CN1243038A - 用于制备乙酸乙烯酯的催化剂及该催化剂的应用 - Google Patents
用于制备乙酸乙烯酯的催化剂及该催化剂的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用于制备乙酸乙烯酯的催化剂,该催化剂包括(1)催体剂载体、(2)钯、(3)酸、(4)至少一种乙酸催化剂促进剂和(5)至少一种乙酸乙烯酯促进剂和/或共同促进剂。一种使用该催化剂从乙烯和含氧气体制备乙酸乙烯酯的方法。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备乙酸乙烯酯的方法,并涉及一种用于该方法的新型催化剂。
在工业上,通常是在有对制备乙酸乙烯酯具有活性的催化剂存在时,使乙酸和乙烯与分子氧接触来制备乙酸乙烯酯的。
适合用于制备乙酸乙烯酯的催化剂可以包括第VIII族金属如钯、碱金属乙酸盐促进剂如钠或钾的乙酸盐、以及选择使用的共同促进剂如乙酸镉或金。具体地US5185308公开了一种在乙酸存在时,通过催化氧化乙烯来制备乙酸乙烯酯的方法。所使用的催化剂是由金和乙酸钾促进的、负载钯催化剂。
用作制备乙酸乙烯酯的乙酸进料可以利用通常工业中实际应用的几种方法来制备,如在第VIII族贵金属催化剂、碘代烷烃促进剂和一定浓度的水存在的条件下,利用甲醇和/或其反应衍生物的液相羰基化反应。然后制得的乙酸用作制备乙酸乙烯酯的反应物。因此这种方法趋向于一种两步法。
US3373189涉及一种使用钯催化剂从乙烯和氧制备乙酸乙烯酯的方法。US4188490公开了一种使用由氧化锌负载的钯催化剂来制备乙酸和乙酸乙烯酯的方法。US3637818公开了一种在贵金属及锰或钴的氧化物存在时,通过氧化乙烯来制备乙醛、乙酸和乙酸乙烯酯的方法。前述的这些方法均是在液相中进行的。
我们现在已经发现乙酸乙烯酯可以直接从乙烯、任选的水与含氧气体组成的反应混合物制备,而不需要初始制备乙酸形成整个方法中的一个单独步骤。通过使用改进了的钯催化剂,可以直接由一步法制备乙酸乙烯酯。
因此本发明提供一种制备乙酸乙烯酯的方法,该方法是在催化剂存在的条件下,使乙烯与含氧气体及任选的水进行反应,其中的催化剂包括(1)催化剂载体、(2)钯、(3)酸、(4)至少一种乙酸催化剂促进剂和(5)至少一种乙酸乙烯酯催化剂促进剂和/或共同促进剂。
在本发明进一步的实施方案中提供了一种用于制备乙酸乙烯酯的催化剂,该催化剂包括(1)催化剂载体、(2)钯、(3)酸、(4)至少一种乙酸催化剂促进剂和(5)至少一种乙酸乙烯酯催化剂促进剂和/或共同促进剂。
本发明提供了一种用于制备乙酸乙烯酯的成本有效的新路线。该方法不仅具有制备乙酸乙烯酯的高选择性,而且不需要独立分开来制备乙酸,然后将乙酸用作方法中的共同反应物。相反,使用改进了的钯催化剂可以就地将反应物氧化成乙酸,然后将乙酸和乙烯氧化成乙酸乙烯酯。该催化剂的这种双重功能的性质导致了一种直接的方法。
本发明提供了一种从乙烯、含氧气体和任选的水来制备乙酸乙烯酯的方法。乙烯可以基本上是纯的,也可以与氮、甲烷、乙烷、二氧化碳、氢和少量的C3/C4烯烃或烷烃中的一种或多种混合起来使用。
含氧气体可以是空气、也可以是分子氧的含量高于或低于空气的气体。比较适合地,该气体可以是由适当的稀释剂如氮或二氧化碳稀释了的氧气。优选的含氧气体为氧气。
水可以任选地一同加入到反应室中。当水存在于反应室中时,存在的水量可以达到50体积百分数,优选的范围为10-30体积百分数。
也可以将少量的乙酸引入到反应室中。比较适合地,乙酸可以通过循环物流引入。引入乙酸是必要的,存在的乙酸量可以达到50体积百分数,优选的范围为5-20体积百分数。
本发明的催化剂包括钯。在以催化剂的总重量为基准时,钯的浓度可以大于0.5%重量,优选为大于1%重量。当用于固定床或流化床时,钯的浓度可以高达10%重量。
本发明的催化剂为一种负载型的催化剂。适合的催化剂载体可以包括多孔二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化硅/氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化锆或碳。优选的载体是二氧化硅。比较适合地,载体的孔体积为每克载体0.2-3.5ml,表面积为每克载体5-800m2,表观堆密度为0.3-1.5g/ml。对用于固定床过程的催化剂,典型的载体尺寸为3-9mm,可以是球形的、片形的、挤压成型的、弹丸形的或其它适合的形状。对用于流化床过程的催化剂,典型的载体可以具有的粒度分布为粒径低于200微米的催化剂颗粒至少为60%,优选为粒径低于105微米的催化剂颗粒至少为50%、而粒径低于40微米的催化剂颗粒不超过40%。
催化剂组合物中包括至少一种乙酸催化剂促进剂。适合的促进剂包括含有硒、钛、碲和/或钒的化合物。优选的乙酸催化剂促进剂为至少一种前述金属的氧化物、乙酸盐或乙酰丙酮化物。在最终的催化剂中,优选的乙酸催化剂促进剂的含量可达10%重量。
除了钯化合物和乙酸促进剂,催化剂包括至少一种乙酸乙烯酯催化剂促进剂和/或共同促进剂,优选为促进剂和共同促进剂两者均有。适合的促进剂包括金、铜和/或镍、及乙酸镉。一种优选的促进剂为金。适合的金的来源包括氯化金、四氯金酸HAuCl4、NaAuCl4、KAuCl4、二甲基乙酸金、乙酰金酸钡或乙酸金。优选的金化合物为HAuCl4。在最终得到的催化剂中,金属可以为0.1-10%重量。适合的共同促进剂包括碱金属或碱土金属的盐,优选为乙酸盐如钾或钠的乙酸盐。在最终的催化剂中,优选的乙酸盐共同促进剂的含量范围为0.1-9.5%重量。一种优选的催化剂组分(5)为金和钠或钾的乙酸盐。
催化剂组合物包括酸。优选为强酸。适合的酸包括杂多酸,该杂多酸包括硅钨酸、磷钨酸、磷钼酸、硅钼酸、钨钼磷酸、钨钼硅酸、钨钒磷酸、钨钒硅酸、钼钒磷酸、钼钒硅酸、硼钨酸、硼钼酸、钨钼硼酸、钼铝酸、钨铝酸、钼钨铝酸、钼锗酸、钨锗酸、钼钨锗酸、钼钛酸、钨钛酸、钼钨钛酸、铈钼酸、铈钨酸、铈钼钨酸、钼钴酸、钨钴酸、钼钨钴酸、磷铌酸、硅铌酸和硅钛酸。在这些酸中,特别优选的是硅钨酸、磷钨酸、磷钼酸、硅钼酸、钨钼磷酸、钨钼硅酸、钨钒磷酸、钨钒硅酸、钼钒硅酸、硼钨酸、硼钼酸、硼钼钨酸。在最终的催化剂中,优选的酸含量可达50%重量。
最终的催化剂组成可以适当地进行优选以达到最高的乙酸乙烯酯产率及最高的选择性。
本发明的催化剂可以比较适合地按照在GB-A-1559540中详细描述的方法来制备。在制备过程的第一步,将载体用含有需要的钯及促进剂金属如金的溶盐的溶液浸渍。这种盐的例子包括可溶性的卤素衍生物。浸渍溶液优选为水溶液,所使用的溶液的体积相应于载体孔体积的50-100%,优选为固定床催化剂孔体积的95-99%或流化床催化剂孔体积的50-99%。
浸渍完成后,可以任选地将湿载体用一种碱金属盐溶液处理以形成一种本领域技术人员所熟知的金属壳层结构,该碱金属盐溶液选自碱金属硅酸盐、碳酸盐或氢氧化物。所使用的碱金属盐的量能够使溶液在与所浸渍的载体接触12-24小时以后,当在25℃下测量时,溶液的pH值处于适合的范围6.5-9.5,优选为7.5-8。优选的金属盐为硅酸钠、碳酸钠和氢氧化钠。
在上述处理过程中,钯和促进剂如金、氢氧化物确信是沉积或结合到载体上。另外,在金属还原之前,被浸渍的载体可以在常压或低压下、在常温至150℃、优选为60-120℃的条件下进行干燥。为了将一些材料转化成金属状态,被浸渍的载体要用还原剂如乙烯、肼、甲醛或氢进行处理。如果使用的是氢,则通常需要将催化剂加热到100-300℃,以便实现完全还原。
在上述步骤完成以后,将还原了的催化剂用水洗涤,然后进行干燥。干燥了的载体再用需要量的乙酸乙烯酯催化剂共同促进剂,如碱金属乙酸盐水溶液,及乙酸催化剂促进剂,如含硒化合物的水溶液浸渍,之后再干燥。干燥了的载体进一步用适量的溶于水中的杂多酸处理,然后对最终产物进行干燥。
催化剂的制备方法可以改变,以便在使乙酸乙烯酯的收率和选择性最高的基础上优化催化剂的性能。
本发明使用催化剂制备乙酸乙烯酯的典型过程是在温度为100-400℃、优选为140-210℃及压力为1-20barg、优选为6-15barg的条件下,使乙烯、水和含氧气体如氧气或空气与催化剂接触而进行的。
该方法也可以在固定床或流化床反应器中进行,并且优选在气相中进行。
下面将参照下述实施例详细描述本发明。
实施例1为本发明的一个实施例。对比例A、B和C不是按照本发明进行的,其中的方法所使用的不是本发明的催化剂,例A的催化剂中不含有乙酸乙烯酯催化剂促进剂或共同促进剂,例B的催化剂中不含有酸或乙酸催化剂促进剂,而例C的乙酸催化剂组分和乙酸乙烯酯的催化剂组分位于单独的床层中。实施例1(a)催化剂的制备。
在1.7g四氯钯(II)酸钠和1.5g四氯金(III)酸钠水合物溶于34g水所形成的水溶液中放入68.4g粒度范围为5-7mm的多孔二氧化硅载体(KA160 exSud Chemie)以吸收全部溶液。将所形成的载体加入到76.5g含6.5g偏硅酸钠的水溶液中,使所有载体均浸在溶液中。将混合物静置18小时后,将20g 99%的肼水合物加入到溶液中以还原Pd和Au。将所形成的混合物静置4小时或者直到还原过程全部完成。将载体从溶液中分离出来,用去离子水洗涤直到在流出液中用AgNO3溶液检测不到氯离子为止。将所形成的载体在60℃下干燥24小时。在0.0071g硒酸钾(VI)和0.51g乙酸钾溶于5g水中所形成的水溶液中加入10g干燥后的载体。载体吸收了全部溶液后在60℃下干燥24小时。然后,将3.3g硅钨酸水合物溶于5g水中所形成的水溶液加入到载体上,全部被吸收。将所形成的含有Pd、Au、硒盐和硅钨酸的载体在60℃下干燥24小时。乙酸乙烯酯的制备
在反应管中,将5g制得的催化剂均匀分散在60ml玻璃珠(尺寸为1mm)中。在温度为160℃、压力为8barg的条件下,将体积比为40∶6∶31∶23的乙烯、氧气、蒸汽和惰性气体混合物以15.8NL/hr的流率引入到装置中进行反应。用气相色谱对流出物进行在线分析。乙酸乙烯酯的空时收率为84.5g/hr.L、以碳平衡为基准的选择性为76%。CO2的选择性为22%。对比例A催化剂的制备
将四氯钯酸钠(II)(9.5g)溶解于水中(90g)。将多孔二氧化硅载体(KA160ex Sudchemie,粒度为5-7mm)(180g)浸入到这种溶液中,直到全部溶液均被吸收。将所形成的载体加入到含有偏硅酸钠(17.7g)的水溶液(170g)中。将混合物静置18小时,然后将20g 99%的肼水合物加入到溶液中以还原钯。将所形成的混合物静置4小时或者直到还原过程全部完成。将载体从溶液中分离出来,用去离子水洗涤直到在流出液中用AgNO3溶液检测不到氯离子为止。将所形成的载体在60℃下干燥48小时。将硒酸钾(VI)(0.164g)溶于10g水中,然后用20g干燥后的载体将其全部吸收。然后再次将载体在60℃下干燥24小时。然后,将硅钨酸水合物(6.3)g溶于水(10g)中所形成的水溶液加入到载体上,全部被吸收。将所形成的含有Pd、硒盐和硅钨酸的载体在60℃下干燥24小时。
在反应管中,将5克制得的催化剂均匀分散在60ml玻璃珠(尺寸为1mm)中。在温度为150℃、压力为8barg的条件下,将体积比为40∶6∶31∶23的乙烯、氧气、蒸汽和惰性气体混合物以15.5NL/hr的流率引入到装置中进行反应。用气相色谱对流出物进行在线分析。
下列数据为得到的结果:乙酸空时收率为235g/hr.l,乙酸乙烯酯空时收率为2.1g/hr.l,乙醛空时收率为3.5g/hr.l,二氧化碳空时收率为21.2g/hr.l。对乙酸的总体选择性为87%,而对乙酸乙烯酯的总体选择性为0.54%。对比例B(a)催化剂的制备
按照US5185308通过在KA160上逐步载带0.9Pd、0.4Au和7wt%KOAc而制备得到乙酸乙烯酯催化剂。
在反应管中,将2.5克制得的催化剂均匀分散在60ml玻璃珠(尺寸为1mm)中。在温度为150℃、压力为8barg的条件下,将体积比为47∶7∶19∶27的乙烯、氧气、蒸汽和惰性气体混合物以21.1NL/hr的流率引入到装置中进行反应。用气相色谱对流出物进行在线分析。
下列数据为得到的结果:二氧化碳空时收率为119.6g/hr.l,没有检测到乙酸、乙酸乙烯酯或其它的副产物。对比例C(a)催化剂的制备
按照对比例A和B来制备催化剂。(b)乙酸乙烯酯的制备
在反应管中装入催化剂1(5g)、催化剂2(2.5g)及玻璃珠(60ml,尺寸为1mm)。均匀分散在玻璃珠(32ml)中的催化剂1放置在管上部、在玻璃珠(16ml)中的催化剂2则在下部。在催化剂1和催化剂2之间放有2ml玻璃珠,在管的顶部和底部各放有5ml玻璃珠。在温度为150℃、压力为8barg的条件下,将体积比为50∶8∶21∶21的乙烯、氧气、蒸汽和惰性气体混合物以15.8NL/hr的流率引入到装置中进行反应。用气相色谱对流出物进行在线分析。
得到的结果如下:乙酸乙烯酯的空时收率为115g/hr.l、以碳平衡为基准的选择性为77%,CO2的选择性为11%,乙酸的选择性为5%。少量的副产物为乙酸乙酯和乙醇。
可以看出,当使用两步法进行操作时,只有该例所达到的反应选择性可以比得上所要保护的方法所达到的选择性。
Claims (12)
1、一种用于制备乙酸乙烯酯的催化剂,该催化剂包括(1)催化剂载体、(2)钯、(3)酸、(4)至少一种乙酸催化剂促进剂和(5)至少一种乙酸乙烯酯促进剂和/或共同促进剂。
2、如权利要求1的催化剂,其中的载体包括多孔二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化硅/氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化锆或碳。
3、如权利要求1或2的催化剂,其中的酸为选自杂多酸的强酸。
4、如权利要求3的催化剂,其中的酸含量达到50%重量。
5、如前述权利要求中任何一项的催化剂,其中的乙酸催化剂促进剂选自含有硒、钛、碲和/或钒的化合物。
6、如权利要求5的催化剂,其中的乙酸催化剂促进剂为氧化物、乙酸盐或乙酰丙酮化物。
7、如前述权利要求中任何一项的催化剂,其中的乙酸乙烯酯催化剂促进剂选自乙酸镉、金、铜和镍。
8、如权利要求7的催化剂,其中的乙酸乙烯酯催化剂促进剂为金。
9、如权利要求1-8中任何一项的催化剂,其中的乙酸乙烯酯催化剂共同促进剂选自碱金属或碱土金属的盐。
10、如权利要求9的催化剂,其中的乙酸乙烯酯共同促进剂为乙酸钠或乙酸钾。
11、一种乙酸乙烯酯的制备方法,该方法是在权利要求1-10中任何一项的催化剂存在的条件下,使乙烯与含氧气体及任选的水反应。
12、如权利要求11的方法是在温度为100-400℃、压力为1-20barg的条件下进行的。
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GBGB9810928.3A GB9810928D0 (en) | 1998-05-22 | 1998-05-22 | Catalyst and process |
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NO317804B1 (no) | 2004-12-13 |
US6376706B2 (en) | 2002-04-23 |
ZA993400B (en) | 2000-11-20 |
TWI258389B (en) | 2006-07-21 |
EP0967009A3 (en) | 2000-04-12 |
JP2000000473A (ja) | 2000-01-07 |
DE69935473D1 (de) | 2007-04-26 |
UA60322C2 (uk) | 2003-10-15 |
US6472556B2 (en) | 2002-10-29 |
EP0967009B1 (en) | 2007-03-14 |
BR9917059B1 (pt) | 2010-10-19 |
KR19990088442A (ko) | 1999-12-27 |
SG83716A1 (en) | 2001-10-16 |
JP4491063B2 (ja) | 2010-06-30 |
MY129792A (en) | 2007-04-30 |
BR9917059A (pt) | 2001-12-11 |
GB9810928D0 (en) | 1998-07-22 |
SA99200490B1 (ar) | 2006-11-14 |
EP0967009A2 (en) | 1999-12-29 |
CA2272223A1 (en) | 1999-11-22 |
US20010049335A1 (en) | 2001-12-06 |
KR20060077908A (ko) | 2006-07-05 |
DE69935473T2 (de) | 2007-12-06 |
CN1149126C (zh) | 2004-05-12 |
ID23346A (id) | 2000-04-05 |
US20010012818A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
ES2284237T3 (es) | 2007-11-01 |
RS20060284A (en) | 2007-09-21 |
NO992461D0 (no) | 1999-05-21 |
NO992461L (no) | 1999-11-23 |
RU2225254C2 (ru) | 2004-03-10 |
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