CN104472293B - The high ridge cultivation that high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden is set up - Google Patents
The high ridge cultivation that high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden is set up Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses the high ridge cultivation that a kind of high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden is set up, relate to Fructus actinidiae chinensis and build garden and improve the soil field.This high ridge cultivation is: 1. cleaning ground foreign material, smooth plot；2. material of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground；3. 50 centimetres of soil is ploughed deeply；4., from the beginning of edge, Calx line is put by the half of line-spacing；5. ridging；6. Seedling is planted；7. the maintenance management in later stage.The present invention has following advantages and good effect: 1. raised by soil layer, reduces root system by the risk of water logging；2. former top layer mellow soil is concentrated heap height together, beneficially root system fast-growth；3. during improving the soil, increase thick organic material and fertilizer, increase organic matter and the permeability of soil；4. it is applicable to the soil that polytype soil, particularly level of ground water are higher, soil property glues weight, and for the soil of inclined grittiness, can suitably reduce ridge height and the vertical height at the bottom of ridge.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Fructus actinidiae chinensis build garden and improve the soil field, particularly relate to the high ridge that a kind of high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden sets up and plant
Training method.
Background technology
Late 1970s, Fructus actinidiae chinensis commercialization cultivation launches in the whole nation, and China has become world commerce macaque so far
The production and marketing big country of Fructus Persicae, the whole nation Fructus actinidiae chinensis cultivated area about 7.0 ten thousand hectares, account for the world cultivation gross area about 44%, the most far away
Italy, New Zealand and Chile are exceeded.In the total output of whole world Fructus actinidiae chinensis, China's annual production about 680,000 tons, account for 34.0%,
Become manufacturing country the biggest in the world (Bolrose, Inc. 2014. World kiwifruit review. A
Publication of Belrose, Inc.).China's Fructus actinidiae chinensis more than 30 years of business cultivation history, by initial with reference to other
The cultivation technique of the countries such as fruit tree and study New Zealand is main, develops into now according to cultivar characteristic and domestic producing region soil
The research promotion high quality and yield cultivation techniques such as earth, climatic environment condition are for guiding.20th century, the mid-80 was to the mid-90,
Along with the expansion of Kiwifruit Culture area, the need more and more urgent, growing in order to meet consumption to the requirement of cultivation technique
Want, with Fructus actinidiae chinensis high and stable yield as main goal of attack, the Basic of Biology of further investigation Fructus actinidiae chinensis stable high yield and key technology, respectively
Main product province has all been worked out a series of cultivation step and has been promoted in each producing region, improves the soil as ploughed deeply, and repaiies ventilation covered conduit, catch cropping green manure, hedge
Frame and T-shaped frame and triangle Simple rack planting type, apply fertilizer in good time, irrigate in time, timely collecting and because kind is because of tree rational pruning
Apply Deng cultivation technique, make Fructus actinidiae chinensis yield increase year by year, and sequentially formed based on Shaanxi, Sichuan and main product province, Henan
Production pattern.
While it is true, the cultivation of China's Fructus actinidiae chinensis still suffers from a lot of problem:
First be a lot of producing region do not focus on field select and build garden quality, not according to Fructus actinidiae chinensis growth characteristics select and
Create the aspects such as the field environmental condition being more suitable for, particularly the garden soil texture, level of ground water and water source not focus on.First it is
Level of ground water and water source, Fructus actinidiae chinensis root system is fleshy tap root, both intolerant to waterlogging, not drought resisting again, it is desirable to select level of ground water at below 1m
And there have the plot of a definite proportion fall to build garden to be preferable.Level of ground water is in the Yao Jian garden, region of 0.7～1.0m, at unbroken overcast and rainy season, root
System is chronically in high humidity environment, root rot easily occurs because of anoxia.Such plot is to be unsuitable for planting Fructus actinidiae chinensis.And dry
When garden is built in the non-irrigated area frequently occurred, it is necessary to consider iirigation water source problem, in order to dry season can timely diversion irrigation；At iirigation water source
The mountain region of difficulty, or the orchard of little area, on the basis of building high-quality horizontal stand stepped terrace, take precautions against drought in conjunction with water-retention,
Or use plough deeply improve the soil, covered ground, drought before trench digging the Water-retaining Measure such as green manuring and the cave pouring of drought period stone, even if so, once touch
To serious arid, the most just have the risk that Severe Reduction is the most extremely set.
Secondly, Fructus actinidiae chinensis is shallow root seeds, and root system is that horizontal growth is fast, and horizontal distribution scope is big, and vertical-growth is slow,
Not having obvious main root, only key root and substantial amounts of fibrous root, root system is mainly distributed in below ground 10～80 cm range.
It is thus particularly suited for the abundant loam of the content of organic matter, humus soil, and for other kinds of soil, such as yellow earth, red soil, Huang
Brown earth, yellowish soil, brown earth, crow sandy soil, HUANGSHATU etc. all need to strengthen improvement, strengthen organic and drainage.Especially for soil property
The rice terrace of viscous weight or red-yellow soil, because of its water-retaining property extra-heavy, draining is the most smooth, the most necessary improved after could plant macaque
Fructus Persicae.In addition Fructus actinidiae chinensis happiness subacidity soil, pH is advisable with 6～7.
But the type complexity of China's various places soil is various, a lot of local soil organism lack, some regional soils
Viscosity weight, impeded drainage, and some areal rainfall depth are big, air humidity is big, needs strengthening and improving when therefore building garden, creates and is suitable to Mi
The environment of monkey Fructus Persicae growth.
Along with the national export such as the high benefit of developing rapidly of Fructus actinidiae chinensis industry, particularly last decade and New Zealand are to China
The high price of Actinidia, the sight of the medium-sized and small enterprises of state-owned economic strength in having attracted, have a lot to sell Fructus actinidiae chinensis
Small enterprise or be engaged in the enterprise of other industry and start to put into Fructus actinidiae chinensis industry；In conjunction with the land transformation policy in some areas, open
Development the most on a small scale in initial set, but when selecting field, the problems referred to above occur, cause the soil reality much circulated uncomfortable
In plantation Fructus actinidiae chinensis；But because investor does not knows about, causing the garden late growing stage built up poor, yield poorly, disease is serious.Such as 2005
～2006, in Sichuan, new agricultural has circulated nearly ten thousand mu of soils at Sichuan Pujiang, and planned development Fructus actinidiae chinensis wherein has nearly 6000 mu
Region be the viscous heavy water rice field that level of ground water is higher, draining is the most obstructed, the viscous weight of soil property.If traditionally building garden,
Root system is chronically in high humidity environment, within 4～5 years, arises that serious problem.This enterprise searched out Chinese science in 2006
Institute's plants in Wuhan Botanical Garden, will reach cooperation agreement the end of the year, obtain Chinese Academy of Sciences's first intervarietal hybridization new varieties ' Jin Yan ' at home
Exclusive business promotion power, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Acadmey of Sciences is comprehensive provides technology to enterprise.2007 to 2008, in order to make
It is unsuitable for planting Fructus actinidiae chinensis plot and can plant out good Fructus actinidiae chinensis, while strengthening field Drainage System Construction, improve and build garden side
Method, the method for high ridge cultivation is exactly to invent in this case, solves the impeded drainage problem in these plot, also has simultaneously
It is beneficial to dehumidifying and the growth of improvement, beneficially root system of heavy soil, promotes Growth status and result.At subsequently several years, I
Take same method elsewhere, effect is the best.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is that the shortcoming and defect overcoming prior art to exist, it is provided that a kind of high yield and high quality Fructus actinidiae chinensis
The high ridge cultivation that garden is set up.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this: by concentrating heap height to form high ridge in table soil, lowering of watertable, for Mi
The growth of monkey Fructus Persicae provides loose fertile environment.
Specifically, the present invention comprises the following steps:
1. cleaning ground foreign material, smooth plot；
2. material of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground；
3. 50 centimetres of soil is ploughed deeply；
4., from the beginning of edge, Calx line is put by the half of line-spacing；
5. ridging；
6. Seedling is planted；
7. the maintenance management in later stage.
The present invention has following advantages and a good effect:
1. soil layer is raised, lowering of watertable, reduce root system by the risk of water logging；
2. former top layer mellow soil is concentrated heap height together, while raising soil layer, increase the degree of depth of mellow soil layer, it is ensured that root
In owner's mellow soil layer to be grown in, beneficially root system fast-growth；
3. during improving the soil, increase thick organic material and fertilizer, increase organic matter and the permeability of soil；
4. the soil that polytype soil, particularly level of ground water are higher, soil property glues weight it is applicable to, and for inclined grittiness
Soil, can suitably reduce ridge height and the vertical height at the bottom of ridge.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the block diagram of this high ridge cultivation；
Tu2.1Shi Quan one of ploughs deeply in garden, Tu2.2Shi Quan plough deeply in garden two；
Fig. 3 .1 is one of high ridge and railway carriage or compartment ditch, and Fig. 3 .2 is high ridge and the two of railway carriage or compartment ditch；
Fig. 4 is Seeding planting (reviving San Yi village in 2009)；
Fig. 5 is Seeding planting current growth shape (reviving three justice for 2009)；
Fig. 6 is high ridge cultivation the 3rd annual bearing shape (Qionglai in 2014 county).
Detailed description of the invention
Describe in detail with embodiment below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
One, method
Such as Fig. 1:
1. cleaning ground foreign material, smooth plot 1
Plot to plan plantation Fructus actinidiae chinensis, cleaning ground foreign material, Garden Planning is carried out in base；
40 centimeters of top layer, the plot soil being intended to repair ditch on the basis of planning digs out, and is used for filling and leading up significant depressions district
Territory, or evenly laid out in surface, plot, it is ensured that Land leveling；
2. material 2 of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground
For soil property and the soil test result in plot, material of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground:
A, to the heavier soil of acidity, pH value is less than 6: every mu to spread fertilizer over the fields thick organic material, including the straw pulverized, dreg and
The feces 3 of pigs and cattle horse～6 tons；Essence fertilizer includes cake fertilizer, bone meal, brid guano and sheep stool 2～4 tons, and calcium magnesium phosphate 50～100 is public
Jin, quick lime 50～100 kilograms；
Calx is sprinkling upon above thick organic material, and calcium magnesium phosphate need to be with fertilizer pile fermentation 30～60 days use；
B, for neutral, subacidity or subalkaline soil, pH value is 6～7.5: every mu to spread fertilizer over the fields thick organic material, including powder
The feces 3 of broken straw, dreg and pigs and cattle horse～6 tons, essence fertilizer includes cake fertilizer, bone meal, brid guano and sheep stool 2～4 tons, crosses phosphorus
Acid calcium 50～100 kilograms, quick lime 30～50 kilograms or Cosan 5～10 kilograms；Calx or Cosan are sprinkling upon thick organic material
Above, and calcium superphosphate mixes with fertilizer and spreads fertilizer over the fields；
3. soil is ploughed deeply 50 centimetre 3
As Fig. 2 .1,2.2, with digging machine by soil deep tillage 50 centimetres, it is desirable to soil block is smashed, and with improving the soil that ground is spread fertilizer over the fields
Material fully mixes；
4., from the beginning of edge, Calx line 4 is put by the half of line-spacing
Fructus actinidiae chinensis plantation line-spacing 4～5 meters；Gradient ground, gentle slope within 5 degree or level land, by the direction of beneficially dewatering
Make row to；The gradient 5～15 degree gentle slope ground, by equal pitch contour direction make row to；
Start to put Calx line from edge by 2～2.5 meters during unwrapping wire, start the 2nd rectangular slab of stone gray line from edge and be the first row calmly
Plant line, be exactly field planting line every one later；
5. ridging 5, illustrate step as a example by line-spacing 4 meters
As Fig. 3 .1,3.2,
The first step: with digging machine by 2 meters centered by the deep mound in 30 centimetres of top layer wide for 1 meter of edge to the first row field planting line
In the range of width；Later from the beginning of the 3rd article of gray line, every a gray line, by the deep soil in 30 centimetres of top layer wide for 1 meter of gray line both sides respectively
Heap to 2 meters of the field planting band on both sides wide in the range of, the mellow soil layer of 2 meters of wide scopes centered by field planting band is adjusted to 60 centimetres deep；
Second step: remaining for field planting band both sides 20 centimetres of subsoil have been dug the both sides filling out field planting band, two interlines 50 lis
20 centimetres of the wide scope of rice all trip out, and finishing touch becomes a turtleback shape；
The requirement on turtleback shape ridge is: ridge identity distance is not less than 70 centimetres from the vertical depth of bottom of trench, the width of face, ridge field planting band
Not less than 1.5 meters；
6. Seedling 6 is planted
Such as Fig. 4, digging semicircle planting pit by spacing in the rows, cave, ground diameter 50 centimetres, the deepest 40 centimetres, every cave puts into 0.1
Square metre turfy soil or height ripening sandy loam vegetable garden soil, fully mix thoroughly with the soil dug out；Plant Miao Shizai and dig a diameter about
30 centimetres of deep wide vesicles, first make in order seedling root, put in cave, and limit backfill Soil Surrounding, limit upwards carries nursery stock, makes root
System combines closely with Soil Surrounding, and will not nest root；Rhizome position is finally made to be slightly above ground 5～10 centimetres, it is ensured that it is fixed to irrigate
Ground is flushed with or slightly higher than with ground after root water precipitating is real；
7. the maintenance management 7 in later stage
After high ridge is formed, furrow and face, ridge are carried out maintenance and repair the most every year, particularly after each heavy rain or
After soil basal dressing, it is ensured that bottom of trench is not by soil-burial.
Two, embodiment
Embodiment 1
Recovery township, Pujiang County of Sichuan Province China province, the Oryza sativa L. low-yield land of 3000 mu, and be level land, level of ground water is higher, 0.4～
0.5 meter, draining is the most obstructed；And the viscous weight of soil property, rainy day one-tenth mud, fine day in bulk, pole is unfavorable for root growth；Building the garden time is
2007～2008.
First plot carries out Land leveling, and Garden Planning, on the basis of road and irrigation canals and ditches are fixed, according to soil test
As a result, material of improving the soil is determined.The most according to the following steps soil is arranged:
The first step, each community elder generation ground grading, spread fertilizer over the fields the broken organic material such as cattle manure, edible fungi residues, medicinal residues, rice husk, chicken manure,
The essence fertilizer such as rape cake, phosphate fertilizer is to be blended in fertilizer；Every mu of broken organic material 4 tons, essence fertilizer 1 ton, 150 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer.
Second step, ploughs deeply 50 centimetres with digging machine by full garden, it is desirable to material of improving the soil fully is mixed thoroughly with soil, and soil block is smashed.
3rd step, unwrapping wire, put Calx line by the half of line-spacing 4 meters, start to put from edge, 2 meters wide one.
4th step, ridging, first, with digging machine by the deep mound in 30 centimetres of top layer wide for 1 meter of edge to the first row field planting line
Centered by 2 meters wide field planting bands in；Later from the beginning of the 3rd article of gray line, every a gray line, by wide top layer, 1 meter of gray line both sides
30 centimetres of deep soil respectively heaps to 2 meters of the field planting band on both sides wide in the range of, by the mellow soil layer tune of 2 meters of wide scopes centered by field planting band
Whole to 60 centimetres deep；
Secondly, remaining for field planting band both sides 20 centimetres of subsoil have been dug the both sides filling out field planting band, two interlines 50 centimetres
20 centimetres of wide scope all trip out, and finishing touch becomes a turtleback shape.
The requirement on turtleback shape ridge is: ridge identity distance is not less than 70 centimetres from the vertical depth of bottom of trench, the width of face, ridge field planting band
Not less than 1.5 meters.
5th step, plants Seedling.Digging semicircle planting pit by spacing in the rows, cave, ground diameter 50 centimetres, the deepest 40 centimetres, every cave is put
Enter turfy soil or the sandy loam vegetable garden soil of height ripening of 0.1 square metre, fully mix thoroughly with the soil dug out；Plant Miao Shizai and dig individual straight
The deep wide vesicle in about 30 centimetres of footpath, first makes in order seedling root, puts in cave, limit backfill Soil Surrounding, and limit upwards carries nursery stock,
Root system is made to combine closely with Soil Surrounding, and will not nest root；Rhizome position is finally made to be slightly above ground 5～10 centimetres, it is ensured that to water
Ground is flushed with or slightly higher than with ground after thoroughly determining root water precipitating reality.
Effect assessment, as Fig. 5,6:
1, after taking high ridge cultivation to build garden, soil property becomes loose, and dehumidifying effect improves；
2, level of ground water is reduced to less than 0.8 meter, and meanwhile, rainwater is easy to discharge orchard；
3, after seedling planting, root growth is rapid, and major part focuses in the mellow soil layer of subsurface 20～70 centimetres, level
Quickly, within 3 years, root system is covered with whole ridge band in growth；Growth status is healthy and strong simultaneously, the most added, Second Year examination fruit, within the 3rd year, throws
Produce, per mu yield more than 400 kilograms；Doing sth. in advance to go into operation for 2 years than traditional field planting method, per mu yield exceeds 15～20%.
Embodiment 2:
Bronze drum village, Xi Laigu town, Sichuan Province China province Pujiang County, the Oryza sativa L. low-yield land of 1000 mu, and be level land, level of ground water is relatively
Height, 0.5～0.6 meter, draining is the most obstructed；And the viscous weight of soil property, rainy day one-tenth mud, fine day in bulk, pole is unfavorable for root growth.
Time is 2009, and the method taked is completely with example 1.
Effect assessment, as Fig. 5,6:
1, level of ground water is reduced to less than 0.9 meter, and some places reach 1 meter；
2, face, ridge is topsoil, and soil property becomes loose fertile, and dehumidifying effect improves；
3, seedling growth is fast, the most added, Second Year examination fruit, within the 3rd year, goes into operation, and per mu yield reaches more than 400 kilograms equally.
Claims (1)
1. the high ridge cultivation that a high yield and high quality kiwi fruit tree garden is set up, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
1. cleaning ground foreign material, smooth plot (1):
Plot to plan plantation Fructus actinidiae chinensis, cleaning ground foreign material, Garden Planning is carried out in base；
40 centimeters of top layer, the plot soil being intended to repair ditch on the basis of planning digs out, and is used for filling and leading up significant depressions region, or
Evenly laid out in surface, plot, it is ensured that Land leveling；
2. material of improving the soil (2) is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground:
For soil property and the soil test result in plot, material of improving the soil is spread fertilizer over the fields on ground:
A, to the heavier soil of acidity, pH value is less than 6: every mu to spread fertilizer over the fields thick organic material, including straw, dreg and the pigs and cattle pulverized
The feces 3 of horse～6 tons；Essence fertilizer includes cake fertilizer, bone meal, brid guano and sheep stool 2～4 tons, and calcium magnesium phosphate 50～100 kilograms are raw
Calx 50～100 kilograms；
Quick lime is sprinkling upon above thick organic material, and calcium magnesium phosphate need to be with essence fertilizer pile fermentation 30～60 days use；
B, for neutral, subacidity or subalkaline soil, pH value is 6～7.5: every mu to spread fertilizer over the fields thick organic material, including pulverize
The feces 3 of straw, dreg and pigs and cattle horse～6 tons, essence fertilizer includes cake fertilizer, bone meal, brid guano and sheep stool 2～4 tons, calcium superphosphate
50～100 kilograms, quick lime 30～50 kilograms or Cosan 5～10 kilograms；Quick lime or Cosan are sprinkling upon the upper of thick organic material
Face, and calcium superphosphate mixes spread fertilizer over the fields with essence fertilizer；
3. 50 centimetres of soil (3) is ploughed deeply:
With digging machine by soil deep tillage 50 centimetres, it is desirable to smashed by soil block, and the material of improving the soil spread fertilizer over the fields with ground fully mixes；
4., from the beginning of edge, Calx line (4) is put by the half of line-spacing:
Fructus actinidiae chinensis plantation line-spacing 4～5 meters；Gradient ground, gentle slope within 5 degree or level land, go by the direction of beneficially dewatering
To；The gradient 5～15 degree gentle slope ground, by equal pitch contour direction make row to；
Start to put Calx line from edge by 2～2.5 meters during unwrapping wire, start the 2nd rectangular slab of stone gray line from edge and be the first row field planting line,
Later is exactly field planting line every one；
5. ridging (5), explanation step as a example by the width 4 meters between line-spacing that is two adjacent field planting line:
The first step: with digging machine by 2 meters of wide models centered by the deep mound in 30 centimetres of top layer wide for 1 meter of edge to the first row field planting line
In enclosing；Later from the beginning of the 3rd rectangular slab of stone gray line, every a rectangular slab of stone gray line, the deep soil in 30 centimetres of top layer wide for 1 meter of Calx line both sides is divided
Other heap to 2 meters of the field planting line on both sides wide in the range of, the mellow soil layer of 2 meters of wide scopes centered by field planting line is adjusted to 60 centimetres
Deeply；
Second step: in the middle of the 2 meters of wide ditches that will be formed between field planting line, 20 centimetres of deep subsoil of 50 centimetres of wide scopes all trip out, heap
To the side of field planting line, finishing touch becomes a turtleback shape；The requirement on turtleback shape ridge is: ridge identity distance from bottom of trench vertical depth not
Less than 70 centimetres, the width of face, ridge field planting band is not less than 1.5 meters；
6. Seedling (6) is planted
Digging semicircle planting pit by spacing in the rows, planting pit diameter 50 centimetres, the deepest 40 centimetres, the grass of 0.1 square metre is put in every cave
Charcoal soil or the sandy loam vegetable garden soil of height ripening, fully mix thoroughly with the soil dug out；Plant Miao Shizai to dig diameter 28～32 centimetres, hang down
The straight degree of depth 28～the vesicle of 32 centimetres, first make in order seedling root, put in cave, and limit backfill Soil Surrounding, limit upwards carries Seedling
Wood, makes root system combine closely with Soil Surrounding, and will not nest root；Rhizome position is finally made to be slightly above ground 5～10 centimetres, it is ensured that
Irrigate and flush with or slightly higher than ground with ground after determining root water precipitating reality；
7. the maintenance management (7) in later stage
After high ridge is formed, furrow and face, ridge are carried out maintenance and repair the most every year, after each heavy rain or soil basal dressing it
After, it is ensured that bottom of trench is not by soil-burial.
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