CN104472293A - High-ridge cultivation method of high-yield and high-quality kiwifruit orchard establishment - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a high-ridge cultivation method of high-yield and high-quality kiwifruit orchard establishment and relates to the field of kiwifruit orchard establishment and soil amelioration. The high-ridge cultivation method comprises the steps of (1) clearing away ground foreign matters and leveling the land parcel, (2) spreading a soil amelioration to the ground, (3) deeply turning up the soil by 50cm, (4) marking lime lines according to one half of a line spacing, starting from the edge, (5) ridging, (6) planting seedlings and (7) performing later maintenance and management. The high-ridge cultivation method of high-yield and high-quality kiwifruit orchard establishment has the following advantages: the soil layer is raised to reduce the risk that the root system suffers from water logging; the mellow soil of the original surface layer is gathered and piled up to facilitate rapid growth of the root system; coarse organic matters and organic fertilizers are added in the soil amelioration process to increase the organic substances and the permeability of the soil; the high-ridge cultivation method is suitable for a plurality of types of soil, in particular heavy soil of a high underground water level, and for sandy soil, the vertical height from the ridge top to the ridge bottom can be reduced appropriately.

Description

The raised bed cultivate method that high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden is set up

Technical field

The present invention relates to kiwi fruit to build garden and to improve the soil field, particularly relate to the raised bed cultivate method that a kind of high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden is set up.

Background technology

Late 1970s, kiwi fruit commercialization cultivation launches in the whole nation, and China has become the production and marketing big country of world commerce kiwi fruit so far, the area under cultivation of national kiwi fruit about 7.0 ten thousand hectares, account for about 44% of world's cultivation gross area, considerably beyond Italy, New Zealand and Chile.In the gross yield of global kiwi fruit, China's annual production about 680,000 tons, accounts for 34.0%, becomes producing country the biggest in the world (Bolrose, Inc. 2014. World kiwifruit review. A Publication of Belrose, Inc.).China's more than 30 years of kiwi fruit business cultivation history, be main by the initial culture technique with reference to countries such as other fruit tree and study New Zealand, developing into is guiding according to research promotion high quality and yield cultivation techniques such as cultivar characteristic and domestic producing region soil, climatic environment conditions now.20th century, the mid-80 was to the mid-90, along with the expansion of Kiwifruit Culture area, more and more urgent to the requirement of culture technique, in order to the needs that satisfied consumption is growing, with kiwi fruit high and stable yield for main goal of attack, the Basic of Biology of further investigation kiwi fruit stable high yield and key technology, each main product province has all been worked out a series of cultivation step and has been promoted in each producing region, improve the soil as ploughed deeply, repair ventilation covered conduit, intercropping green manure, hedge frame and T-shaped frame and triangle Simple rack planting type, in good time fertilising, timely irrigation, timely collecting and because kind is because of application such as culture technique such as tree rational pruning etc., kiwi fruit output is made to increase year by year, and in succession define with Shaanxi, Sichuan and main product province, Henan are main production pattern.

However, still there is a lot of problem in the cultivation of China's kiwi fruit:

First be that a lot of producing region is not focused on field selection and builds garden quality, do not have the aspects such as the field environmental condition, particularly the garden soil texture, subterranean water level and water source be more suitable for according to growth characteristics selection and the creation of kiwi fruit not focus on.First be subterranean water level and water source, Chinese actinidia root is fleshy root, both intolerant to waterlogging, not drought resisting again, requires to select subterranean water level at below 1m and has that necessarily to build garden than the plot fallen better.Subterranean water level is in the Yao Jian garden, region of 0.7 ~ 1.0m, and in unbroken overcast and rainy season, root system is in high humidity environment for a long time, because anoxic easily occurs root rot.Such plot is unsuitable for planting kiwi fruit.And when garden is built in the area that arid frequently occurs, source of irrigation water problem must be considered, so that energy in dry season diversion irrigation in time; In the mountain region of source of irrigation water difficulty, or the orchard of small size, on the basis of building high-quality horizontal stand stepped terrace, take precautions against drought in conjunction with retaining, or adopt plough deeply improve the soil, the trench digging Water-retaining Measure such as green manuring and the cave pouring of drought period stone before covered ground, drought, even if like this, once encounter serious arid, just have the risk that Severe Reduction is even extremely set then.

Secondly, kiwi fruit is shallow root seeds, and root system is that horizontal growth is fast, and horizontal distribution scope is large, and vertical-growth is slow, and do not have obvious main root, only have key root and a large amount of fibrous roots, root system is mainly distributed in below ground 10 ~ 80 cm range.Therefore be particularly suitable for loam, humus soil that the content of organic matter is abundant, and for the soil of other types, as yellow earth, red soil, yellowish-brown earth, yellowish soil, brown earth, black sandy soil, yellow sand etc. all need to strengthen improvement, strengthen organic and drainage.Especially glue heavy paddy field or red-yellow soil for soil property, because of its moisture capacity extra-heavy, draining is very smooth, more necessaryly could plant kiwi fruit after improvement.In addition kiwi fruit happiness subacidity soil, pH is advisable with 6 ~ 7.

But the type complexity of China's various places soil is various, a lot of local soil organic matter lacks, some regional soil viscosity weights, impeded drainage, and some areal rainfall depth are large, air humidity is large, need strengthening and improving when therefore building garden, create the environment being suitable for Kiwi growth.

Along with developing rapidly of kiwi fruit industry, particularly the national export such as the high benefit of nearly ten years and New Zealand is to the high price of the Actinidia of China, the sight of the medium-sized and small enterprises of state-owned economic strength in having attracted, has and much starts to drop into kiwi fruit industry with the small enterprise of selling kiwi fruit or the enterprise that is engaged in other industry; In conjunction with the land transformation policy in some areas, start to concentrate in flakes development on a small scale, but occur the problems referred to above when selecting field, cause actual being unsuitable in the soil of a lot of circulation to plant kiwi fruit; But because investor does not understand, cause the garden late growing stage that builds up poor, yield poorly, disease is serious.As 2005 ~ 2006 years, in Sichuan, new agricultural to circulate nearly ten thousand mu of soils at Sichuan Pujiang, and planned development kiwi fruit, wherein have the region of nearly 6000 mu to be the sticky heavy water rice field that subterranean water level is higher, draining is extremely obstructed, and soil property is sticky heavy.As traditionally built garden, root system is in high humidity environment for a long time, within 4 ~ 5 years, just there will be serious problem.This enterprise searched out Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Acadmey of Sciences in 2006, the end of the year reaches cooperation agreement, obtain Chinese Academy of Sciences's first interspecific cross new varieties ' Jin Yan ' exclusive business promotion power at home, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Acadmey of Sciences is comprehensive provides technology to enterprise.2007 to 2008, good kiwi fruit can be planted out to make to be unsuitable for planting kiwi fruit plot, while the Drainage System Construction of reinforcement field, improve garden building method, the method of raised bed cultivate is exactly invent in this case, solves the impeded drainage problem in these plot, is also conducive to hydrofuge and the improvement of heavy soil simultaneously, be conducive to the growth of root system, promote Growth status and result.At subsequently several years, we taked same method in other places, and effect is all very good.

Summary of the invention

Object of the present invention is just the shortcoming and defect overcoming prior art existence, provides the raised bed cultivate method that a kind of high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden is set up.

The object of the present invention is achieved like this: concentrate heap high formation high ridge by showing soil, lowering of watertable, for Kiwi growth provides loose fertile environment.

Specifically, the present invention includes the following step:

1. ground foreign material are cleared up, smooth plot;

2. material of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground;

3. 50 centimetres, soil is ploughed deeply;

4., from edge, lime line is put by the half of line-spacing;

5. ridging;

6. seedling is planted;

7. the maintenance management in later stage.

The present invention has following advantages and good effect:

1. soil layer is raised, lowering of watertable, reduce root system by the risk of water logging;

2. former top layer mellow soil is concentrated heap height together, while raising soil layer, increase the degree of depth of mellow soil layer, ensure that root system primary growth is in mellow soil layer, is conducive to root system and grows fast;

3. in the process of improving the soil, increase thick organic material and fertilizer, increase organic matter and the permeability of soil;

4. be applicable to that polytype soil, particularly subterranean water level are higher, soil property glues heavy soil, and for the soil of inclined grittiness, it is high with the vertical height at the bottom of ridge suitably can to reduce ridge.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 is the block diagram of this raised bed cultivate method;

Tu2.1Shi Quan one of ploughs deeply in garden, Tu2.2Shi Quan plough deeply in garden two;

Fig. 3 .1 is one of high ridge and railway carriage or compartment ditch, and Fig. 3 .2 is high ridge and railway carriage or compartment ditch two;

Fig. 4 is Seeding planting (reviving San Yi village in 2009);

Fig. 5 is Seeding planting current growth shape (reviving three justice for 2009);

Fig. 6 is raised bed cultivate method the 3rd annual bearing shape (Qionglai in 2014 county).

Embodiment

Describe in detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples:

One, method

As Fig. 1:

1. ground foreign material are cleared up, smooth plot 1

To the plot of plan plantation kiwi fruit, cleaning ground foreign material, carry out Garden Planning to base;

40 centimeters, top layer, the plot soil of plan and control ditch digs out by the basis of planning, for filling and leading up significant depressions region, or being evenly laid in surface, plot, guaranteeing Land leveling;

2. material 2 of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground

For soil property and the soil test result in plot, material of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground:

A, the soil heavier to acidity, pH value is less than 6: every mu spread fertilizer over the fields thick organic material, comprises 3 ~ 6 tons, the ight soil of the stalk of pulverizing, bacterium slag and the pig oxen and horses; Essence fertilizer comprises 2 ~ 4 tons, cake fertilizer, bone meal, brid guano and sheep excrement, 50 ~ 100 kilograms, fused calcium magnesium phosphate, quicklime 50 ~ 100 kilograms;

Lime is sprinkling upon above thick organic material, and fused calcium magnesium phosphate need with fertilizer pile fermentation 30 ~ 60 days use;

B, for neutral, subacidity or subalkaline soil, pH value is 6 ~ 7.5: every mu spread fertilizer over the fields thick organic material, comprise 3 ~ 6 tons, the ight soil of the stalk of pulverizing, bacterium slag and the pig oxen and horses, essence fertilizer comprises 2 ~ 4 tons, cake fertilizer, bone meal, brid guano and sheep excrement, superphosphate 50 ~ 100 kilograms, quicklime 30 ~ 50 kilograms or Cosan 5 ~ 10 kilograms; Lime or Cosan are sprinkling upon above thick organic material, and superphosphate mixes with fertilizer and spreads fertilizer over the fields;

3. soil is ploughed deeply 50 centimetre 3

As Fig. 2 .1,2.2, with digging machine by soil deep tillage 50 centimetres, require soil block to smash, and fully mix with the material of improving the soil that ground is spread fertilizer over the fields;

4., from edge, lime line 4 is put by the half of line-spacing

The line-spacing 4 ~ 5 meters of kiwi fruit plantation; The gradient within 5 degree gentle slope ground or level land, by be conducive to draining direction do row to; The gradient 5 ~ 15 degree gentle slope ground, by contour direction do row to;

From edge, put lime line by 2 ~ 2.5 meters during unwrapping wire, from edge, the 2nd rectangular slab of stone gray line is the first row field planting line, is exactly field planting line every one later;

5. ridging 5, for line-spacing 4 meters of description of step

As Fig. 3 .1,3.2,

The first step: with digging machine by 2 meters of wide regions centered by mound dark for 30 centimetres wide for 1 meter, edge, top layer to the first row field planting line; Later from the 3rd article of gray line, every a gray line, the dark soil in 30 centimetres, top layer wide for 1 meter, gray line both sides is piled respectively in field planting band 2 meters of wide regions on both sides, the mellow soil layer of meter wide region of 2 centered by field planting band is adjusted to 60 centimetres dark;

Second step: 20 centimetres of subsoil of field planting band both sides remainder have been dug the both sides filling out field planting band, 20 centimetres of two interlines, 50 centimetres of wide regions all trip out, and finishing touch becomes a turtleback shape;

The requirement on turtleback shape ridge is: ridge identity distance is not less than 70 centimetres from the vertical depth of bottom of trench, and the width of face, ridge field planting band is not less than 1.5 meters;

6. seedling 6 is planted

As Fig. 4, dig semicircle planting pit by spacing in the rows, cave, ground diameter 50 centimetres, vertically dark 40 centimetres, the turfy soil of 0.1 square metre or the sandy loam vegetable garden soil of height slaking are put in every cave, fully mix thoroughly with the soil dug out; Plant Miao Shizai and dig diameter about 30 centimetres of dark wide vesicles, first made in order by seedling root, put into cave, limit backfill Soil Surrounding, nursery stock is upwards carried in limit, and root system and Soil Surrounding are combined closely, and can not nest root; Finally make rhizome position a little more than 5 ~ 10 centimetres, ground, ensure that irrigating normal root depositing in water flushes with or slightly higher than ground in rear and ground in fact;

7. the maintenance management 7 in later stage

After high ridge is formed, maintenance and repair to be carried out to furrow and face, ridge every year later, particularly after each heavy rain or after native basal dressing, ensure that bottom of trench is not by soil-burial.

Two, embodiment

Embodiment 1

Recovery township, Pujiang County of Sichuan Province China province, the paddy rice low-yield land of 3000 mu, and be level land, subterranean water level is higher, 0.4 ~ 0.5 meter, and draining is extremely obstructed; And soil property is sticky heavy, the rainy day becomes mud, and fine day becomes block, and pole is unfavorable for root growth; Building the garden time is 2007 ~ 2008 years.

First Land leveling is carried out to plot, Garden Planning, on the basis that road and irrigation canals and ditches are fixed, according to soil test result, determine material of improving the soil.Then according to the following steps soil is arranged:

The first step, the first ground grading in each community, spread fertilizer over the fields the broken organic material such as cow dung, edible fungi residues, the dregs of a decoction, husk, the smart fertilizers such as chicken manure, dish cake, phosphate fertilizer is blended in fertilizer; Every mu of broken organic material 4 tons, smart fertilizer 1 ton, 150 kilograms, phosphate fertilizer.

Second step, ploughs deeply 50 centimetres with digging machine by full garden, and require to improve the soil material and soil are fully mixed thoroughly, and soil block is smashed.

3rd step, unwrapping wire, puts lime line by the half of line-spacing 4 meters, puts from edge, 2 meters wide one.

4th step, ridging, first, with digging machine by 2 meters wide field planting bands centered by mound dark for 30 centimetres wide for 1 meter, edge, top layer to the first row field planting line; Later from the 3rd article of gray line, every a gray line, the dark soil in 30 centimetres, top layer wide for 1 meter, gray line both sides is piled respectively in field planting band 2 meters of wide regions on both sides, the mellow soil layer of meter wide region of 2 centered by field planting band is adjusted to 60 centimetres dark;

Secondly, 20 centimetres of subsoil of field planting band both sides remainder have been dug the both sides filling out field planting band, and 20 centimetres of two interlines, 50 centimetres of wide regions all trip out, and finishing touch becomes a turtleback shape.

The requirement on turtleback shape ridge is: ridge identity distance is not less than 70 centimetres from the vertical depth of bottom of trench, and the width of face, ridge field planting band is not less than 1.5 meters.

5th step, plants seedling.Dig semicircle planting pit by spacing in the rows, cave, ground diameter 50 centimetres, vertically dark 40 centimetres, the turfy soil of 0.1 square metre or the sandy loam vegetable garden soil of height slaking are put in every cave, fully mix thoroughly with the soil dug out; Plant Miao Shizai and dig diameter about 30 centimetres of dark wide vesicles, first made in order by seedling root, put into cave, limit backfill Soil Surrounding, nursery stock is upwards carried in limit, and root system and Soil Surrounding are combined closely, and can not nest root; Finally make rhizome position a little more than 5 ~ 10 centimetres, ground, ensure that irrigating normal root depositing in water flushes with or slightly higher than ground in rear and ground in fact.

Effect assessment, as Fig. 5,6:

1, after taking raised bed cultivate to build garden, soil property becomes loose, and hydrofuge effect improves;

2, subterranean water level is reduced to less than 0.8 meter, and meanwhile, rainwater is easy to discharge orchard;

3, after seedling planting, root growth is rapid, and major part focuses in the mellow soil layer of subsurface 20 ~ 70 centimetres, and horizontal growth is very fast, and within 3 years, root system is covered with whole ridge band; Growth status is healthy and strong simultaneously, added then, and Second Year examination fruit, goes into operation on the 3rd year, per mu yield more than 400 kilograms; Do sth. in advance to go into operation for 2 years than traditional field planting method, per mu yield exceeds 15 ~ 20%.

Embodiment 2:

Bronze drum village, Xi Laigu town, Sichuan Province China province Pujiang County, the paddy rice low-yield land of 1000 mu, and be level land, subterranean water level is higher, 0.5 ~ 0.6 meter, and draining is extremely obstructed; And soil property is sticky heavy, the rainy day becomes mud, and fine day becomes block, and pole is unfavorable for root growth.

Time is 2009, and the method taked is completely with example 1.

Effect assessment, as Fig. 5,6:

1, subterranean water level is reduced to less than 0.9 meter, and some places reach 1 meter;

2, face, ridge is topsoil, and soil property becomes loose fertile, and hydrofuge effect improves;

3, seedling growth is fast, added then, and Second Year examination fruit, within the 3rd year, go into operation, per mu yield reaches more than 400 kilograms equally.

Claims (1)

1. a raised bed cultivate method for high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden foundation, is characterized in that comprising the following steps:

1. ground foreign material are cleared up, smooth plot (1):

To the plot of plan plantation kiwi fruit, cleaning ground foreign material, carry out Garden Planning to base;

40 centimeters, top layer, the plot soil of plan and control ditch digs out by the basis of planning, for filling and leading up significant depressions region, or being evenly laid in surface, plot, guaranteeing Land leveling;

2. material of improving the soil (2) is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground:

For soil property and the soil test result in plot, material of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground:

A, the soil heavier to acidity, pH value is less than 6: every mu spread fertilizer over the fields thick organic material, comprises 3 ~ 6 tons, the ight soil of the stalk of pulverizing, bacterium slag and the pig oxen and horses; Essence fertilizer comprises 2 ~ 4 tons, cake fertilizer, bone meal, brid guano and sheep excrement, 50 ~ 100 kilograms, fused calcium magnesium phosphate, quicklime 50 ~ 100 kilograms;

Lime is sprinkling upon above thick organic material, and fused calcium magnesium phosphate need with fertilizer pile fermentation 30 ~ 60 days use;

B, for neutral, subacidity or subalkaline soil, pH value is 6 ~ 7.5: every mu spread fertilizer over the fields thick organic material, comprise 3 ~ 6 tons, the ight soil of the stalk of pulverizing, bacterium slag and the pig oxen and horses, essence fertilizer comprises 2 ~ 4 tons, cake fertilizer, bone meal, brid guano and sheep excrement, superphosphate 50 ~ 100 kilograms, quicklime 30 ~ 50 kilograms or Cosan 5 ~ 10 kilograms; Quicklime or Cosan are sprinkling upon above thick organic material, and superphosphate mixes with fertilizer and spreads fertilizer over the fields;

3. 50 centimetres, soil (3) is ploughed deeply:

With digging machine by soil deep tillage 50 centimetres, require soil block to smash, and fully mix with the material of improving the soil that ground is spread fertilizer over the fields;

4., from edge, lime line (4) is put by the half of line-spacing:

The line-spacing 4 ~ 5 meters of kiwi fruit plantation; The gradient within 5 degree gentle slope ground or level land, by be conducive to draining direction do row to; The gradient 5 ~ 15 degree gentle slope ground, by contour direction do row to;

From edge, put lime line by 2 ~ 2.5 meters during unwrapping wire, from edge, the 2nd rectangular slab of stone gray line is the first row field planting line, is exactly field planting line every one later;

5. ridging (5), for line-spacing 4 meters of description of step:

The first step: with digging machine by 2 meters of wide regions centered by mound dark for 30 centimetres wide for 1 meter, edge, top layer to the first row field planting line; Later from the 3rd article of gray line, every a gray line, the dark soil in 30 centimetres, top layer wide for 1 meter, gray line both sides is piled respectively in field planting band 2 meters of wide regions on both sides, the mellow soil layer of meter wide region of 2 centered by field planting band is adjusted to 60 centimetres dark;

Second step: 20 centimetres of subsoil of field planting band both sides remainder have been dug the both sides filling out field planting band, 20 centimetres of two interlines, 50 centimetres of wide regions all trip out, and finishing touch becomes a turtleback shape;

The requirement on turtleback shape ridge is: ridge identity distance is not less than 70 centimetres from the vertical depth of bottom of trench, and the width of face, ridge field planting band is not less than 1.5 meters;

6. seedling (6) is planted

Dig semicircle planting pit by spacing in the rows, cave, ground diameter 50 centimetres, vertically dark 40 centimetres, the turfy soil of 0.1 square metre or the sandy loam vegetable garden soil of height slaking are put in every cave, fully mix thoroughly with the soil dug out; Plant Miao Shizai and dig the dark wide vesicle of diameter 28 ~ 32 centimetres, first made in order by seedling root, put into cave, limit backfill Soil Surrounding, nursery stock is upwards carried in limit, and root system and Soil Surrounding are combined closely, and can not nest root; Finally make rhizome position a little more than 5 ~ 10 centimetres, ground, ensure that irrigating normal root depositing in water flushes with or slightly higher than ground in rear and ground in fact;

7. the maintenance management (7) in later stage

After high ridge is formed, maintenance and repair to be carried out to furrow and face, ridge every year later, particularly after each heavy rain or after native basal dressing, ensure that bottom of trench is not by soil-burial.