CN1331905C - 接枝共聚物的制备方法及由其生产的组合物 - Google Patents

接枝共聚物的制备方法及由其生产的组合物 Download PDF

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CN1331905C
CN1331905C CNB018157335A CN01815733A CN1331905C CN 1331905 C CN1331905 C CN 1331905C CN B018157335 A CNB018157335 A CN B018157335A CN 01815733 A CN01815733 A CN 01815733A CN 1331905 C CN1331905 C CN 1331905C
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macromonomer
monomer
ethylenically unsaturated
polymerization
unsaturated monomer
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CN1458944A (zh
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W·劳
K·A·布罗姆
P·R·范利南
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Rohm and Haas Co
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Abstract

本发明提供了制备接枝共聚物的含水聚合方法,和从其生产的共聚物组合物。本发明的方法包括(a)形成包含水不溶性大分子单体粒子的大分子单体含水乳液;(b)形成包含至少一种烯属不饱和单体的单体组合物;和(c)结合至少一部分大分子单体含水乳液和至少一部分单体组合物及在引发剂存在下聚合获得的聚合反应混合物以形成共聚物组合物。生产的共聚物组合物包含接枝共聚物的水不溶性粒子。

Description

接枝共聚物的制备方法及由其生产的组合物
发明领域
本发明涉及使用含水乳液聚合工艺制备接枝共聚物的方法,和由其生产的共聚物组合物。更特别地,本发明涉及含水乳液聚合方法,该方法用于聚合至少一种大分子单体和至少一种烯属不饱和单体以形成包含接枝共聚物的共聚物组合物。
发明背景
在此使用的“接枝共聚物”是当将聚合物或共聚物链作为侧链化学连接到聚合物主链上时形成的高分子。一般情况下,侧链有与主链不同的聚合物组成。由于接枝共聚物通常在一个分子中化学结合不同的聚合物链段,这些共聚物与相应无规类似物相比具有独特的性能。这些性能包括,例如,由于聚合物热力学驱动微相分离的机械膜性能,和部分由于接枝共聚物支化结构的降低的熔体粘度。关于后者,降低的熔体粘度可有利地改进聚合物的加工性能。参见如Hong-Quan Xie和Shi-Biao Zhou,J.Macromol.Sci.-Chem.,A27(4),491-507(1990);Sebastian Roos,Axel H.E.Müller,Marita Kaufmann,Werner Siol和Clenens Auschra,“阴离子聚合研究的应用”,R.P.Quirk,Ed.,ACSSymp.Ser.696,208(1998)。
在此使用的术语“梳形共聚物”是接枝共聚物的类型,其中接枝共聚物的聚合物主链是线性的,和接枝共聚物的每个侧链由接枝到聚合物主链上的“大分子单体”形成。“大分子单体”是在聚合物链末端含有至少一个官能团的低分子量聚合物,其可进一步与其它单体聚合以得到梳形共聚物。参见如,Kawakami在“聚合物科学与工程百科全书”,9卷,195-204页,John Wiley & Sons,纽约,1987中描述的那样。在此使用的术语“线性的”用于包括其中通过氢除去发生少量支化的聚合物,这是正常在自由基聚合中观察到的。通常由大分子单体与常规单体(如烯属不饱和单体)的自由基共聚制备梳形共聚物。
采用水溶性大分子单体制备的梳形共聚物主要使用本体和溶液聚合技术制备。然而,这样的方法不希望地使用溶剂或单体作为其中进行聚合的介质。因此,近来着重进行的努力在于开发通过含水乳液工艺制备梳形共聚物的方法。
一个例子,Amick等人的U.S.专利No.5,247,040(“Amick”)公开了生产接枝共聚物的两阶段乳液聚合方法。在第一阶段中,在巯基-烯烃化合物存在下通过聚合烯属不饱和单体生产大分子单体。在第二阶段中,在含水乳液中将获得的大分子单体与第二烯属不饱和单体聚合。Amick工艺,尽管具有许多优点,生产出了含有位于侧链和主链之间键合的接枝共聚物,但其在某些条件下易于水解。这些键合来自于在大分子单体制备中使用具有酯官能度的巯基-烯烃化合物。
Darmon等人的U.S.专利No.5,264,530(“Darmon”)公开了乳液或悬浮自由基聚合工艺,其中在用作链转移剂的大分子单体存在下聚合一种或多种单体物质。作为要用作链转移剂的大分子单体,主要在末端将大分子单体引入聚合物链中。
Haddleton等人的U.S.专利No.5,804,632(“Haddleton”)公开了含水聚合物乳液方法,该方法包括在钴螯合物配合物存在下制备具有酸官能团的低分子量聚合物,和随后在低分子量聚合物存在下聚合至少一种烯属不饱和单体以形成疏水性聚合物。教导在Haddleton中的低分子量聚合物包含足够浓度的酸以使低分子量聚合物,如自身,或在酸基团的中和时,部分或更优选完全溶于含水介质。尽管Haddleton公开了可发生一定程度的接枝,但Haddleton着重于这样的工艺,其中相信疏水性聚合物粒子由低分子量聚合物以“反向芯-壳”胶乳的形式包封,或其中低分子量聚合物简单用作聚合种子以形成疏水性聚合物。因此,Haddleton并没有公开生产具有所需结构的接枝共聚物如梳形共聚物的工艺。也相信使用Haddleton工艺不希望地导致了在水相中为未反应的显著量的低分子量聚合物。
Huybrechts等人的公开文献WO99/03905(“Huybrechts”)公开了阴离子稳定的接枝共聚物组合物,通过乳液聚合含酸大分子单体和氨基官能单体而制备该组合物。制备的共聚物组合物在聚合物主链中包含0.5-30wt%氨基官能单体,和大分子单体中的至少5wt%酸官能单体由胺中和。然而,需要提供制备交替接枝共聚物组合物的含水乳液聚合工艺,其并不要求中和。
本发明尝试提供制备接枝共聚物的稳键乳液聚合方法,该接枝共聚物优选耐水解。本发明也尝试提供乳液聚合方法,该方法优选提供对参数如聚合动力学、聚合物结构、转化率、大分子单体的引入和粒度的控制。
发明概述
在本发明的一个方面,提供了制备接枝共聚物的方法,该方法包括形成包含水不溶性大分子单体粒子的大分子单体含水乳液和形成包含烯属不饱和单体的单体组合物。大分子单体包含第一烯属不饱和单体的聚合单元且进一步具有10-1000的聚合度,至少一个末端烯属不饱和基团,小于5wt%聚合的含酸单体,和小于1mol%聚合的巯基-烯烃化合物。结合至少一部分大分子单体含水乳液和至少一部分单体组合物以形成聚合反应混合物,及在此于引发剂存在下聚合大分子单体与第二烯属不饱和单体以生产包括接枝共聚物粒子的接枝共聚物组合物。
在本发明的另一方面,提供了包含水不溶性接枝共聚物粒子的接枝共聚物组合物。该共聚物粒子包含2wt%-90wt%水不溶性大分子单体,和10wt%-98wt%至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体的聚合单元,基于共聚物的总重量。用于形成接枝共聚物组合物的大分子单体包含10-1000个第一烯属不饱和单体的聚合单元,小于1mol%聚合的巯基-烯烃化合物,和小于5wt%聚合的含酸单体。在优选的实施方案中,共聚物组合物进一步包含0.2wt%-10wt%含酸大分子单体,基于共聚物的总重量。
详细描述
本发明提供了制备接枝共聚物,和更优选梳形共聚物的含水聚合方法。本发明也提供了从含水聚合方法生产的新颖共聚物组合物。
本发明的方法包括(a)形成包含一种或多种水不溶性大分子单体粒子的大分子单体含水乳液;(b)形成包含烯属不饱和单体的单体组合物;和(c)结合至少一部分大分子单体含水乳液和至少一部分单体组合物以形成聚合反应混合物。在引发剂存在下聚合大分子单体与烯属不饱和单体以形成接枝共聚物粒子。
大分子单体(在大分子单体含水乳液中作为水不溶性粒子存在)是含有至少一个末端烯属不饱和基团的任何低分子量水不溶性聚合物或共聚物,该不饱和基团能够在自由基聚合工艺中聚合。“水不溶性”表示在25℃-50℃下的水溶解度不大于150毫摩尔/升。“低分子量”表示大分子单体的聚合度优选为约10-约1000,和更优选约20-约200。聚合度”表示在大分子单体中存在的聚合单体单元的数目。
大分子单体包含,作为聚合单元的至少一类烯属不饱和单体。优选地,选择烯属不饱和单体以向大分子单体赋予低或无水溶解度,如先前在此所述。
用于制备大分子单体的合适烯属不饱和单体包括例如甲基丙烯酸酯,如甲基丙烯酸的C1-C18正或支化烷基酯,包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸十八酯;丙烯酸酯,如丙烯酸的C1-C18正或支化烷基酯,包括丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯和丙烯酸2-乙基己酯;苯乙烯;取代苯乙烯,如甲基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯或叔丁基苯乙烯;烯属不饱和腈,如丙烯腈或甲基丙烯腈;烯属不饱和卤化物,如氯乙烯、偏二氯乙烯或氟乙烯;有机酸的乙烯基酯,如醋酸乙烯酯;N-乙烯基化合物如N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮;丙烯酰胺;甲基丙烯酰胺;取代丙烯酰胺;取代的甲基丙烯酰胺;甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯如甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯;丙烯酸羟烷基酯;碱性取代的(甲基)丙烯酸酯和(甲基)丙烯酰胺,如胺取代的甲基丙烯酸酯,包括甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁基氨基乙酯和二甲基氨基丙基甲基丙烯酰胺等;二烯烃如1,3-丁二烯和异戊二烯;乙烯基醚;或其结合物。在此使用的术语“(甲基)”表示“(甲基)”非必要地存在。例如,“(甲基)丙烯酸酯”表示甲基丙烯酸酯或丙烯酸酯。
烯属不饱和单体也可以是官能单体,包括例如包含羟基、酰氨基、醛、脲基、聚酯、缩水甘油基烷基、酮官能团或其结合物的单体。这些官能单体在大分子单体中的存在水平一般为约0.5wt%-约15wt%和更优选约1wt%-约3wt%,基于接枝共聚物的总重量。官能单体的例子包括酮官能单体如丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯的乙酰乙酰氧基酯(如甲基丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基乙酯)和含酮酰胺(如二丙酮丙烯酰胺)、甲基丙烯酸或丙烯酸烯丙基烷基酯;甲基丙烯酸或丙烯酸缩水甘油基烷基酯;或其结合物。如需要,这样的官能单体可提供交联。
大分子单体也包含作为聚合单元的小于约10wt%,优选小于约5wt%,更优选小于约2wt%和最优选小于约1wt%含酸单体,基于大分子单体的总重量。在最优选的实施方案中,大分子单体不包括含酸单体。“含酸单体”表示包含一个或多个酸官能团或能够形成酸的官能团的任何烯属不饱和单体(如酸酐如甲基丙烯酸酐或甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯)。含酸单体的例子包括,例如,带有羧酸的烯属不饱和单体,如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸、马来酸和富马酸;丙烯酰氧基丙酸和(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丙酸;带磺酸的单体,如苯乙烯磺酸、乙烯基磺酸钠、丙烯酸磺乙酯、甲基丙烯酸磺乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯-2-磺酸、或2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙磺酸;甲基丙烯酸磷酰乙酯;含酸单体的相应盐;或其结合物。
大分子单体也包含聚合的小于约1mol%,优选小于约0.5mol%,和更优选无硫基-烯烃化合物,基于大分子单体的总重量。这些巯基-烯烃化合物是在Amick的U.S.专利No.5,247,000中描述的那些,该文献在此全文引入作为参考。在Amick中描述的巯基-烯烃化合物含有易于水解的酯官能团。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,大分子单体由如下物质组成:至少约20wt%,更优选约50wt%-约100wt%,和最优选约80-约100wt%至少一种α-甲基乙烯基单体,由α-甲基乙烯基单体封端的非α-甲基乙烯基单体,或其结合物。在本发明的最优选实施方案中,大分子单体包含作为聚合单元的约90wt%-约100wt%α-甲基乙烯基单体,由α-甲基乙烯基单体封端的非α-甲基乙烯基单体,或其结合物,基于大分子单体的总重量。合适的α-甲基乙烯基单体包括,例如,甲基丙烯酸酯,如甲基丙烯酸的C1-C18正或支化烷基酯,包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、或甲基丙烯酸十八酯;甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯如甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯;甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯;甲基丙烯酸苯酯;甲基丙烯酰胺;甲基丙烯腈;或其结合物。由α-甲基乙烯基单体封端的非α-甲基乙烯基单体的例子包括由α-甲基苯乙烯封端的苯乙烯。
本领域技术人员可理解有许多方式以制备用于本发明的大分子单体。例如,可以由在U.S.专利N0.5,710,227或2000年6月21日公开的EP-A-1,010,706中公开的高温(如至少约150℃)连续工艺制备大分子单体,这些文献的公开内容在此全文引入作为参考。在优选的连续工艺中,将烯属不饱和单体的反应混合物通过温度至少为约150℃,和更优选至少约275℃的受热区。受热区也可以保持在大于大气压的压力下(如大于约30巴)。单体的反应混合物也可非必要地包含溶剂如水、丙酮、甲醇、异丙醇、丙酸、乙酸、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、甲乙酮、或其结合物。
也可以在自由基引发剂和催化金属螯合物链转移剂(如过渡金属螯合物)存在下,通过聚合烯属不饱和单体制备用于本发明的大分子单体。这样的聚合可以由溶液、本体、悬浮、或乳液聚合工艺进行。使用催化金属螯合物链转移剂的用于大分子单体制备的合适方法例如公开于如下文献:U.S.专利Nos.4,526,945、4,680,354、4,886,861、5,028,677、5,362,826、5,721,330和5,756,605;欧洲申请EP-A-0199436,和EP-A-0196783;和PCT公开WO87/03605、WO96/15158、和WO97/34934,这些文献的公开内容在此全文引入作为参考。
优选,由含水乳液自由基聚合工艺使用过渡金属螯合物配合物制备用于本发明的大分子单体。优选,过渡金属螯合物配合物是钴(II)或(III)螯合物配合物,例如,钴的二肟配合物,钴II卟啉配合物,或连位亚氨基羟基亚氨基化合物、二羟基亚氨基化合物、二氮杂二羟基-亚氨基二烷基癸二烯、或二氮杂二羟基二亚氨基二烷基十一碳二烯的钴II螯合物,或其结合物。这些配合物可非必要地包括桥接基团如BF2,或也可非必要地与配体如水、醇、酮、和氮碱如吡啶配位。另外的合适过渡金属配合物例如公开于U.S.专利Nos.4,694,054、5,770,665、5,692,609、和5,602,220,这些文献的公开内容在此全文引入作为参考。用于本发明的优选钴螯合物配合物是Co II(2,3-二氧亚氨基丁烷-BF2)2、上述化合物的Co III类似物、或其结合物。这样配合物的空间排列例如公开于EP-A-199436和U.S.专利No.5,756,605中。
在由含水乳液聚合工艺使用过渡金属螯合物链转移剂制备大分子单体中,在自由基引发剂和过渡金属螯合物存在下根据常规含水乳液聚合技术聚合至少一种烯属不饱和单体。优选,烯属不饱和单体是在此先前所述的α-甲基乙烯基单体。
用于形成大分子单体的聚合优选在约20℃-约150℃,和更优选约40℃-约95℃的温度下进行。在聚合完成时的固体水平典型地为约5wt%-约65wt%,和更优选约30wt%-约50wt%,基于含水乳液的总重量。
优选选择在聚合工艺期间使用的引发剂和过渡金属螯合物链转移剂浓度以获得大分子单体的所需聚合度。优选,引发剂的浓度为约0.2wt%-约3wt%,和更优选约0.5wt%-约1.5wt%,基于单体的总重量。优选,过渡金属螯合物链转移剂的浓度为约5ppm-约200ppm,和优选约10ppm-约100ppm,基于用于形成大分子单体的单体总摩尔数。
可以采用本领域技术人员已知的任何方式加入烯属不饱和单体、引发剂、和过渡金属螯合物链转移剂以进行聚合。例如,单体、引发剂和过渡金属螯合物所有都可以在聚合工艺开始时在含水乳液中存在(即间歇工艺)。或者,可以将一种或多种组分逐渐加入到水溶液(即连续或半间歇工艺)。例如,可能需要逐渐将整个或部分引发剂、单体、和/或过渡金属螯合物加入到包含水和表面活性剂的溶液中。在优选的实施方案中,在聚合期间逐渐加入至少一部分单体和过渡金属螯合物,剩余部分的单体和过渡金属螯合物在含水乳液中在聚合开始时存在。在此实施方案中,单体可以按自身加入,或在加入之前在水溶液中悬浮或乳化。
任何合适的自由基引发剂可用于制备大分子单体。优选根据如下参数选择引发剂:它在一种或多种其它组分(如单体,水)中的溶解度;在所需聚合温度下的半衰期(优选约30分钟-约10小时的半衰期),和在过渡金属螯合物存在下的稳定性。合适的引发剂包括例如偶氮化合物如2,2’-偶氮二(异丁腈)、4,4’-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸)、2,2’-偶氮二[2-甲基-N-(1,1-二(羟甲基)-2-(羟乙基)]-丙酰胺、和2,2’-偶氮二[2-甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)]-丙酰胺;过氧化物如过氧化叔丁基、过氧化苯甲酰;过硫酸钠、过硫酸钾、或过硫酸铵或其结合物。也可以使用氧化还原引发剂体系,例如与还原剂如偏亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸氢钠、甲醛化次硫酸钠、异抗坏血酸、或其结合物结合的过硫酸盐或过氧化物。金属促进剂,如铁,也可非必要地用于这样的氧化还原引发剂体系中。同样,缓冲剂,如碳酸氢钠可用作引发剂体系的一部分。
乳化剂也优选在用于制备大分子单体的含水乳液聚合工艺期间存在。可以使用有效乳化单体的任何乳化剂如阴离子乳化剂、阳离子乳化剂、或非离子乳化剂。在优选的实施方案中,乳化剂是阴离子的例如二烷基磺基琥珀酸的钠、钾、或铵盐;磺化油的钠、钾、或铵盐;烷基磺酸的钠、钾、或铵盐,如十二烷基苯磺酸钠;烷基硫酸的钠、钾、或铵盐,如月桂基硫酸钠;乙氧基化烷基醚硫酸盐;磺酸的碱金属盐;C12-C24脂肪醇、乙氧基化脂肪酸或脂肪酰胺;脂肪酸的钠、钾、或铵盐如硬脂酸钠和油酸钠;或其结合物。乳化剂在含水乳液中的数量优选为约0.05wt%-约10wt%,和更优选约0.3wt%-约3wt%,基于单体的总重量。
将这样制备的大分子单体与烯属不饱和单体乳液聚合以形成包含接枝共聚物粒子的共聚物组合物。通过提供作为在大分子单体含水乳液中水不溶性粒子的大分子单体和在单体组合物中的烯属不饱和单体进行聚合。结合至少一部分大分子单体含水乳液和至少一部分单体组合物以形成聚合反应混合物,其在引发剂存在下聚合该聚合反应混合物。
尽管决不想受理论的限制,相信通过提供形式为在含水乳液中的水不溶性大分子单体粒子的大分子单体,和在单独单体组合物中的烯属不饱和单体,在结合时,烯属不饱和单体扩散入其中发生聚合的大分子单体中。优选,烯属不饱和单体向大分子单体粒子中的扩散由大分子单体粒子的溶胀所证明。
用于本发明的大分子单体含水乳液可以由本领域技术人员已知的任何方式形成。例如,由任何已知方法生产的大分子单体可以分离为固体(如喷雾干燥的)和在水中乳化。同样,例如,大分子单体,如果通过乳液或含水基聚合工艺制备,可以按自身使用,或由水稀释或浓缩到所需的固体水平。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,在以上在此所述的过渡金属螯合物链转移剂存在下,从烯属不饱和单体的乳液聚合形成大分子单体含水乳液。此实施方案由于许多原因是优选的。例如,可以容易地控制大分子单体聚合以产生所需的粒度分布(优选窄,如多分散性小于2)。同样,例如,可以避免另外的工艺步骤,如分离为固体的大分子单体,导致更好的工艺经济性。另外,可以由在单一反应器中的连续步骤制备大分子单体、大分子单体含水乳液和接枝共聚物,它们是在商业制造装置中所需的。
用于本发明的大分子单体含水乳液包含约20wt%-约60wt%,和更优选约30wt%-约50wt%的至少一种水不溶性大分子单体,基于大分子单体含水乳液的总重量。大分子单体含水乳液也可包含大分子单体的混合物。优选,大分子单体含水乳液包含小于约5wt%和更优选小于约1wt%的烯属不饱和单体,基于大分子单体含水乳液的总重量。
水不溶性大分子单体粒子具有用于形成所需粒度的接枝共聚物的粒度。例如,最终接枝共聚物粒度直接与大分子单体初始粒度和聚合反应混合物中的烯属不饱和单体浓度成比例,假定所有的粒子在聚合中同等地沉淀。优选,大分子单体粒子的重均粒度为约50nm-约500nm,和更优选约80nm-约200nm,该粒度由毛细管流体动力学分级技术使用装配有HPLC类型紫外检测器的Matec CHDF2000粒度分析仪测量。
大分子单体含水乳液也可包括一种或多种乳化剂。优选以产生所需粒度的方式选择乳化剂的类型和数量。合适的乳化剂包括先前用于由乳液聚合工艺制备大分子单体公开的那些。优选的乳化剂是阴离子表面活性剂,例如,月桂基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、壬基酚的硫酸化和乙氧基化衍生物和脂肪醇。基于大分子单体总重量的乳化剂总水平优选为约0.2wt%-约5wt%和更优选约0.5wt%-约2wt%。
用于本发明的单体组合物包含至少一类烯属不饱和单体。单体组合物可包含所有(即100%)单体,或包含溶于或分散于有机溶剂和/或水中的单体。优选,单体组合物中的单体水平为约50wt%-100wt%,优选约60wt%-约90wt%,和最优选约70wt%-80wt%,基于单体组合物的总重量。可在单体组合物中存在的有机溶剂的例子包括C6-C14烷烃。单体组合物中的有机溶剂不大于30wt%,和更优选不大于5wt%,基于单体组合物的总重量。
除水和/或有机溶剂以外,单体组合物也可非必要地包含含官能团的单体,例如,包含羟基、酰氨基、醛、脲基、聚醚、缩水甘油基烷基、酮基团或其结合的单体。这些其它单体在单体组合物中的存在水平一般为约0.5wt%-约15wt%,和更优选约1wt%-约3wt%,基于接枝共聚物的总重量。官能单体的例子包括酮基官能单体如丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯的乙酰乙酰氧基酯(如甲基丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基乙酯)和含酮酰胺(如二丙酮丙烯酰胺);甲基丙烯酸或丙烯酸烯丙基烷基酯;甲基丙烯酸或丙烯酸缩水甘油基烷基酯;或其结合物。如需要,这样的官能单体可提供交联。
在优选的实施方案中,将单体组合物中的单体在水中预乳化以形成单体含水乳液。优选,单体含水乳液包含液滴尺寸为约1微米-约100微米,和更优选约5微米-约50微米的单体液滴。可以使用任何合适的乳化剂,例如先前所述的那些,以乳化单体到所需的单体液滴尺寸。优选,乳化剂如存在,乳化剂的水平为约0.2wt%-约2wt%,基于单体组合物中单体的总重量。
优选选择单体组合物中的烯属不饱和单体以提供获得共聚物组合物中的所需性能。合适的烯属不饱和单体包括例如甲基丙烯酸酯,如甲基丙烯酸的C1-C18正或支化烷基酯,包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸十八酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯;丙烯酸酯,如丙烯酸的C1-C18正或支化烷基酯,包括丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯和丙烯酸2-乙基己酯;苯乙烯;取代的苯乙烯,如甲基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯或叔丁基苯乙烯;烯属不饱和腈,如丙烯腈或甲基丙烯腈;烯属不饱和卤化物,如氯乙烯、偏二氯乙烯或氟乙烯;有机酸的乙烯基酯,如醋酸乙烯酯;N-乙烯基化合物如N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮;丙烯酰胺;甲基丙烯酰胺;取代的丙烯酰胺;取代的甲基丙烯酰胺;甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯,如甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯;丙烯酸羟烷基酯;二烯烃如1,3-丁二烯和异戊二烯;乙烯基醚;或其结合物。烯属不饱和单体也可以是含酸单体或官能单体,如在此先前所述的那些。优选,单体组合物的烯属不饱和单体并不包含氨基。
在优选的实施方案中,单体组合物包括一种或多种选自如下的烯属不饱和单体:丙烯酸的C1-C18正或支化烷基酯,包括丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯和丙烯酸2-乙基己酯;苯乙烯;取代的苯乙烯,如甲基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯或叔丁基苯乙烯;丁二烯或其结合物。
如前所述,将大分子单体含水乳液和单体组合物结合以形成聚合反应混合物,且在自由基引发剂存在下聚合以形成含水共聚物组合物。在此使用的术语“聚合反应混合物”表示当结合至少一部分大分子单体含水乳液和至少一部分单体组合物时形成的获得的混合物。聚合反应混合物也可包含引发剂或在聚合期间使用的任何其它添加剂。因此,当大分子单体和单体组合物中的单体反应以形成接枝共聚物时,聚合反应混合物是组成变化的混合物。
可以采用各种方式结合大分子单体含水乳液和单体组合物以进行聚合。例如,可以在聚合反应开始之前结合大分子单体含水乳液和单体组合物以形成聚合反应混合物。或者,可以将单体组合物逐渐加入到大分子单体含水乳液中,或可以将大分子单体含水乳液逐渐加入到单体组合物中。也可能的是在聚合开始之前仅结合一部分大分子单体含水乳液和/或单体组合物,在聚合期间加入剩余的单体组合物和/或大分子单体含水乳液。
也可以采用各种方式加入引发剂。例如,可以在聚合开始时将引发剂“一次”加入到大分子单体含水乳液、单体组合物、或大分子单体含水乳液和单体组合物的混合物中。或者,所有或部分引发剂可以如下方式共加入:作为单独的原料流,作为大分子单体含水乳液的一部分,作为单体组合物的一部分,或这些方法的任何结合。
结合大分子单体含水乳液、单体组合物、和引发剂的优选方法依赖于如所需接枝共聚物组合物的因素。例如,大分子单体作为接枝沿主链的分布可以由聚合时大分子单体和烯属不饱和单体的浓度影响。在此方面,间歇工艺会在聚合开始时提供大分子单体和烯属不饱和单体两者的高浓度,然而半连续工艺会在聚合期间保持烯属不饱和单体浓度较低。因此,通过其中结合大分子单体含水乳液和单体组合物的方法,可以控制例如每个聚合物链大分子单体接枝的数目,接枝在每个链中的分布,和聚合物主链的长度。
用于聚合大分子单体和烯属不饱和单体的引发剂包括本领域技术人员已知的任何合适的乳液聚合引发剂。引发剂的选择会依赖于如下因素:引发剂在一种或多种反应组分(如单体、大分子单体、水)中的溶解度;和在所需聚合温度下的半衰期(优选约30分钟-约10小时的半衰期)。合适的引发剂包括在此先前关于形成大分子单体描述的那些,如偶氮化合物如4,4’-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸);过氧化物如过氧化叔丁基;过硫酸钠、过硫酸钾、或过硫酸铵;氧化还原引发剂体系,例如与还原剂如偏亚硫酸氢钠、亚硫酸氢钠、甲醛化次硫酸钠、异抗坏血酸结合的过硫酸盐或过氧化物;或其结合物。金属促进剂,如铁;和缓冲剂,如碳酸氢钠也可以与引发剂结合使用。另外,可以使用受控的自由基聚合(CFRP)方法如原子转移自由基聚合;或氮氧化物媒介的自由基聚合。优选的引发剂包括偶氮化合物如4,4’-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸)。
引发剂的使用量依赖于如下因素:所需的共聚物和选择的引发剂。优选,使用约0.1wt%-约1wt%引发剂,基于单体和大分子单体的总重量。
聚合温度会依赖于选择的引发剂类型和所需的聚合速率。然而优选,在约室温-约150℃,和更优选约40℃-约95℃的温度下聚合大分子单体和烯属不饱和单体。
为形成聚合反应混合物加入的大分子单体含水乳液和单体组合物的数量依赖于如下因素:大分子单体和烯属不饱和单体分别在大分子单体含水乳液和单体组合物中的浓度,和所需的共聚物组合物。优选,以提供包含如下聚合单元的共聚物的数量加入大分子单体含水乳液和单体组合物:约2wt%-约90wt%,更优选约5wt%-约50wt%,和最优选约5wt%-约35wt%大分子单体,和约10wt%-约98wt%,更优选约50wt%-约95wt%,和最优选约65wt%-约95wt%烯属不饱和单体。
本领域技术人员会理解用于常规乳液聚合的其它组分可非必要地用于本发明的方法。例如,为降低获得的接枝共聚物的分子量,可以非必要地在一种或多种链转移剂,如正十二烷基硫醇、苯硫酚、卤素化合物如溴三氯甲烷、或其结合物存在下进行聚合。同样,另外的引发剂和/或催化剂可以在聚合反应完成时加入到聚合反应混合物中以降低任何残余单体,(如捕捉剂)。合适的引发剂或催化剂包括先前在此所述的那些引发剂。此外,通过单体组合物和聚合条件的适当设计,大分子单体通过加成-碎裂(fragmentation)的链转移能力可部分用于降低分子量。参见如E.Rizzardo等人,Prog.Pacific Polym.Sci.,1991,1,77-88;G.Moad等人,WO96/15157。
优选,本发明的方法并不要求单体、或获得的含水共聚物组合物的中和。这些组分优选为未中和形式(如,如果存在酸官能团,无用碱进行的中和)。
通过大分子单体和单体组合物中的烯属不饱和单体的聚合形成的获得的含水共聚物组合物的固体水平为约30wt%-约65wt%和更优选约40wt%-约60wt%。含水共聚物组合物优选包含共聚物粒子,该共聚物粒子是水不溶性的且粒度为约60nm-约500nm,和更优选约80nm-约200nm。
形成的接枝共聚物优选含有主链和一个或多个侧链,主链包含作为聚合单元的来自单体组合物的烯属不饱和单体,侧链从主链垂悬,包含大分子单体。优选,每个侧链从接枝到主链的一个大分子单体形成。大分子单体侧链的聚合度优选为约10-约1000,和更优选约20-约200,其中聚合度表达为用于形成大分子单体的烯属不饱和单体的聚合单元数目。接枝共聚物的总重均分子量优选为约50,000-约2,000,000,和更优选约100,000-约1,000,000。在此使用的重均分子量可以由尺寸排阻色谱测量。
例如可以通过喷雾干燥或凝结分离含水共聚物组合物的共聚物粒子。然而,优选使用按自身的共聚物含水组合物。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,在两个阶段中进行聚合。在第一阶段中,在含水乳液聚合工艺中形成大分子单体,和在第二阶段中在乳液中将大分子单体与烯属不饱和单体聚合。为了效率,优选在单一容器中进行这两个阶段。例如,在第一阶段中,可以通过如下方式形成大分子单体含水乳液:在含水乳液中聚合至少一种第一烯属不饱和单体以形成水不溶性大分子单体粒子。优选使用在此先前所述的过渡金属螯合剂链转移剂进行此第一阶段聚合。在形成大分子单体含水乳液之后,优选在相同的容器中进行第二乳液聚合以聚合大分子单体与至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体。例如可以通过将单体组合物和引发剂直接加入(如同时或通过逐渐加入)到大分子单体含水乳液中而进行此第二阶段。此实施方案的一个主要优点在于大分子单体并不必须分离,且可以简单地通过将单体组合物和引发剂加入到大分子单体含水乳液中而进行第二聚合。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中,至少部分在含酸单体、含酸大分子单体、或其结合物存在下进行大分子单体和烯属不饱和单体的聚合。可以采用任何方式将含酸单体和含酸大分子单体加入到聚合反应混合物中。优选,含酸单体或含酸大分子单体在单体组合物中存在。含酸单体或含酸大分子单体也可以作为单独的物流加入到聚合反应混合物中。
加入到聚合反应混合物中的含酸单体或含酸大分子单体的数量优选为约0.2wt%-约10wt%,更优选约0.5wt%-约5wt%,和最优选约1wt%-约2wt%,基于加入到聚合反应混合物中的单体和大分子单体的总重量。
可用于这个实施方案的含酸单体包括带有酸官能团或酸形成基团的烯属不饱和单体,如在此先前所述的那些。用于这个实施方案的含酸大分子单体是含有至少一个末端烯属不饱和基团的任何低分子量聚合物,其能够在自由基聚合工艺中聚合,和从至少一种含酸单体形成。优选,含酸单体在含酸大分子单体中的数量为约50wt%-约100wt%,更优选约90wt%-约100wt%,和最优选约95wt%-约100wt%。
可以根据本领域技术人员已知的任何技术如在此先前所述的那些制备含酸大分子单体。在本发明的优选实施方案中,由溶液聚合工艺使用自由基引发剂和过渡金属螯合物配合物制备含酸大分子单体。这样工艺的例子例如公开于U.S.专利No.5,721,330,该文献在此全文引入作为参考。用于形成含酸大分子单体的优选含酸单体是α-甲基乙烯基单体如甲基丙烯酸。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方案中,在用于形成大分子单体和/或含水共聚物组合物的聚合介质中存在含有疏水性腔的大分子有机化合物。优选,当共聚具有非常低水溶解度的烯属不饱和单体如丙烯酸和/或甲基丙烯酸月桂酯或十八酯时,使用大分子有机化合物。“低水溶解度”表示在25℃-50℃下不大于50毫摩尔/升的水溶解度。例如,可以将大分子有机化合物加入到单体组合物、大分子单体含水乳液、或用于形成含水共聚物组合物的聚合反应混合物中。同样,例如可以将大分子有机化合物加入到用于形成大分子单体的烯属不饱和单体的含水乳液中。使用含有疏水性腔的大分子有机化合物的合适技术公开于,例如,U.S.专利No.5,521,266,该文献的公开内容在此全文引入作为参考。
优选,将含有疏水性腔的大分子有机化合物加入到聚合反应混合物中以提供如下大分子有机化合物对低水溶解度单体或大分子单体的摩尔比,即约5∶1-约1∶500和更优选约1∶1-约1∶500。
用于本发明的含有疏水性腔的大分子有机化合物包括例如环糊精或环糊精衍生物;含有疏水性腔的环状低聚糖如环菊己糖(cycloinulhexose)、环菊庚糖(cycloinuloheptose)、或环菊辛糖(cycloinuloctose);calyxarenes;cavitands;或其结合物。优选,大分子有机化合物是β-环糊精,更优选甲基-β-环糊精。
具有低水溶解度的单体包括例如伯烯烃;苯乙烯和烷基取代的苯乙烯;α-甲基苯乙烯;乙烯基甲苯;C4-C30羧酸的乙烯基酯,如2-乙基己酸乙烯酯、新癸酸乙烯酯;氯乙烯;偏二氯乙烯;N-烷基取代的(甲基)丙烯酰胺如辛基丙烯酰胺和马来酸酰胺;含有(C3-C30)烷基的乙烯基烷基或芳基醚如硬脂基乙烯基醚;(甲基)丙烯酸的(C1-C30)烷基酯,如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸苄酯、(甲基)丙烯酸月桂酯、(甲基)丙烯酸油酯、(甲基)丙烯酸棕榈酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十八酯;(甲基)丙烯酸的不饱和乙烯基酯如衍生自脂肪酸和脂肪醇的那些;多官能单体如三丙烯酸季戊四醇酯;衍生自胆固醇的单体或其结合物。
在本发明的另一方面,提供含水共聚物组合物,该组合物优选由在此先前所述的本发明方法生产。含水共聚物组合物包含接枝共聚物的水不溶性粒子,该粒子优选是梳形共聚物粒子。梳形共聚物粒子的重均粒度优选为约50nm-500nm,和更优选约80nm-约200nm。
优选,接枝共聚物的粒子包含约2wt%-约90wt%,和更优选约5wt%-约50wt%大分子单体的聚合单元,基于共聚物的总重量,其中对于在大分子单体含水乳液中存在的水不溶性大分子单体,大分子单体优选具有在此先前所述的组成。该接枝共聚物粒子也优选包含约10wt%-约98wt%,和更优选约50wt%-约95wt%至少一种烯属不饱和单体的聚合单元,基于共聚物的总重量。烯属不饱和单体可以是提供共聚物粒子中所需性能的任何烯属不饱和单体,如在此先前所述用于单体组合物中的那些。
优选,接枝共聚物的主链是线性的。按组成,共聚物主链优选包含衍生自单体组合物的烯属不饱和单体的聚合单元。优选,主链包含小于20mol%,和更优选小于10mol%衍生自大分子单体含有乳液的聚合大分子单体,基于共聚物的总摩尔数。
接枝共聚物的侧链优选包含大分子单体的聚合单元。在本发明的优选实施方案中,每个侧链包括一个大分子单体。另外,侧链包含小于5wt%和更优选小于1wt%衍生自单体组合物的聚合烯属不饱和单体,基于侧链的总重量。
优选,接枝共聚物的总体重均分子量为约50,000-约2,000,000,和更优选约100,000-约1,000,000。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,水不溶性共聚物粒子进一步包含约0.2wt%-约10wt%,更优选约0.5wt%-约5wt%,和最优选约1wt%-约2wt%含酸大分子单体,基于接枝共聚物的总重量。含酸大分子单体优选具有在此先前所述的组成。
尽管决不受理论的限制,相信含酸大分子单体连接到水不溶性接枝共聚物粒子表面上且提供稳定性。对于在此使用的“连接”,相信含酸大分子单体以一些方式(如共价,氢键,离子)结合到粒子中的聚合物链上。优选,含酸大分子单体共价结合到粒子中的聚合物链上。已经发现含酸大分子单体向粒子提供稳定性使得生产的含水共聚物组合物显示出不可预料的改进剪切稳定性,冷冻熔化稳定性,和对配制剂中添加剂的稳定性,以及在聚合期间凝固物的降低。尽管可以使用含酸单体达到改进的稳定性,当使用含酸大分子单体时这些益处是最引入注目的。
含水共聚物组合物除共聚物粒子以外优选包含小于约10wt%,和更优选小于约1wt%有机溶剂。在最优选的实施方案中,含水共聚物组合物不包含有机溶剂。
使用本发明方法以制备含水共聚物组合物的优点在于获得的共聚物组合物包含低水平的均聚物,例如衍生自单体组合物的烯属不饱和单体的均聚物或衍生自大分子单体含水乳液的大分子单体的均聚物。优选含水共聚物组合物包含小于约30wt%和更优选小于约20wt%的大分子单体均聚物,基于接枝共聚物的总重量。也优选含水共聚物组合物包含小于约30wt%和更优选小于约20wt%的烯属不饱和单体均聚物。
由本发明方法生产的含水共聚物组合物用于各种应用。例如,含水共聚物组合物可用于建筑和工业涂料,包括油漆、木涂料、或油墨;纸涂料;纺织品和非织造粘结剂和整理剂;粘合剂;厚涂涂料;地板抛光剂;皮革涂料;塑料;塑料添加剂;石油添加剂;热塑性弹性体或其结合物。
实施例
现在在如下实施例中详细描述本发明的一些实施方案。表1中所示的如下缩写用于实施例:
表1:缩写
缩写
A-16-22 Polystep  A-16-22,阴离子表面活性剂,由位于Northfield,Illinois的Stepan Company以22%固体提供
BA 丙烯酸丁酯
BD 丁二烯
BMA 甲基丙烯酸丁酯
CoBF Co(II)-(2,3-二氧亚氨基丁烷-BF2)2
CVA 4,4-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸)
Fe 在水中的0.15%硫酸亚铁
DBS 十二烷基苯磺酸盐
GC 气相色谱
SEC 尺寸排阻色谱
HPLC 高效液相色谱
Init. 引发剂
IR 红外光谱
LCCC 在临界条件下的液相色谱
MAA 甲基丙烯酸
MMA 甲基丙烯酸甲酯
Mn 数均分子量
NaMBS 偏亚硫酸氢钠
NaPS 过硫酸钠
nDDM 十二烷基硫醇
OT-100 Aerosol OT-100,阴离子表面活性剂,由位于Morristown,新泽西的Cytec Industries Inc.以100%活性提供
PMAA-MM 聚甲基丙烯酸大分子单体
PMMA 甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物
PMMA-MM 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯大分子单体
Poly-(BA-g-BMA) BA与BMA侧链的接枝共聚物
Poly-(BA-g-MMA) BA与MMA侧链的接枝共聚物
Poly-(BD-g-MMA) BD与MMA侧链的接枝共聚物
Wako VA-044 二盐酸化2,2’-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉2-2基)丙烷]
在实施例中,使用标准方法由未反应单体的GC分析确定单体转化率。由重量分析确定大分子单体和共聚物组合物的重量百分比固体。使用装配有HPLC类型紫外检测器的Matec CHDF2000粒度分析仪获得大分子单体和共聚物组合物的粒度。
除非不同地说明,由SEC使用来自Polymer Laboratories的峰值平均分子量为580-7,500,000具有窄分子量分布的聚苯乙烯标准物(PS-1)测量大分子单体的数均分子量。使用Mark-Houwink常数进行聚苯乙烯向PMMA的转化。使用SEC如上所述评价共聚物组合物的数均分子量和重均分子量。
对比例1.0
由含水乳液聚合工艺使用常规链转移剂制备低分子量MMA聚合物。在装配有机械搅拌器、温度控制设备、冷凝器、单体进料管线和氮气入口的2升四颈圆底反应烧瓶中,根据如下程序进行聚合。向反应烧瓶中加入483.7克去离子水,2.0克A-16-22,和1.55克包含52wt%甲基-β-环糊精的水溶液以形成表面活性剂溶液。单独制备包含125g去离子水,3g的A-16-22,305g的MMA和5g的nDDM的单体乳液。另外,通过在72.3g去离子水中溶解1.56g的NaBS制备引发剂溶液。将表面活性剂溶液加热到80℃,其后将60%总引发剂溶液加入到反应烧瓶中。然后在60分钟内加入单体乳液和剩余的引发剂溶液。在加料结束时,将反应混合物保持在80℃下另外30分钟,随后冷却和过滤。获得的低分子量MMA乳液包含31.0wt%固体。MMA聚合物的数均分子量(Mn)为21700。
实施例1.1-1.8--由乳液聚合的PMMA-MM制备
在实施例1.1-1.8中使用在对比例1.0中描述的相同设备由乳液聚合工艺制备MMA大分子单体(PMMA-MM)。用于实施例1.1-1.8的水、表面活性剂、MMA、链转移剂(CTA)、和引发剂的具体数量见表2。根据如下程序加入这此成分。在不同于反应烧瓶的烧瓶中,在氮气净化下通过在MMA中溶解链转移剂制备单体溶液。在室温下将去离子水和表面活性剂(OT-100)引入反应烧瓶中以形成水表面活性剂溶液。采用搅拌在氮气净化下将水表面活性剂溶液混合和加热到80℃。在达到80℃的温度时,和在表面活性剂的完全溶解时,采用搅拌1分钟将引发剂(CVA)加入到水表面活性剂溶液中以使引发剂溶解。在引发剂的溶解之后,采用搅拌向反应烧瓶中加入20wt%单体溶液。在此初始加料之后,采用搅拌在1-2小时内加入剩余的单体溶液以形成反应混合物。在加料结束时,将反应混合物保持在80℃下另外1-3小时。然后将反应混合物冷却到室温和通过滤布以除去任何凝固物。
一般情况下,获得的大分子单体乳液包含小于5wt%凝固物,基于大分子单体的总重量,和单体的转化率是99wt%以上,基于加入单体的总重量。每种大分子单体的Mn,重量百分比固体和粒度见表2。
表2:PMMA-MM的制备
  实施例   H2O(g)   表面活性剂(g)(3)   MMA(g)   CTAppm(1)   引发剂(g)(2) 粒度(nm)   Mn  Wt%固体
    1.1   720     3.6   324   40     3.6   165   2430     32.0
    1.2   720     3.6   324   8.7     3.6   126   12612     31.0
    1.3   720     3.6   324   10.9     3.6   158   9656     31.0
    1.4   720     3.6   324   80.6     3.6   231   1386     30.3
    1.5   720     3.6   324   21.8     3.6   201   4416     29.1
    1.6   720     3.6   324   10.7     3.6   169   7931     30.5
    1.7   720     3.6   360   11.9     3.6   155   10185     32.0
    1.8   1440     7.2   720   15.2     7.2   167   7237     32.0
(1)链转移剂(CoBF)的ppm摩尔数,基于单体总摩尔数
(2)CVA,由Aldrich提供的75wt%的引发剂水溶液
(3)OT-100
实施例2:由溶液聚合的PMMA-MM制备
由含水溶液聚合方法在装配有机械搅拌器、冷凝器、温度控制设备、引发剂加料管线和氮气入口的2升隔板式法兰烧瓶中制备MAA大分子单体(PMAA-MM)。在加入0.018g的CoBF之后采用氮气净化设备30分钟。将1080g去离子水加入到烧瓶中且在氮气净化下加热到55℃。在氮气下单独制备包含510ml的MAA和0.01g的CoBF的单体混合物。当去离子水达到55℃的温度时,将1.94g引发剂(Wako VA-044)加入到反应烧瓶中。在加入引发剂之后,采用搅拌将单体混合物在60分钟内加入到反应烧瓶中。在单体混合物加料完成之后,然后将温度保持在55℃下2小时。在冷却反应烧瓶到室温时,MAA-MM(实施例2.1)由旋转蒸发分离为干燥的聚合物。MAA-MM的数均分子量(Mn)由质子核磁共振测量为4030,基于相对于聚合物链的甲基和亚甲基的乙烯基端基的积分。
实施例3:由间歇乳液聚合工艺的聚(BA-g-MMA)接枝共聚物制备
由间歇乳液聚合工艺在装配有机械搅拌器、冷凝器、温度控制设备、引发剂加料管线和氮气入口的1升四颈圆底反应烧瓶中制备对比例3.0C和实施例3.1-3.15的接枝共聚物。使用的PMMA-MM(作为乳液)、水、表面活性剂、含酸单体(在表3中标记为“酸”)、BA、引发剂、和缓冲剂的具体数量见表3。根据如下程序加入这些成分。在室温下将去离子水(表3中的H2O#1)和从表3所示实施例获得的PMMA-MM乳液(在“PMMA-MM”列下标记为“Ex”的子列)引入反应烧瓶中。制备去离子水(表3中的H2O#2)、表面活性剂、含酸单体、和BA的单体乳液。实施例3.13中的单体乳液另外包含0.13g的nDDM。在室温下采用搅拌将单体乳液引入反应烧瓶中以形成反应混合物。在搅拌20分钟之后,将反应混合物加热到表3所示的反应温度。
一旦达到反应温度,采用搅拌根据如下程序将引发剂和非必要地缓冲剂引入反应烧瓶中。对于实施例3.1C;3.2;3.3和3.4-3.8,将表3所示的缓冲剂和引发剂两者作为单一加料加入到反应烧瓶中。对于实施例3.9-3.12和3.16,将20wt%引发剂溶液一次加入到反应烧瓶中,剩余部分在1-2小时内加入。对于用氧化还原引发剂进行制备的实施例(3.13-3.15),将三分之一的NaPS和NaMBS一次加入到反应烧瓶中,剩余部分在1-2小时内加入。同样,对于氧化还原引发剂体系,在Na PS和NaMBS进料开始时将所有的Fe和Na2CO3加入到反应烧瓶中。在加入引发剂和缓冲剂之后,将反应混合物保持在反应温度下1-2小时。分析获得的共聚物组合物的转化率和其它性能,如在实施例10中所述。由标准GC方法测量的BA转化率大于99wt%,基于加入BA的总重量。
表3:由间歇工艺的聚(BA-g-MMA)接枝共聚物制备
  实施例     PMMA-MM   H2O#1(g)   H2O#2(g)   表面活性剂(2)(g)     BA(g)   温度(℃)   引发剂(g)   缓冲剂(9)(g)   酸(g)
  Ex   数量(g)
    3.1C(8)  1.0    146.7   22  25   2.2   82.6     90 0.09(5)     0.1  1.96(7)
    3.2  1.4    100   14  20.8   0.49   55.7     70 0.63(3)     0  0
    3.3  1.3    97   17  20.8   0.49   55.7     70 0.63(3)     0  0
    3.4  1.1    50.8   0  19   1.1   47.8     80 0.07(5)     0.05  0.98(7)
    3.5  1.5    52   0  19   1.1   47.8     80 0.07(5)     0.05  0.98(7)
    3.6  1.6    53.3   0  20.3   1.1   47.8     80 0.07(5)     0.04  0.98(7)
    3.7  1.3    52.4   0  19   1.1   47.8     80 0.07(5)     0.05  0.98(7)
    3.8  1.2    52   0  19   1.1   47.8     80 0.07(5)     0.05  0.98(7)
    3.9  1.3    216   59  46.8   1.1   123.8     80 1.05(5)     0  2.3(6)
    3.10  1.3    84   77  39   0.91   103     80 0.07{5)     0  1.3(6)
    3.11  1.3    42   42  102   1.02   115     80 0.07(5)     0  1.3(6)
    3.12  1.3    21   112  46.3   1.08   122.5     80 0.07(5)     0  1.3(6)
    3.13  1.8    71   0  20   1.1   41.3(1)     90 氧化还原(4)     0.05  0.98(7)
    3.14  1.8    71.1   0  14   1.1   41.3     70 氧化还原(4)     0.05  0.98(7)
    3.15  1.8    71.1   0  14   1.1   41.3     95 氧化还原(4)     0.05  0.98(7)
    3.16  1.3    72.8   17  15.6   0.37   41.3     80 0.35(5)     0  0.75(6)
(1)将0.13g的nDDM加入到单体乳液中。
(2)每个分子含有1-40个环氧乙烷基团的乙氧基化C6-C18烷基醚硫酸盐(在水中30%活性),区别在于实施例3.12,它是采用A-16-22制备。
(3)由Elf Atochem提供的Lupersol 11。
(4)氧化还原引发剂体系,包含在3g水中的0.07g NaPS;在3g水中的0.06g NaMBS;和0.7g Fe。
(5)溶于5-20g水中的NaPS。
(6)MAA
(7)PMAA-MM(由实施例2.1的方法制备)
(8)采用PMMA制备的对比样,不含有末端烯属不饱和基团。
(9)溶于5g水中的碳酸钠。
实施例4:由半连续工艺的聚(BA-g-MMA)的制备
在实施例4.1-4.5中,由半连续乳液聚合工艺在装配有机械搅拌器、温度控制设备、引发剂加料管线和氮气入口的1升圆底四颈烧瓶中制备接枝共聚物。用于实施例4.1-4.4的PMMA-MM(作为乳液)、水、表面活性剂、BA、含酸单体、和引发剂的具体数量见表4。根据如下程序加入这些成分。在单独的烧瓶中制备去离子水(表4中的H2O#4)、表面活性剂、和BA的单体乳液。实施例4.2中的单体乳液另外包含0.13g的nDDM。在室温下将去离子水(表4中的H2O#1)、含酸单体、和从表4所示实施例获得的PMMA-MM(在“PMMA-MM”列下标记为“Ex”的子列)引入反应烧瓶中以形成反应混合物。将反应混合物加热到表4所示的反应温度同时在氮气净化下搅拌。在达到反应温度时,根据如下程序采用搅拌将引发剂和缓冲剂(如需要)引入反应烧瓶中。对于实施例4.1-4.3(采用氧化还原引发剂制备的),将三分之一的NaPS和NaMBS,和所有的Fe和Na2CO3一次加入到反应烧瓶中。然后在90分钟内将剩余的NaPS和NaMBS与单体乳液一起共加料。在实施例4.4中,将三分之一的NaPS,和所有的Na2CO3一次加入到反应烧瓶中,随后在90分钟内共加入单体乳液与剩余的NaPS。在加料完成时,将反应混合物保持在反应温度下1-2小时的时间。如实施例10所述分析获得的共聚物组合物的转化率和其它性能。由标准GC方法测量的BA转化率大于99wt%,基于加入BA的总重量。
表4:由半连续工艺的聚(BA-g-MMA)制备
  实施例   PMMA-MM   H2O#1(g)   H2O#2(g)   表面活性剂(2)(g)   BA(g)     温度(℃) 引发剂(g)   缓冲剂(5)(g) (6)(g)
  Ex   数量(g)
    4.1   1.7     69.4   12   23   1.1   41.3     90 氧化还原(3)   0.05  0.98
    4.2   1.8     71   10.0   10   1.1   41.3(1)     90 氧化还原(3)   0.11  0.98
    4.3   1.8     71   10.0   10   1.1   41.3     90 氧化还原(3)   0.11  0.98
    4.4   1.8     71   10.3   18   1.1   41.3     90 0.16(4)   0.11  0.98
(1)将0.13g的nDDM加入到单体乳液中。
(2)每个分子含有1-40个环氧乙烷基团的乙氧基化C6-C18烷基醚硫酸盐(在水中30%活性)。
(3)氧化还原引发剂体系,包含在6g水中的0.16g NaPS;在6g水中的0.14g NaMBS;和0.7g Fe。
(4)溶于10g水中的NaPS。
(5)溶于3g水中的碳酸钠。
(6)PMAA-MM(由实施例2.1的方法制备)
实施例5:聚(BA-g-MMA)接枝共聚物的制备
根据本发明的方法制备含有BD主链和MMA侧链的接枝共聚物。在两个阶段中制备接枝共聚物。在第一阶段中,根据用于实施例1的程序制备PMMA-MM,区别在于用表5a所示的如下成分数量代替表2中的相应成分:
表5a:用于BMA大分子单体制备的成分
成分 加入量
H2O 2380g
表面活性剂(A-16-22) 55g
MMA 1197g
CoBF 10.9ppm(1)
引发剂(CVA) 12.6g
(1)基于MMA单体的总摩尔数
获得的PMMA-MM的Mn为10,200。
在第二阶段中,在装配有机械搅拌器、温度控制设备、和加料管线的钢制压力反应器中制备接枝聚(BD-g-MMA)。在室温下加入表5b所示的成分A-D。然后将反应器密封和施加真空,采用搅拌以降低反应器压力到15英寸Hg。将表5b中的丁二烯(E)快速泵送入反应器中和搅拌10分钟。在搅拌之后,将反应混合物加热到60℃下30分钟。在反应器温度稳定到60℃之后,在7小时内将表5b中的成分F、G、和H逐渐泵送入反应器中。在加料完成之后,将反应混合物保持在60℃下60分钟。
表5b:用于聚(BA-g-MMA)接枝共聚物制备的成分
成分 加入量
A H2O#1 6049.4g
B 乙酸 4.3g
C PMMA-MM(作为乳液) 1389.71g(实施例5a)
D H2O#2(用于清洗) 250g
E BD 877.5g
F 过氧化叔丁基(2%溶液) 197.44g
G SFS(1)(1%溶液) 263.25g
H Aerosol-OT(75%溶液) 3.51g
(1)甲醛化次硫酸钠
接枝共聚物在四氢呋喃中的1H NMR分析显示65.2对34.8的BD对MMA重量百分比例。未反应PMMA-MM由HPLC的分析显示约44wt%的PMMA-MM引入,基于加入PMMA-MM的总重量。HPLC显示主要的BD/MMA接枝共聚物峰(由I R证明)。差示扫描量热法分别显示在-79.8℃和110.4℃的两个相转变。接枝共聚物组合物的固体含量为15wt%和重均粒度为107nm。
实施例6:聚(BA-g-MMA)接枝共聚物的制备
根据本发明的方法制备含有BA主链和BMA侧链的接枝共聚物。在两个阶段中制备接枝共聚物。在第一阶段中,根据用于实施例1的程序制备甲基丙烯酸丁酯大分子单体,区别在于用表6a所示的如下成分数量代替表2中的相应成分:
表6a:用于BMA大分子单体制备的成分
成分 加入量
H2O 720g
表面活性剂(Aerosol OT-100) 3.6g
BMA 324g
CoBF 10.9ppm(1)
引发剂(CVA) 3.6g
(1)基于BMA单体的总摩尔数
获得的BMA大分子单体的Mn为8900。
在第二阶段中,使用实施例3所述的程序制备接枝聚(BA-g-BMA),区别在于用表6b所示的如下成分数量代替表3中的相应成分,且使用85℃的反应温度。
表6b:用于聚(BA-g-BMA)接枝共聚物制备的成分
成分 加入量
PBMA-MM(作为乳液) 84.1g(实施例6a)
H2O#2 15g
表面活性剂(2) 1.1g
BA 41.3g
引发剂 氧化还原(1)
酸(PMAA-MM) 0.98g(实施例2.1)
(1)氧化还原引发剂体系是在3g水中的0.07g NaPS;在3g水中的0.06g NaMBS;在3g水中的0.05g Na2CO3和0.7g Fe。
(2)每个分子含有1-40个环氧乙烷基团的乙氧基化C6-C18烷基醚硫酸盐(在水中30%活性)。
形成的接枝共聚物包含63.5wt%的BA,35wt%的PBMA-MM和1.5wt%的PMAA-MM。
实施例7:聚(苯乙烯-g-MMA)接枝共聚物的制备
根据本发明的方法制备含有苯乙烯主链和PMMA-MM侧链的接枝共聚物。在两个阶段中制备接枝共聚物。大分子单体PMMA-MM(从实施例1.8获得的)用于接枝聚(苯乙烯-g-MMA)的合成。使用实施例3所述的程序制备接枝聚(苯乙烯-g-MMA),区别在于用表7所示的如下成分数量代替表3中的相应成分,且使用85℃的反应温度。
表7:用于聚(苯乙烯-g-MMA)接枝共聚物制备的成分
成分 加入量
PMMA-MM(作为乳液) 84.1g(实施例1.8)
H2O#2 15g
表面活性剂(2) 1.1g
苯乙烯 41.3g
引发剂 氧化还原(1)
酸(PMAA-MM) 0.98g(实施例2.1)
(1)氧化还原引发剂体系是在3g水中的0.07g NaPS;在3g水中的0.06g NaMBS;在3g水中的0.05g Na2CO3和0.7g Fe。
(2)每个分子含有1-40个环氧乙烷基团的乙氧基化C6-C18烷基醚硫酸盐(在水中30%活性)。
形成的接枝共聚物包含63.5wt%苯乙烯,35wt%的PMMA-MM和1.5wt%的PMAA-MM。
实施例8:由单一容器合成程序的聚(BA-g-MMA)的制备
根据本发明的方法在单一容器中,在两个含水乳液聚合阶段中制备含有BA主链和M MA侧链的接枝共聚物。在第一阶段中,制备PMMA-MM和在第二阶段中将PMMA-MM与BA共聚。
在装配有机械搅拌器、温度控制设备、冷凝器、单体加料管线和氮气入口的四颈5升圆底反应烧瓶中制备PMMA-MM。向反应烧瓶中加入680g去离子水和15.7g的A-16-22以形成水表面活性剂溶液。采用搅拌在氮气净化下将水表面活性剂溶液加热到80℃。在80℃下,采用搅拌将3.6g的4,4-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸)加入到反应烧瓶中。两分钟之后,采用搅拌将18g的MMA加入到反应烧瓶中。单独制备包含342g的MMA和0.02g的CoBF的单体混合物且通过在单体混合物中进行氮气鼓泡20分钟而脱气。在加入18g的MMA之后10分钟,将20wt%部分的单体混合物加入到反应烧瓶中。采用搅拌将剩余的单体混合物在120分钟内加入同时保持温度在80℃。在单体混合物加料结束时,将烧瓶中反应混合物的温度保持在80℃下60分钟和然后冷却到40℃。在相同的容器中在第二阶段中如下所述反应获得的大分子单体含水乳液。
在第二阶段中,制备包含226g去离子水、16.52g每个分子(在水中30%活性)含有1-40个环氧乙烷基团的乙氧基化C6-C18烷基醚硫酸盐(30wt%活性),658g丙烯酸丁酯的单体乳液。此外,单独制备在75.4g水中的10.2g的PMAA-MM。将单体乳液和PMAA-MM溶液加入到40℃下的反应烧瓶中,和将获得的反应混合物搅拌20分钟,随后加热到85℃。在85℃下,一次加入溶于25g水的1.06g过硫酸钠和溶于25g水的0.47g碳酸钠,随后用20g去离子水清洗。在加入引发剂和缓冲剂之后,采用搅拌将反应混合物保持在85℃下60分钟。在冷却反应混合物到40℃之后,采用搅拌加入13.72g在水中的0.15%FeSO4溶液,随后加入过氧化叔丁基和异抗坏血酸(分别是每种在15g水中的0.70g和0.34g)。在第一次加入之后15分钟加入相同数量的过氧化叔丁基和异抗血酸第二次加料。采用搅拌将反应混合物保持在40℃温度下30分钟。
将获得的共聚物组合物冷却到室温且通过滤布以除去任何凝固物。获得的接枝共聚物包含64wt%丙烯酸丁酯,35wt%甲基丙烯酸甲酯和1wt%的PMAA-MM。共聚物组合物含有76wt%的PMMA-MM引入,基于加入PMMA-MM的总重量。
实施例9:共聚物组合物的表征
由种种分析技术表征在先前实施例中制备的接枝共聚物组合物以测量wt%固体、粒度、重均分子量、数均分子量、和大分子单体的引入百分比。
由H PLC分析使用如下程序进行未反应大分子单体的数量测量。将共聚物组合物溶于THF中且由位于Bellefonte,PA的Supelco提供的LC-18柱上通过梯度洗脱分析,使得观察未反应大分子单体的良好分离的峰。通过标定检测器响应使用用于合成中的相同大分子单体的已知标准物进行定量化。表征的结果见下表8。
表8:共聚物组合物的表征
   实施例   %固体   粒度(nm)   Mw(x10-3)   Mn(x10-3)   PMMA-MM引入(2)(wt%)
    3.1C   43   120   (1)   (1)     <2
    3.2   43.1   268   119.7   88.6     89
    3.3   41.0   204   286.0   29.0     ---
    3.4   49.3   245   398.1   217.7     90
    3.5   50.2   215   708.2   378.3     86
    3.6   51.5   228   1015.0   266.9     68
    3.7   48.1   226   1242.6   809.6     74
    3.8   47.5   215   1082.6   827.4     71
    3.9   42.2   180   724.9   114.2     ---
    3.10   41.3   203   1468.9   875.5     ---
    3.11   39.6   208   1263.8   964.0     ---
    3.12   39.7   227   1226.1   813.1     ---
    3.13   43.5   232   226.1   88.8     83
    3.14   44.6   208   795.8   182.0     75
    3.15   44.4   220   437.1   160.3     88
    3.16   41.4   194   216.1   139.3     71
    4.1   34   222   533.3   66.6     86
    4.2   43.5   210   264.5   67.3     91
    4.3   42.3   181   664.8   83.2     94
    4.4   42.8   168   857.9   72.1     94
    6.1   39.3   192   552.0   328.0     ---
    7.1   33.1   161   98.7   20.7     60
    8.1   44   150   1041.6   146.9     76
(1)具有较低分子量的相应于大分子单体分子量的双峰分子量分布,指示根据实施例1.0C制备的聚合物并不共聚。
(2)基于加入到反应容器的大分子单体总重量。不分析一些样品(实施例3.3,3.9,3.10,3.11,3.12,6.1)的PMMA-MM引入。
实施例10:实施例3.16的分析
对实施例3.16进行两向HPLC分析以确定每个聚合物分子的平均接枝数和显示形成接枝共聚物。对于复杂聚合物材料的分离,两向HPLC提供比常规HPLC远为更大的分辨率。用于此分析的方法相似于在如下文献中描述的方法:“由大分子单体共聚通过常规、受控自由基、和阴离子聚合获得的接枝共聚物的2D色谱分析”,Müller,AxelH.E等人,Polym.Prepr.Am.Chem.Soc.Div.Polym.Chem.,40(2),140-141页,1999,该文献在此全文引入作为参考。LCCC用于一向和GPC用于第二向;由该第二技术顺序分析来自第一分析的切割馏分,且适当的软件在两向中构造数据的图。在PBA的临界条件,和PMMA的尺寸排阻条件下运行LCCC分析,使得可以测量共聚物上MMA接枝的总分子量。从此数值,(假定每个侧链包含一个大分子单体)计算每个共聚物的侧链数目。同样,LCCC用于测量共聚物的组成。在第二向中使用SEC的分析用于预测共聚物的总分子量。使用LCCC向的PMMA和GPC向的PBA的标准物标定测量的分子量。获得的两向色谱显示主共聚物峰(大约预测在>70%),它从LCCC数据可见包含约110,000的总PMMA分子量(Mn)。使用PMMA大分子单体的Mn数值为9600,每个聚合物链的接枝平均数预测为约11.5。从第二向,此峰的总分子量预测为580,000。两向色谱显示两个其它系列的共聚物峰,但没检测到PBA均聚物。从两向HPLC数据计算的主共聚物峰的总组成是约85wt%BA和15wt%MMA。此组成与72wt%BA和28wt%MMA的期望组成(从组合物的NMR分析计算,仅考虑约70%大分子单体转化成共聚物)有变化,但考虑到共聚物体系的复杂性和它的分析是合理的。
实施例11:接枝共聚物组合物的剪切稳定性评价
对在先前实施例中制备的几种接枝共聚物进行剪切稳定性测试。通过将接枝共聚物组合物液滴放置在食指上和在拇指和食指之间摩擦组合物而测试剪切稳定性。如果它能够被摩擦直到它由水蒸发干燥而不形成凝固物则共聚物组合物合格,和如果在几次摩擦之后絮凝和变成粘稠的则不合格。测试的所有共聚物组合物在静态条件下是胶体稳定的。结果见下表9。
表9:接枝共聚物组合物的手指摩擦测试结果
    实施例     稳定的酸     手指摩擦测试
    3.4     pMAA-MM     合格
    3.5     pMAA-MM     合格
    3.6     pMAA-MM     合格
    3.7     pMAA-MM     合格
    3.8     pMAA-MM     合格
    3.9     MAA     不合格
    3.10     MAA     不合格
    3.11     MAA     不合格
    3.12     MAA     不合格
    4.1     pMAA-MM     合格
    4.2     pMAA-MM     合格
    4.3     pMAA-MM     合格
    4.4     pMAA-MM     合格
    8.1     pMAA-MM     合格
表9中的数据显示与采用酸单体制备的接枝共聚物相比,采用含酸大分子单体制备的接枝共聚物组合物具有令人惊奇的良好剪切稳定性。也发现可以获得良好的剪切稳定性,而不使用含酸大分子单体,如通过向共聚物组合物中加入表面活性剂如TritonTMX-405,由UnionCarbide提供的非离子表面活性剂。

Claims (15)

1.一种接枝共聚物的制备方法,包括:
(a)形成包括一种或多种水不溶性大分子单体粒子的大分子单体含水乳液,其中大分子单体包括第一烯属不饱和单体的聚合单元,大分子单体进一步具有
(i)10-1000的聚合度,
(ii)至少一个末端烯属不饱和基团,
(iii)小于5wt%聚合的含酸单体,和
(iv)无聚合的巯基-烯烃化合物,
(b)形成包括至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体的单体组合物;和
(c)结合至少一部分大分子单体含水乳液和至少一部分单体组合物以形成聚合反应混合物及在引发剂存在下聚合大分子单体与第二烯属不饱和单体以生产包括接枝共聚物粒子的共聚物组合物。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中形成大分子单体含水乳液的步骤包括在含水乳液中在过渡金属螯合物链转移剂和自由基引发剂存在下,聚合至少第一烯属不饱和单体以形成大分子单体粒子。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中在含有疏水性腔的大分子有机化合物存在下聚合第一烯属不饱和单体。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中单体组合物包括含水乳液,含水乳液包括至少一种第二烯属不饱和单体。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中第二烯属不饱和单体扩散入大分子单体粒子中且溶胀大分子单体粒子。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中大分子单体包括作为聚合单元的小于1wt%含酸单体。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中第一烯属不饱和单体是α-甲基乙烯基单体、由α-甲基乙烯基单体封端的非α-甲基乙烯基单体、或其结合物。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中第一烯属不饱和单体是甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸十八酯、由α-甲基苯乙烯封端的苯乙烯、或其结合物。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中第二烯属不饱和单体选自丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯、取代的苯乙烯、烯属不饱和腈、烯属不饱和卤化物、有机酸的乙烯基酯、N-乙烯基化合物、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、取代的丙烯酰胺、取代的甲基丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酸羟烷基酯、丙烯酸羟烷基酯、乙烯基醚、二烯烃及其结合物。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中第二烯属不饱和单体选自丙烯酸C1-C18烷基酯、苯乙烯、丁二烯、及其结合物。
11.权利要求1的方法,其中在含酸单体、含酸大分子单体、或其结合物存在下,聚合大分子单体和第二烯属不饱和单体。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中在含酸大分子单体存在下,聚合大分子单体和第二烯属不饱和单体,含酸大分子单体包括作为聚合单元的50wt%-100wt%含酸单体,基于含酸大分子单体的总重量。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中在含有疏水性腔的大分子有机化合物存在下,聚合大分子单体和烯属不饱和单体。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中在开始聚合之前结合所有的大分子单体含水乳液和所有单体组合物。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中在引发剂存在下通过向大分子单体含水乳液中逐渐加入至少一部分单体组合物而结合大分子单体和第二烯属不饱和单体。
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