增多的氧化性爆发(G.W.Sullivan等,Clin.Res.,41,172A(1993))。另外还报道了腺苷能降低HIV在T-细胞系中的复制速率(S.Sipka等,Acta.Biochim.Biopvs.Hung.,23,75(1988))。但并没有证据说明腺苷在体内具有抗炎活性(G.S.Firestein等,Clin.Res.,41,170A(1993);和B.N.Cronstein等,Clin.Res.,41,244A(1993))。
已经有人提出,对超氧化物的释放可能具有相反作用的嗜中性白细胞上存在多于一种腺苷受体亚型(B.N.Cronstein等,J.Clin.Invest.,85,1150(1990))。嗜中性白细胞上存在A2A受体这种情况最初由Van Calker等证实(D.Van Calker等,Eur.J.Pharmacology,206,285(1991))。
根据放射性配体结合试验和生理学应答,人们已逐步研制了许多作为A2A腺苷受体(AR)的激动剂其效力越来越高和/或选择性越来越强的化合物。最初研制的化合物对A2A受体的选择性很低、甚至无选择性,例如腺苷本身或腺苷的5′-甲酰胺类化合物,如5′-N-乙基甲酰氨基腺苷(NECA)(B.N.Cronstein等,J.Immunol.,135,1366(1985))。后来发现加入2-烷基氨基取代基能增强效价与选择性,例如CVl808和CGS21680(M.F.Jarvis等,I.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.,251,888(1989))。2-烷氧基-取代的腺苷衍生物如WRC-0090作为激动剂在冠状动脉A2A受体上具有更高的效力与选择性(M.Ueeda等,J.Med.Chem.,34,1334(1991))。另外在冠状动脉A2A受体上还对作为激动剂的2-烷基肼基腺苷衍生物如SHA 211(也称作WRC-0474)进行了评价(K.Niiya等,J.Med.Chem.,35,4557(1992))。
一篇文献报道了联合使用相对非特异性的腺苷类似物,R-苯基异丙基腺苷(R-PIA)和2-氯腺苷(Cl-Ado)与磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制剂导致嗜中性白细胞氧化活性降低的情况(M.A.Iannone等,Topics andPerspectives in Adenosine Research,E.Garlach等编辑,Springer-verlag,Berlin,pp.286-298(1987))。但实际上较之A2A腺苷受体,R-PIA和Cl-Ado是A1腺苷受体的更强活化剂,因此由于心肌与其它组织上A1受体活化会引起诸如“心传导阻滞”之类作用而产生副作用。
R.A.Olsson等(USP 5,278,150)公开了具有下式结构的选择性腺苷A2受体激动剂:其中Rib为核糖基,R1可以为H以及R2可以为环烷基。据说这些化合物可用于治疗高血压、动脉粥样硬化并用作血管舒张药。
Linden等人的发明(USP 5,877,180)基于下述发现,即通过施用作为A2A腺苷受体选择性激动剂的化合物(优选与IV型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂联合给药)可以有效地治疗某些炎症性疾病,如关节炎和气喘。在Linden等人的发明中,其实施方案给出了一种施用有效量的下式A2A腺苷受体治疗炎症性疾病的方法:其中R和X见该专利中描述。
在优选实施方案中,Linden等人的发明包括联合施用IV型磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制剂与A2A腺苷受体激动剂。IV型磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制剂包括外消旋与光活性的下式4-(多烷氧基苯基)-2-吡咯烷酮化合物:其中R′,R18,R19和X如USP 4,193,926中公开与说明。洛利普利(Rolipram)是包括在上式范围之内的适宜IV型PDE抑制剂的实例。
G.Cristalli(USP 5,593,975)公开了2-芳基乙炔基、2-环烷基乙炔基或2-羟基烷基乙炔基衍生物,其中的核苷残基被羧基氨基、或取代的羧基氨基(R3HNC(O)-)取代。Miyasaka等(USP 4,956,345)已经公开了2-炔基嘌呤衍生物,其中的2-炔基基团被(C3-C16)烷基取代。所公开的′975化合物被认为是血管舒张药,可抑制血小板聚集,因而能用作抗局部缺血药、抗动脉粥样硬化剂和抗高血压剂。
然而,仍然需要可用于治疗应用并且具有减弱的副作用的选择性A2腺苷受体激动剂。
发明概述
本发明包括用于治疗哺乳动物组织中炎症活性的化合物及其使用方法。炎症组织活性可以是由于病理性因子引起,或者可以是由于物理性、化学性或热创伤,或医疗过程如器官、组织或细胞移植,血管成形术(PCTA),局部缺血/再灌注后的炎症,或移植过程中的创伤造成。本发明化合物包括一类新型2-炔基腺苷衍生物,其乙炔位取代有取代环烷基基团。优选核苷残基在5′-位(“X”)上被N-烷基-(或环烷基)羧基氨基(“氨基羰基”)部分取代。因此,本发明提供了通过施用有效量的一种或多种本发明化合物抑制哺乳动物如人类的炎症应答、保护易发生这种炎症应答的组织的方法。
(b)X为-CH2OH,-CO2R2,-OC(O)R2或C(O)NR3R4;
(c)R2,R3和R4中的每一个各自为H,C1-6烷基;被1-3个C1-6烷氧基、C3-C7环烷基、C1-6烷硫基、卤素、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、二(C1-6烷基)氨基、或C6-C10-芳基取代的C1-6烷基,其中的芳基可以被1-3个卤素、C1-6烷基、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、或二(C1-6烷基)氨基取代;C6-C10芳基;或被1-3个卤素、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、二(C1-6烷基)氨基、或C1-6烷基取代的C6-10芳基;
(d)R1为(X-(Z)-)n[(C3-C10)环烷基]-(Z′)-,其中Z和Z′各自为任选被1-3个S或非过氧O间断的(C1-C6)烷基,或者不存在,并且n为1-3;或其可药用盐。
本发明提供了用于医学治疗,优选用于治疗或保护组织免于炎症如炎症应答的式I化合物,以及式I化合物在制备用于治疗由于与炎症有关的病理性状态或症状所造成的哺乳动物(如人)炎症应答的药物中的应用。
尽管已经报道了某些A2A腺苷受体激动剂为血管舒张药,并因此可用于直接治疗高血压、血栓、动脉粥样硬化等,但现有技术并没有暗示式(I)化合物的组织保护活性。
本发明还包括联合使用这些化合物与IV型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂协同降低免疫细胞炎症应答的用途。
本发明也提供了药物组合物,它包括有效量的式I化合物或其可药用盐以及可药用的稀释剂或载体,以及任选的IV型磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制剂。优选组合物为单位剂量形式。
另外,本发明还提供了预防或治疗哺乳动物(如人类)的病理性状态或症状的治疗方法,其中所述病理性状态或症状涉及A2A腺苷受体活性并且需要激动所述活性,该方法包括对需要这种治疗的哺乳动物施用有效量的式I化合物或其可药用盐。据信激活A2A腺苷受体可以通过产生嗜中性白细胞、肥大细胞、单核细胞/巨噬细胞、T-细胞和/或嗜曙红细胞而能抑制炎症。抑制这些炎症细胞能够在组织损伤后对组织产生保护作用。
使用式I化合物(任选与IV型PDE抑制剂联合使用)可治疗(包括预防性治疗)的炎症应答是指由于下列情况所造成的炎症:
(a)自身免疫刺激(自身免疫疾病),如红斑狼疮,多发性硬化,子宫内膜异位造成的不育症,I型糖尿病包括导致糖尿病的胰岛破坏和糖尿病的炎症后果,包括腿溃疡,Crohn病,溃疡性结肠炎,炎性肠病,骨质疏松症和类风湿性关节炎;
(b)变应性疾病如气喘,枯草热,鼻炎,春季结膜炎,及其它嗜曙红细胞介导的病症;
(c)皮肤病如牛皮癣,接触性皮炎,湿疹,感染性皮肤溃疡,开放性创伤,蜂窝织炎;
(d)感染病如脓毒病,脓毒性休克,脑炎,感染性关节炎,内毒素性休克,革兰氏阴性菌性休克,Jarisch-Herxheimer反应,带状疱疹,中毒性休克,脑型疟,细菌性脑膜炎,急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS),莱姆病,HIV感染,(TNFα-增强的HIV复制,TNFα抑制逆转录酶抑制剂活性);
(e)消耗病,继发于癌症与HIV的恶病质;
(f)器官、组织或细胞移植(如骨髓、角膜、肾、肺、肝、心脏、皮肤、胰岛),包括移植排斥,和移植物抗宿主病;
(g)药物治疗的副作用,包括两性霉素B治疗的副作用,免疫抑制治疗如白介素-2治疗的副作用,OKT3治疗的副作用,GM-CSF治疗的副作用,环孢菌素治疗的副作用,以及氨基糖甙治疗的副作用,由于免疫抑制所致的口炎和粘膜炎;
(h)包括炎症应答诱导或恶化的循环疾病在内的心血管病症,如局部缺血,动脉粥样硬化,外周血管病,血管成形术后的再狭窄,炎症性主动脉瘤,脉管炎,中风,脊髓损伤,充血性心力衰竭,出血性休克,局部缺血/再灌注损伤,蛛网膜下出血后血管痉挛,脑血管意外后血管痉挛,胸膜炎,心包炎,以及糖尿病性心血管并发症;
(i)透析,包括由于腹膜透析造成的心包炎;
(j)痛风;和
(k)由于烧伤、酸、碱等造成的化学性或热创伤。
其中特别有价值与功效的是使用本发明化合物治疗由于器官、组织或细胞移植(即将同种或异种组织移植到哺乳动物接受者体内)引起的炎症应答,自身免疫疾病和由于循环疾病及其治疗(包括血管成形术、移植片固定模放置(stent placement)、分路放置(shuntplacement)或移植)造成的炎症病症。意想不到的是,已经发现在炎症应答发作之后,例如在受治疗者受到能引起炎症应答的病变或创伤折磨之后施用一种或多种式(I)化合物是有效的。
本发明还包括在体内或体外使用与指定A2A腺苷受体有效结合量的式I化合物测定其在或与包含所述受体的部位应答或结合的方法。包括配体结合受体部位的组织或细胞均可用于测定试验化合物对特定受体亚型的选择性、血液或其它生理液体内生物活性化合物的含量,或者可通过使治疗与受体部位活化有关疾病或病症的治疗剂与所述配体-受体配合物接触而用作鉴定该有效治疗剂用的工具,并且能测定配体的置换程度和/或治疗剂的结合程度,或对所述治疗剂的细胞应答(例如cAMP累积)
发明详述
除另有说明外,本发明使用下列定义。卤素是指氟、氯、溴、或碘,烷基、烷氧基、芳烷基、烷基芳基等表示直链和支链烷基基团;但对于单独基团如“丙基”则仅包括直链基团,支链异构体如“异丙基”则会具体指出。芳基包括苯基或具有大约9-10个环原子的邻位稠合二环碳环基,其中至少一个环为芳香性。杂芳基包括经由含有五或六个环原子的单芳环的环碳连接的基团,其中所述的五或六个环原子由碳和1-4个各自选自非过氧形式氧、硫和N(X)[其中X不存在或为H,O,(C1-C4)烷基,苯基或苄基]的杂原子组成,以及由含有大约8-10个环原子的邻位稠合双杂环衍生得到的基团,特别是苯并衍生物或通过向其上稠合1,2-亚丙基,三亚甲基或四亚甲基二价基得到的衍生物。
本领域技术人员不难理解,式(I)化合物具有多于一个的手性中心,因而可以分离成光活性与外消旋形式。优选式(I)的核苷部分衍生自D-核糖,即3′,4′-羟基相对于糖环为α型,而2′和5′基团则为β型(3R,4S,2R,5S)。当环己基上的两个基团位于4-位时,优选反式结构。某些化合物可能会呈现多晶现象。因此应当理解,本发明包括本发明化合物的任何外消旋体、旋光体、多晶体或立体异构体,或它们的混合物,它们都具有本发明所述的有用性质。本领域技术人员熟知如何制备旋光体(例如,利用重结晶技术或酶技术拆分外消旋体,由旋光性原料合成,手性合成,或应用手性固定相色谱分离)以及如何利用本文所述试验或使用本领域公知的其它类似试验测定腺苷激动剂活性。
对于各基团、取代基和范围而言,下面所给出的具体及优选含义仅为举例说明性的;它们不排除其它定义含义或基团与取代基定义范围内的其它含义。
特别是,(C1-C6)烷基可以为甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、戊基、3-戊基或己基。本文所用术语“环烷基”包括任选包含1-2个N、O或S的二环烷基(降冰片基,2,2,2-二环辛基等)和三环烷基(金刚烷基等)。环烷基还包括(环烷基)烷基。因此(C3-C6)环烷基可以是环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、或环己基;(C3-C6)环烷基(C1-C6)烷基可以是环丙基甲基,环丁基甲基,环戊基甲基,环己基甲基;2-环丙基乙基,2-环丁基乙基,2-环戊基乙基,或2-环己基乙基。
(C1-C6)烷氧基可以是甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、异丙氧基、丁氧基、异丁氧基、仲丁氧基,戊氧基,3-戊氧基,或己氧基;(C2-C6)链烯基可以是乙烯基,烯丙基,1-丙烯基,2-丙烯基,1-丁烯基,2-丁烯基,3-丁烯基,1-戊烯基,2-戊烯基,3-戊烯基,4-戊烯基,1-己烯基,2-己烯基,3-己烯基,4-己烯基,或5-己烯基;(C2-C6)炔基可以是乙炔基,1-丙炔基,2-丙炔基,1-丁炔基,2-丁炔基,3-丁炔基,1-戊炔基,2-戊炔基,3-戊炔基,4-戊炔基,1-己炔基,2-己炔基,3-己炔基,4-己炔基,或5-己炔基;(C1-C6)链烷酰基可以为乙酰基,丙酰基或丁酰基;卤代(C1-C6)烷基可以为碘甲基,溴甲基,氯甲基,氟甲基,三氟甲基,2-氯乙基,2-氟乙基,2,2,2-三氟乙基,或五氟乙基;羟基(C1-C6)烷基可以为羟甲基,1-羟基乙基,2-羟基乙基,1-羟基丙基,2-羟基丙基,3-羟基丙基,1-羟基丁基,4-羟基丁基,1-羟基戊基,5-羟基戊基,1-羟基己基,或6-羟基己基;(C1-C6)烷氧基羰基(CO2R2)可以是甲氧基羰基,乙氧基羰基,丙氧基羰基,异丙氧基羰基,丁氧基羰基,戊氧基羰基,或己氧基羰基;(C1-C6)烷硫基可以是甲硫基,乙硫基,丙硫基,异丙硫基,丁硫基,异丁硫基,戊硫基,或己硫基;(C2-C6)烷酰氧基可以是乙酰氧基,丙酰氧基,丁酰氧基,异丁酰氧基,戊酰氧基,或己酰氧基;芳基可以是苯基,茚基,或萘基;以及杂芳基可以是呋喃基,咪唑基,三唑基,三嗪基,噁唑基,异噁唑基,噻唑基,异噻唑基,吡唑基,吡咯基,吡嗪基,四唑基,吡啶基(或其N-氧化物),噻吩基,嘧啶基(或其N-氧化物),吲哚基,异喹啉基(或其N-氧化物)或喹啉基(或其N-氧化物)。
R的具体含义为氨基,一甲基氨基或环丙基氨基。
R1的具体含义为羧基-或(C1-C4)烷氧基羰基-环己基(C1-C4)烷基。
R2的具体含义为H或(C1-C4)烷基,亦即甲基或乙基。
R3的具体含义为H,甲基或苯基。
R4的具体含义为H,甲基或苯基。
Z的具体含义为-CH2-或-CH2-CH2-。
X的具体含义为CO2R2,(C2-C5)链烷酰基甲基或酰氨基。
n的具体含义为1。
优选的式(I)化合物为这些,其中每一R均为H,X为乙基氨基羰基以及R1为4-羧基环己基甲基(DWH-146a),R1为4-甲氧基羰基环己基甲基(DWH-146e)或者R1为4-乙酰氧基甲基环己基甲基(JMR-193)。它们描述如下(DWH-146(酸)和甲基酯(e))和JMR-193.
4[3-(6-氨基-9(5-[(乙基氨基)羰基]-3,4-二羟基四氢-Z-呋喃基-9H-2-嘌呤基)-2-丙炔基]-1-环己烷羧酸甲酯(DWH-146e)的合成通过利用PdII催化剂交联碘-腺苷衍生物(N-乙基-1′-脱氧-1′-(氨基-2-碘-9H-嘌呤-9-基)-β-呋喃核糖酸酰胺(β-D-ribofuranuoramide))与4-(2-丙炔基)-1-环己烷羧酸甲酯实现。碘-腺苷衍生物的合成采用鸟苷完成。首先用能缩醛化糖羟基的乙酐处理鸟苷,然后利用四甲基氯化铵和磷酰氯对6位进行氯化。2位的碘化反应通过改进的Sandmeyer反应完成,接着用氨置换6-Cl和糖乙酸酯。将2′和3′羟基保护成丙酮化合物,而5′羟基则用高锰酸钾碘化成酸。脱保护2′和3′丙酮化合物。用乙醇对5′酸进行Fisher酯化,并用乙胺将所得乙基酯转化为乙基酰胺,从而获得N-乙基-1′-脱氧-1′-(氨基-2-碘-9H-嘌呤-9-基)-β-D-呋喃核糖酸酰胺。
乙炔化物(4-(2-丙炔基)-1-环己烷羧酸甲酯)以反式-1,4-环己烷二甲醇为原料合成。首先单甲苯磺酰化反式-二醇,接着用乙炔阴离子置换甲苯磺酸酯。将所得羟基乙炔物的羟基用Jone试剂氧化成酸,继而用(三甲基甲硅烷基)重氮甲烷甲基化,得到4-(2-丙炔基)-1-环己烷羧酸甲酯。
交联反应在下述早先报道过的条件下进行。向包含N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(0.5mL)、乙腈(1mL)、三乙胺(0.25mL)和N-乙基-1′-脱氧-1′-(氨基-2-碘-9H-嘌呤-9-基)-β-D-呋喃核糖酸酰胺(25mg,0.06mmol)的溶液中加入二氯化二(三苯膦)合钯(1mg,2mol%)和碘化铜(I)(0.06mg,5mol%)。然后向所得混合物中加入4-(2-丙炔基)-1-环己烷羧酸甲酯(54mg,0.3mmol),在氮气氛下搅拌反应16小时。真空除去溶剂并快速层析所得残留物,以20%甲醇/氯仿洗脱(Rf=0.45),得到19mg(灰白色固体,mp 125℃(分解))4[3-(6-氨基-9(5-[(乙基氨基)羰基]-3,4-二羟基四氢-Z-呋喃基)-9H-2-嘌呤基)-2-丙炔基]-1-环己烷羧酸酯(DWH-146e)。
在炎症模型体系中,作为抑制剂,DWH-146e和JMR 193的效力显著高于参比化合物,CGS21680(2-[对-(羧基乙基)-苯基-乙基氨基]5′-N-乙基甲酰氨基腺苷)。例如,与CGS21680相比,DWH-146e对A2A受体的效力要高约80倍,并且对A2A比对A3受体的选择性要高40倍。
可药用盐的实例为与能形成生理上可接受阴离子的酸形成的有机酸加成盐,例如甲苯磺酸盐、甲磺酸盐、马来酸盐、乙酸盐、柠檬酸盐、丙二酸盐、酒石酸盐、琥珀酸盐、苯甲酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、α-酮戊二酸盐和α-甘油磷酸盐。也可以形成适宜的无机盐,包括盐酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、碳酸氢盐和碳酸盐。
可药用盐可采用本领域公知的标准方法获得,例如使具有足够强碱性的化合物如胺与能提供生理上可接受的阴离子的合适酸反应。还可以制得羧酸的碱金属(例如钠,钾或锂)或碱土金属(例如钙)盐。
式I化合物可以配制成药物组合物,并能以适合所选给药途径(即口服或非肠道、静脉内、肌内、局部或皮下途径)的各种不同形式施于哺乳动物宿主,例如人类患者。
因此,本发明化合物可以与可药用赋形剂如惰性稀释剂或可同化食用的载体一起内吸收性给用,例如口服。它们可以包封在硬或软壳明胶胶囊内,可以压制成片剂,或者可以直接掺入到患者食物中。对于口服治疗给药,活性化合物可以与一种或多种赋形剂混合,以可摄取片剂、口腔片、锭剂、胶囊剂、酏剂、悬浮剂、糖浆剂、圆片剂等剂型使用。这类组合物及制剂应当含有至少0.1%活性化合物。组合物及制剂中的上述百分含量当然是可变的,并且对于给定单位剂型宜为约2-约60%重量。活性化合物在这些治疗用组合物中的含量应能达到有效剂量水平。
片剂、锭剂、丸剂、胶囊剂等制剂中还可以含有下列成分:粘合剂如黄耆胶,阿拉伯胶,玉米淀粉或明胶;赋形剂如磷酸二钙;崩解剂如玉米淀粉,马铃薯淀粉,藻酸等;润滑剂如硬脂酸镁;以及甜味剂如蔗糖,果糖,乳糖或天冬甜素或调味剂如薄荷,冬青油,或者可以加入樱桃调味剂。当单位剂型为胶囊时,除上述种类物质外,它还可以含有液体载体,如植物油或聚乙二醇。多种其它物质可以以包衣物形式存在,或者用来改进固体单位剂型的物理形式。例如,片剂、丸剂或胶囊剂可以用明胶、蜡、虫胶或耱等包衣。糖浆剂或酏剂可以包含活性化合物、甜味剂蔗糖或果糖、防腐剂对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或丙酯,染料和调味剂如樱桃或甜橙调味品。当然,制备不同单位剂型所用的任何物质都应当是可药用的,并且在使用剂量下基本上无毒。另外,活性化合物还可以掺入到缓释制剂与装置中。
活性化合物也可以通过输注或注射方式静脉内或腹膜内给药。活性化合物或其盐的溶液可以在水中任选地与无毒表面活性剂混合而制备。分散液亦可以在甘油、液态聚乙二醇、甘油三乙酸酯、及其混合物以及在油中制备。在正常的贮存与使用条件下,这些制剂含有防腐剂以防止微生物生长。
适于注射或输注给药的药物剂型可以包括无菌水溶液或分散液或包含活性成分的无菌粉末,这种粉末适于临时配制成注射或输注溶液,并且上述剂型均任选地包封在脂质体内。就所有这类剂型而言,最终剂型在生产与贮存条件下必须是无菌、液态和稳定的。液体载体或赋形剂可以是溶剂或包括例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇、液态聚乙二醇等)、植物油、无毒甘油酯、以及它们的适当混合物的液体分散介质。通过例如形成脂质体、在分散液情况下维持所需粒度或使用表面活性剂,可以保持适当流动性。使用各种不同的抗菌剂和抗真菌剂,例如对羟苯甲酸酯类、氯丁醇、苯酚、抗坏血酸、硫柳汞等,能够产生抑微生物作用。在许多情况下,这些剂型优选包含有等渗剂,例如糖,缓冲剂或氯化钠。通过在组合物中使用延迟吸收剂例如一硬脂酸铝和明胶可以产生延长注射组合物吸收的作用。
无菌注射液的制备包括在合适溶剂中混合需要量的活性化合物与上文所列举的其它各种成分(按需选择),随后无菌过滤。在供制备无菌注射液用的无菌粉末情况下,优选的制备方法是真空干燥和冻干技术,从而产生包含活性成分和所述无菌过滤溶液中存在的任何其它所需成分的粉末。
对于局部给药,本发明化合物可以以纯净形式使用(即在它们为液体的情形下)。但通常最好是将它们与皮肤可接受的载体一起配制成组合物或制剂形式施于皮肤,这些组合物或制剂可以是固体或液体形式。
有用的固体载体包括粉碎固体如滑石、粘土、微晶纤维素、硅胶、氧化铝等。有用的液体载体包括水、醇或二醇类或水-醇/二醇共混物,其中任选地借助无毒表面活性剂来溶解或分散有效量的本发明化合物。对于给定用途,可以加入诸如香料和其它抗菌剂之类佐剂以优化它们的性质。所制液体组合物可以借助吸收垫给药,用于浸渍绷带和其它敷料,或用唧筒类或气雾剂喷雾器喷雾到损伤区。
为了直接给药到用者的皮肤上,还可以使用增稠剂(如合成聚合物、脂肪酸、脂肪酸盐与酯,脂肪醇、改性纤维素或改性无机材料)与液体载体一起形成可涂敷的糊剂、凝胶剂、软膏剂、皂液等形式。
Jacquet等(USP 4,608,392)、Geria(USP 4,992,478)、Smith等(USP 4,559,157)和Wortzman(USP 4,820,508)公开了有用的皮用组合物实例,它们可用于将式I化合物给药于皮肤。
式I化合物的有效剂量可以通过在动物模型中比较它们的体外活性与体内活性来测定。根据在小鼠和其它动物中的有效剂量外推适合人的有效剂量的方法是本领域已知的,参见USP 4,938,949。IV型PDE抑制剂的有效剂量也是本领域已知的,例如,参见USP5,877,180,Col.12。
一般来讲,式(I)化合物在液体组合物如洗剂中的浓度为约0.1-25%wt-%,优选约0.5-10wt-%。在半固体或固体组合物如凝胶或粉剂中的浓度为约0.1-5wt-%,优选约0.5-2.5wt-%。
化合物、或其活性盐或衍生物的治疗需要量不仅随所选择的具体盐而变化,而且还随给药途径、所治疗疾病的严重程度以及患者的年龄与健康状况而变化,并且最终由主治医师或临床医师决定。
但一般来讲,适宜剂量为每天每千克体重约0.5-约100μg,例如约10-约75μg(比如3-约50μg),优选6-90μg,最优选16-60μg/kg/天。
本发明化合物能够以单位剂量形式方便地给药;例如,每单位剂量形式含5-1000μg,适宜含10-750μg,最适宜含50-500μg的活性成分。
理想的情形是,给药活性成分应当达到约0.1-约10nM活性化合物的血峰浓度,优选约0.2-10nM,最优选约0.5-约5nM。这种情形可以通过例如静脉注射0.05-5%活性成分溶液(任选溶在生理盐水中),或口服给药含约1-100μg活性成分的药团实现。所需血药水平可通过以约0.01-5.0μg/kg/hr速率连续输注维持或由含约0.4-15μg/kg活性成分的间歇性输注液维持。
所需剂量可以很方便地以单剂量或以适当时间间隔给药的分剂量(例如每天两个、三个、四个或更多个小剂量)形式提供。小剂量本身还可以进一步细分成多个松散间隔开的不连续给药形式,例如吹入器的多次吸入或将多滴滴剂滴入眼内。例如,最好在能引起炎症的损伤之后静脉延续给药本发明组合物一段时期。
本发明特定化合物作为A2A腺苷受体激动剂(或拮抗剂)的能力可以利用本领域公知的药理学模型或应用下述试验测定。
本发明通过下列详细描述的实施例进一步说明,但它们仅仅是本发明的例证,而且本发明并不局限于此。
实施例1.反式-(1-[4-羟甲基)环己基]甲基)-4-甲基苯磺酸酯(5.2).向10g(70mmol)[4-(羟甲基)环己基]甲烷-1-醇(5.1)在700mL四氢呋喃中的溶液内加入氢化钠(1.68g,70mmol),搅拌1小时,然后加入对-甲苯磺酰氯(13.3g,70mmol),回流反应混合物5小时。然后冷却反应物至0℃,缓慢加水终止反应,直至不再存在活性氢化物为止。氢化物停止反应之后,加乙醚(700mL)稀释反应混合物,并用10%碳酸钾水溶液(700mL)萃取两次。用硫酸钠干燥有机物,然后减压除去溶剂。产物进而通过硅胶柱色谱纯化,以丙酮-二氯甲烷(5∶95)洗脱,从而得到5.2(35%)。
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)
δ775 (d,J=8.3Hz,2H),7.32(d,J=8.1Hz,2H),3.79(d,J=6.35Hz,2H),
3.39(d,J=6.35Hz,2H),2.42(s,3H),1.75(m,4H),1.59(m,1H),1.37(m,
1H),0.9(m,4H).13C NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ145.3,133.4,130.3,130.3.
128.3,128.3,75.8,68.5,40.6,37.8,28.9,28.9,28.9,28.9,22.1.
实施例2.(4-丙-2-炔基环己基)甲烷-1-醇(5.3).向5.2(3g,10mmol)在40mL二甲亚砜中的溶液内非常缓慢地加入乙炔锂乙二胺复合物(90%)(6.4g,70mmol)。搅拌反应混合物5天,然后在0℃下缓慢加水终止反应。用乙醚(300mL)稀释这一混合物,并用氯化铵饱和水溶液(200mL)萃取三次。有机物用硫酸钠干燥。减压除去溶剂,产物进而用硅胶柱色谱纯化,以乙酸乙酯-己烷(20∶80)洗脱,从而得到5.3(85%)。
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ3.41
(d,J=6.5Hz,2H),2.07(dd,J=2.5,6.5Hz,2H),1.96-1.75(m,5H),1.41(m,
2H),.095(m,4).13C NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ83.8,69.6,68.9,40.7,37.7,
32.3,32.3,29.6,29.6,26.5.
实施例3.4-丙-2-炔基环己烷羧酸(5.4).保持三氧化铬(1.1g,11mmol)在1.5M硫酸(40mL,27mmol)中的溶液温度为0℃,2小时内加入5.3(0.46g,3mmol)/80mL丙酮溶液。然后在室温下另搅拌反应物2小时。加乙醚(200mL)稀释反应混合物,并用水萃取两次。用硫酸钠干燥有机物。减压除去溶剂,并将产物通过硅胶柱色谱纯化,以丙酮-二氯甲烷(70∶30)洗脱,得到5.4(75%)。
1H NMR(300MHz CDCl3)δ2.24(dt,J=3.66,12.1
Hz,1H),2.10(dd,J=2.7,6.5Hz,2H),2.04-1.89(m,5H),1.76(d,J=2.3Hz,
1H),1.43(dq,J=3.28,13.1Hz,2H),1.03(dq,J=3.28,13.1Hz,2H).13C
NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ183.2,83.3,69.9,43.4,36.7,31.8,28.9,26.3.
实施例4.4-丙-2-炔基环己烷羧酸甲酯(5.5).向5.4(0.34g,2mmol)在15mL甲醇∶二氯甲烷(3∶7)中的溶液内加入(三甲基甲硅烷基)重氮甲烷的己烷溶液(2.0M)(1mL,2mmol)。减压除去溶剂,起始原料100%转化为产物。
1H NMR
(300MHz,CDCl3)δ2.24(dt,J=3.66,12.1Hz,1H),2.10(dd,J=2.7,6.5Hz,
2H),2.06(dd,J=1.54,6.54Hz,1H),2.00-1.89(m,3H),1.76(d,J=2.3Hz,
1H),1.43(dq,J=3.28,13.1Hz,2H),1.03(dq,J=3.28,13.1Hz,2H).13C
NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ176.8,83.3,69.8,51.9,43.4,36.7,31.9,29.2,26.3.
实施例5.乙酸[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-二乙酰氧基-5-(2-氨基-6-羟基(oxohyro)嘌呤-9-基)氧杂戊环(oxolan)-2-基]甲基酯(6.2).75℃加热由113g(0.4mol)无水鸟苷(6.1)、乙酐(240mL,2.5mol)、无水吡啶(120mL)和无水DMF(320mL)组成的悬浮液3.75小时,期间温度不超过80℃。然后将所得清亮溶液转移到3LErlenmyer烧瓶内,并加入2-丙醇。待溶液冷却到室温后进行引晶,并在4℃下继续进行过夜。过滤白色固体,用2-丙醇洗涤,进而以2-丙醇重结晶,得到6.2(96%)。
1H NMR(300Mhz,
CDCl3)δ8.20(s,1H,H-8),6.17(d,J=5.41Hz,1H,H-1′)5.75(t,J=5.39Hz,
1H,H-2′),5.56(t,J=5.0,H-3′),4.41(m,3H,H-4′,5′),2.14(s,3H,Ac),2.11(s,
3H,Ac),2.10(s,3H,Ac).13C NMR(300MHz,CD3OD)δ171.0,170.3,1702,
157.7,154.8,152.4,136.7,117.7,85.5,80.4,73.0,71.3,64.0,31.3,21.2,21.0.
实施例6.乙酸[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-二乙酰氧基-5-(2-氨基-6-氯嘌呤-9-基)氧杂戊环-2-基(oxolan-2-yl)]甲基酯(6.3). 在1000mL烧瓶内加入80g(0.195mol)乙酸[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-4-二乙酰氧基-5-(2-氨基-6-羟基(oxohyro)嘌呤-9-基)氧杂戊环-2-基(oxolan-2-yl)]甲基酯(6.2)、四甲基氯化铵(44g,0.4mol)、无水乙腈(400mL)和N,N-二甲基苯胺(25mL)。将烧瓶置于冰盐浴中,冷却到2℃。向此溶液内逐滴加入POCl3(107mL,1.15mol),控制滴加速度以维持温度低于5℃(45分钟)。然后从冰浴中移出烧瓶,配备冷凝器,再置于油浴中,回流10分钟,溶液颜色变为红/棕色。然后减压除去溶剂,将所得油状残留物转移到含有1000g冰和400mL氯仿的烧杯内,搅拌1.5小时以分解剩余的POCl3。然后移出有机相,将水相用3×50mL氯仿萃取,并与有机相混合。合并的有机物然后再用50mL水萃取,接着与200mL饱和碳酸氢钠一起搅拌。有机物进一步用碳酸氢钠萃取至水萃取物呈中性(2X)。最后再用盐水萃取有机相,用硫酸镁干燥16小时。向此溶液内加入800mL 2-丙醇,然后减压浓缩所得溶液。再向油状固体中加入200mL 2-丙醇,冷冻所得溶液过夜。过滤结晶产物,洗涤,干燥过夜后得到6.3(77%).
1H NMR(300MHz,CD3OD)δ8.31(s,1H,
H-8),7.00(s,2H,NH2)6.06(d,J=5.8Hz,1H,H-1′),5.83(t,J=6.16Hz,1H,
H-2),5.67(m,1H,H-3′),4.29(m,3H,H-4′,5′),2.07(s,3H,Ac),1.99(s,3H,
Ac),1.98(s,3H,Ac),13C NMR(300MHz,CD3OD)δ171.0,170.4,170.2,
160.8,154.6,150.8,142.2,124.5,85.8,80.6,72.8,71.2,63.9,21.4,21.3,21.1.
实施例7.乙酸[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-二乙酰氧基-5-(6-氯-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)氧杂戊环-2-基]甲基酯(6.4).向5.12g(12mmol)乙酸[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-二乙酰氧基-5-(2-氨基-6-氯嘌呤-9-基)氧杂戊环-2-基]甲基酯(6.3)、I2(3.04g,12mmol)、CH2I2(10mL,124mmol)和CuI(2.4g,12.6mmol)在THF(60mL)中的混合物内加入亚硝酸异戊酯(5mL,37mmol)。加热回流所得混合物45分钟,然后冷却到室温。向此溶液内加入100ml饱和Na2S2O3以除去因碘造成的红色。水相用氯仿萃取3X,收集氯仿,用硫酸镁干燥并减压浓缩。产物然后通过硅胶柱纯化,使用CHCl3-MeOH(98∶2)洗脱以收集乙酸[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-二乙酰氧基-5-(6-氯-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)氧杂戊环-2-基]甲基酯(6.4)(80%,用乙醇结晶)。
1H NMR
(300MHz,CDCl3)δ8.20(s,1H H-8),6.17(d,J=5.41Hz,1H,H-1′).5.75(t,J
=5.39Hz,1H,H-2′),5.56(t,J=5.40Hz,1H,H-3′),4.38(m,3H,H-4′,5′),2.14
(s,1H,Ac),2.11(s,1H,Ac),2.10(s,1H,Ac).
实施例8.(4S,2R,3R,5R)-2-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-5-(羟甲基)氧杂戊环-3,4-二醇(6.5).-78℃下,向含有6.0g(11.1mmol)乙酸[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4-二乙酰氧基-5-(6-氯-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)氧杂戊环-2-基]甲基酯(6.4)的烧瓶内加入100ml液氨,搅拌该溶液6小时。然后温热至室温反应过夜,同时发生NH3蒸发,最后得到一棕色油状物。将该产物用热异丙醇结晶,得到6.5(80%),m.p.143-145℃,r.f.=0.6(20% MeOH/CHCl3)。
1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.24
(s,1H),7.68(s,2H),5.75(d,J=6.16,1H),5.42(d,J=5.40Hz,1H),5.16(d,J
=4.62Hz,1H),4.99(t,J=5.39Hz,1H),4.67(d,J=4.81Hz,1H),4.06(d,J=
3.37Hz,1H),3.89(m,1H),3.54(m,2H).
实施例9.[(1R,2R,4R,5R)-4-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-7-7-二甲基-3,6,8-三氧杂二环[3.3.0]辛-2-基]甲烷-1-醇(6.6).向2.0g(5.08mmol)(4S,2R,3R,5R)-2-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-5-(羟甲基)氧杂戊环-3,4-二醇(6.6)在100mL丙酮中的溶液内加入9.6g对-甲苯磺酸和5ml二甲氧基丙烷。室温搅拌反应物1小时,接着加入15g NaHCO3,另外搅拌3小时,尔后过滤残留物,并用EtOAc洗涤2X。随后减压浓缩滤液。残留物通过硅胶柱层析,以MeOH-CHCl3(1∶99)洗脱,从而得到固体6.6(72%),m.p.185-187℃。
1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.22(s,
1H,H-8),7.69(s,2H),NH2),6.00(d,J=2.70Hz,1H,H-1′),5.21(m,1H,H-
2′),5.07(bs,1H,OH),4.88(m,1H,H-3′),4.13(m,1H,H-4′),3.47(m,2H,H-
5′),1.49和1.28(s,3H,C(CH3)2)
实施例10.(2S,1R,4R,5R)-4-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-7,7-二甲基-3,6,8-三氧杂二环[3.3.0]辛烷-2-羧酸(6.7)。搅拌下,向1.6g(3.7mmol)[(1R,2R,4R,5R)-4-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-7-7-二甲基-3,6,8-三氧杂二环[3.3.0]辛-2-基]甲烷-1-醇(6.6)在200mL水中的溶液内加入0.60g KOH,并逐滴加入1.70g(10.8mml)KMnO4在50mL水中的溶液。所得混合物在室温下黑暗处放置225小时。然后冷却反应混合物到5-10℃,用4mL 30%H2O2/16mL水溶液脱色,期间使用冰盐浴维持温度低于10℃。混合物通过Celite过滤,减压浓缩滤液至约10mL,然后用2N HCl酸化至pH 4。滤出所产生的沉淀物,用乙醚洗涤,经干燥后得到白色固体6.7(70%),m.p.187-190℃.
1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6)δ
8.11(s,1H,H-8),7.62(s,2H,NH2),7.46(s,1H,COOH),6.22(s,1H,H-1′),
5.42(d,J=5.71Hz,1H,H-2′),5.34(d,J=6.16Hz,1H,H-3′),4.63(s,1H,H-
4′),1.46和1.30(s,3H,C(CH3)2)。
实施例11.(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-羧酸(6.8).80℃搅拌1.72g(3.85mol)(2S,1R,4R,5R)-4-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-7,7-二甲基-3,6,8-三氧杂二环[3.3.0]辛烷-2-羧酸(6.7)在80mL 50%HCOOH中的溶液1.5小时。然后减压蒸发反应混合物,将残留物溶于水,并再次蒸发该溶液。重复该过程直至残留物中无甲酸气味为止。最后用水重结晶得到1.33g(85%)白色固体6.8,m.p.221-223℃(分解).
1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.31(s,1H,H-8),7.68(s,2H,
NH2),5.90(d,J=6.55Hz,1H,H-1′),4.42(m,1H,H-2′),4.35(d,J=2.31Hz,
1H,H-4′),4.22(m,1H,H-3′).
实施例12.[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-N-乙基甲酰胺(6.9).搅拌下,向1.29g(3.17mmol)(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-羧酸(6.8)在150mL无水乙醇中的冷(5℃)溶液内逐滴加入1.15mL冰冷SOCl2。室温搅拌混合物过夜,然后用碳酸氢钠饱和水溶液调节至pH8。过滤混合物,随后减压浓缩滤液得到白色固体,进而干燥并于-20℃再溶于20mL无水乙胺并保持3小时,然后室温放置过夜。将反应混合物用无水乙醇稀释,滤出沉淀产物,用无水乙醚洗涤后得到530mg(72%)纯净固体6.9,m.p.232-234℃.
1H NMR(300
MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.34(s,1H,H-8),8.12(t,1H,NH),7.73(s,2H,NH2),5.85,
(d,J=6.93Hz,1H,H-1′),4.54(m,1H,H-2′),4.25(d,J=1.92Hz,1H,H-4′),
4.13(m,1H,H-3′),3.28(m,2H,CH2CH3),1.00(t,J=7.2Hz,3H,CH2CH3).
实施例13.甲基-4-(3-{9-[(4S,5S,2R,3R)-5-(N-乙基氨基甲酰基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-6-氨基嘌呤-2-基)}丙-2-炔基)环己烷羧酸酯(DWH-146e).向25mg(0.063mmol)[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-N-乙基甲酰胺(6.9)、16.9mg(0.094mmol)(5.5)和0.75mgCuI在5mL三乙胺(TEA)和5mL乙腈中形成的脱气溶液内加入15mgPd(PPh3)4。70℃搅拌所得溶液24小时,然后将溶液通过硅藻土过滤,并进行硅胶层析(MeOH-CHCl3(5∶95)),从而得到DWH-146e(24%)。
实施例14.乙酸(4-丙-2-炔基环己基)甲基酯(5.6).向5.3(250mg,1.65mmol)在25mL乙醚中的溶液内加入乙酐(0.92mL,8.25mmol)和吡啶(.2mL,2.5mmol)。室温搅拌反应物24小时。向反应物中加入水,进一步用10% NaHCO3萃取有机物。有机层用硫酸镁干燥,然后蒸发。硅胶层析残留物,以EtOAc-己烷(5∶95)洗脱,得到5.6(47%)。
实施例15.乙酸[4-(3-{9-(4S,5S,2R,3R)-5-(N-乙基氨基甲酰基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-6-氨基嘌呤-2-基}丙-2-炔基)环己基]甲基酯(JMR193)。向125mg(0.29mmol)[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-N-乙基甲酰胺(6.9)、150mg(0.77mmol)(5.6)和1.0mg CuI在1.3mL TEA和4mL DMF中形成的脱气溶液内加入25mg Pd(PPh3)4。60℃搅拌所得溶液72小时,然后将溶液通过硅藻土过滤,并进行硅胶层析(MeOH-CHCl3(5∶95)),从而得到JMR193(10%)。
实施例16.[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-{3-[4-(羟甲基)环己基]丙-2-炔基}嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-N-乙基甲酰胺.
A.(4-丙-2-炔基环己基)甲烷-1-醇.向4-甲基苯磺酸反式-[4-(羟甲基)环己基]甲基酯(3g,10mmol)在40mL二甲亚砜中的溶液内非常缓慢地加入乙炔锂乙二胺复合物(90%)(6.4g,70mmol)。搅拌反应混合物5天,然后在0℃下缓慢加水终止反应。用乙醚(300mL)稀释这一混合物,并用氯化铵饱和水溶液(200mL)洗涤三遍。然后用硫酸钠干燥有机物。减压除去溶剂,产物进而用硅胶柱色谱纯化,以乙酸乙酯-己烷(20∶80)洗脱,从而得到产物(85%)。
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)d
3.41(d,J=6.5Hz,2H),2.07(dd,J=2.5,6.5Hz,2H),1.96-1.75(m,5H),1.41
(m,2H),.095(m,4).13C NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)d 83.8,69.6,68.9,40.7,37.7,
32.3,32.3,29.6,29.6,26.5.
B.[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-{3-[4-(羟甲基)环己基]-丙-1-炔基}嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-N-乙基甲酰胺(JMR2037)。向28mg(0.065mmol)[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-碘嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-N-乙基甲酰胺、30mg(0.20mmol)(4-丙-2-炔基环己基)甲烷-1-醇和1.0mg CuI在1mL三乙胺(TEA)、1mL DMF和1mL乙腈中形成的脱气溶液内加入10mgPd(PPh3)4。室温搅拌所得溶液60小时,然后将溶液通过硅藻土过滤,并进行硅胶层析(MeOH-CHCl3(7∶93)),从而得到5mg(17%)JMR2037。使用本文描述的结合测定方法测试该标题化合物,发现它能与重组人A2A受体结合,其Ki为694±69nM。
实施例17.放射配体结合研究。利用放射配体125I-ZM241385评价与A2A受体的结合性质。图2B描述了选择性激动剂与重组人A2A腺苷受体结合的竞争特性。DWH-146e对重组人A2A(hA2A)亚型具有高选择性。对A3受体的选择性(未示出)不太显著,但仍有约50倍。DWH-146e的效力分别比WRC0470和CGS21680高大约5倍和50倍(图1)。一种出人意料但又令人感兴趣的发现就是酯,DWH-146e的效力也是酸,DWH-146a的约50倍(图1)。
实施例17A.DWH-146e和JMR193对嗜中性白细胞氧化活性的作用A.材料
f-met-leu-phe(fMLP),鲁米诺,超氧化物岐化酶,细胞色素C,血纤蛋白原,腺苷脱氨酶,和台盼蓝购自Sigma化学公司。Ficoll-hypaque购自ICN(Aurora,OH),和Cardinal Scientific(SantaFe,NM)以及Accurate Chemicals和Scientific(Westerbury,NY)。内毒素(脂多糖;大肠杆菌k235)得自List Biologicals(Campbell,CA).Hanks平衡盐溶液(HBSS),和鲎阿米巴样细胞裂解物分析试剂盒得自Bio Wittaker(Walkersville,MD)。人血清白蛋白(HSA)得自Cutter Biological(Elkhart,IN)。重组人肿瘤坏死因子-α由Dianippin药物有限公司(Osaka,Japan)提供。ZM241385(4-(2-[7-氨基-2-(2-呋喃基)-[1,2,4]-三唑并[2,3-a][1,3,5]三嗪-5-基氨基]乙基)苯酚)由Zeneca Pharmaceuticals(Cheshire,UK)的SimonPoucher赠送。贮存液(1mM和10mM的DMSO溶液)自制并在-20℃贮存。B.人嗜中性白细胞制品
含有<1个血小板/5个嗜中性白细胞和<50pg/ml内毒素(鲎阿米巴样细胞裂解物测定)的纯化嗜中性白细胞(~98%嗜中性白细胞和>95%活细胞,根据台盼蓝排除法测定)通过一步Ficoll-hypaque分离法(A.Ferranter等,J.Immunol.Meth.,36,109(1980))由标准肝素化(10U/ml)静脉血制得。C.由致敏和刺激人嗜中性白细胞释放炎性活性氧物质化学发光法
鲁米诺增强化学发光法(一种测量嗜中性白细胞氧化活性的方法)不仅依赖于超氧化物酶的产生,而且还依赖于溶酶体颗粒酶髓过氧化物酶的活动化作用。光由激活嗜中性白细胞产生的不稳定性高能氧物质发射。在摇动水浴中,在含有0.1%人血清白蛋白(1ml)、含或不含DWH-146a,DWH-146e,CGS21680,或JMR193、含或不含洛利普利以及含或不含肿瘤坏死因子-α(1U/ml)的Hanks平衡盐溶液中30℃温育纯化嗜中性白细胞(5-10×105/ml)30分钟。然后利用Chronolog Photometer(Crono-log Corp.,Havertown,PA)37℃读取鲁米诺(1×10-4M)增强的f-met-leu-phe(1mcM)刺激化学发光2-4小时。化学发光以与含肿瘤坏死因子-α和不含DWH,JMR或洛利普利的样品比较的相对发光峰值(=曲线高度)报道。D.结果
如图2所示,与腺苷A2A受体激动剂CGS21680相比,JMR193和DWH-146e都能更有效地降低肿瘤坏死因子-α-致敏f-met-leu-phe-刺激人嗜中性白细胞氧化活性(根据鲁米诺增强化学发光法测定)。横轴给出CGS21680,DWH-146a,DWH-146e或JMR193的浓度(log nM)。纵轴给出了与未用肿瘤坏死因子-α致敏的对照样品相比以刺激释放的活性氧物质相对量形式产生的峰值人嗜中性白细胞活性(根据鲁米诺增强化学发光法测定)。均数SEM(n=4-5次独立实验)。
图2横轴下面的数据给出了降低人嗜中性白细胞活性的EC50(基于图2中数据)。均数SEM(n=4-5次独立实验).*p<0.05与CGS21680相比降低的IC50。
JMR193和DWH-146e降低刺激嗜中性白细胞氧化性爆发,EC50小于1nM(分别为0.8和0.3nM)。相反,游离酸A2A受体激动剂DWH-146a和CGS21680在抑制氧化性爆发方面不那么有效(分别为53和9nM;图2)。DWH-146e对刺激嗜中性白细胞氧化性爆发的抑制作用被选择性A2AAR拮抗剂ZM41385所对抗。
如图3所示,JMR193(1nM)与洛利普利(100nM)一起协同降低活性氧物质的刺激释放。人嗜中性白细胞用肿瘤坏死抑制-α(1U/ml)致敏,并用f-met-leu-phe(1μM)刺激。纵轴给出了按照鲁米诺增强化学发光法测定的氧化活性百分抑制率。均数SEM(n=4次独立实验,*p<0.05,与加合活性相比JMR193同洛利普利之间存在的协同作用。
如图4所示,高选择性A2A腺苷受体拮抗剂ZM241385(100nM)(ZM)抵抗JMR193(10nM)抑制人嗜中性白细胞氧化活性(根据鲁米诺增强化学发光法测定)。4次独立实验的均数SEM。*p=.0004,ZM241385对抗JMR193抑制氧化活性。E.人嗜中性白细胞[cAMP]1和嗜中性白细胞对生物表面的粘连
24孔组织培养板在5%CO2中用人血纤蛋白原(5mg/ml,溶在1.5%碳酸氢钠中;0.5ml/孔;Sigma Chemical)37℃包被过夜。在包被板孔内,在含0.1% HSA和ADA(1U/ml)以及有或无重组人TNFα(10U/ml),DWH-146e(3-300nM),洛利普利(300nM),和/或ZM241385(100nM)存在的0.5ml HBSS中温育嗜中性白细胞(3-4×106/0.5ml/样品)45分钟。温育后,向各孔内加入0.5ml HCl(0.2N),再于室温下温育45分钟以萃取cAMP。然后在microfuge中离心样品2分钟除去细胞碎屑。冷冻0.5ml样品供cAMP分析用(B.Brooker等,Science,194,270(1976))。各孔用生理盐水洗涤两次,残留单层用0.2 ml0.2N NaOH(含SDS)室温消化2小时。然后(-70℃)冷冻蛋白样品供后面测定相对PMN粘连程度的蛋白分析用(K.P.Stowell等,Anal.Biochem.,85,572(1978))。结果
DWH-146e 30-300nM)独自以及与洛利普利(300nM)协同作用能增高人嗜中性白细胞cAMP含量,并且与洛利普利一起能协同降低嗜中性白细胞与血纤蛋白原包被表面的粘连(图5)。DWH-146e(300nM)+洛利普利(300nM)对嗜中性白细胞产生和粘附的作用被选择性A2A腺苷受体拮抗剂,ZM241385(ZM;100nM)所对抗。5次独立实验的均数SEM.*p<0.05,与无DWH-146e相比增加嗜中性白细胞[cAMP];**p<0.05与无DWH-146e相比减少嗜中性白细胞粘连。F.粘着性人嗜中性白细胞氧化活性
方法.采用E部分的改良法,将Ficoll-Hypaque分离得到的嗜中性白细胞(2×106/ml)在含0.1人血清白蛋白和腺苷脱氨酶(1U/ml)、洛利普利(300 nM)以及DWH-146e(3-300nM)的0.45mlHanks平衡盐溶液中37℃温育15分钟。温育后,在有或无重组人肿瘤坏死因子-α(1U/ml)存在下加入细胞色素C(120μM)和过氧化氢酶(0.062mg/ml),取200μl这种细胞悬液等分液立刻转移到预先用人血纤蛋白原包被过夜的96孔平底组织培养板孔内,一式两孔。在550nm处读取样品的光密度,与匹配的超氧化物岐化酶(200U/ml)样品比较。G.结果
如图6所示,对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF)-刺激的粘着性人嗜中性白细胞在血纤蛋白原包被表面释放超氧化物的抑制由洛利普利(300nM)和DWH-146e实现。DWH-146e降低粘着嗜中性白细胞的氧化性爆发,并且在洛利普利存在下能协同降低氧化性爆发,而洛利普利本身并不影响嗜中性白细胞的氧化活性。横轴表示以nM为单位的DWH-146e浓度,纵轴表示按照细胞色素C减少法测定的嗜中性白细胞释放的超氧化物量。其中DWH-146e与IV型PDE抑制剂-洛利普利-存在着显著协同作用,能降低肿瘤坏死因子-α-刺激的粘着性人嗜中性白细胞的氧化活性。4-5次独立实验平行测定的均数SEM。*p<0.05与无DWH-146e情形相比减少超氧化物释放;**p<0.05与存在洛利普利但无DWH-146e的情形相比减少超氧化物释放。
实施例18用DWH-146e处理肾脏局部缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤
为了测定DWH-146e诱导A2A腺苷受体活化是否降低大鼠I/R损伤后24与48小时时刻血浆肌酸酐含量,将大鼠肾脏进行45分钟局部缺血和24或48小时再灌注。在I/R前5小时利用小型泵开始连续给药DWH-146e(0.004μg/kg/min)或赋形剂。如图7所示,在7/7大鼠(P<0.05)和用DWH-146e处理的6/6大鼠(p<0.001)中,分别在24和48小时时刻DWH-146e能显著降低血浆肌酸酐量。
为了确定DWH-146e降低I/R大鼠中血浆肌酸酐含量的作用是否由A2A受体介导,对大鼠肾脏进行45分钟局部缺血,接着再灌注48小时。局部缺血前5小时利用小型泵开始连续给药DWH-146e(0.004μg/kg/min)。如图8所示,肾功能由A2A拮抗剂ZM-241385逆转(0.003μg/kg/min-与DWH-146e相比等摩尔给药速率)(*P<0.001,赋形剂-DWH;**P<0.05 DWH-DWH/ZM.N=5(赋形剂,DW);N=6(DWH/ZM).方差分析接着Bonferroni校正)。
DWH-146e在无血液动力作用的浓度下能预防肾水肿、坏死、红细胞在内部髓质中的汇集。
DWH-146e(0.01μg/kg/min s.c.48小时)提供的肾损伤保护作用与显著抑制嗜中性白细胞粘连血管内皮的作用有关。据信DWH-146e对嗜中性白细胞与血管内皮之间相互作用的抑制至少能部分地对肾损伤产生保护作用。
为了测定A2A-AR活化是否会降低I/R大鼠(采用Neurolucida造成)外髓质中嗜中性白细胞,将肾脏在100×mag下观察,绘制整个肾脏图。通过在250×mag下观察肾脏部分计数PMNs。将肾脏部分覆盖在光学支架上,在显微镜下观察,并计数每一支架内的所有PMNs。该系统能防止不止一次地计数PMNs。如图9所示,对于赋形剂组嗜中性白细胞的密度为15.65/mm2,而对于DWH-146e处理组则为3.02/mm2。
实施例19.DWH-146e对肺再灌注损伤的作用A.方法.使用全血灌注、换气兔离体肺模型。在肺动脉PGE1之后收集供体兔的肺,注射并用Euro-Collins防腐液冲洗,4℃保存肺18小时。第I组肺(n=9)用作对照受验者。第II组肺(n=9)用首先通过滤器排除白细胞的全血再灌注。在第III组(n=9)中,在再灌注前立刻将DWH-146e加到血液再灌注液(25μg/kg)内,并在再灌注期间始终给药(1μg/kg/min)。将所有肺都再灌注30分钟,记录肺动脉压(PAP)、肺血管阻力(PVR)、气道顺应性(CPL)和动脉氧合作用。记录髓过氧化物酶活性(MPO)以测量嗜中性白细胞的螯合作用,并测定湿重/干重比率以证明肺水肿。B.结果.再灌注30分钟后第II组和第III组中的动脉氧合作用显著高于第I组(514.27±35.80和461.12±43.77对91.41±20.58mmHg,p<0.001。如图10所示,第III组肺显示灌注期间pO2逐渐递增。在第II组肺中,白细胞的排除改进了再灌注早期的动脉氧合作用。*p=0.004(第II组对第I和第III组);**p<0.001(第II和第III组对第I组)。
如图11所示,第II组的均数PVR与对照组肺相比显著降低(*p<0.001)。第III组肺的PVR甚至显著低于用白细胞-排除血再灌注的肺(**p<0.001对第I和II组)。与第II组和第I组相比(31,057±1743和36,911±2173达因·s·cm-5,p<0.001),第III组的肺血管阻力显著降低(22,783±357达因·s·cm-5)。与第I组相比,第II和III组的气道顺应性得以改善(1.68±0.08和1.68±0.05对1.36±0.13,p=0.03)。与第I组中的165.70±21.83Evans蓝染料/gm组织(p=0.05)相比,第III组中的微脉管渗透性降低到106.82±17.09。如图12所示,第III组的髓过氧化物酶活性显著低于第I组(*p=0.03)。MPO=髓过氧化物酶。第III组髓过氧化物酶活性为39.88±4.87,而第I组则为88.70±18.69 ΔOD/gm/min(p=0.03),并且第II组的髓过氧化物酶活性为56.06±7.46。C.结论DWH-146e降低肺嗜中性白细胞的螯合作用,并能明显改善肺移植物功能。嗜中性白细胞是再灌注损伤炎症级联反应的重要成分,并且它们的来源可包括循环血和肺移植物本身。选择性腺苷-A2A活化能够阻断嗜中性白细胞介导的炎症应答,并降低移植后的肺再灌注损伤。
在18小时局部缺血贮存期和30分钟再灌注后,对照组第I组的肺在光学显微镜下显示出严重的白细胞浸润,并且在肺泡中形成水肿。而对于用白细胞-排除血再灌注的第II组肺和再灌注期间接受DWH-146e的第III组肺,这种浸润作用则非常低。实施例20.DWH-146e对动脉损伤后新血管内膜形成的影响。释放炎性细胞因子的白细胞活化发生在经皮冠状动脉处置之后,并且起着再狭窄的作用。在小鼠中,在完整内皮内层存在下的健壮新血管内膜形成发生在普通颈动脉结扎之后。使用该模型,利用渗透泵在颈动脉结扎时对C57/BL6小鼠随机输注DWH-146e,(n=7),或赋形剂(n=8)7天。
颈动脉结扎后第14天,组织形态学证实,与对照组相比处理组中的新血管内膜面积(0.005±0.004mm2对0.021±0.014mm2,p=0.02)和新血管内膜与中层面积比(0.13±0.07对0.647±0.44,p=0.01)显著降低。两组中的中层面积差不多(0.034±0.007mm2对0.036±0.009mm2,p=0.81)。这种限制新血管内膜生长的优越作用能持续28天。图13概述了DWH-146e在小鼠LCCA模型中抑制新血管内膜生长的作用。这些试验表明在小鼠颈动脉结扎模型中,DWH-146e延长A2A刺激(7天)能够显著降低新血管内膜形成至少21天,这可能是其对白细胞活化与功能的作用之缘故。
实施例21.对内毒素刺激人单核细胞TNFα释放的抑制。A.材料
Ficoll-hypaque购自ICN(Aurora,OH)和Cardinal Scientific(Santa Fe,NM)以及Accurate Chemicals and Scientific(Westerbury,NY)。内毒素(脂多糖;大肠杆菌011184)得自ListBiologicals(Campbell,CA).Hanks平衡盐溶液(HBSS),和鲎阿米巴样细胞裂解物分析试剂盒得自Bio Wittaker(Walkersville,MD)。人血清白蛋白(HSA)得自Cutter Biological(Elkhart,IN)。ZM241385(4-(2-[7-氨基-2-(2-呋喃基)[1,2,4]-三唑并[2,3-a][1,3,5]三嗪-5-基氨基]乙基)苯酚)由Zeneca Pharmaceuticals(Cheshire,UK)的Simon Poucher惠赠。贮存液(1mM和10mM的DMSO溶液)自制并在-20℃贮存。B.纯化人粘连单核细胞产TNFα.方法:在24孔组织培养板中温育按照Ficoll-Hypaque分离法(A.Ferrante等,J.Immunol.Meth.,36,109(1980))得到的1ml单核白细胞部分(5×105/ml)(1小时;37℃;5% CO2),制备单核细胞富积单层(>65%单核细胞)。洗涤除去非粘连白细胞,向含有粘连单核细胞的孔内加入培养基(1ml Hanks平衡盐溶液,含0.1%人血清白蛋白,腺苷脱氨酶[5U/ml]和1%热灭活自体血清)。如本文所述加入下列组分:(1)内毒素(100ng/ml)和A2AAR选择性拮抗剂ZM241385(100nM),和(2)A2A腺苷受体选择性激动剂JMR193(1-1000nM),DWH146e(1-1000nM)和CGS21680(10-1000nM)。然后温育样品4小时(37℃;5% CO2),收集上清液。离心除去任何悬浮细胞,冻存无细胞样品(-70℃)。利用ELISA试剂盒(Coulter/Immunotech,Miami,FL)在无细胞上清液(n=6)中测定TNFα。C.结果.
如图10、14所示,A2A腺苷受体激动剂能降低内毒素刺激粘连单核细胞产生TNFα。A2AAR选择性拮抗剂ZM241385(100nM)能拮抗JMR193对TNFα产生的作用(图15)。
因此,DWH146e和JMR193通过依赖于激动剂与A2A腺苷受体结合的机理能够降低LPS内毒素刺激人单核细胞产生TNFα。实施例22.DWH-146e在鼠腹膜炎模型中的活性
试验性腹膜炎的预备性试验包括注射作为炎症强效刺激物的酵母多糖(Zym)(Y.Zhang等,Eur.J.Pharmacol.,313,237(1996))。如图16所示,注射酵母多糖后,在诺依搏尔氏血细胞计数器中测定的平均白细胞浓度为7,325±1,893/mm3。在注射酵母多糖前1小时,腹膜注射2.5μg/kg剂量DWH-146e能抑制腹膜炎的发展,其均数±SEM白细胞浓度6小时后为2,012±374/mm3(p<0.05)。因此,这些研究证明在酵母多糖致敏后,A2AAR有助于介导PMN进入腹膜。实施例23.JMR193的抗炎作用介导的心脏保护作用
通过诱导心肌震颤(myocardial stunning)测试本发明化合物,这种心肌震颤是一种发生于冠状动脉供血重复闭塞引起重复、瞬变期断续冠状动脉血流之后的心脏损伤。A.闭塞-再灌注循环四次的作用.
分离一组狗的左侧前下行(LAD)冠动脉,并用勒除咬合器环绕4次共计5分钟。每次闭塞后恢复血流10分钟。每次闭合期后对一组狗(6只)灌输含实施例15中制备的乙酸酯化合物(JMR193)(0.01μg/kg/min)。对另一组狗(六只)灌输含赋形剂(载体)的溶液。在最后一次闭塞-再灌注循环之后,监测动物心肌功能3小时。
结果由图17和18说明。图17显示6只对照组狗的收缩期左心室(LV)加强应答情况。最后闭塞后3小时心肌增强被降低大约50%。图18显示接受静脉输注试验化合物JMR193(0.01μg/kg/min)的6只狗的LV加强应答情况,始于基线期间并继续通过整个试验期。心肌功能(输注JMR193)早在再灌注后90分钟就基本上恢复到正常状态。B.闭塞-再灌注循环十次的作用
取另外两组狗进行10次(而不是4次)闭塞-再灌注循环,其中每次闭塞5分钟,交替5分钟再灌注。在本实施例中,在每次闭塞期后对两只动物输注含有实施例15中制备的乙酸酯化合物(JMR193)(0.01μg/kg/min)的溶液。对另外三只动物输注含赋形剂(载体)的溶液。最后一次闭塞-再灌注循环之后,监测动物心肌功能3小时。
结果由图19和图20说明。图19显示3只对照组狗的收缩期左心室加强应答情况。与实施例23A相比,这是一种更严重的心肌损伤,结果在再灌注后早期LV加强作用就完全不存在,并且保持运动不能状态3小时。图20示出接受静脉输注试验化合物JMR193(0.01μg/kg/min)的2只狗的LV加强应答情况,始于基线期间并继续通过整个试验期。与对照组相比,接受JMR193输注的狗在再灌注后立刻显示出显著的心肌功能改善,并能持续3小时。C.闭塞-再灌注期间乙酸酯化合物JMR193对嗜中性白细胞摄取的作用
对一些动物给药放射性标记的嗜中性白细胞。(嗜中性白细胞自狗血中分离得到,用含99mTc的化合物孵育并再注入狗体内)。静脉给药用作标志物的99mTc-标记的嗜中性白细胞以测定四次局部缺血-再灌注循环后再灌注区中炎症水平。闭塞-再灌注循环产生的炎症引起放射性嗜中性白细胞粘连,用γ-照相机测定。JMR193能够抑制嗜中性白细胞的粘连。结果由图21说明,其中进行赋形剂处理的狗体内99mTc-标记嗜中性白细胞的定位作用(实心条)大于JMR193处理的狗(斑纹条)。因此,JMR193输注引起的中央局部缺血区中放射性标记嗜中性白细胞的减少说明(*)心肌炎症减轻。
实施例23A和23B中描述的研究指出,心肌炎症在引起心肌震颤方面起着明显的伤害作用。另外,给药腺苷A2A受体激动剂如JMR-193能预防轻度震颤(图17和18)或者能显著减弱伴有严重震颤作用的心肌机能障碍(图19和20)。
所有出版物、专利和专利文献均可以在此引入用作参考,这种引用就象每篇出版物、专利或专利文献单独引入用作参考的作用一样。本发明已经利用各种具体和优选的实施方案与方法进行了说明,但应当理解,在本发明的主题与范围之内可以对其作出各种改变与修饰。
Claims (53)
(b)X为-CH2OH,-CO2R2,-OC(O)R2或C(O)NR3R4;
(c)R2,R3和R4中的每一个各自为H,C1-6烷基;被1-3个C1-6烷氧基、C3-C7环烷基、C1-6烷硫基、卤素、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、二(C1-6烷基)氨基、或C6-C10-芳基取代的C1-6烷基,其中的芳基可以被1-3个卤素、C1-6烷基、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、或二(C1-6烷基)氨基取代;C6-C10-芳基;或被1-3个卤素、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、二(C1-6烷基)氨基、或C1-6烷基取代的C6-10芳基;
(d)R1为(X-(Z)-)n[(C3-C10)环烷基]-(Z′)-,其中Z和Z′各自为任选被1-3个S或非过氧O间断的(C1-C6)烷基,或者不存在,并且n为1-3。
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中X为-CH2OH或-C(O)NR3R4。
3.权利要求2的化合物,其中R3为H,并且R4为(C1-C4)烷基。
4.权利要求1的化合物,其中每一R为H或(C1-C4)烷基。
5.权利要求1的化合物,其中Z′为-CH2-或-CH2-CH2-。
6.权利要求5的化合物,其中Z为-CH2-或-CH2-CH2-。
7.权利要求1的化合物,其中R1包括环己基或环戊基。
8.权利要求7的化合物,其中X为(C1-C4)烷氧基羰基,C(O)NR3R4或乙酰氧基甲基。
9.权利要求7的化合物,其中X为羧基。
10.权利要求7的化合物,其X-Z与Z′呈反式。
11.权利要求1的化合物,其中R为H,X为乙基氨基羰基,并且R1为2-(4-甲氧基羰基-环己基甲基)乙炔基或2-(4-羧基环己基甲基)乙炔基。
12.权利要求1的化合物,其中R为H,X为乙基氨基羰基,且R1为2-(4-乙酰氧基甲基-环己基甲基)乙炔基。
13.乙酸[4-(3-{9-(4S,5S,2R,3R)-5-(N-乙基氨基甲酰基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-6-氨基嘌呤-2-基}丙-2-炔基)环己基]甲基酯。
14.[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-{3-[4-(羟甲基)环己基]丙-2-炔基}嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-N-乙基甲酰胺。
15.4-(3-{9-[(4S,5S,2R,3R)-5-(N-乙基氨基甲酰基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-6-氨基嘌呤-2-基)}丙-2-炔基)环己烷羧酸甲酯。
16.4-(3-{9-[(4S,5S,2R,3R)-5-(N-乙基氨基甲酰基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-6-氨基嘌呤-2-基)}丙-2-炔基)环己烷羧酸。
(b)X为-CH2OH,-CO2R2,-OC(O)R2或C(O)NR3R4;
(c)R2,R3和R4中的每一个各自为H,C1-6烷基;被1-3个C1-6烷氧基、C3-C7环烷基、C1-6烷硫基、卤素、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、二(C1-6烷基)氨基、或C6-C10-芳基取代的C1-6烷基,其中的芳基可以被1-3个卤素、C1-6烷基、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、或二(C1-6烷基)氨基取代;C6-C10-芳基;或被1-3个卤素、羟基、氨基、单(C1-6烷基)氨基、二(C1-6烷基)氨基、或C1-6烷基取代的C6-10芳基;
(d)R3和R4中的每一个各自为氢,C3-7-环烷基,或R2的任何含义;和
(e)R1为(X-(Z)-)n[(C3-C10)环烷基]-(Z′)-,其中Z和Z′各自为任选被1-3个S或非过氧O间断的(C1-C6)烷基,或者不存在,并且n为1-3。
18.权利要求1-16中任一项的化合物,其中的医学治疗是抑制炎症应答。
19.权利要求17的化合物,其中X为-CH2OH或-C(O)NR3R4。
20.权利要求19的化合物,其中R3为H,并且R4为(C1-C4)烷基。
21.权利要求17的化合物,其中每一R为H或(C1-C4)烷基。
22.权利要求17的化合物,其中Z′为-CH2-或-CH2-CH2-。
23.权利要求17的化合物,其中Z为-CH2-或-CH2-CH2-。
24.权利要求17的化合物,其中R1包括环己基或环戊基。
25.权利要求24的化合物,其中X为(C1-C4)烷氧基羰基或乙酰氧基甲基。
26.权利要求24的化合物,其中X为羧基。
27.权利要求24的化合物,其X-Z与Z′呈反式。
28.权利要求17的化合物,其中R为H,X为乙基氨基羰基,并且R′(R1)为2-(4-甲氧基羰基-环己基甲基)乙炔基或2-(4-羧基环己基甲基)乙炔基。
29.权利要求17的化合物,其中R为H,X为乙基氨基羰基,且R2(R1)为2-(4-乙酰氧基甲基-环己基甲基)乙炔基。
30.权利要求17的化合物,它为乙酸[4-(3-{9-(4S,5S,2R,3R)-5-(N-乙基氨基甲酰基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-6-氨基嘌呤-2-基}丙-2-炔基)环己基]甲基酯。
31.权利要求17的化合物,它为[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-氨基-2-{3-[4-(羟甲基)环己基]丙-2-炔基}嘌呤-9-基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-N-乙基甲酰胺。
32.权利要求17的化合物,它为4-(3-{9-[(4S,5S,2R,3R)-5-(N-乙基氨基甲酰基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-6-氨基嘌呤-2-基)}丙-2-炔基)环己烷羧酸甲酯。
33.权利要求17的化合物,它为4-(3-{9-[(4S,5S,2R,3R)-5-(N-乙基氨基甲酰基)-3,4-二羟基氧杂戊环-2-基]-6-氨基嘌呤-2-基)}丙-2-炔基)环己烷羧酸。
34.权利要求17的化合物,其中的医学治疗进一步包括使用IV型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂。
35.权利要求17的化合物,其中的抑制剂为洛利普利。
36.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于局部缺血引起。
37.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于动脉粥样硬化引起。
38.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于自身免疫病引起。
39.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于局部缺血/再灌注损伤引起。
40.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答发生于心脏、肾脏或肺。
41.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于中风、外伤性脑损伤或脊髓损伤引起。
42.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于器官、组织或细胞移植引起。
43.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于感染引起。
44.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于皮肤病引起。
45.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于血管成形术、移植片固定模放置、分路放置或移植引起。
46.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于变应性疾病引起。
47.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于消耗病引起。
48.权利要求18的化合物,其中的炎症应答是由于免疫抑制治疗引起。
49.权利要求1-16的化合物在制备用于治疗炎症应答的药物方面的用途。
50.权利要求49的用途,其中的药物包括IV型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂。
51.权利要求50的用途,其中的磷酸二酯酶抑制剂为洛利普利。
52.权利要求50的用途,其中的药物包括液体载体。
53.权利要求50的用途,其中的药物适于非肠道给药。
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US11802999P | 1999-02-01 | 1999-02-01 | |
US60/118,029 | 1999-02-01 | ||
US60/118029 | 1999-02-01 | ||
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US60/124,316 | 1999-03-12 | ||
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US60/133,374 | 1999-05-10 | ||
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US60/135,573 | 1999-05-24 | ||
US09/333,387 | 1999-06-15 | ||
US09/333,387 US6232297B1 (en) | 1999-02-01 | 1999-06-15 | Methods and compositions for treating inflammatory response |
US15141299P | 1999-08-30 | 1999-08-30 | |
US60/151,412 | 1999-08-30 |
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CN1357002A true CN1357002A (zh) | 2002-07-03 |
CN1191266C CN1191266C (zh) | 2005-03-02 |
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CN114096552A (zh) * | 2019-06-21 | 2022-02-25 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院军事医学研究院 | 具有a2a腺苷受体拮抗作用的小分子化合物 |
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EP1740587A4 (en) * | 2004-04-02 | 2009-07-15 | Adenosine Therapeutics Llc | SELECTIVE ANTAGONISTS OF A2A ADENOSINE RECEPTORS |
US7396825B2 (en) * | 2004-05-03 | 2008-07-08 | University Of Virginia Patent Foundation | Agonists of A2A adenosine receptors for treatment of diabetic nephropathy |
WO2006023272A1 (en) | 2004-08-02 | 2006-03-02 | University Of Virginia Patent Foundation | 2-polycyclic propynyl adenosine analogs having a2a agonist activity |
WO2006028618A1 (en) | 2004-08-02 | 2006-03-16 | University Of Virginia Patent Foundation | 2-polycyclic propynyl adenosine analogs with modified 5'-ribose groups having a2a agonist activity |
EP1778712B1 (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2013-01-30 | University Of Virginia Patent Foundation | 2-propynyl adenosine analogs with modified 5'-ribose groups having a2a agonist activity |
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US20100048501A1 (en) | 2006-03-21 | 2010-02-25 | Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf | Phosphorylated A2A Receptor Agonists |
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CN114096552A (zh) * | 2019-06-21 | 2022-02-25 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院军事医学研究院 | 具有a2a腺苷受体拮抗作用的小分子化合物 |
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