CN1184235C - 嵌合多肽、其产生方法及应用 - Google Patents
嵌合多肽、其产生方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1184235C CN1184235C CNB008095159A CN00809515A CN1184235C CN 1184235 C CN1184235 C CN 1184235C CN B008095159 A CNB008095159 A CN B008095159A CN 00809515 A CN00809515 A CN 00809515A CN 1184235 C CN1184235 C CN 1184235C
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- peptide
- peptide linker
- halfcystine
- protein
- bioactive compounds
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Abstract
嵌合多肽作为多聚体药物是有用的,其由通过基于1-3个半胱氨酸的二硫键化学连接的第一和第二多肽链组成,其特征在于所述第一多肽链由1-3个半胱氨酸和优选选自精氨酸、赖氨酸、及鸟氨酸的4-12个碱性氨基酸组成,第二多肽链由1-3个半胱氨酸和选自谷氨酸及天冬氨酸的4-12个酸性氨基酸组成,并且每个所述多肽链都在其C-或N-末端连接到生物活性化合物上。
Description
本发明涉及通过基于半胱氨酸的二硫键化学连接的嵌合多肽,其产生方法及应用。
人工双功能或多功能生物活性化合物在诊断和治疗上有广泛的潜在用途。双功能蛋白特别优选地用于免疫诊断和免疫治疗。例如,利用抗体或抗体片段与其抗原特异结合使有不同生物功能的蛋白导向到该特定抗原。例如,其抗原一方面定位于肿瘤细胞上另一方面定位于巨嗜细胞上的双特异性抗体能用于使杀伤细胞导向肿瘤(Bohlen,H.等,Blood 82(1993)1803-1812)。通过融合两种产生各自单特异性抗体的杂交瘤细胞而形成quadroma细胞来产生该双特异性抗体(Milstein,C.和Cuello,A.C.,Nature 305(1983)537-540)。除了这两个最初的抗体,这些细胞还产生双特异性抗体。然而这种获得双特异性蛋白的方法只局限于抗体。而且,仅15%的表达抗体有期望的双特异性,不得不从混合物中用费力的纯化方法获得这些抗体。
一个更明显有效地产生双特异性抗体和其它双特异性蛋白的方法基于化学交联有期望特性的两种蛋白(Fanger,M.W.等,Crit.Rev.Immunol.12(1992)101-24)。通过与蛋白质氨基基团或半胱氨酸残基反应的双功能连接分子实现这种交联。在后一种情况下,例如,5,5’-二硫双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)可以活化一种蛋白质的半胱氨酸残基,加入第二种含有还原形式半胱氨酸残基的蛋白质导致二硫键形成并且因此共价偶联了这两个蛋白。与通常导致高比例同源二聚体的非特异性交联相比,用这种方法异源二聚体双功能蛋白的产量能有相当大的提高。然而,化学交联方法导致非均质物质。这种异质性可能负面影响该双特异性结构的稳定性和功能性(Debinski,W.和Pastan,I.,Bioconjug.Chem.5(1994)40-43)。
产生双功能蛋白最频繁使用的方法是在遗传水平形成融合蛋白。为此,通过遗传工程方法将某蛋白质cDNA的5’末端与另一蛋白质基因的3’末端连接,同时保持读码框,并且该结构在原核生物或真核生物中重组表达。以这种方式,例如,融合导向肿瘤的抗体片段和细菌毒素(Brinkmann,U.等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 88(1991)8616-8620)。该免疫毒素能够特异性杀伤肿瘤细胞。除了细菌毒素,还成功地产生抗体片段与RNase和其它酶的融合物并在细胞培养物上检测了它们的功能性(Newton,D.L等,J.Biol.Chem.267(1992)19572-19578;Zewe,M.等,Immunotechnol.3(1997)127-136)。
所谓diabody代表另一种形式的融合蛋白(Holliger,P.等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90(1993)6444-6448)。diabody由特异性不同的两种Fv片段组成。不像scFv片段中抗体的两个可变区通过接头相互连接,在diabody中一个抗体的VL区域与第二个抗体的VH区域融合。用于此目的的接头结构使接头防止了两个区域的分子内连接,而与此相反,两个这种结构发生分子间连接导致双功能性diabody形成。
近年来进行了各种尝试来研制能广泛用于生产双功能蛋白的系统。为此,在基因水平将蛋白质与肽或蛋白质融合作为二聚化区域以进行定向性连接。抗体区域CL和CH1、钙调蛋白和相对应的结合肽或链霉抗生物素作为二聚化单位使用(Muller,K.M.等,FEBS Lett 422(1998)259-264;Neri,D.等,BioTechnology 13(1995)373-377;Dubel,S等,J.Immunol.Methods 178(1995)201-209)。而且,短的肽序列例如亮氨酸拉链和两亲性螺旋也能用作定向异源二聚化的功能单位(Kostelny,S.A.等,J.Immunol.148(1992)1547-1553)。然而,迄今为止,没有建立作为能广泛应用的技术的定向连接方法。
本发明的一个目的是提供稳定的和易于生产的嵌合多肽。
发明概要
本发明包含由基于1-3个半胱氨酸的二硫键化学连接的第一和第二多肽链组成的嵌合多肽,其特点在于所述第一多肽链由1-3个半胱氨酸和优选选自精氨酸、赖氨酸、及鸟氨酸的4-12个碱性氨基酸组成,所述第二多肽链由1-3个半胱氨酸和优选选自谷氨酸及天冬氨酸的4-12个酸性氨基酸组成,由此每个所述多肽链在其C-和/或N-末端连接到生物活性化合物上。
在本发明优选的实施方案中,所述的生物活性化合物化学结构相互不同。进一步优选所述化合物是抗体、抗体片段或酶。
本发明进一步包含产生如下嵌合多肽的方法,此嵌合多肽通过基于1-3个半胱氨酸的二硫键化学连接起来,并由第一和第二多肽链组成,其中所述第一多肽链由1-3个半胱氨酸和优选选自精氨酸、赖氨酸、及鸟氨酸的4-12个碱性氨基酸组成,并且所述第二多肽链由1-3个半胱氨酸和优选选自谷氨酸及天冬氨酸的4-12个酸性氨基酸组成,由此每个所述多肽链在其C-和/或N-末端连接生物活性化合物,其特点在于将编码每一个都连接生物活性多肽的所述两个多肽链的两个核酸在原核或真核宿主细胞中同时或分别表达,从宿主细胞或上清中回收多肽,用氧化剂处理以形成所述二硫键并分离所述嵌合多肽。
用本发明的方法生产嵌合多肽,如果异源二聚体是期望产物,有可能基本上避免形成同源二聚体。
本发明基于这一事实:即由4-12个碱性氨基酸组成的多肽链在水相溶液中和低离子强度下与由4-12个酸性氨基酸组成的多肽链特异地相互作用。如果两个多肽链还都含有半胱氨酸,在随后的反应里,在氧化的或甚至轻微还原的条件下在两个多肽链的半胱氨酸之间能特异地形成二硫键。优选地,多肽链里两个半胱氨酸之间的距离多于一个氨基酸,优选3-6个氨基酸。这意味着两个多肽的半胱氨酸数量和距离优选相同,如果两个多肽的半胱氨酸相对放置,那么一个链的酸性氨基酸及另一个链的碱性氨基酸在每种情况下也相对放置。半胱氨酸距离相同意味着两个链上在所述半胱氨酸之间放置数量相同的除半胱氨酸以外的氨基酸。
按照本发明有可能通过所述第一和第二多肽链以稳定的和共价的形式并以空间上确定的位置连接两个或更多的生物活性化合物。
在本发明进一步优选的实施方案里,第一和第二多肽链设计成这样一种方式:半胱氨酸和碱性及酸性氨基酸的放置使得能够以一种预先选择的定向形式在酸性和碱性氨基酸之间产生最优化的离子相互作用并通过一个或更多二硫键偶联。以这种方式有可能将生物活性化合物彼此带到预先选择的相对空间位置。例如,当第一和第二多肽链在这样一种位置上,即它们的N-末端相遇而且它们的C-末端也相遇,如果生物活性化合物都在多肽链的C-末端(或都在N-末端连接)连接,则生物活性化合物能被带至相互非常接近的空间位置。如果一个生物活性化合物在多肽链的C-末端连接而另一个在N-末端连接,它们相互间的空间距离将远得多。在这种情况下,二聚体的第一和第二多肽链基本上作为两个生物活性化合物之间(优选两个多肽之间)的线性接头。可以采取相类似的方案将四个生物活性化合物彼此带到相对的空间位置上。
本发明的详细描述
本发明的“嵌合多肽”是指由化学上不同的第一和第二多肽链组成的多肽,这些多肽链以这样一种方式组成,即它们通过携带不同电荷的多个氨基酸间的离子相互作用彼此结合,并且它们还通过半胱氨酸的二硫键共价连接。在产生嵌合多肽时,多肽链中酸性和碱性氨基酸间的多离子(polyionic)相互作用让多肽链彼此处于预先选择的相对位置,这种位置使得可能易于形成二硫键。嵌合多肽的目的是以稳定的和预先设定的方式使生物活性化合物彼此偶联,避免不想要的副产物(例如同源二聚体、或生物活性化合物相对不利放置的嵌合产物)。通常,第一和第二多肽链本身没有实质上的生物学活性。它们仅仅是有助于偶联生物活性化合物的辅助剂,在二聚体或多聚体形式时这些生物活性化合物能够产生预先选定的药物效果。对多肽链间的强离子相互作用,优选链上相对放置的碱性和酸性氨基酸的pKa值应该相差尽可能大。因此,优选地,碱性氨基酸的pKa值为约10或更多而酸性氨基酸的pKa值为约4.5或更少。
多肽链由1-3个半胱氨酸和4-12个其它氨基酸组成,对第一多肽链来说,其它氨基酸优选选自精氨酸、赖氨酸、和鸟氨酸。所述第二多肽链由1-3个半胱氨酸和4-12个酸性氨基酸组成,酸性氨基酸优选选自谷氨酸和天冬氨酸。在优选的实施方案中,多肽链由6-10个碱性或酸性氨基酸组成。进一步优选每个多肽链含有一个半胱氨酸残基。然而,按照本发明也能使用其它酸性或碱性氨基酸或其衍生物,只要它们的pKa值差异相当大(优选相差约5或更多单位)且离子相互作用导致两条多肽链结合。
任何期望的生物活性化合物都能用作本发明的生物活性化合物。
本文使用的术语“生物活性化合物或物质”指的是当给动物(包括但不局限于鸟和哺乳动物,包括人)体内施用时产生生物学效果的有机分子,包括药物、生物大分子如肽、蛋白质、碳水化合物(包括单糖、寡糖和多糖)、核蛋白、粘蛋白、脂蛋白、合成的多肽或蛋白、连接到蛋白质的小分子、糖蛋白、类固醇、核酸(任何形式的DNA,包括cDNA,或RNA,或其片段)、核苷酸、核苷、寡核苷酸(包括反义寡核苷酸)、基因、脂类、激素、维生素(包括维生素C和维生素E)或它们的组合。
本文使用的术语“药物”指的是任何用于处理、治疗或预防疾病或紊乱的内用或外用物质,并且包括但不局限于免疫抑制剂、抗氧化剂、麻醉剂、化学治疗剂、类固醇(包括视黄醛衍生物)、激素、抗生素、抗病毒剂、抗真菌剂、抗增殖药、抗组胺药、抗凝剂、抗photoaging剂、促黑色素激素肽、非类固醇和类固醇抗炎性化合物和辐射吸收剂包括紫外线吸收剂。
术语“生物活性物质”也包括试剂如杀昆虫剂、杀害虫剂、杀真菌剂、杀鼠剂和植物营养物值和生长促进剂。
分子量优选在2000或3000至好几百万范围的生物大分子是生理功能的重要调节者。通过与受体、酶、核酸或其它与它相互作用的生物介质之间高度特异性的相互作用,生物活性大分子的大小和三级结构传递着重要的化学信息。大分子的三维拓扑学至少部分地控制了诸如血栓症、发炎和免疫反应等多样化事件。大分子的表面由赋予该分子离子的、疏水的、立体的、静电的和氢键的特征并提供受体结合的分子模板的呈几何分布的基团组成。
酸性粘多糖,也称糖胺聚糖(GAG),由重复的双糖单位组成,每个双糖单位含有氨基己糖的衍生物,通常为D-葡糖胺或D-半乳糖胺。酸性粘多糖重复的双糖单位中两个糖的至少一个含有在pH7带负电荷的或是碳水化合物或是硫酸基团的酸性基团。一个重要的酸性粘多糖是肝素,由动脉血管壁上特别丰富的某些类型细胞产生。肝素是非常有效的凝血抑制剂并且有助于预防循环血中血块形成(Jackson,R.L.,等,Physiol.Reviews 71(1991)481-522)。
已知GAG是细胞过程(血管生成、神经细胞发育和平滑肌细胞增殖)、基因表达和内环境稳定的介质。GAG可与DNA相互作用(Davidson,J.N.,见“The biochemistry of the nucleic acids”Methuem,London,1969)。
DNA和GAG(例如肝素)都是带有对生物活性重要的多阴离子电荷的线性聚合物。DNA螺旋的刚性保证了特异序列的核酸被呈递以获得期望的生物学相互作用。
蛋白质是细胞内最丰富的大分子,组成细胞干重的一半以上。已知蛋白质和肽在其三级结构里携带化学信息。许多天然的蛋白质偶联其它化学基团。例如脂蛋白、糖蛋白、磷蛋白、血红素蛋白、黄素蛋白和金属蛋白。
蛋白质有多样的生物功能。非限制性例子是转运蛋白(例如血红蛋白和血清白蛋白)、营养和储存蛋白(例如麦醇溶蛋白、卵清蛋白、酪蛋白和铁蛋白)、收缩或运动蛋白(例如肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白、微管蛋白和动力蛋白)、结构蛋白(例如角蛋白、丝蛋白、胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白和蛋白多糖)、防御蛋白(例如抗体、免疫球蛋白、纤维蛋白原、凝血酶、肉毒杆菌毒素、白喉毒素、蛇毒和篦麻毒素)、酶和调节蛋白(例如胰岛素、生长激素、促肾上腺皮质激素和阻抑蛋白)。
激素分为肽激素(例如促甲状腺素释放因子、促肾上腺皮质激素、抗利尿激素、胰岛素和胰高血糖素)、胺类激素(例如肾上腺素和甲状腺素)或类固醇激素(例如皮质醇、β-雌二醇、睾丸素和黄体酮)。其它重要激素的例子包括,但不局限于,促肾上腺皮质激素-释放激素、生长激素释放激素、生长激素抑制素、促乳素、促乳素释放激素、促乳素抑制激素、FSH和LH释放激素、抗利尿激素和催产素。
治疗性生物活性化合物也可选自抗肿瘤剂、抗感染剂、抗抑郁剂、抗病毒剂、抗感受伤害剂、抗焦虑药和激素。
本发明的组合物及方法中有用的抗肿瘤剂的代表性例子包括氨甲蝶呤、紫杉醇、肿瘤坏死因子、苯丁酸氮芥、白细胞介素、博来霉素、依托泊苷、氟尿嘧啶和长春碱。
本发明的组合物及方法中有用的抗感染剂的代表性例子包括喷他脒、甲硝唑、青霉素、头孢氨苄、四环素和氯霉素。
本发明的组合物及方法中有用的抗病毒剂的代表性例子包括双脱氧胞苷、齐多夫定、阿昔洛韦、干扰素、双脱氧肌苷和更昔洛韦。
本发明的组合物及方法中有用的抗焦虑药和镇静剂的代表性例子包括苯(并)二氮卓类例如地西泮,巴比妥类例如苯巴比妥和其它化合物例如丁螺环酮和氟哌啶醇。
本发明的组合物及方法中有用的激素的代表性例子包括雌二醇、泼尼松、胰岛素、生长激素、促红细胞生成素和前列腺素。
本发明的组合物及方法中有用的抗抑郁剂的代表性例子包括氟西汀、曲唑酮、丙米嗪和多塞平。
本发明的组合物及方法中有用的抗感受伤害剂的代表性例子包括hydromorphine、羟考酮、芬太尼、吗啡和哌替啶。
上述治疗性生物活性化合物的名单仅仅是代表性的并不意味着以任何形式限制本发明的范围。许多其它种类的药用化合物在本发明的组合物及方法中也是有用的,包括局部麻醉剂、维生素、疫苗、伤口愈合刺激剂、免疫抑制剂、止吐药、抗疟药、抗真菌药、抗精神病药、解热剂、凝血剂、利尿剂、钙通道阻断剂和支气管扩张剂等等。
按照本领域已知的方法如通过反应性基团例如氨基或羧基基团经化学偶联可以连接生物活性化合物和多肽链。例如,该方法在Mattson等,Mol.Biol.Rep.17(1993)167-183中已有描述。
如果生物活性化合物是多肽,也可能构建含有所述第一及第二多肽链之一的序列和一个或更多作为生物活性化合物的多肽的序列的核酸,用重组方法在原核生物或真核宿主细胞中表达它们,回收重组多肽并按照本发明将它们连接在一起。
特别优选构建嵌合多肽,其中生物活性化合物是两个不同的抗体或抗体片段(Fab、Fc、Fv片段),或一个生物活性化合物是抗体或抗体片段而另一个是有酶活性(例如激酶、磷酸酶、RNase、毒素)或特异结合活性(例如转录因子)的多肽。
还优选使用特异结合细胞表面的物质作为第一个生物活性化合物,另一个生物活性化合物是在此部位产生治疗效果的有药用活性的化合物。在这种关联上,例如,第一个生物活性化合物是细胞表面分子例如CD40或CD40L(CD154)的配体,而第二个生物活性化合物是药用活性化合物例如反义核酸或抑制细胞的化合物。
治疗用途的其它例子还有肿瘤特异性抗体作为第一个生物活性化合物,而第二个生物活性化合物包含假单胞菌外毒素、白喉毒素、活化p53产生的转录因子或其它凋亡诱生因子。
另一个生物活性化合物的组合可以是CD4的gp120-HIV结合域与任何能阻断病毒成熟或杀死受感染的细胞的抗病毒或细胞毒性药物。
如一个化合物使用允许不同生物活性化合物通过多离子相互作用及二硫键共价结合的多价系统,本发明不仅能产生双功能的而且能产生多功能的寡聚体。例如,在表面展示若干多离子肽序列的病毒壳能够提供这种多价基质。
按照本发明,编码所述两个多肽链(它们每个连接一个生物活性多肽)的核酸在原核生物或真核宿主细胞中同时或分别表达,从宿主细胞或上清回收多肽链,用氧化剂处理以形成所述二硫键并分离所述嵌合多肽。例如,这种“复性(naturation)方法”在例如美国专利4,933,434,第453,363页和美国专利5,593,865中已有描述。
按照本发明,在第一步,在中性或微碱性pH(优选pH7-8.5)及低离子强度(优选0-200mmol/L NaCl)下通过离子相互作用偶联第一和第二多肽链。在第二步,多肽链直接通过二硫键共价连接,形成混合的二硫键并且两个多肽链通过二硫键在氧化或者弱还原的条件下连接。在优选的本发明的实施方案中,在中性或弱碱性pH值下GSH联合GSSG使用,其中GSH∶GSSG的比例从5∶1到1∶5。
附图描述
图1:二硫键连接的异源二聚体ACE8-ACK8的形成,其依赖于缓冲液中的NaCl浓度。显示了ACK8的相对量(▲)、ACK8和GSSG(ACK8-SG,■)之间混合二硫化物及二硫键连接的异源二聚体ACE8-ACK8(●)
图2:二硫键连接的异源二聚体ACE8-ACK8的形成,依赖于缓冲液中氧化还原电位。给出了异二聚体ACE8-ACK8(●)和未转化的肽ACK8(■)的量。
图3:分别分析了10倍摩尔过量的含有半胱氨酸的层粘连蛋白肽和α-葡糖苷酶对二硫键连接的异源二聚体ACE8-ACK8形成的影响。在两个不同氧化还原系统缓冲液中进行竞争。
图4:还原条件下考马斯亮蓝染色的SDS-PAGE(18%)以证明ds Fv’s与VLP’s的定向连接;泳道:(1)ds Fv在VH和VL解离;(2)在200mM NaCl存在时野生型VLP’s和ds Fv的连接反应。(3)在750mM硫酸铵存在时VP1-Glu聚集产生的VLP’s和ds Fv间的连接反应;(4)在200mM NaCl存在时VP1-Glu聚集产生的VLP’s和ds Fv间的连接反应;(5)分子量标准
图5:低离子强度(TosoHass TSK 2000 SWXL;50mM Na2HPO4/Na2PO4 pH7.0;300mM NaCl;流速0.75ml/min;柱体积14.335ml)下Fab D10SCP和α-葡糖苷酶R10CGP结合反应的洗脱图。显示仅仅检测含有Fab和α-葡糖苷酶两者的分子的双功能性测定(改变的ELISA)的结果。洗脱成分的100μl小样室温与1ml生物素标记的肌酸激酶溶液(5%封闭剂)在链霉亲和素包被管中作用1小时;用高盐缓冲液(2M NaCl;10mM Tris-HCl pH7.5)洗两次再用低盐缓冲液(10mM Tris-HCl pH7.5)洗一次;在30℃管子用800μl在100mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 pH6.8中的2mM对硝基吡喃葡糖苷(para-nitroglucopyranoside)孵育3小时;测量405nm处相对于对照的吸光度值。含有嵌合蛋白的高分子量成分显示有最高的双功能活性。未结合的α-葡糖苷酶的存在导致低的背景信号。
实施例
提供下列实施例、参考文献、序列表和附图以助于理解本发明,本发明的真正范围载于所附的权利要求书中。可以理解,所示方法可以进行修改而不偏离本发明的精神。
实施例1
多离子肽的特异性结合及共价连接
a)结合和连接
用多离子肽(SEQ ID NO:1)AlaCysGluGluGluGluGluGluGluGlu(ACE8)和(SEQ ID NO:2)AlaCysLysLysLysLysLysLysLysLys(ACK8)分析经多离子相互作用及二硫键的肽间特异结合与共价连接。按照Fmoc方法在ABIApplied Biosystem肽合成仪431A上合成所有肽。1mM的肽溶解于20mMpH8.5硼酸钠,2mM EDTA(按照Ellman,G.L.,Arch.Biochem.Biophys.82(1959)70-77检测浓度)。
用阳离子交换层析分析二硫键合的键异源二聚体的形成。上样到POROs 20HS柱(柱体积1.7ml,用50mM pH7.0磷酸钠平衡)。用0-2M线性NaCl梯度以4ml/min流速进行洗脱。在1070mM NaCl时洗脱ACK8肽;在800mM NaCl洗脱ACK8和谷胱甘肽的混合二硫化物(ACK8-SG);在350mMNaCl洗脱二硫键键合的异源二聚体ACK8-ACE8。ACE8不结合到柱子上。通过对205nm处吸收峰的积分(Pharmacia Unikorn software)定量肽。
ACK8和ACE8肽的特异结合依赖于不同参数来测量:
b)离子强度影响
c)两个肽间形成二硫键时氧化还原电位的重要性
d)用含有半胱氨酸的不带电荷的肽和蛋白质来竞争结合
b)离子强度(NaCl浓度)对ACK8及ACE8间二硫键形成的影响
在500mM硼酸钠pH8.5的缓冲液里用10mM GSSG转化200μM的ACK8成混合二硫化物形式ACK8-SG。用离子交换层析纯化该混合二硫化物。25℃在20mM硼酸钠pH8.5,2mM EDTA并存在0-1M NaCl时,进行20μM的ACE8和混合二硫化物ACK8-SG的特异结合及氧化还原反应。孵育30分钟后加入20mM碘乙酰胺阻断进一步的氧化还原反应。用上述阳离子交换层析进行异源二聚体形成的分析。
在NaCl浓度低于200mM时定量形成ACK8-ACE8二硫键键合的异源二聚体。在更高盐浓度下肽间多离子相互作用被抑制,导致更低产量异源二聚体形成。
c)ACE8和ACK8之间二硫键的形成依赖于氧化还原电位
25℃在100mM磷酸钠pH8.5、2mM EDTA中在2.5mM氧化还原物质(GSH和GSSG)存在时孵育50uM ACK8和75uM ACE8。通过改变GSH和GSSG的比例来改变缓冲液的氧化还原电位。孵育5小时后加入100mM碘乙酰胺终止反应并按上述进行分析。
ACE8和ACK8肽甚至在还原条件下发生特异结合和共价连接。在氧化还原条件GSH2/GSSG=1∶1(mM)时异源二聚体ACE8-ACK8形成是定量的。
d)ACK8和ACE8之间二硫键形成的竞争
用竞争性方法分析ACE8及ACK8之间二硫键形成的特异性。25μM ACK8和37.5μM ACE8在100mM硼酸钠pH8.5、2mM EDTA、0.5mM GSH、2mM GSSG中在250uM层粘连蛋白9肽(序列:CysAspProGlyTyrIleGlySerArg,SEQ IDNO:3)存在下孵育。在另一个实验里用1.65mM GSH和0.85mM GSSG来建立缓冲液的氧化还原电位。作为对照进行缺乏层粘连蛋白肽的相同实验。孵育2小时后,酸化(pH2)阻断反应并且用RP-HPLC分析产物。设对照里异源二聚体ACE8-ACK8的量为100%,并且分析竞争性实验里异源二聚体形成的产量。
使用α-葡糖苷酶(68.1kDa)作为第二个竞争物。该蛋白质含有5个半胱氨酸,可被低分子量硫醇试剂接受。在硼酸钠pH8.5、2mM EDTA在有60μM α-葡糖苷酶存在下孵育25μM ACK8及37.5μM ACE8。两个不同的氧化还原电位条件同上述。用RP-HPLC进行分析。
分别加入过量的层粘连蛋白肽和α-葡糖苷酶不影响共价连接的异二聚体ACE8-ACK8的形成。基于ACE8和ACK8间多离子相互作用,这些肽二聚体化为ACE8-ACK8是高度特异的。
实施例2
用多离子融合肽形成含有Fab片段及酿酒酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)来源的α-葡糖苷酶的嵌合寡聚体
用多离子融合肽联合MAb33的Fab片段的抗原结合活性及α-葡糖苷酶的酶活性,导致形成双功能抗体衍生物(嵌合多肽)。
遗传改造MAb33的Fab片段使其在C-末端含有带额外半胱氨酸残基的带负电荷的融合肽:AspAspAsp-AspAspAspAspAspAspAspSerCysPro(简写成D10SCP,SEQ ID NO:4)。第二条多肽链是携带带正电荷C-末端融合肽(ArgArgArgArgArgArgArgArgArgArgCysGlyPro(简写成R10CGP,SEQ IDNO:5)的酿酒酵母来源的α-葡糖苷酶PI衍生物。
嵌合蛋白的形成包括以下步骤:
I.带C-末端多离子融合肽的Fab-片段的产生
a)表达载体的构建
b)在大肠杆菌(E.coli)中表达、包涵体分离、溶解及复性
c)用阴离子交换层析纯化
II.带C-端多离子融合肽的α-葡糖苷酶的产生
a)表达载体的构建
b)以可溶形式在大肠杆菌中表达
c)用离子交换层析纯化
III.多离子融合肽介导的二硫键连接的嵌合蛋白的形成
I.带C-末端多离子融合肽的Fab-片段的产生
a)表达载体的构建
mAb(单克隆抗体)33的Fab片段用作嵌合蛋白的一部分。MAb33是针对二聚体化肌肉特异性人肌酸激酶(CK-MM E.C.2.7.3.2.)(Buckel等,Gene 51(1987)13)的亚型κIgG1鼠抗体。mAb33的Fab片段在轻链κ(25kD)和重链fd(25kD)之间含有二硫键。
a1)编码轻链(kappa)的质粒的构建
质粒pBR223-3衍生物即质粒pBT111编码mAb33的轻链。在EP 0 364926 B1中描述了其序列和克隆策略。为表达,质粒被转化到含有质粒pUBS520(Brinkmann等,Gene 85(1989)109-114)的大肠杆菌宿主细胞中。
a2)构建编码重链与C-末端多离子肽序列的融合蛋白的质粒
由编码mAb33重链的质粒p12016(Buckel等,Gene 51(1987)13)开始构建载体。缺失编码重链Ch2和Ch3区域的核苷酸序列,并且用引物诱变在ch1区域加入编码C-末端有一个半胱氨酸的多离子肽的核苷酸序列。该核苷酸序列在5’末端含有编码β-半乳糖苷酶(ITNSR)N-末端5个氨基酸残基的辅助密码子以促进大肠杆菌中蛋白表达。用PCR经引物1和2扩增编码fd片段的cDNA。在5’末端插入NdeI限制性位点。在3’末端插入HindIII限制性位点和有外加半胱氨酸的多离子肽的核苷酸序列。
用下述引物进行PCR:
正向引物:N-末端NdeI Fd(SEQ ID NO:6):
5’-GCG TTA GCC ATA TGA CCA TGA TTA CGA ATT CCC GG-3’
fdD10SCP-变异体的反向引物(SEQ ID NO:7):
5’-CAT AGT CCC AAG CTT TTA CGG GCA AGA ATC ATC GTC ATC ATC ATCGTC GTC ATC ATC ACC ACA ATC CCT GGG CAC AAT-3’
改造过的cDNA片段克隆进属于T7-表达系统(Studier,F.W.,和Moffatt,B.A.,J.Mol.Biol.189(1986)113)的pET-11a(Novagen)载体。为表达,转化载体到含有质粒pUBS520的宿主细胞。质粒pUBS520(Brinkmann等,Gene 85(1989)109-114)编码大肠杆菌中很少发生的AGA和AGG密码子翻译所必需的tRNA。
b)在大肠杆菌中表达、包涵体分离、溶解及复性
37℃在发酵罐中以5升的规模在以葡萄糖为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中进行培养。用0.4mM IPTG诱导4小时后,离心(5000rpm;20min;4℃)收集细胞。生物质存放于-70℃。过量表达的重组蛋白在细菌胞浆内的包涵体中积累。按照Rudolph等,蛋白折叠(Folding Proteins),In:T.E.Creighton(编):蛋白功能:实用方法(Protein function:APracticalApproach),57(1996),分离包涵体并存放于-20℃。4℃蛋白积聚物用6M盐酸胍(100mM TRIS-HCL pH 8.5;1mM EDTA;100mM DTT)溶解过夜。用0.5M HCl使pH下降到4.0并且离心(20,000rpm;30分钟;4℃)分离不溶物。溶液对4M pH4.0的盐酸胍大量透析以去除二硫苏糖醇。用真的变性的还原Fab片段作为标准,用分光光度法确定蛋白浓度。
变性蛋白在复性缓冲液(1M Tris/HCl pH8.0;2mM EDTA;2.4mMGSSG/0.6mM GSH)中稀释100倍至蛋白终浓度为10μg/ml。15℃在10升规模下进行150小时复性。按照Buchner,J.,和Rudolph,R.,Bio/Technology 9(1991)157用ELISA测定复性Fab片段的功能性。离心(13000rpm;30分钟;4℃)复性的蛋白溶液以去除更高分子量的聚积物并且用交叉流过滤(切线流超滤;ProVario-3-系统;滤膜盒:Minisette OMEGA FSQ;截流分子量:8kD)浓缩上清。带有多天冬氨酸融合肽的Fab片段滞留物(简写成FabD10SCP)对20mM Tris/HCl pH8.0透析。
c)用阴离子交换层析纯化
用Resource Q柱(pharmacia;柱体积6ml)通过阴离子交换层析纯化Fab片段FabD10SCP。用20个柱床体积在0-1M在20mM Tris-HCl pH8.0中的线性氯化钠梯度下以6ml/min流速进行洗脱。在NaCl浓度为300mM时洗脱FabD10SCP。在400mM NaCl浓度洗脱更高分子量二硫键连接的fdD10SCP-链,使其与二聚体有效分离。
II.有C-端多离子肽序列的α-葡糖苷酶的产生
酿酒酵母来源的野生型α-葡糖苷酶是一个分子量为68kDa的单体蛋白质。它有不参与二硫键形成的5个半胱氨酸。在本研究中,通过基因工程构建了由带有额外半胱氨酸、甘氨酸和脯氨酸的C-末端十精氨酸融合肽和α-葡糖苷酶PI组成的融合蛋白。
a)表达载体的构建
Kopetzki等,Mol.Gen.Genet.216(1989)149描述的载体pKK177-3/GlucPI编码酿酒酵母来源的α-葡糖苷酶PI。此表达载体是pKK223-3(Brosius,J.,和Holy,A.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 81(1984)6929)的衍生物,含有一个tac-启动子和一个β-内酰胺酶基因。改造载体使它在α-葡糖苷酶基因的1600处含有一个EcoRI限制性位点。用标准重组DNA技术通过引物诱变将编码十个精氨酸残基、一个半胱氨酸、一个甘氨酸和一个脯氨酸残基的融合肽插入到C-末端。用下述引物序列进行PCR:
正向引物EcoRI 1600:(SEQ ID NO:8)
5’-CAT AAG AGT ACG GAG ACA AGA CGC TGT TTG C-3’
反向引物R10CGP:(SEQ ID NO:9)
5’-AAA CAG AAG CTT ATT ATG GTC CAC ATC GAC GTC GAC GAC GCC GGCGAC GTC GGC GTT TGA CCA GGT AGA TTC TAC C-3’
用EcoRI和HindIII消化载体及PCR产物后,连接它们。
b)在大肠杆菌中以可溶形式表达
为表达,将载体转化到大肠杆菌C600(Appleyard,R.K.,Genetics 39(1954)440)pFDX500(LacIq在pACYCD177(Chang,A.C.Y.,和Cohen,S.N.,J.Bacteriol.134(1978)1141))。按照Kopetzki等,Mol.Gen.Genet.216(1989)149进行培养和诱导。37℃将细胞在补充2%葡萄糖的Luria Broth(LB)培养基中孵育。为诱导用磷酸(3M)将pH从7.0降到5.0并且温度降到24℃。在0.5%乳糖存在下联合有限的诱导在胞浆中以可溶的形式显著积累α-葡糖苷酶。诱导后6小时,离心(5000rpm;4℃;10min;)收集细胞。用10mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 pH6.8;10mMEDTA洗涤。生物质存放于-20℃。
10g生物质重悬于50ml缓冲液(10mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 pH6.8;10mMEDTA)。用高压匀浆(Gaulin MicronLab 40;1200bar;过2次)破粹细胞。随后粗抽提物在4℃于15mM MgCl2和1U/ml Benzonase(Merck,Darmstadt)存在下孵育2小时。离心(20,000rpm;4℃;2小时)去除不可溶的细胞碎片。
c)用阳离子交换层析纯化
在Resource S柱(pharmacia;6ml)用阳离子交换层析纯化粗抽提物上清。含有α-葡糖苷酶活性的蛋白组分以20个柱床体积以6ml/min流速在0-500mM线性氯化钠梯度(缓冲液:10mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 pH6.8;10mMEDTA)下当NaCl浓度为350mM时洗脱下来。按照Kopetzki等(Yeast 5(1989)11)30℃以100mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 pH6.8中的2mM对硝基苯基吡喃葡糖苷(PNPG)(Sigma)作为人工底物(Kopetzki等,Yeast 5(1989)11)在405nm分光光度确定酶活性。
III.多离子融合肽介导的二硫键连接的嵌合蛋白的形成
在氧化还原系统时在20mM Tris-HCl pH7.5;2mM EDTA中存在进行结合。使用总浓度是2mM(1.8mM GSSG/0.2mMGSH)氧化型和还原型谷胱甘肽,摩尔比为10∶1。多肽在20℃以等摩尔量(3μmol/l)孵育48小时。为分析用碘乙酰胺(在Tris-HCl pH8.0中终浓度是20mM)终止反应,并且经12%SDS-PAGE在氧化和还原的条件下分离样品。在硝酸纤维素膜上用免疫印迹检测含Fab的泳道。
可供选择地,反应产物在含有300mM NaCl的50mM Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4缓冲液中以0.75ml/min的流速在凝胶过滤柱(TSKgel 2000 SWXL;TosoHaas)上用Vision Workstation(BioCad Vision station;PerseptiveBiosystems)分离。
200μl结合反应液注射进柱子里。检测组分的抗原结合功能性、酶活性和双功能性。用改动的ELISA系统检测双功能性:室温在生物素标记的肌酸激酶存在时在链霉亲和素包被管(Roche Diagnostics GmbH)中孵育1小时;随后用高盐缓冲液(2M NaCl;10mM Tris-HCl pH7.5)洗两次,再用低盐缓冲液(10mMTris-HCl pH7.5)洗一次;30℃用2mM PNPG在100mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 pH6.8孵育3小时后,于405nm处检测吸光度值。在有和无500mM NaCl时进行结合反应。并在低和高离子强度下研究了单个成分的结合。作为对照,使用野生型α-葡糖苷酶蛋白与FabD10SCP孵育。
单独孵育的单个成分在低及高离子强度下都不反应产生更高分子量产物。此外FabD10SCP不与野生型α-葡糖苷酶反应。在缺乏NaCl时仅仅FabD10SCP与α-葡糖苷酶R10CGP的反应能导致有双功能活性的产物。
实施例3
多离子相互作用介导的病毒样颗粒(VLP’s)与抗体片段间的特异结合
依赖于工程改造的多离子肽序列,多瘤病毒外壳蛋白VP1的VLP’s及mAb B3的二硫键键合Fv片段(ds Fv)的共价结合,是本发明的另一个例子。本发明包括VLP’s的产生、ds Fv片段的产生和随后的结合。
I)VLP’s的产生
a)在cDNA水平在VP1中插入多离子肽并在大肠杆菌中表达
b)纯化可溶的(突变的)蛋白VP1-Glu
c)VP1-Glu到VLP’s的体外组装
II)ds Fv的产生
a)带有多离子肽序列的ds Fv在大肠杆菌中表达
b)包涵体(ib’s)的分离和溶解
c)ds Fv mAb B3的复性和纯化
III)多离子相互作用介导的VLP’s与ds Fv’s的结合和分子间二硫键的形成
I)VLP’s的产生
a)插入多离子肽到VP1中:质粒构建并在大肠杆菌中表达
多瘤病毒外壳蛋白VP1能够在体外组装成二十面体(icoasaedric)的VLP’s(Salunke,D.M.,等Cell 46(1986)895-904;Salunke,D.M.,等,Biophysical J.56(1989)887-904)。质粒pALVP1TAC(Leavitt,A.D.,等,J.Biol.Chem.260(1985)12803-12809)编码此野生型蛋白并且使得可以在大肠杆菌中重组生产可溶性的五聚体蛋白。依赖于这个质粒,在VP1表面可溶性暴露的HI环(Stehle,T.,等,Structure 4(1996)165-182)中插入一个多离子序列。这个序列由8个谷氨酸和一个半胱氨酸组成。为克隆这个突变的VP1用QuickChangeTM定点诱变试剂盒(Stratagene)在cDNA水平在Asn294和Tyr295氨基酸之间插入序列GluGluGluGluGluGluGluGluCys(E8C,SEQ ID NO:10)。
为表达,得到的编码VP1-Glu的质粒转化到E.coB。在30℃以5升的规模用补料分批技术在Biostat发酵罐(Braun)中以无机盐培养基培养表达菌株。用0.4mM IPTG在细胞密度OD600=20时诱导VP1-Glu的重组表达。诱导6小时后,离心(8000g,15分钟)收集细胞并存放于-70℃。
b)突变的可溶性蛋白质的纯化
为制备突变的VP1-Glu,将50g细胞重悬于500ml缓冲液A(50mMTrisHCl;pH7.4;5%甘油;2mM EDTA;200mM NaCl;4mM DTT)中。通过高压分散(Gaulin,1200bar)在1单位/ml Benzonase、20ug/ml RNase和4片完全蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(Roche Diagnostics GmbH,DE)存在时进行细胞裂解。裂解物在47,000g离心30分钟。
第一步纯化和浓缩步骤包括17.5%-27.5%饱和度硫酸铵盐分级沉淀。将重悬蛋白上样于阴离子交换柱(Poros 20HQ)。以缓冲液A中的200mM-1M线性NaCl梯度约30个柱床体积下,在500mMNaCl时洗脱的VP1-Glu几乎为均质蛋白。随后,洗脱物在20℃在2.5单位/ml Benzonase和20μg/ml PNase中于10mM氯化镁存在时孵育20分钟。再进行分子筛层析(Pharmacia Superdex 200制备级,在缓冲液A中)以从更高的寡聚体和聚积物中分离五聚体VP1。
c)VP1-Glu的体外组装(空病毒样颗粒-VLP’s)
为组装成VLP’s,15℃将纯化的五聚体VLP-Glu对缓冲液B(20mMTris,pH7.4;0.75M硫酸铵;5%甘油;1mM CaCl2)透析2天。在这些条件下,诱导形成VLP’s。为去除硫酸铵,15℃将VLP’s溶液对缓冲液C(20mM Tris,pH7.4;200mM NaCl;5%甘油;1mM CaCl2)透析1天并随后存放于4℃或-20℃。
II)ds Fv的产生
a)带有多离子肽序列的ds Fv在大肠杆菌中表达
基于编码偶联假单胞菌外毒素的VL区域cDNA的pUli 39-1载体,和编码VH区域(Reiter,Y.,等,Protein Engng.12(1995)1323-1331)的pYR 38-2载体,构建了带多离子融合肽的二硫键稳定的Fv片段。为此,在VL和毒素部分的编码序列之间插入一终止密码子,由此产生了mAbB3 VL区域的表达载体。
用多离子序列ArgArgArgArgArgArgArgArgCysPro(R8CP,SEQ IDNO:11)在C-末端延伸pYR 38-2质粒编码的VH区域。用QuickChangeTM定点诱变试剂盒(Stratagene)经两步方案进行此延伸。首先,在VH基因的3’末端插入编码ArgArgArgArgCysPro的寡核苷酸(Reiter,Y.,等,Protein Engng.12(1995)1323-1331)。
为补全含有R8CP肽的标签经第二次诱变插入其余的4个精氨酸。
b)ib’s的分离和ib’s的溶解
在大肠杆菌中以包涵体形式分别表达VH-和VL-区域。按照Rudolph等(Rudolph等,Folding Proteins,In:T.E.Creighton(编):Proteinfunction:A Practical Approach,57(1996))进行ib’s的制备。ib’s在-70℃存放。按照Rudolph等(Rudolph等,Folding Proteins,In:T.E.Creighton(编):Protein function:A Practical Approach,57(1996))的方法同样进行ib’s的溶解。
c)ds Fv mAb B3的复性和纯化
同时在折叠缓冲液(100mM Tris,pH8.5;1mM EDTA;0.5M精氨酸;1mM GSH;1mM GSSG)中稀释溶解的VH和VL的ib’s来复性ds Fv mAb B3。在总蛋白浓度为30μg/ml、摩尔比VH∶VL=5∶1时进行复性。10℃孵育复性混合物7天。随后47,000g离心30分钟去除聚积物。正确折叠蛋白在VH和VL之间形成分子间二硫键。可溶性复性物用切线流(Vario-3-SystemFiltron;Minisette FSQ;截流分子量:8kD)浓缩。更换缓冲液成缓冲液D(50mM Tris,pH7.5;200mM NaCl)。
VH区域C末端的聚阳离子序列使得可以通过阳离子交换层析来纯化折叠的ds Fv。复性蛋白在Poros20 HS柱上上样,并用0.2-1M NaCl线性梯度在缓冲液D中洗脱。在400mM NaCl时洗脱的ds Fv是均质的蛋白。使用缓冲液D的凝胶过滤(Pharmacia Superdex 75)和SDS PAGE来显示ds Fv的均质性。
III)VLP’s和ds Fv’s的共价结合
ds Fv’s和VLP’s的定向结合在缓冲液E(20mM Tris;pH 7.4;5%甘油;1mM CaCl2;37.5μM GSSG)中进行。使用的VP1-Glu浓度是5μM,并且ds Fv浓度是2.5μM。反应分别在0.2M NaCl和0.75M硫酸铵存在时进行。作为对照,在0.2M NaCl存在时混合没有多离子序列的野生型VP1与ds Fv。反应混合物在20℃孵育8小时然后装到用缓冲液E和0.2M NaCl平衡的凝胶过滤柱(TosoHAAS TSK-Gel PW 6000XL)上。含有VLP’s的组分用脱氧胆酸钠沉淀,并用18%SDS PAGE(图.4)和免疫印迹来分析。
仅仅在0.2M NaCl和VP1-Glu及dsFv B3两个多离子蛋白分别都存在的混合物中,才在dsFv和突变的VLP’s之间形成二硫键,这被多离子融合肽之间的多离子相互作用促进。在0.75M硫酸铵存在时多离子相互作用被抑制,并且没有二硫键形成。同样地,在对照混合物中,没有检测到dsFv和野生型VLP’s分子间的二硫链。这些数据表明多离子融合肽诱导蛋白质的异源二聚体化。在给出的例子里,一个反应参与者,VP1-Glu,以多聚体形式存在,使得不仅可以偶联另一个功能性蛋白而且可能锚定几个不同的多离子标签化蛋白。
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序列表
<110>F.Hoffmann-La Roche AG
<120>嵌合多肽、其产生方法及应用
<130>Case 20393
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Claims (4)
1.用于连接生物活性化合物的肽线性接头,其特征在于所述接头由:
由1-3个半胱氨酸和4-12个选自精氨酸、赖氨酸和鸟氨酸的碱性氨基酸组成的第一多肽接头部分,和
由1-3个半胱氨酸和4-12个选自谷氨酸和天冬氨酸的酸性氨基酸组成的第二多肽接头部分组成,
由此,所述第一和第二部分通过它们的多个带电荷氨基酸之间的离子相互作用和它们的半胱氨酸之间的共价二硫键相结合,
每个所述部分都在其C-末端或N-末端与生物活性化合物相连接。
2.根据权利要求1的肽接头,其中与所述第一和第二多肽链相连接的所述生物活性化合物在它们的化学结构上彼此不同。
3.根据权利要求1或2的肽接头,其中所述生物活性化合物是抗体或抗体片断。
4.产生由通过肽接头连接的两个生物活性多肽组成的嵌合多肽的方法,其特征在于
a)在原核或真核宿主细胞中同时或分别表达编码如下部分的核酸:
aa)由第一生物活性多肽和第一多肽接头部分组成的所述嵌合多肽的第一部分,其中所述第一多肽接头部分由1-3个半胱氨酸和4-12个选自精氨酸、赖氨酸和鸟氨酸的碱性氨基酸组成,和
ab)由第二生物活性多肽和第二多肽接头部分组成的所述嵌合多肽的第二部分,其中所述第二多肽接头部分由1-3个半胱氨酸和4-12个选自谷氨酸和天冬氨酸的酸性氨基酸组成,
b)从该宿主细胞或细胞上清液中回收所述嵌合多肽的第一部分和第二部分,并将它们汇集在一起,以允许所述第一和第二多肽接头部分之间形成多离子相互作用,
c)用氧化剂处理b)的产物,以便在所述多肽接头部分之间形成二硫键,并
d)分离所述嵌合多肽。
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AR021448A1 (es) | 2002-07-17 |
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EP1206495B1 (en) | 2007-02-14 |
EP1074563A1 (en) | 2001-02-07 |
ATE353921T1 (de) | 2007-03-15 |
TR200200252T2 (tr) | 2002-05-21 |
KR100484084B1 (ko) | 2005-04-20 |
DK1206495T3 (da) | 2007-06-11 |
AU768645B2 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
AU6161000A (en) | 2001-02-19 |
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