CN105706819B - A kind of method that the light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil efficiently manages - Google Patents
A kind of method that the light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil efficiently manages Download PDFInfo
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- CN105706819B CN105706819B CN201610065964.3A CN201610065964A CN105706819B CN 105706819 B CN105706819 B CN 105706819B CN 201610065964 A CN201610065964 A CN 201610065964A CN 105706819 B CN105706819 B CN 105706819B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
The invention belongs to fruit tree cultivation technical fields, particularly relate to a kind of method that the light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil efficiently manages.A kind of method that the light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil efficiently manages, includes the following steps：The selection in field, the planning in field, field planting fruit tree, ridging and water and fertilizer management.The method of the present invention in the ranks plants green manure activation table soil by hillside fields, it earths up by several times, cooperation trunk base portion hinders promoting root growth processing quarter, the quality and quantity of root system is significantly improved, while significantly reducing the labor intensity of soil application management, reduces the input of labour and production management, improve product quality, the yield of fruit tree, and realize good year production year after year, it is suitable for the production of hillside fruit, also has reference function to Flat Ground Orchard production.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to fruit tree cultivation technical fields, and it is gently simple to particularly relate to a kind of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil
The method efficiently managed.
Background technology
In existing hilly upland fruit cultivation production, typically using mechanically or manually along slope surface contour digging plantation moat
The step of ditch or fish-scale pit, operation is that the surface layer middle level loam of plantation groove face and pitted surface is placed on the upside of slope surface, ditch or hole
The bottom raw-soil is placed in the downside of slope surface, digs the depth and width to requirement, after length, uses the change of Soil building as needed
Fertilizer, organic matter, lime, disposable or gradation, which is sprinkling upon, needs to be backfilling into the inner soil surface of ditch (or hole), is returned when stirring evenly
It fills out, insufficient part side draw topsoil on groove face (or pitted surface) backfills, and disposably makes preparation for ploughing and sowing groove face (or pitted surface) soil in place,
Last mound 15-20cm above ground level, usual ditch depth are 60-80cm, and wide 80-100cm, ditch length is depending on terrain, often
30-50cm drops in 10000cm ratios.By normal cultivation building well, farm manure 3000-5000Kg is needed per acre；Plantation it is annual after going into operation or every
Year according to target output, applies farm manure 1000-2000Kg, composite fertilizer 100-200Kg per acre, centered on trunk, is dripped in tree crown
Waterline periphery digs zanjon (usual 30-50cm) and applies fertilizer.Labor intensive is big, and is awkward.BC soil (the areas about 15-30cm
Domain) without weathering, activation directly in building well in mixture table earthen backfill ditch (hole), thus root region soil fertility unevenness is (old
It is outstanding loyal《Pomology is respectively discussed》(south is originally) course teaching materials third edition page 452 geared to the 21st century).
The prior art has the disadvantages that：(1) soil management labour puts into during building well labor intensity and growth management
Greatly；(2) soil fertility is uneven；(3) the root system number of plies is few, and the amount of taking root is few, and (resistance to) non-irrigated power is resisted to decline；(4) building well initial stage input has
Machine fertilizer amount is big, and utilization rate is low.
Rural Areas at Present labour largely flows into cities and towns and is engaged in the tertiary industry, and traditional agriculture soil cultivation fertilizing management is uncomfortable
Answer the needs of production development.Therefore, the light efficient management measure of letter of research orchard soil is sought, production cost is reduced, improves fruit tree
The benefit of plantation is the main problem of agricultural sustainable development.
Being disclosed in the information of the background technology part, it is only intended to increase understanding of the overall background of the invention, without answering
It has been the prior art well known to persons skilled in the art when being considered as recognizing or imply that the information is constituted in any form.
Invention content
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of light letters of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil efficiently
The method of management.
Technical solution provided by the invention is：
A kind of method that the light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil efficiently manages, includes the following steps：
(1) selection in field：Select 10-25 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation, southwest to or the southeast to direction, suitable for waiting for seed pod
The region of kind plantation is set as field；
(2) planning in orchard：First contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of variety requirement, is adjusted
After planning, than drop 30-50cm, first kind planting ditch, plantation ditch depth 80cm × wide 100cm, line-spacing are excavated by per 10000cm ditches length
300-500cm；The soil for being colonized ditch surface layer 0-20cm is first first removed into upward slope surface position, then the middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20-
The raw-soil of 80cm digs out the Caused by Sloping Surfaces for being placed on kind of planting ditch；Again the table soil of groove face and in the ranks 0-20cm topsoils are backfilling into ditch
In；When backfill, the soil block of surface layer agglomerate, turf, plant, dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome residuum, smaller stone are positioned over kind of a planting ditch
Bottom, backfill table soil before, soil acidity or alkalinity is transferred to 6.0-6.5；When backfill, the 1/2-2/ of the height of table soil to ditch center depth
At 3, and, inside groove face low inclined-plane high in outside groove face, it completes to make preparation for ploughing and sowing to wait planting within 30-45 days before field planting；It is upward from bottom of slope successively
Excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one；
(3) it is colonized fruit tree：Field planting point is located at the center of kind of planting ditch, and planting pit digs 20-30cm square, spacing in the rows 300-
500cm；Own-rooted tree fruit tree can directly be planted as required；Grafting fruit tree need to first plant stock variety and grow into beyond groove face 10-
Grafted or selected again the fruit nursery stock for carrying out stock high level cadre's grafting in nursery to be directly colonized after 20cm；
(4) kind planting ditch divides 2-3 to backfill activation topsoil in the ranks and green manure weeds：1st year spring and summer can in the ranks and
The short season leguminous green manure such as fertilizer mung bean is broadcasted sowing on terraced wall, the florescence cradles green manure combination backfill, and in the ranks the surface layers 5-10cm weathering mellow soil covers
It is placed in kind of planting ditch；Start to broadcast sowing rape or sweet potato Winter-Spring green manure in late fall simultaneously, in spring green manure biomass maximum, cradle
Soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer the backfill surface layers 5-10cm weathering mellow soil in the ranks is used in combination in green manuring；Backfill every time
When, it first carves and hinders trunk base portion, take root thimerosal, then blinding are smeared carving traumatic part position；Such samsara is repeatedly, multiple by 2-3
More batches of green manure and curing table earthen backfill；Be backfilling into groove face sizing after, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with terraced wall
On replant butch clover or the perennial green manure plant of Vicia sativa, florescence cradle, be covered in groove face tree disk；Hinder stem foot using sharp sword quarter
Portion surrounding longitudinal direction 3-5 items, every 1-2cm, as deep as bast surface layer；
(5) other liquid manure are carried out according to conventional.
Preferably, the thimerosal of taking root described in step (4) is NAA 500-1000mg/L+ hymexazos 100-200mg/
L。
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the advantages that：
1. the method for the present invention is mainly in the ranks planted green manure activation table soil by hillside fields, earths up several times, coordinates trunk base portion
Injure at quarter promoting root growth processing etc. operations, significantly improve the quality and quantity of root system, while significantly reducing soil application pipe
The labor intensity of reason reduces the input of labour and production management, improves product quality, the yield of fruit tree, and the company of realization
Year good year production is the main innovation of the present invention.
2. the present invention is applicable not only to the production of hillside fruit such as citrus, downy grape, pears, Kiwi berry etc., and to flat
The production in ground orchard also has reference function.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that the method that the light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil of the present invention efficiently manages plants Ponkan, Huanghua Pear
Schematic diagram；
Fig. 2 is that the method that the light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil of the present invention efficiently manages plants downy grape, Kiwi berry
Schematic diagram；
Explanation in relation to reference numeral：
1 backfilled groove face and table soil of in the ranks living for the 1st year building well；2 backfill weathering active soil stratum green manure in the ranks for 2-3 fraction of the year year
+ organic fertilizer+chemical fertilizer；3 wait for weathering subsoil and retaining wall shelves soil to bank up lower layer in kind of planting ditch；4 is anti-erosion for native soil gully detention；
5 be fruit tree trunk (graft union)；6 plant perennial green manure kind to be replanted after backfill sizing；7 be irrigation water band；8 be root system；9 are
Water-permeable and air permeable layer；10- is back the inside draining water storage ditch after soil sizing.
Specific implementation mode
The specific implementation mode of the present invention is described in detail with reference to embodiment, it is to be understood that the guarantor of the present invention
Shield range is not restricted by specific implementation.
Unless otherwise explicitly stated, otherwise in entire disclosure and claims, term " comprising " or its change
It changes such as "comprising" or " including " etc. and will be understood to comprise stated element or component, and do not exclude other members
Part or other component parts.
Embodiment 1：
A kind of hilly upland creates Ponkan Orchard Soil, and gently simple efficient management, this method mainly include the following steps that：
1. the selection in orchard field
(1) illumination of suitable planting Ponkan kind, the region of temperature condition are selected；
(2) select suitable edaphic condition and moisture condition, 10~20 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation or southwest to or the southeast
To；Detect the indexs such as the acid-base value of soil plough horizon, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg；
2. carrying out the planning in orchard：Orchard kind, orchard traffic including plantation, road network, irrigating facility, shelter-forest, library
The reasonable arrangement in room is planned；
3. the light letter management of hilly and mountainous land orchard soil
(1) according to composite factors such as kind, the gradient, slope aspects, determine that production plot area is 20~30 mu, inclined slope aspect bottom
Length is trapezoidal；
(2) first contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of variety requirement, after being adjusted planning, by every
10000cm ditches length ratio 30~40cm of drop, first kind planting ditch of excavation, usual ditch depth 80cm, furrow width 100cm, line-spacing 300~
400cm；
(3) the 0-20cm tables soil of field planting ditch is first removed upward slope surface position, then the middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20-80cm
The raw-soil dig out place ditch Caused by Sloping Surfaces stack curing；
(4) again the table soil of groove face and in the ranks 0-20cm topsoils are backfilling into ditch；The soil block of surface layer agglomerate, grass when backfill
The residuums such as skin, plant, smaller dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome, smaller stone place the bottom of kind of planting ditch as ventilated layer, return
Fill in a form before soil, by soil acidity or alkalinity conditioning to 6.0~6.5, need to adjust soil acidity or alkalinity substance (acid soil apply mountain flour or
Lime, alkaline soil apply calcium superphosphate or gypsum etc.) and organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer etc. uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields on backfill table soil, mixed thoroughly when digging
Side backfills；
(5) height of backfill table soil to ditch center it is deep 1/2 at, and in outside groove face height, low oblique of inside groove face
Face, it is desirable that field planting first 30 days or more makes preparation for ploughing and sowing and completes to wait to plant；Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards；
(6) it is colonized fruit tree：By the distance between rows and hills of planning, for field planting point preferably in ditch center, planting pit digs 20cm square, in conjunction with
Using decomposed manure, spacing in the rows 300cm, can first plant the stock varieties such as phytic acid tangerine grow into beyond after ground (groove face) 10cm again into
Row grafting, the nursery stock that also may be selected to carry out stock high level cadre grafting (i.e. stock grafting open height 50cm) in nursery are directly colonized；It is fixed
It is managed by normal fruit tree after plant；The evil bud of stock is removed in time；
(7) season of growth plantation groove face can epiphragma take precautions against drought heat promotion growth；In the ranks with can annual green manuring on terraced wall
Vegetable soil inhibits weed growth；Kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 2~3 years；First Year spring and summer
Season can in the ranks with broadcast sowing short season leguminous green manure such as fertilizer mung bean etc. on terraced wall, the florescence cradle green manure combine backfill in the ranks 5~
Weathering mellow soil in the surface layers 10cm, which is covered in kind of planting ditch, does green manuring culture fertility；Start to broadcast sowing the winters such as rape or sweet potato in late fall simultaneously
Spring green manure cradles green manuring in spring green manure biomass maximum, and soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer is used in combination and biological organic fertilizer returns
The surface layers 5~10cm weathering mellow soil in the ranks is filled out, base portion is promoted to generate new root zone；Every time when backfill, first carves and hinder trunk base portion, apply
It smears and carves traumatic part position hestening rooting and disinfection liquid medicine, then blinding, promote the generation and growth of new root system；Such samsara is anti-
It is multiple, by 2~3 years multiple more batches short season green manure and curing table earthen backfill, good soil environment is built for fruit tree root system；Backfill
To groove face shape after, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with replant butch clover or Vicia sativa for many years on terraced wall
Raw green manure plant, florescence cradle, and are covered in groove face tree disk, increase organic matter, promote water and soil conservation；
4. rationally imposing fertilizer and supply moisture, meet fruit tree good year production growth needs
(1) the treelet phase applies fertilizer：First 1 year after plant, increases the number of fertilising, reduce each dose；
(2) base manure：According to fruit tree root growth peak period and nutrient uptake feature, in conjunction with green manure, table earthen backfill ditch is in the ranks cured
Interior work makes compost 1000-2000Kg or organic commercial fertilizer 400-500Kg, NPK composite fertilizers using high-quality farmers''s heap every time per acre
20-30Kg, trace element fertilizer 2-4Kg in calcium and magnesium boron zinc-iron are uniformly mixed and are sprinkled into backfill table soil, apply without hindering root ditch soil dressing
Fertilizer promotes the generation and growth of root system；
(3) root top dressing：By feeder capability, fertilization mode and the life of the nutrient uptake feature and soil of different growth stage fruit tree
Target comprehensive consideration is produced, point 3~25 supply fertilizer；
(4) foliage-spray：The characteristics of Fertilizer nutrient can directly be absorbed and utilized using fruit tree young sprout, blade, fruit, divides 3
Period sprays fertilizer；
(5) water management：
1. water storage of shutting off：The pool or cistern are dug in hilly upland source, and the deficiency of iirigation water source is made up when arid；
2. the period irrigated and effect：Water management is carried out according to the fruit variety water-requiring property of plantation；
3. draining：When continuous rainy season leads to easy flood, timely ditch cleaning draining；
4. preserving soil moisture：Arid season cradles green manure weeds covering groove face or groove face epiphragma, the conditional drop band of installation as possible
Or spray irrigation band, carry out water-fertilizer integral management.
Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index in (2) of the step 1, are for improving
Soil acid-base and fertilizing calculation basis.
It is 3, every 1cm longitudinal using basal part of stem surrounding is hindered sharp sword quarter in (7) of the step 3, as deep as bast surface layer,
Apply growth-promoting root liquid NAA 500mg/L+ hymexazos 100mg/L.
Base manure in (2) of the step 4, treelet phase and test manufacture phase take the middle low value of recommended fertilizer, during operation period takes
High level.
Point 25 supply fertilizer in (3) of the step 4, for using band water-fertilizer integral is sprayed, operation high yield garden is complete
Year is equivalent per 667m2Apply purity nitrogen 40Kg, pure phosphorus 15Kg, pure potassium 15Kg.
Foliage-spray refers to according on the basis of soil nutrient, plant nutrition detection in (4) of the step 4, and supplement sprays
Nutrient.
Embodiment 2
A kind of hilly upland creates downy grape Orchard Soil, and gently simple efficient management, this method mainly include the following steps that：
1. the selection in orchard field
(1) selection suitable planting downy grape kind illumination, temperature condition region；
(2) select edaphic condition appropriate and moisture condition, 10~25 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation or southwest to or the southeast
To；Detect the indexs such as the acid-base value of soil plough horizon, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg.
2. carrying out the planning in orchard：Orchard kind, orchard traffic including plantation, road network, irrigating facility, shelter-forest, library
The reasonable arrangement in room is planned.
3. the specific steps of the light letter management of hilly and mountainous land downy grape orchard soil：
(1) according to composite factors such as kind, the gradient, slope aspects, determine that production plot area is 20~30 mu, inclined slope aspect bottom
Length is trapezoidal preferably；
(2) first contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of downy grape demand, after being adjusted planning, pressed
Per 10000cm ditch length ratio 30~40cm of drop, first kind planting ditch of excavation, usual ditch depth 80cm, furrow width 100cm, line-spacing 450~
500cm；
(3) the 0-20cm tables soil of field planting ditch is first removed upward slope surface position, then the middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20-80cm
The raw-soil dig out place ditch Caused by Sloping Surfaces stack curing, also serve as and fill terraced wall weathering；
(4) again the table soil of groove face and in the ranks 0-20cm topsoils are backfilling into ditch.The soil block of surface layer agglomerate, grass when backfill
Skin, plant, smaller dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome residuum, smaller stone place bottom of trench as ventilated layer, backfill table soil as possible
Before, according to sampling Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, the substance for needing to adjust soil acidity or alkalinity, (acid soil applies mountain flour or lime, alkalinity
Soil applies calcium superphosphate or gypsum etc.) and organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer etc. uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields on backfill table soil, mix side backfill thoroughly when digging；
(5) height of backfill table soil to ditch center it is deep 1/2 at, and in outside groove face height, low oblique of inside groove face
Face, it is desirable that field planting first 45 days or more makes preparation for ploughing and sowing and completes to wait to plant；Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards；
(6) suitable season field planting fruit tree is pressed.By the distance between rows and hills of planning, preferably in ditch center, planting pit is dug field planting point
Decomposed manure, 550~600cm of spacing in the rows is used in combination in 30cm square；Own-rooted tree can be planted directly as required；By just after field planting
Chang Guoshu is managed；
(7) season of growth plantation groove face can epiphragma take precautions against drought heat promotion growth；In the ranks with can annual green manuring on terraced wall
Vegetable soil inhibits weed growth；Kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 3 years.First Year spring and summer
Can in the ranks with broadcast sowing short season leguminous green manure such as fertilizer mung bean etc. on terraced wall, the florescence cradles green manure and combines backfill 5-10cm tables in the ranks
Layer weathering mellow soil, which is covered in kind of planting ditch, does green manuring culture fertility；Start to broadcast sowing the Winter-Springs such as rape or sweet potato in late fall simultaneously green
Fertilizer cradles green manuring in spring green manure biomass maximum, and soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer backfill row is used in combination
Between the surface layers 5-10cm weathering mellow soil, promote base portion generate new root zone；Every time when backfill, first carves and hinder trunk base portion, smear and carve
Traumatic part position hestening rooting and disinfection liquid medicine, then blinding, promote the generation and growth of new root system.Such samsara repeatedly, is led to
More batches of green manure of spending 3 years repeatedly and curing table earthen backfill, good soil environment is built for fruit tree root system.It is backfilling into groove face sizing
Afterwards, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with replant the perennial green manure such as butch clover or Vicia sativa on terraced wall and plant
Object, florescence cradle, and are covered in groove face tree disk, increase organic matter, promote water and soil conservation；
4. rationally imposing fertilizer and supply moisture, meet fruit tree good year production growth needs
(1) the treelet phase applies fertilizer：First 2 years after plant, increases the number of fertilising, reduce each dose；
(2) base manure：According to fruit tree root growth peak period and nutrient uptake feature, in conjunction with green manure, table earthen backfill ditch is in the ranks cured
Interior work uses high-quality farmers''s pile fermentation fertilizer 800-1600Kg or organic commercial fertilizer 300-500Kg, NPK multiple every time per acre
Hefei 10-30Kg, trace element fertilizer 3-4Kg in calcium and magnesium boron zinc-iron etc. are uniformly mixed and are sprinkled into backfill table soil, carry out without hindering in root ditch
Ridging fertilising, promotes the generation and growth of root system；
(3) root top dressing：By feeder capability, fertilization mode and the life of the nutrient uptake feature and soil of different growth stage fruit tree
Target comprehensive consideration is produced, point 3 supply fertilizer；
(4) foliage-spray：The characteristics of Fertilizer nutrient can directly be absorbed and utilized using fruit tree young sprout, blade, fruit, divides 5
Period sprays fertilizer；
(5) water management：
1. water storage of shutting off：The pool or cistern are dug in hilly upland source, and the deficiency of iirigation water source is made up when arid；
2. the period irrigated and effect：Water management is carried out according to the fruit variety water-requiring property of plantation；
3. draining：When continuous rainy season leads to easy flood, timely ditch cleaning draining；
4. preserving soil moisture：Arid season cradles green manure weeds covering groove face or groove face epiphragma, the conditional drop band of installation as possible
Or spray irrigation band, it carries out water-fertilizer integral saving of labor and efficiently manages.
Selected in (1) of the step 1 adapted varieties for can self-pollination hermaphrodite flower downy grape kind
Soil acidity or alkalinity is improved to 6.0~6.5 in (4) of the step 3.
It is carved using sharp sword in (7) of the step 3 and hinders basal part of stem surrounding longitudinal direction 4,2cm every long, as deep as bast table
Layer applies growth-promoting root liquid NAA1000mg/L+ hymexazos 200mg/L.
Point 3 supply fertilizer in (3) of the step 4, to use soil buriing, operation downy grape garden whole year equivalent every
667m2 applies purity nitrogen 20Kg, pure phosphorus 10Kg, pure potassium 25Kg.
Foliage-spray in (4) of the step 4 refers to according on the basis of soil nutrient, plant nutrition detection, and supplement sprays
Nutrient.
Embodiment 3：
A kind of hilly upland creates Huanghua Pear Orchard soil, and gently simple efficient management, this method mainly include the following steps that：
1. the selection in orchard field
(1) illumination of suitable planting Huanghua Pear, the region of temperature condition are selected；
(2) select edaphic condition appropriate and moisture condition, 12~20 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation or southwest to or the southeast
To；Detect acid-base value, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index of soil plough horizon；
2. carrying out the planning in Huanghua Pear orchard：Orchard kind, orchard traffic including plantation, road network, irrigating facility, protection
The reasonable arrangement planning of woods, storehouse；
3. hilly and mountainous land creates the specific steps of the light letter management of Huanghua Pear Orchard soil：
(1) according to composite factors such as chrysanthemum Pear varieties, the gradient, slope aspects, determine that production plot area is 20~30 mu, along slope
It is grown to bottom trapezoidal；
(2) first contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of variety requirement, after being adjusted planning, by every
10000cm ditches length ratio 35~50cm of drop, first kind planting ditch of excavation, usual ditch depth 80cm, furrow width 100cm, line-spacing 400~
450cm；
(3) the 0-20cm tables soil of field planting ditch is first removed upward slope surface position, then the middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20-80cm
The raw-soil dig out place ditch Caused by Sloping Surfaces stack curing；
(4) again the table soil of groove face and in the ranks 0-20cm topsoils are backfilling into ditch.The soil block of surface layer agglomerate, grass when backfill
The residuums such as skin, plant, smaller dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome, smaller stone etc. place bottom of trench as ventilated layer, backfill as possible
Before table soil, by soil acidity or alkalinity conditioning to 6.0~6.5；
(5) height of backfill table soil to ditch center it is deep 2/3 at, and in outside groove face height, low oblique of inside groove face
Face, it is desirable that field planting first 30 days or more makes preparation for ploughing and sowing and completes to wait to plant；Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards.
(6) suitable season field planting fruit tree is pressed：By the distance between rows and hills of planning, preferably in ditch center, planting pit is dug field planting point
Decomposed manure, 400~450cm of spacing in the rows is used in combination in 30cm square；The stock varieties such as sand pear can be first planted to grow into beyond ground
It is grafted again after face (groove face) 20cm, also may be selected to carry out the seedling of stock high level cadre grafting (i.e. stock grafting mouth 50cm) in nursery
Wood is directly colonized；It is managed by normal fruit tree after field planting；The evil bud of stock is removed in time；
(7) season of growth plantation groove face can epiphragma take precautions against drought heat promotion growth；In the ranks with can annual green manuring on terraced wall
Vegetable soil inhibits weed growth；Kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 2 years；First Year spring and summer
Can in the ranks with broadcast sowing short season leguminous green manure of fertilizer mung bean etc. on terraced wall, the florescence cradles green manure and combines the backfill surface layers 10cm wind in the ranks
Change mellow soil, which is covered in kind of planting ditch, does green manuring culture fertility；Start to broadcast sowing rape or sweet potato Winter-Spring green manure in late fall simultaneously, in the spring
When Ji Lvfei biomass maximums, green manuring is cradled, soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer backfill 10cm in the ranks is used in combination
Surface layer weathering mellow soil；It every time when backfill, first carves and hinders trunk base portion, smear and carve traumatic part position hestening rooting and disinfection liquid medicine, then
Blinding promotes the generation and growth of new root system；Such samsara repeatedly, passes through repeatedly more batches of green manure and curing table earthen backfill in 2 years；
Be backfilling into groove face sizing after, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with replant butch clover or Vicia sativa on terraced wall
Etc. perennial green manure plant, the florescence cradles, and is covered in groove face tree disk, increases organic matter, promotes water and soil conservation；
4. rationally imposing fertilizer and supply moisture, meet fruit tree good year production growth needs
(1) the treelet phase applies fertilizer：First 2 years after plant, increases the number of fertilising, reduce each dose.Childhood pear tree with
Based on spring, fertilization in summer, base manure, top dressing are laid equal stress on；
(2) base manure：According to fruit tree root growth peak period and nutrient uptake feature, based on autumn, winter fertilising base manure, in conjunction with green
Fertilizer, the in the ranks work in curing table earthen backfill ditch, use high-quality farmers''s pile fermentation fertilizer 1200-1800Kg or commodity every time per acre
Organic fertilizer 400-500Kg, NPK composite fertilizer 30-40Kg, trace element fertilizer 5Kg in calcium and magnesium boron zinc-iron are uniformly mixed and are sprinkled into backfill table
Soil carries out, without fertilising of earthing up in root ditch is hindered, promoting the generation and growth of root system；
(3) root top dressing：By feeder capability, fertilization mode and the life of the nutrient uptake feature and soil of different growth stage fruit tree
Target comprehensive consideration is produced, point 15 supply fertilizer；
(4) foliage-spray：The characteristics of Fertilizer nutrient can directly be absorbed and utilized using fruit tree young sprout, blade, fruit, divides 5
Period sprays fertilizer；
(5) water management：
1. water storage of shutting off：The pool or cistern are dug in hilly upland source, and the deficiency of iirigation water source is made up when arid；
2. the period irrigated and effect：Water management is carried out according to the fruit variety water-requiring property of plantation；
3. draining：When continuous rainy season leads to easy flood, timely ditch cleaning draining；
4. preserving soil moisture：Arid season cradles green manure weeds covering groove face or groove face epiphragma, the conditional drop band of installation as possible
Or spray irrigation band, carry out water-fertilizer integral management.
Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index in (2) of the step 1, are for improving
Soil acid-base and fertilizing calculation basis.
Soil acidity or alkalinity conditioning is suitable to 6.5 in (4) of the step 3.
It is 5, every 2cm longitudinal using basal part of stem surrounding is hindered sharp sword quarter in (7) of the step 3, as deep as bast surface layer,
Apply growth-promoting root liquid NAA 800mg/L+ hymexazos 150mg/L.
Base manure in (2) of the step 4, treelet phase and test manufacture phase take the middle low value of recommended fertilizer, during operation period takes
High level.
Point 15 supply fertilizer in (3) of the step 4, for using band water-fertilizer integral is sprayed, operation high yield garden is applied
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium proportioning are 1：0.5：0.75, whole year is equivalent per 667m2Apply purity nitrogen 30.0Kg, pure phosphorus 15.0Kg, pure potassium 22.5Kg.
Foliage-spray refers to according on the basis of soil nutrient, plant nutrition detection in (4) of the step 4, and supplement sprays
Nutrient.
Embodiment 4：
A kind of hilly upland creates red kiwi fruit Orchard Soil gently simple efficient management, includes the following steps：
1. the selection in orchard field
(1) selection suitable planting fruit variety illumination, temperature condition region；
(2) select edaphic condition appropriate and moisture condition, 10~20 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation or southwest to or the southeast
To；Detect the acid-base value of soil plough horizon, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index；
2. carrying out the planning in orchard：Orchard kind, orchard traffic including plantation, road network, irrigating facility, shelter-forest, library
The reasonable arrangement in room is planned；
3. the light letter management of hilly and mountainous land red kiwi fruit orchard soil
(1) according to composite factors such as kind, the gradient, slope aspects, determine that production plot area is 20~25 mu, inclined slope aspect bottom
Length is trapezoidal preferably；
(2) first contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of variety requirement, after being adjusted planning, by every
10000cm ditches length ratio 35~45cm of drop, first kind planting ditch of excavation, usual ditch depth 80cm, furrow width 100cm, line-spacing 350~
450cm；
(3) the 0-20cm tables soil of field planting ditch is first removed upward slope surface position, then the middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20-80cm
The raw-soil dig out place ditch Caused by Sloping Surfaces stack curing, also serve as and fill terraced wall weathering；
(4) again the table soil of groove face and in the ranks 0-20cm topsoils are backfilling into ditch；The soil block of surface layer agglomerate, grass when backfill
The residuums such as skin, plant, smaller dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome, smaller stone etc. place bottom of trench as ventilated layer, backfill as possible
Before table soil, soil acidity or alkalinity is adjusted to 6.1~6.4；
(5) height of backfill table soil to ditch center it is deep 1/2~2/3 at, and in outside groove face height, low oblique of inside groove face
Face, it is desirable that field planting first 30 days or more makes preparation for ploughing and sowing and completes to wait to plant；Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards；
(6) suitable season field planting fruit tree is pressed：By the distance between rows and hills of planning, preferably in ditch center, planting pit is dug field planting point
Decomposed manure, 300~350m of spacing in the rows is used in combination in 25~30cm square；The life of the stock varieties such as long fruit Kiwi berry can first be planted
It grows to beyond being grafted again after ground (groove face) 10~15cm, also may be selected to carry out stock high level cadre's grafting (i.e. stock in nursery
High 40~the 50cm of graft union) nursery stock be directly colonized；Male and female plant presses 6:1-8:1 proportional arrangement；It is carried out by normal fruit tree after field planting
Management；The evil bud of stock is removed in time；
(7) season of growth plantation groove face can epiphragma take precautions against drought heat promotion growth；In the ranks with can annual green manuring on terraced wall
Vegetable soil inhibits weed growth；Kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 3 years；First Year spring and summer
Can in the ranks with broadcast sowing the short season leguminous green manure of fertilizer mung bean on terraced wall, the florescence cradles green manure and combines the backfill surface layers 5~8cm wind in the ranks
Change mellow soil, which is covered in kind of planting ditch, does green manuring culture fertility；Start to broadcast sowing rape or sweet potato Winter-Spring green manure in late fall simultaneously, in the spring
When Ji Lvfei biomass maximums, cradle green manuring, be used in combination soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer backfill in the ranks 5~
The surface layers 8cm weathering mellow soil；It every time when backfill, first carves and hinders trunk base portion, smear and carve traumatic part position hestening rooting and disinfection liquid medicine,
Blinding again；Such samsara repeatedly, by repeatedly more batches of green manure and curing table earthen backfill in 3 years, good soil is built for fruit tree root system
Earth environment；Be backfilling into groove face sizing after, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with replanted on terraced wall butch clover or
The perennial green manure plant such as Vicia sativa, florescence cradle, and are covered in groove face tree disk, increase organic matter, promote water and soil conservation；
4. rationally imposing fertilizer and supply moisture, meet fruit tree good year production growth needs
(1) the treelet phase applies fertilizer：First 2 years after plant, increases the number of fertilising, reduce each dose；
(2) base manure：According to fruit tree root growth peak period and nutrient uptake feature, in conjunction with green manure, table earthen backfill ditch is in the ranks cured
Interior work uses high-quality farmers''s pile fermentation fertilizer 1400-2000Kg or organic commercial fertilizer 600-800Kg, NPK multiple every time per acre
Hefei 25Kg, trace element fertilizer 3Kg in calcium and magnesium boron zinc-iron etc. are uniformly mixed and are sprinkled into backfill table soil, earth up without hindering in root ditch
Fertilising, promotes the generation and growth of root system；
(3) root top dressing：By feeder capability, fertilization mode and the life of the nutrient uptake feature and soil of different growth stage fruit tree
Target comprehensive consideration is produced, point 10 supply fertilizer；
(4) foliage-spray：The characteristics of Fertilizer nutrient can directly be absorbed and utilized using fruit tree young sprout, blade, fruit, divides 4
Period sprays fertilizer；
(5) water management：
1. water storage of shutting off：The pool or cistern are dug in hilly upland source, and the deficiency of iirigation water source is made up when arid；
2. the period irrigated and effect：Water management is carried out according to the fruit variety water-requiring property of plantation；
3. draining：When continuous rainy season leads to easy flood, timely ditch cleaning draining；
4. preserving soil moisture：Arid season cradles green manure weeds covering groove face or groove face epiphragma, the conditional drop band of installation as possible
Or spray irrigation band, carry out water-fertilizer integral management.
Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index in (2) of the step 1 are for improving soil
Earth soda acid and fertilizing calculation basis.
It is 4, every 1.5cm longitudinal using basal part of stem surrounding is hindered sharp sword quarter in (7) of the step 3, as deep as bast table
Layer applies growth-promoting root liquid NAA 800mg/L+ hymexazos 180mg/L.
Base manure in (2) of the step 4, treelet phase and test manufacture phase take the middle low value of recommended fertilizer, during operation period takes
High level.
Point 10 supply fertilizer in (3) of the step 4, for using band water-fertilizer integral is sprayed, operation high yield garden is complete
Year is equivalent per 667m2Apply purity nitrogen 13.0Kg, pure phosphorus 3.2Kg, pure potassium 5.8Kg.
Foliage-spray refers to according on the basis of soil nutrient, plant nutrition detection in (4) of the step 4, and supplement sprays
Nutrient.
To the experiment effect using the citrus of the method management described in embodiment 1-4, downy grape, Huanghua Pear and Chinese gooseberry garden
Fruit is investigated, is counted, while the orchard that control is conventional method management is arranged, and the results are shown in Table 1.
Ponkan, downy grape, Huanghua Pear and the Kiwi berry of 1 method management using the present invention of table abound with the effect in phase orchard
Note：Data above is multiple orchard average values.
The description of the aforementioned specific exemplary embodiment to the present invention is in order to illustrate and illustration purpose.These descriptions
It is not wishing to limit the invention to disclosed precise forms, and it will be apparent that according to the above instruction, can much be changed
And variation.The purpose of selecting and describing the exemplary embodiment is that explaining the specific principle of the present invention and its actually answering
With so that those skilled in the art can realize and utilize the present invention a variety of different exemplary implementation schemes and
Various chooses and changes.The scope of the present invention is intended to be limited by claims and its equivalents.
Claims (2)
1. the method that a kind of light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil efficiently manages, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
(1) selection in field：Select 10-25 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation, southwest to or the southeast to direction, suitable for waiting for planting fruit-trees product
The region of kind plantation is as field；
(2) planning in orchard：First contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of variety requirement, is adjusted planning
Afterwards, it presses per 10000cm ditches length than drop 30-50cm, excavates first kind planting ditch, plantation ditch depth 80cm × wide 100cm, line-spacing 300-
500cm；The soil for being colonized ditch surface layer 0-20cm is first first removed into upward slope surface position, then the raw-soil the middle part of field planting ditch and bottom
The raw-soil of portion 20-80cm digs out the Caused by Sloping Surfaces for being placed on kind of planting ditch；Again the soil of field planting ditch surface layer 0-20cm and 0-20cm in the ranks
Topsoil is backfilling into ditch；When backfill, by the soil block of surface layer agglomerate, turf, plant, dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome residuum, smaller stone
Block is positioned over the bottom of kind of planting ditch, and before backfill, soil acidity or alkalinity is transferred to 6.0-6.5；When backfill, in the height to ditch of table soil
At the 1/2-2/3 of heart depth, and, inside groove face low inclined-plane high in outside groove face, it completes to make preparation for ploughing and sowing to wait planting within 30-45 days before field planting；According to
It is secondary from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards；
(3) it is colonized fruit tree：Field planting point is located at the center of kind of planting ditch, and planting pit digs 20-30cm square, spacing in the rows 300-500cm；
Own-rooted tree fruit tree is directly planted as required；Grafting fruit tree need to first plant stock variety grow into beyond after groove face 10-20cm again
Grafted or selected the fruit nursery stock for carrying out stock high level cadre's grafting in nursery to be directly colonized；
(4) kind planting ditch divides 2-3 to backfill activation topsoil in the ranks and green manure weeds：1st year spring and summer in the ranks on terraced wall
Short season leguminous green manure mung bean is broadcasted sowing, the florescence cradles green manure combination backfill, and in the ranks the surface layers 5-10cm weathering mellow soil is covered in kind of a planting ditch
In；Start to broadcast sowing green manure rape or sweet potato in late fall simultaneously, in spring green manure biomass maximum, cradle green manuring, is used in combination
Soil acid-base improves fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer the backfill surface layers 5-10cm weathering mellow soil in the ranks；Every time when backfill, first carves and hinder trunk
Base portion smears take root thimerosal, then blinding carving traumatic part position；Such samsara repeatedly, passes through 2-3 repeatedly more batches of green manure and curings
Table earthen backfill；Be backfilling into groove face sizing after, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with replanted on terraced wall it is perennial green
Fertilizer-plant butch clover or Vicia sativa, florescence cradle, and are covered in groove face tree disk；Hinder basal part of stem surrounding longitudinal direction 3-5 using sharp sword quarter
Item, every 1-2cm, as deep as bast surface layer；
(5) other liquid manure are carried out according to conventional.
2. the method that the light letter of hilly upland Newly built orchard soil according to claim 1 efficiently manages, which is characterized in that step
Suddenly the thimerosal of taking root described in (4) is NAA 500-1000mg/L+ hymexazos 100-200mg/L.
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| CN110695082B (en) * | 2019-11-06 | 2021-04-27 | 四川省内江市农业科学院 | Soil ecological restoration method |
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