CN113396662B - Method for improving civil garden through pear tree cultivation - Google Patents
Method for improving civil garden through pear tree cultivation Download PDFInfo
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- CN113396662B CN113396662B CN202110707422.2A CN202110707422A CN113396662B CN 113396662 B CN113396662 B CN 113396662B CN 202110707422 A CN202110707422 A CN 202110707422A CN 113396662 B CN113396662 B CN 113396662B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving soil and building a garden for pear cultivation, which comprises the steps of shallow turning of surface soil, spreading organic fertilizer and improving soil, deep digging of ditches, laying of planting ditches and storage ditches, installation of a water-fertilizer integrated irrigation system and the like. The method can be used for improving barren soil of the barren mountain pear orchard, improving the organic matter content and the air permeability of the soil and enhancing the water and fertilizer retention capacity; simultaneously, the labor intensity is reduced, and the labor demand is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for improving the soil and building a garden for pear tree cultivation, belonging to the technical field of agriculture.
Background
The pear is a fruit which is deeply loved by people, and with the improvement of living standard of people and the implementation of the country and countryside, the pear has come into great development opportunity. The pear trees have strong adaptability to soil, can grow and bear fruits no matter in mountains, hills, deserts, depression, saline-alkali soil and red soil, but the fruit yield and the quality are greatly different. Influences the yield of the pear trees and the final fruits, besides the difference of varieties, soil, fertilizer and water are important influencing factors. In order to not compete for farmland with staple food crops, a pear orchard is generally opened up by selecting barren mountains, but most barren mountains are barren in soil, the soil is low in organic matter content, and the water and fertilizer retention capacity is poor. The demand for water and fertilizer is large in pear growth, the traditional pear tree planting method is high in fertilizer consumption, cost is greatly increased, great waste is caused, soil hardening, poor air permeability, unbalanced nutrients, water loss and deterioration of the ecological environment of the soil are caused more seriously.
In orchards with poor soil, such as barren mountains, soil improvement is required. CN107493931A discloses a method for improving orchard soil, wild mung bean and wild pea grass seeds are sown in an orchard, the orchard is covered by leguminous forage grass all the year round, nitrogen is fixed and soil is improved, withered forage grass straws cover the orchard, soil fertility is increased after the straws are rotted, soil organic matter content is improved, the method is different from leguminous evergreen grass seeds such as clover and the like, and growth of weeds in the orchard is reduced. However, this method can only improve the fertility of the surface soil. CN105706819A discloses a method for simply and efficiently managing soil of a newly built orchard in a hilly slope, which is characterized in that surface soil is activated by planting green manure between slope rows, the soil is cultivated in times, and the nicking root promotion treatment of a trunk base is matched, so that the quantity and the quality of root systems are remarkably improved, the labor intensity of soil fertilization management is remarkably reduced, and the labor force and the production management investment are reduced. But the method also mainly improves the surface soil fertility, and for fruit trees with developed root systems and deeper vertical roots such as pear trees, the later period needs to be topdressed for many times, and as shown in the embodiment, the later period of topdressing for the roots of the planted Huanghua pears is as much as 15 times.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for cultivating and improving a soil and building a garden for pear trees, which is used for improving barren soil of a barren mountain pear garden, improving the organic matter content and the air permeability of the soil and enhancing the water and fertilizer retention capacity; simultaneously, the labor intensity is reduced, and the labor demand is reduced.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a method for improving soil and building a garden for pear cultivation comprises the following steps:
s1, cleaning sundries on the earth surface, leveling the earth, shallow turning the surface soil by 40-50 cm, and drying in the sun for 2-3 days;
s2, applying soil improvement materials on the ground, applying 4-6 tons of fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer per mu, and uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer with the shallow soil on the surface layer;
s3, paying off according to the planting row spacing, deeply digging a trench, stacking surface layer soil mixed with organic fertilizer on one side of the trench, and stacking bottom layer soil on the other side of the trench; the width of the upper part of the trench is 2-2.5 m, the depth is 0.8-1 m, the slope is 70-80 degrees, and the cross section is W-shaped; the middle partition is 20-30 cm wide, 30-40 cm high and 60-70 degrees in gradient, and the trench is divided into a planting trench and a storage trench;
s4, laying thin straws at the bottom of the planting ditch, and compacting to a thickness of 15-20 cm; spreading quicklime, backfilling S3 the surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer, compacting, and leveling with the middle partition;
s5, laying a layer of straw with the thickness of 0.5-1 cm on the upper part of the middle partition and the slope on the side of the storage ditch, then laying a layer of dry sphagna with the thickness of 0.5-1 cm, laying a layer of straw with the thickness of 0.5-1 cm, and compacting;
s6, laying coarse straws, rice hulls, cotton hulls and dry sphagna at the bottom of the storage ditch, and compacting to a thickness of 25-40 cm; spreading quicklime, backfilling the surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer S3, compacting, and backfilling the whole trench to a thickness of 20-30 cm after the surface soil is flush with the middle partition;
s7, paving straw above the planting ditches according to a groined planting distance, wherein the width of a straw layer is 5-10 cm, and the thickness of the straw layer is 6-8 cm; the straw layer is embedded with a water pipeline branch pipe and a drip irrigation pipe; backfilling surface soil mixed with organic fertilizer with the thickness of 10-15 cm;
s8, mixing the dug bottom-layer soil with surface-layer soil mixed with organic fertilizer in the trench, backfilling the soil into the trench, arranging the soil into a turtle-back-shaped high-ridge bed with the height of 40-50 cm, and then filling water to sink the bed for later use;
s9, installing a water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system, wherein the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system comprises a reservoir, a pressurization system, a filtering system, a fertilization system and a water delivery pipeline; the water pipeline comprises a main pipe, branch pipes and a drip irrigation pipe.
Further, in the step S2, the organic fertilizer is composed of compost and cake fertilizer in a mass ratio of 1-2: 1.
Furthermore, the compost is prepared by fermenting and decomposing soybean meal, corn straws, water hyacinth, pig manure and cow manure at a high temperature according to the mass ratio of 1:3:2:3: 1.
Furthermore, the cake fertilizer is one or more of rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, bean cake, sesame cake and peanut cake.
Further, in step S4, the fine straw is one or both of wheat straw and rice straw.
Further, in step S6, the coarse straw is one or two of corn straw and rape straw.
Further, in step S6, the coarse straws, the rice hulls, the cotton hulls and the dry sphagna are alternately layered; the bottom layer is a coarse straw rice hull layer, and rice hulls are filled in gaps among the coarse straws; a cotton hull dry water moss layer is arranged on the cotton hull, and the dry water moss layer is filled between the cotton hulls; and then the coarse straw rice husks are arranged alternately, and the top layer is the coarse straw rice husk layer.
Furthermore, the thickness of the coarse straw rice hull layer is 3-5 cm; the thickness of the dry water moss layer of the cotton hull is 2-3 cm.
Furthermore, drainage ditches with the width of 40-60 cm and the depth of 40-50 cm are dug at the two ends of the trench, and the drainage ditches are communicated with the storage trench and separated from the planting trench; the water delivery pipeline main pipe of the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system is embedded in the drainage ditch.
Furthermore, weeds are planted between the high ridge furrows and in the open space above the storage trench, and the weeds are mowed when the height of the weeds reaches more than 30 cm; deeply ploughing 40-50 cm of soil above the storage ditch, and burying weeds; the weeds comprise one or more of clover, alfalfa or ryegrass.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the method, the organic fertilizer is spread to improve the soil, and the soil is dug deeply and backfilled, so that the organic matter content and the air permeability of the soil are improved; the soil mixed with organic fertilizer is buried at the bottom of the planting ditch, and the fertility can be continuously provided.
2. The method of the invention enhances the water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil by arranging the planting ditch and the storage ditch; the coarse straws, the rice husks, the cotton hulls and the dry sphagna laid at the bottom of the storage ditch form a water storage layer, the sphagna has strong water absorption, water permeating to the bottom is stored in rainy seasons, and redundant water flows away along with the drainage ditch; when the weather is dry, the water loss of the planting ditch is fast, the water stored at the bottom of the storage ditch permeates into the soil of the planting ditch under the capillary action through the dry sphagna strawberric oxide layer on the partition slope, and the humidity of the soil is kept; when the water in the water storage layer is not enough to provide the required water, the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system is started to irrigate water; the soil on the upper layer of the storage ditch is deeply buried in the weeds, so that the organic fertilizer can be continuously stored.
3. According to the method, the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system is arranged, so that the labor intensity can be reduced, and the labor demand can be reduced; the traditional manual irrigation, fertilization and topdressing has high labor intensity, more required labor force and high input cost; after the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system is arranged, whether irrigation, fertilization and topdressing are carried out or not is determined only according to soil moisture and weather conditions, and the irrigation, fertilization and topdressing are carried out through pipelines, so that the labor intensity is reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a trench in a pear garden.
Reference numerals: 1-planting ditch, 2-storage ditch, 3-middle partition, 4-thin straw layer, 5-thick straw water storage layer, 6-straw dry water moss layer and 7-groined-shaped rice straw layer.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is to be understood that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
In a 200 mu barren land in a new continent area in Wuhan city, the soil quality is mainly shale mixed clay which is not beneficial to the growth of common crops, and the implementation scheme is as follows:
firstly, a civil engineering garden is improved, and the method for improving the civil engineering garden comprises the following steps:
s1, cleaning sundries on the surface of the ground, leveling the ground, shallow turning the surface soil by 50cm, and drying in the air for 2-3 days;
s2, applying soil improvement materials on the ground, applying 5 tons of fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer per mu, and smashing the shallow-turning soil on the surface layer by using a rotary cultivator to uniformly mix the organic fertilizer with the shallow-turning soil on the surface layer; the organic fertilizer comprises 3 tons of compost and 2 tons of cake fertilizer, the compost is prepared by fermenting and decomposing soybean meal, corn straws, water hyacinth, pig manure and cow manure at a mass ratio of 1:3:2:3:1 at a high temperature, and the cake fertilizer comprises 1 ton of rapeseed cake, 0.5 ton of soybean cake and 0.5 ton of sesame cake;
s3, paying off according to the planting row spacing of 4m, deeply digging a trench, stacking surface layer soil mixed with organic fertilizer on one side of the trench, and stacking bottom layer soil on the other side of the trench; the width of the upper part of the trench is 2.5m, the depth is 1m, the slope is 80 degrees, an intermediate partition is left at the bottom, the trench is divided into two parts of the planting trench and the storage trench, the width of the upper part of the intermediate partition is 30cm, the height of the intermediate partition is 40cm, and the slope is 60 degrees;
s4, paving straw and wheat straw at the bottom of the planting ditch, wherein the ratio of the straw to the wheat straw is 3:1, and compacting to 20cm thick; spreading quicklime, backfilling surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer in the step S3, and leveling the compacted surface soil with the middle partition;
s5, laying a layer of 1 cm-thick straw on the upper part of the middle partition and a slope on the side of the storage groove, then laying a layer of 1 cm-thick dry sphagna, laying a layer of 1 cm-thick straw, radially arranging the straw on the slope, enabling one end of the straw to contact the bottom of the storage groove and the other end of the straw to extend to the upper part of the middle partition, and compacting;
s6, laying corn straws, rice hulls, cotton hulls and dry sphagna at the bottom of the storage channel, firstly laying the corn straws, then scattering the rice hulls to fill gaps among the corn straws, and compacting to 5 cm; then placing the cotton hulls and the dry sphagna, compacting to 3cm, mixing the cotton hulls and the dry sphagna in advance, and filling the dry sphagna among the cotton hulls; laying corn straw rice hull layers, and alternately layering the corn straw rice hull layers in a total of 5 layers and a total of 4 layers of cotton hull dry water moss layers; spreading quicklime, backfilling surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer in the step S3, compacting, leveling with the middle partition, and backfilling the whole trench to a thickness of 30 cm;
s7, paving straw above the planting ditch in a groined shape according to a planting distance of 1m, wherein the width of each straw layer is 10cm, the thickness of each straw layer is 8cm, the distance between two radial straw layers is 80cm, and the distance between two transverse straw layers is 1 m; embedding a water conveying pipeline branch pipe and a drip irrigation pipe in the straw layer, embedding the water conveying pipeline branch pipe in the radial straw layer close to one side of the edge of the trench, embedding the drip irrigation pipe in the transverse straw layer, and backfilling surface soil mixed with organic fertilizer to be 15cm thick;
step S8, mixing the dug bottom soil with surface soil mixed with organic fertilizer between trenches, backfilling the mixture into the trenches, finishing into turtle-back-shaped high ridge beds with the height of 50cm, and then filling water to sink the beds for later use; then, digging drainage ditches with the width of 60cm and the depth of 50cm at the two ends of the trench, digging and communicating the drainage ditches with the storage ditches, and reserving 10cm partitions between the drainage ditches and the planting ditches;
and S9, finally installing a water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system, wherein the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system comprises a reservoir, a pressurization system, a filtering system, a fertilization system and a water pipeline, the water pipeline comprises a main pipe, branch pipes and drip irrigation pipes, the main pipe of the water pipeline is embedded in the drainage ditch, and the branch pipes and the drip irrigation pipes are embedded in the grove layer.
And selecting and planting the seedlings after the improvement of the soil and the construction of the garden are completed.
The pear tree variety is dwarfed in a dwarfing interstock by 1, the main root of the seedling is strong, the lateral root has more than 3 strips with the length of 15cm, the capillary root is dense, the seedling stem is higher than 1.5m, the base diameter is more than 1cm, and the seedling stem is straight and free from diseases, insect pests and mechanical damage. Before planting, the nursery stock is subjected to root pruning and root soaking treatment, overgrown roots, root splitting, root injury and the like are cut off, and the pruned nursery stock is soaked in water for 8-12 hours to enable the nursery stock to absorb enough water. And digging a planting pit with the depth of 80cm in the planting ditch, wherein the planting pit is positioned in the middle of the # -shaped structure.
Fertilizer and water management: after the seedlings planted in the field are rooted, the young trees are fertilized twice in spring and summer, and a water-fertilizer integrated irrigation system is adopted to drip human and animal manure under the trees along with water. Topdressing is performed on adult fruit trees for four times every year, topdressing is performed on human and animal excreta 10-15 days before germination, 500Kg per mu is performed, topdressing is performed on a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer after flower falling, 200Kg per mu is performed, topdressing is performed on a potassium sulfate compound fertilizer in the fruit expansion period of 7-8 months, 100Kg per mu is performed, and topdressing is performed on human and animal excreta 400Kg per mu after fruit picking.
Shaping and trimming: culturing strong-stem narrow-crown-line spindle-shaped tree bodies, adopting a secondary tree body structure of a main stem and fruiting branches, wherein the height of the main stem is 60-70 cm, the height of the tree is 3-3.5 m, the crown diameter is 0.8-1.2 m, and a vertical strong central stem is spirally and uniformly distributed with 20-25 uniaxial fruiting branch groups and uniformly extends to all directions.
Flower and fruit management: pollination, flower and fruit thinning and fruit bagging are carried out according to the conventional method.
And (3) returning the raw grass to the garden: planting weeds such as clovers, alfalfa or ryegrass in open lands, mowing when the height of the weeds reaches more than 30cm, deeply plowing the soil above the storage ditch by 40-50 cm, and burying the weeds. The weed is planted alternately after changing the variety every year.
In the embodiment, the fruiting starts in the 3 rd year, the yield per mu is 400Kg, the yield per mu in the 4 th year is 980Kg, the yield per mu in the 5 th year is 3050Kg, and the yield per mu after 5 years is 5350 Kg.
Example 2
150 mu of wasteland left after quarrying stones in one Chua Dian area in Wuhan city, weeds are clustered, which is not beneficial to the growth of common crops, and the soil is changed to construct a garden to plant pear trees, and the implementation scheme is as follows:
firstly, the method for improving the civil engineering garden comprises the following steps:
s1, cleaning sundries on the earth surface, leveling the earth, shallow turning the surface soil by 50cm, and drying the earth in the air for 2-3 days;
s2, broadcasting soil improvement materials on the ground, broadcasting 4 tons of fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer per mu, and smashing the shallow soil on the surface layer by using a rotary cultivator to uniformly mix the organic fertilizer with the shallow soil on the surface layer; the organic fertilizer comprises 2 tons of compost and 2 tons of cake fertilizer, the compost is prepared by fermenting and decomposing soybean meal, corn straws, water hyacinth, pig manure and cow manure at a mass ratio of 1:3:2:3:1 at a high temperature, and the cake fertilizer comprises 1 ton of rapeseed cake, 0.4 ton of cottonseed cake and 0.5 ton of peanut cake;
s3, paying off according to the planting row spacing of 4m, deeply digging a trench, stacking surface layer soil mixed with organic fertilizer on one side of the trench, and stacking bottom layer soil on the other side of the trench; the width of the upper part of the trench is 2m, the depth is 0.8m, the slope is 75 degrees, a middle partition is reserved at the bottom, the trench is divided into a planting trench and a storage trench, the width of the bottom of the planting trench is 70cm, the width of the upper part of the middle partition is 20cm, the height of the middle partition is 30cm, and the slope is 60 degrees;
s4, paving straws at the bottom of the planting ditch, and compacting to 15cm thick; spreading quicklime, backfilling surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer in the step S3, and leveling the compacted surface soil with the middle partition;
s5, laying a layer of straw with the thickness of 0.5cm on the upper part of the middle partition and a slope on the side of the storage groove, then laying a layer of dry sphagna with the thickness of 0.5cm, laying a layer of straw with the thickness of 0.5cm, radially arranging the straw on the slope, enabling one end of the straw to contact the bottom of the storage groove, extending the other end of the straw to the upper part of the middle partition, and compacting;
s6, laying corn straws, rice hulls, cotton hulls and dry sphagna at the bottom of the storage ditch, firstly laying the corn straws, then scattering the rice hulls to fill gaps among the corn straws, and compacting to 3 cm; placing cotton hull and dry sphagna, compacting to 2cm, mixing the cotton hull and the dry sphagna in advance, and filling the dry sphagna between the cotton hulls; laying corn straw rice husk layers, and alternately layering the corn straw rice husk layers in 6 layers and the cotton husk dry water moss layer in 5 layers; spreading quicklime, backfilling surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer in the step S3, compacting, leveling with the middle partition, and backfilling the whole trench to a thickness of 30 cm;
s7, paving straw above the planting ditch in a groined shape according to a planting distance of 1m, wherein the width of each straw layer is 8cm, the thickness of each straw layer is 6cm, the distance between two radial straw layers is 80cm, and the distance between two transverse straw layers is 1 m; embedding a water pipeline branch pipe and a drip irrigation pipe in the rice straw layer, embedding the water pipeline branch pipe in a radial rice straw layer close to one side of the edge of the trench, embedding the drip irrigation pipe in a transverse rice straw layer, and then backfilling surface soil mixed with organic fertilizer to be 10cm thick;
s8, mixing the dug bottom-layer soil with surface-layer soil mixed with organic fertilizer in the trench, backfilling the mixture into the trench, arranging the mixture into a turtle-back-shaped high ridge with the height of 50cm, and then filling water to sink the ridge for later use; then digging drainage ditches with the width of 40cm and the depth of 40cm at two ends of the trench, wherein the drainage ditches are communicated with the storage trench in a digging way and separated from the planting trench by 10 cm;
and S9, finally installing a water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system, wherein the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system comprises a reservoir, a pressurizing system, a filtering system, a fertilizing system and a water pipeline, the water pipeline comprises a main pipe, branch pipes and drip irrigation pipes, the main pipe of the water pipeline is embedded in the drainage ditch, and the branch pipes and the drip irrigation pipes are embedded in the groined-shaped straw layer.
And after the soil improvement and garden building are completed, selecting seedlings and planting.
The pear tree variety is dwarf in the dwarfing interstock with 1 number, the main root of the seedling is strong, the lateral root has more than 3 strips with the length of 15cm, the capillary root is dense, the seedling stem is higher than 1.5m, the base diameter is more than 1cm thick, the seedling stem is straight, and the pear tree variety has no plant diseases, insect pests and mechanical damage. Before planting, the nursery stock is subjected to root pruning and root soaking treatment, overgrown roots, root splitting, root injury and the like are cut off, and the pruned nursery stock is soaked in water for 8-12 hours to enable the nursery stock to absorb enough water. And digging a planting pit with the depth of 80cm in the planting ditch, wherein the planting pit is positioned in the middle of the # -shaped structure.
And (3) fertilizer and water management: after the seedlings are planted to emit new roots, the young trees are topdressed twice in spring and summer, and the human and animal excreta is drip-irrigated to the position under the trees along with water by adopting a water-fertilizer integrated irrigation system. Topdressing is carried out on adult fruit trees for four times every year, topdressing is carried out on human and animal excreta 10-15 days before germination, 500Kg is carried out per mu, topdressing is carried out on nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer after flower falling, 200Kg is carried out per mu, topdressing is carried out on potassium sulfate compound fertilizer in the fruit expansion period of 7-8 months, 100Kg is carried out per mu, and topdressing is carried out on human and animal excreta 400Kg per mu after fruit picking.
Shaping and trimming: culturing strong-stem narrow-crown-line spindle-shaped tree bodies, adopting a secondary tree body structure of a main stem and fruiting branches, wherein the height of the main stem is 60-70 cm, the height of the tree is 3-3.5 m, the crown diameter is 0.8-1.2 m, and a vertical strong central stem is spirally and uniformly distributed with 20-25 uniaxial fruiting branch groups and uniformly extends to all directions.
Flower and fruit management: pollination, flower and fruit thinning and fruit bagging are carried out according to the conventional method.
Returning the raw grass to the garden: and planting weeds such as clovers, alfalfa or ryegrass in the open land, mowing when the height of the weeds reaches more than 30cm, deeply turning over the soil above the storage ditch by 40-50 cm, and burying the weeds. The weed is planted alternately with the changed variety every year.
In the embodiment, fruit bearing is started in 3 years, and the yield per mu is 390Kg, 960Kg in 4 years, 3010Kg in 5 years and 5100Kg in 5 years later.
Example 3
In a wasteland left after the stone is mined for 300 mu in one hemp city, the soil quality is mainly sandstone, which is not beneficial to the growth of common crops, and the soil is changed into soil for building gardens and planting pear trees, and the implementation scheme is as follows:
firstly, a civil engineering garden is improved, and the method for improving the civil engineering garden comprises the following steps:
s1, cleaning sundries on the earth surface, leveling the earth, shallow turning the surface soil by 50cm, and drying the earth in the air for 2-3 days;
s2, applying soil improvement materials on the ground, applying 6 tons of fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer per mu, and smashing the shallow-turning soil on the surface layer by using a rotary cultivator to uniformly mix the organic fertilizer with the shallow-turning soil on the surface layer; the organic fertilizer comprises 4 tons of compost and 2 tons of cake fertilizer, the compost is prepared by fermenting and decomposing soybean meal, corn straws, water hyacinth, pig manure and cow manure at a mass ratio of 1:3:2:3:1 at a high temperature, and the cake fertilizer comprises 1 ton of rapeseed cake, 0.5 ton of sesame cake and 0.5 ton of peanut cake;
s3, paying off according to the planting row spacing of 4m, deeply digging a trench, stacking surface layer soil mixed with organic fertilizer on one side of the trench, and stacking bottom layer soil on the other side of the trench; the width of the upper part of the trench is 2.5m, the depth is 1m, the slope is 80 degrees, a middle partition is reserved at the bottom, the trench is divided into a planting trench and a storage trench, the width of the bottom of the planting trench is 70cm, the width of the upper part of the middle partition is 30cm, the height is 40cm, and the slope is 70 degrees;
s4, paving rice straws and wheat straws at the bottom of the planting ditch, wherein the ratio of the rice straws to the wheat straws is 4:1, and compacting the rice straws to a thickness of 20 cm; spreading quicklime, backfilling surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer in the step S3, and leveling the compacted surface soil with the middle partition;
s5, laying a layer of 1 cm-thick straw on the upper part of the middle partition and a slope on the side of the storage groove, then laying a layer of 1 cm-thick dry sphagna, laying a layer of 1 cm-thick straw, radially arranging the straw on the slope, enabling one end of the straw to contact the bottom of the storage groove and the other end of the straw to extend to the upper part of the middle partition, and compacting;
s6, laying corn straws, rice hulls, cotton hulls and dry sphagna at the bottom of the storage channel, firstly laying the corn straws, then scattering the rice hulls to fill gaps among the corn straws, and compacting to 5 cm; placing cotton hull and dry sphagna, compacting to 3cm, mixing the cotton hull and the dry sphagna in advance, and filling the dry sphagna between the cotton hulls; laying corn straw rice hull layers, and alternately layering the corn straw rice hull layers in a total of 5 layers and a total of 4 layers of cotton hull dry water moss layers; spreading quicklime, backfilling surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer in the step S3, compacting, leveling with the middle partition, and backfilling the whole trench to a thickness of 30 cm;
s7, paving straw above the planting ditch in a # -shape according to the planting distance of 1m, wherein the width of each straw layer is 10cm, the thickness of each straw layer is 8cm, the distance between two radial straw layers is 80cm, and the distance between transverse straw layers is 1 m; embedding a water conveying pipeline branch pipe and a drip irrigation pipe in the straw layer, embedding the water conveying pipeline branch pipe in the radial straw layer close to one side of the edge of the trench, embedding the drip irrigation pipe in the transverse straw layer, and backfilling surface soil mixed with organic fertilizer to be 15cm thick;
s8, mixing the dug bottom-layer soil with surface-layer soil mixed with organic fertilizer in the trench, backfilling the mixture into the trench, arranging the mixture into a turtle-back-shaped high ridge furrow with the height of 40cm, and then filling water to sink the furrow for later use; then digging drainage ditches with the width of 50cm and the depth of 50cm at the two ends of the trench, wherein the drainage ditches are communicated with the storage trench in a digging way, and 10cm partitions are reserved between the drainage ditches and the planting trenches;
and S9, finally installing a water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system, wherein the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system comprises a reservoir, a pressurization system, a filtering system, a fertilization system and a water pipeline, the water pipeline comprises a main pipe, branch pipes and drip irrigation pipes, the main pipe of the water pipeline is embedded in the drainage ditch, and the branch pipes and the drip irrigation pipes are embedded in the grove layer.
And after the soil improvement and garden building are completed, selecting seedlings and planting.
The pear tree variety is dwarfed in a dwarfing interstock by 1, the main root of the seedling is strong, the lateral root has more than 3 strips with the length of 15cm, the capillary root is dense, the seedling stem is higher than 1.5m, the base diameter is more than 1cm, and the seedling stem is straight and free from diseases, insect pests and mechanical damage. Before planting, the nursery stock is subjected to root pruning and root soaking treatment, overgrown roots, root splitting, root injury and the like are cut off, and the pruned nursery stock is soaked in water for 8-12 hours to enable the nursery stock to absorb enough water. And digging a planting pit with the depth of 80cm in the planting ditch, wherein the planting pit is positioned in the middle of the # -shaped structure.
And (3) fertilizer and water management: after the seedlings are planted to emit new roots, the young trees are topdressed twice in spring and summer, and the human and animal excreta is drip-irrigated to the position under the trees along with water by adopting a water-fertilizer integrated irrigation system. Topdressing is carried out on adult fruit trees for four times every year, topdressing is carried out on human and animal excreta 10-15 days before germination, 500Kg is carried out per mu, topdressing is carried out on nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer after flower falling, 200Kg is carried out per mu, topdressing is carried out on potassium sulfate compound fertilizer in the fruit expansion period of 7-8 months, 100Kg is carried out per mu, and topdressing is carried out on human and animal excreta 400Kg per mu after fruit picking.
Shaping and trimming: culturing strong-stem narrow-crown-line spindle-shaped tree bodies, adopting a secondary tree body structure of a main stem and fruiting branches, wherein the height of the main stem is 60-70 cm, the height of the tree is 3-3.5 m, the crown diameter is 0.8-1.2 m, and a vertical strong central stem is spirally and uniformly distributed with 20-25 uniaxial fruiting branch groups and uniformly extends to all directions.
Flower and fruit management: pollination, flower and fruit thinning and fruit bagging are carried out according to the conventional method.
Returning the raw grass to the garden: and planting weeds such as clovers, alfalfa or ryegrass in the open land, mowing when the height of the weeds reaches more than 30cm, deeply turning over the soil above the storage ditch by 40-50 cm, and burying the weeds. The weed is planted alternately after changing the variety every year.
The fruit bearing of the embodiment starts from year 3, the yield per mu is 410Kg, the yield per mu is 1020Kg at year 4, the yield per mu is 3120Kg at year 5, and the average yield per mu is 5450Kg after year 5.
The above description is only an embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (9)
1. A method for improving soil and building a garden for pear cultivation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, cleaning sundries on the ground surface, leveling the land, deeply turning the surface soil by 40-50 cm, and drying in the sun for 2-3 days;
s2, spreading soil improvement materials on the ground, spreading 4-6 tons of fully decomposed and fermented organic fertilizer per mu, and uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer with the deeply ploughed soil on the surface layer;
s3, paying off according to the planting row spacing, deeply digging a trench, stacking surface layer soil mixed with organic fertilizer on one side of the trench, and stacking bottom layer soil on the other side of the trench; the width of the upper part of the trench is 2-2.5 m, the depth is 0.8-1 m, the slope is 70-80 degrees, and the cross section is W-shaped; the middle partition is 20-30 cm wide, 30-40 cm high and 60-70 degrees in gradient, and the trench is divided into a planting trench and a storage trench;
s4, paving thin straws at the bottom of the planting ditches, and compacting to a thickness of 15-20 cm; spreading quicklime, backfilling S3 the surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer, compacting, and leveling with the middle partition;
s5, laying a layer of straw with the thickness of 0.5-1 cm on the upper part of the middle partition and the slope on the side of the storage groove, then laying a layer of dry sphagna with the thickness of 0.5-1 cm, laying a layer of straw with the thickness of 0.5-1 cm, and compacting;
s6, laying coarse straws, rice hulls, cotton hulls and dry sphagna at the bottom of the storage ditch, and compacting to a thickness of 25-40 cm; spreading quicklime, backfilling the surface soil mixed with the organic fertilizer S3, compacting, and backfilling the whole trench to a thickness of 20-30 cm after the surface soil is flush with the middle partition;
s7, paving the straws above the planting ditches in a groined shape according to the planting distance, wherein the width of a straw layer is 5-10 cm, and the thickness of the straw layer is 6-8 cm; the straw layer is embedded with a water pipeline branch pipe and a drip irrigation pipe; backfilling surface soil mixed with organic fertilizer with the thickness of 10-15 cm;
s8, mixing the dug bottom soil with surface soil mixed with organic fertilizer in the trench, backfilling the mixture into the trench, finishing into a turtle back-shaped high ridge furrow with the height of 40-50 cm, and then filling water to sink to be solid for later use;
s9, installing a water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system, wherein the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system comprises a reservoir, a pressurization system, a filtering system, a fertilization system and a water pipeline; the water conveying pipeline comprises a main pipe, branch pipes and drip irrigation pipes;
drainage ditches with the width of 40-60 cm and the depth of 40-50 cm are dug at two ends of the trench, and the drainage ditches are communicated with the storage trench and separated from the planting trench; the main pipe of the water pipeline of the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system is embedded in the drainage ditch;
weeds are planted between the high ridges and in the open space above the storage trench, and the weeds are cut when the height of the weeds reaches more than 30 cm; and deeply ploughing 40-50 cm of soil above the storage ditch, and burying weeds.
2. The method for improving the soil and building a garden for pear tree cultivation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the organic fertilizer is composed of compost and cake fertilizer in a mass ratio of 1-2: 1.
3. The method for improving the civil engineering of the pear tree cultivation, according to claim 2, wherein the compost is formed by fermenting and decomposing soybean meal, corn stalks, water hyacinth, pig manure and cow manure at a high temperature in a mass ratio of 1:3:2:3: 1.
4. The method for improving the civil engineering garden of the pear tree according to claim 2, wherein the cake fertilizer is one or more of rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, soybean cake, sesame cake and peanut cake.
5. The method for improving the soil and building a garden for pear tree cultivation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S4, the fine straws are one or two of wheat straws and rice straws.
6. The method for improving the soil and building the garden through pear cultivation according to claim 1, wherein in the step S6, the coarse straws are one or two of corn straws and rape straws.
7. The method for cultivating and improving the soil and building the garden for the pear tree according to the claim 1, wherein in the step S6, the coarse straw, the rice hull, the cotton hull and the dry sphagna are alternately layered; the bottom layer is a coarse straw rice hull layer, and rice hulls are filled in gaps among the coarse straws; the cotton hull dry sphagna layer is arranged on the cotton hull dry sphagna layer, and the dry sphagna is filled among the cotton hulls; and then the coarse straw rice husks are arranged alternately, and the top layer is the coarse straw rice husk layer.
8. The method for improving the civil engineering garden for the cultivation of the pear tree according to claim 7, wherein the thickness of the coarse straw rice hull layer is 3-5 cm; the thickness of the dry water moss layer of the cotton hull is 2-3 cm.
9. The method for improving the civil garden of pear tree cultivation of claim 1, wherein the weeds include one or more of clover, alfalfa or ryegrass.
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