CN102318529B - Aquatic and dry amphibious planting method for rice - Google Patents
Aquatic and dry amphibious planting method for rice Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an aquatic and dry amphibious planting method for rice, which comprises the following steps of: 1) dry farming: conducting dry farming or dry field conservative farming under the condition of a dry field; 2) ridging: using a ridging machine to complete ridging at one step or using a furrowing machine to open furrows to form a required ridge mode; 3) rice seedling transplanting: filling water into the furrows and transplanting rice seedlings when the water and the surface of the ridges are on the same level; and 4) water management: filling water to the level of the surface of the ridges at a rice seedling transplanting stage; implementing half-furrow water infiltration irrigation at a seedling emergence stage, a green turning stage, a tillering stage, a heading stage, a grain filling stage and all future growth stages; and shifting to a dry farming state when droughts occur, filling running water to replenish water supply at a proper time and filling deep water in rainy seasons to prevent flooding, wherein the stored water is used for preventing droughts. The aquatic and dry amphibious planting method has the advantages that the water can be saved, the pollution can be controlled, the crop yield can be improved, the farming cost can be saved, the agricultural labor productivity can be promoted, and the economic benefit, the ecological benefit and the social benefit can be improved at the same time.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of a kind of paddy rice.
Background technology
Paddy rice is one of important cereal crops of the mankind, cultivates with edible history all quite long.There is the edible paddy rice of the population of half in the current whole world, mainly in the Asia, south of europe and tropical America and parts of Africa.The gross yield of paddy rice accounts for the 3rd of world food crop yield, lower than corn and wheat, but can keep the life of more population.
Paddy rice is the amphibious crop of floods and droughts, and paddy rice has a cover to be adapted to the physiological mechanism of dry farming under dry farming, and the another set of physiological mechanism that water is done that is adapted to is arranged under water is made condition.Therefore, condition needed according to paddy growth, moisture content irrigation conditions namely, paddy rice usually can be divided into water and do paddy rice and drought rice.For the ease of public understanding and describe clearlyer, water is done paddy rice herein and drought rice is referred to as paddy rice, when needs are distinguished, adopt the wording that uses water as paddy rice and drought rice.
For thousands of years, water dominates as paddy rice, and this is that often the output than drought rice is high because water is made the output of paddy rice.Have data to show, the output that water is done paddy rice has reached 900m at present
3/ 666.7m
2, 400～600m is generally also arranged
3/ 666.7m
2, and the output of drought rice only has 200～300m usually
3/ 666.7m
2But water breakthrough is more than a times of drought rice output as rice yield.Yet, water do paddy rice than drought rice output double above cost in other words main cause be the huge water consumption that water is done paddy rice.Studies show that, it is 600-1343m that water is made the paddy rice water consumption
3/ 666.7m
2, and the drought rice water consumption is 50～400m
3/ 666.7m
2As seen, to make the paddy rice water consumption be 3～27 times of drought rice water consumption to water.In growth process of riceplant, output lower than physiological water requirement amount and Water Requirement, can cause water to do the remarkable underproduction of paddy rice if do at water.
In addition, another serious problems that water is done paddy rice are, the serious environmental pollution that water causes the huge waste of fertilizer and brings thus as paddy rice.Studies show that, domestic water do and the field trial of dry farming in record apparent nitrated-the denitrification loss rate is respectively 16%～41% and 15%～18%.Mean that water done to cause under condition the denitrification loss of fertilizing amount 1～23%, and because leaching and river rising in Ningxia and flowing into central Shaanxi stream cause 12.6% loss increment, the nitrogen loss that two totals are done to cause by water is 13.6～35.6% of sowing amount.Wherein leaching and river rising in Ningxia and flowing into central Shaanxi stream loss eutrophication pollutes, and the denitrification loss causes Atmospheric Ozone Layer Depletion.
It is huge that water is made the paddy rice water consumption, causes the huge waste of agricultural water resources, just has been difficult to bear under existing water conservancy condition.Simultaneously, the fertilizer waste that causes as paddy rice of water and the environmental pollution that brings thus all run in the opposite direction with the sustainable development that our country advocates.When therefore, traditional water is made paddy rice planting method and has been arrived necessary reform.For this reason, the insider has arrived drought rice with attention diversion gradually, and drought rice has become another direction of paddy rice development.Present studies show that, paddy rice does to change dry farming by water can save a large amount of waters, makes 80～90% of rice yield but drought rice output can only reach at most water.Underproduce is the major defect of current drought rice.
And another deficiency in drought rice is, needs a large amount of work of cultivating in planting process, causes enlarging markedly of working strength, seriously increases the agro-farming cost, obviously reduces farm labor efficiency.
Therefore simple dry farming and water are made condition and are all come with some shortcomings, the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of a kind of paddy rice is badly in need of in this area, it both can solve that existing water does that the paddy rice water consumption is huge, the problem of fertilizer waste and environmental pollution, can solve again the underproduce problem of current drought rice, simultaneously can also save the agro-farming cost, promote farm labor efficiency.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of a kind of paddy rice, it can reduce body eutrophication and pollute and Atmospheric Ozone Layer Depletion, simultaneously realize using water wisely on the basis of agricultural development, control and pollute, improve crop yield, save the agro-farming cost, promote farm labor efficiency satisfying, reach economic benefit, ecological benefits, social benefit and jointly improve.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of a kind of paddy rice is provided, comprise the following steps:
(1) dry farming: carry out dry farming or nonirrigated farmland conservation tillage under the situation of dried field;
(2) ridging: use the disposable ridging of completing of ridger, or use ditching machine to ditch to form railway carriage or compartment, the ridge pattern that needs;
(3) rice transplanting: water is irrigated carry out rice transplanting when making water flush with the ridge face in furrow;
(4) water starch management: water is irrigated to flushing with the ridge face at transplanting date; Emerge, turn green, tiller, ear, be in the milk and carry out later on the semlsulcus water infiltration each breeding time and irrigate; Fill with the deep water flood control rainy season, institute's water storage is used for the prevention arid, changes the dry farming state when meeting arid, fills with the supply of horse race water supplementing water in good time.
Preferably, above-mentioned dry farming step and ridging step are by using disposable the completing of dry farming ridger.
Preferably, the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention can also comprise any step or a plurality of step that is selected from following steps:
(i) fertilising: carry out deep application of fertilizer in dry farming;
(ii) enclose the ridge: after described dry farming and ridging step, do to enclose the ridge around ridge one circle;
(iii) diseases and pests controlling: adopt measure of biotic control or other conventional methods to carry out diseases and pests controlling;
(iv) harvesting: the grain header two-wheel running carries out harvesting in furrow, straw fills in furrow;
(v) loosen the soil and weeding: the organic acid that utilizes the dead plant and animal residues decomposition such as straw to produce immerses the soil body, and generate carbonic acid gas with the carbonic hydroammonium reaction that applies, discharge broken soil block by carbon dioxide, apply simultaneously the weed killer herbicide weeding and promote the plant and animal residues decomposition, realize weeding and loosen the soil.
Preferably, in described fertilising step, base manure carries out deep application of fertilizer according to 60% to 80% Application Ratio of total fertilizing amount.
Preferably, enclose the ridge step described, make and enclose the ridge higher than the ridge face 3-5cm of inside.
Preferably, in described ridging step, the furrow specification is set as: 80 centimetres to 150 centimetres of row spacings, and 50 centimetres to 80 centimetres of furrow widths, 20 centimetres to 50 centimetres of ditch depths, trench digging is not broken tillage pan.
Preferably, in described rice transplanting step, insert 4-9 on the face of ridge, every ridge capable, and slotting from the ridge side slope begins, every mu of field planting strain number is the till land 80%-150% of best field planting strain number of corresponding kind or combination of level planting water, when wherein adopting narrow ditch narrow ridge, transplanting strain number is on the low side, but rational close planted when adopting wide furrow width ridge.
Preferably, in described water starch management step, stage of wax ripeness carries out the operation of solid carbon dioxide dry field.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also be included in furrow and breed fish, thereby exempts and loosening the soil and the weeding link.
Embodiment
Hereinafter explain in detail the present invention with reference to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.Below explanation is only exemplary, and limits the invention by any way unintentionally.
At first, before describing the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention in detail, the explanation of being correlated with for the basic conception of the amphibious crop of floods and droughts.
The amphibious crop of floods and droughts can have three kinds of living environments: the living environment that Lu Sheng living environment, aquatic living environment and floods and droughts are mixed.The amphibious crop of floods and droughts is accepted the effect of water, two kinds of environment of drought simultaneously, and water, two kinds of environmental effect mixing in same plant body of drought cause the synergy of two kinds of environmental functionals, realize the combined regulating that water, Lu Erchong environment break up vine growth and development simultaneously.Paddy rice is the amphibious crop of typical floods and droughts, and paddy rice has one group of environmental adaptation mechanism that adapts to the waterflooding environment and stress mechanism, also have simultaneously a cover adapt to the nonirrigated farmland environmental adaptation mechanism and stress mechanism.When the paddy growth environment meets with two kinds of environment simultaneously, this two set of environments adaptation mechanism and stress interaction occur mechanism, this interactive result reaches mutual supplement with each other's advantages, maximize favourable factors and minimize unfavourable ones, and then change the leaf attitude of strain and the plant internal organizational structure of paddy rice, change cell ecological and molecular ecology environment, change the gene expression control model, thereby can make increasing yield of paddy 15-40%, and joint is fertile more than 20%, and water saving is more than 30%.
The envirment factor that is difficult to coexist under water environment and two kinds of natural conditions of terrestrial environment is passed through the artificial creation of engineering measure and mechanized farming and field management measure out, soil and water environment that manual construction water, drought are mixed coexist the environmental condition of two kinds of opposition simultaneously in the From The Rhizosphere of Rice environment.The double environment that the water of this manual construction, drought are mixed only has the amphibious crop of floods and droughts just can make double stress reaction, environment and the environment-stress of two kinds of opposition are associated in same bion, realize the integration of two kinds of environmental functionals and integrated, make between two groups of environmental adaptation mechanism and produce interaction, reach the purpose that increasing both production and income is saved fertilizer and saved agricultural water.
the artificial construction of the amphibious planting environment of floods and droughts comprises: water is ploughed and is changed dry farming, flat work changes ridge culture, the combination of this three technology of semi dry water starch management, a part of root system is in the waterflooding environment, part root system is in non-irrigated native environment, two kinds of environmental factors act on the root system different parts of amphibious crop simultaneously, cause two kinds of environmental activities to coexist simultaneously, same strain crop is made opposed two kinds of reactions to two kinds of afoul environmental activities, interaction can occur again in the environmental suitability reaction (second order effect of environment to the crop effect) of these two kinds of opposition in same crop body, differentiation regulates and controls to crop growth.
The amphibious crop of floods and droughts has special performance to the amphibious environment of floods and droughts.The amphibious crop of floods and droughts has a cover to adapt to the physiological mechanism of flooding condition, there is again simultaneously a cover to adapt to the physiological mechanism of drought condition, under the amphibious environment of floods and droughts, the all runnings simultaneously of two cover physiological mechanisms, on the basis that two cover physiological mechanisms operate at the same time, interaction also occurs, the hybrid combination of the environmental factor on the generalized hybrid meaning occurring, produce the generalized hybrid advantage, is that the amphibious crop of floods and droughts shows the reason of outstanding yield increasing effect under the amphibious cultivation condition of floods and droughts.
The amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice is the reform of a great agricultural cultivating technology.The reform of the amphibious farming technique of Study On Rice floods and droughts, to satisfy on the basis of agricultural development, realize using water wisely, control to pollute, improve crop yield, save the agro-farming cost, promote farm labor efficiency, reach economic benefit, ecological benefits, social benefit and jointly improve.
The goal in research of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention:
One, technology implements that universality will be arranged.Can adapt to various types of rice fields.Not only to be adapted to ensure stable yields despite drought or excessive rain, those rice fields of fertile soil, more to be suitable for being subject to flood, barren rice field; And will accomplish to overcome bad landform, climatic influences, be fit to multiple planting patterns, paddy fields in south china is all had general adaptability.
The technical advantage that two, flood control, drought resisting, water saving, joint fertilizer, environmental protection will be arranged.The south frequent natural calamity still has very large potentiality by farming technique and biotechnology mitigation.
Three, be conducive to no-tillage, exempt to insert, simplify field management, alleviate crop disease and insect.
Four, to reach saving of labor, high yield, raising quality of agricultural product.
Five, technical compatibility widely to be arranged.Be suitable for rice field-upland field rotation and multiple cropping, be conducive to rice field stereo ecological comprehensive agricultural development.
Six, be conducive to light, flexible, efficient, multi-functional machine and can be in the agricultural mechanization of indoor remote control.
The key technology of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention:
One, integration technology: use the method for the similar test cross of crossbreeding, combine to realize agronomic technique, Mechanization Technique, enterprise management management system.To reach simultaneously above-mentioned six groups of targets, must be with integrating method.Sensu lato test cross method is exactly to measure the interaction of multiple-factor combination with multiple-factor orthogonal experiment scheme, and the interaction that produces is agreed with the target of research aspect matter, is pursuing the whole maximization of effect that emerges in large numbers aspect amount.
Two, integrated technology: existing routine techniques being combined with the combined test technology, adding necessary technological innovation, is technology prerequisite and the scientific basic of integration technology.Realize that with the way of integrating technology is integrated, the maximum of excavating emerging in large numbers property of integral body (being exactly a kind of emerging in large numbers property of integral body effect as hybrid vigour) with integrated way discharges.Integration Method also comprises in addition: the global design of series standardized method, modular method, symbiosis construction method, multiplet design, leitungskern technology and multi-functional link and systemic circulation.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) dry farming: carry out dry farming or nonirrigated farmland conservation tillage under the situation of dried field;
(2) ridging: use the disposable ridging of completing of ridger, or use ditching machine to ditch to form railway carriage or compartment, the ridge pattern that needs;
(3) rice transplanting: water is irrigated carry out rice transplanting when making water flush with the ridge face in furrow;
(4) water starch management: water is irrigated to flushing with the ridge face at transplanting date; Emerge, turn green, tiller, ear, be in the milk and carry out later on the semlsulcus water infiltration each breeding time and irrigate; Fill with the deep water flood control rainy season, institute's water storage is used for the prevention arid, changes the dry farming state when meeting arid, fills with the supply of horse race water supplementing water in good time.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, above-mentioned dry farming step and ridging step can be by using disposable the completing of dry farming ridger.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice can also comprise any step or a plurality of step that is selected from following steps:
(i) fertilising: carry out deep application of fertilizer in dry farming;
(ii) enclose the ridge: after described dry farming and ridging step, do to enclose the ridge around ridge one circle;
(iii) diseases and pests controlling: adopt measure of biotic control or other conventional methods to carry out diseases and pests controlling;
(iv) harvesting: the grain header two-wheel running carries out harvesting in furrow, straw fills in furrow;
(v) loosen the soil and weeding: the organic acid that utilizes the dead plant and animal residues decomposition such as straw to produce immerses the soil body, and generate carbonic acid gas with the carbonic hydroammonium reaction that applies, discharge broken soil block by carbon dioxide, apply simultaneously the weed killer herbicide weeding and promote the plant and animal residues decomposition, realize weeding and loosen the soil.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in described fertilising step, base manure carries out deep application of fertilizer according to 60% to 80% Application Ratio of total fertilizing amount.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention is enclosed the ridge step described, makes and encloses the ridge higher than the ridge face 3-5cm of inside.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in described ridging step, the furrow specification is set as: 80 centimetres to 150 centimetres of row spacings, 50 centimetres to 80 centimetres of furrow widths, 20 centimetres to 50 centimetres of ditch depths, trench digging is not broken tillage pan.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in described rice transplanting step, insert 4-9 on the face of ridge, every ridge capable, and slotting from the ridge side slope begins, every mu of field planting strain number is the till land 80%-150% of best field planting strain number of corresponding kind or combination of level planting water, when wherein adopting narrow ditch narrow ridge, transplanting strain number is on the low side, but rational close planted when adopting wide furrow width ridge.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in described water starch management step, stage of wax ripeness carries out the operation of solid carbon dioxide dry field.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also be included in furrow and breed fish, thereby exempts and loosening the soil and the weeding link.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice mainly comprises the steps:
(1) dry farming: use the dry farming machine to carry out dry farming under the situation of dried field.For reaching best dry farming effect, it is better that Tian Tuyue does.But because of the reason of weather, or the ubac cold waterlogged paddy field, soil moisture content is too high and be cement paste, needs out cross ditch or Jing Zigou to drain ponding, makes soil be block, reaches hand and firmly pinches not flowing water, and it is that standard can be carried out dry farming that webs do not retain liquid water.
(2) ridging: after completing dry farming, use the disposable ridging of completing of ridger, or use ditching machine to ditch to form railway carriage or compartment, the ridge pattern that needs.The furrow specification is set with distance and swath between grain header two wheels.According to dry farming farm machinery commonly used at present and the swath of grain header, setting row spacing is 100 centimetres to 120 centimetres, furrow width is 70 centimetres to 80 centimetres, ditch depth is 30 centimetres to 40 centimetres, be so-called rice field 3-2-1 irrigation facility (suppose that ditch depth is 1, furrow width is 2, and row spacing is 3), it is noted that trench digging do not break tillage pan.
(3) fertilising: carry out deep application of fertilizer in dry farming, base manure carries out deep application of fertilizer according to 70% to 80% Application Ratio of total fertilizing amount, and the later stage sees that seedling topdresses.
(4) rice transplanting: water is irrigated to carry out rice transplanting when making water flush with the ridge face in furrow.In described rice transplanting step, insert 4-9 on the face of ridge, every ridge capable, and slotting from the ridge side slope begins, every mu of field planting strain number is the till land 80%-150% of best field planting strain number of corresponding kind or combination of level planting water, when wherein adopting narrow ditch narrow ridge, transplanting strain number is on the low side, but rational close planted when adopting wide furrow width ridge.Rice transplanting can be adopted seedling-throwing technology, bunch planting technology or use the program request technology of sower, also available conventional rice transplanter transplanting.
(5) water starch management: water is irrigated to flushing with the ridge face at transplanting date; Emerge, turn green, tiller, ear, be in the milk and carry out later on the semlsulcus water infiltration each breeding time and irrigate; Stage of wax ripeness can the solid carbon dioxide dry field in order to results; Fill with the deep water flood control rainy season, institute's water storage is used for the prevention arid, changes the dry farming state when meeting arid, fills with the supply of horse race water supplementing water in good time.
Preferably, the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention can also comprise:
(i) enclose the ridge: after above-mentioned dry farming and ridging, do to enclose the ridge around ridge one circle, work to prevent seepage, enclose the ridge a little more than the ridge face 3-5cm of inside, to increase the reservoir storage of field.
(ii) weeding: use conventional weed killer herbicide weeding.
(iii) diseases and pests controlling: adopt measure of biotic control or other conventional methods to carry out diseases and pests controlling.
(iv) harvesting: the grain header two-wheel running is in furrow, in order to avoid damage the ridge face by pressure, straw fills in furrow, realizes that straw covers the enforcement of weeding and cooperation no-tillage technology.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also be included in furrow and breed fish, and for example can put in right amount omnivorefish or omnivorefish and phytophagy fish in a suitable place to breed and raise together with in furrow.The edible weeds in field of the fish of putting in a suitable place to breed, thus realize no-tillage.The fish of putting in a suitable place to breed simultaneously can impose on fertilizer in furrow, thereby realizes the face fertilising.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in described water starch management step, for the area that is subject to drought and waterlogging, water storage for preventing flood drought resisting in rainy season, laying in abundant water is that dry season is with realizing the stable yields target.Regional preferably for the water source, the amphibious semi dry water starch management of floods and droughts of employing half ditch-water is to reach high yield.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention also comprises the step that weeds with a hoe after described harvesting steps.After straw rotted in furrow, retaining was to higher than ridge face 3cm, and applied carbonic hydroammonium.Utilize the rotten organic acid immersion soil bodys that produce of dead plant and animal residues such as straw, and generate carbonic acid gas with the carbonic hydroammonium reaction that applies, and discharge broken soil block by carbon dioxide, be rich in pore, reach the whole soil layer effect of soft ventilation that becomes, thereby reach the purpose of loosening the soil.Simultaneously can apply weed killer herbicide so that weeding and promote organic substance decomposing, thereby realize the purpose of weeding when loosening the soil.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also comprise the drought resisting step: when arid occurs, as the same rice cultivation of kind of a dryland rice (upland rice), the furrow that rains afterwards once can be saved 50-100m
3/ 667m
2, the life that can keep the paddy rice first quarter moon needs water, and namely after rain, upland rice will become the amphibious rice of floods and droughts, and the amphibious rice output of floods and droughts is higher than paddy rice and upland rice.Dry farming ridge culture extends 5-8 days drought-enduring time time, can lay in rainwater 50m more
3, can satisfy the paddy rice need water of 8 days, both totals can extend 13-16 days drought-enduring time.
The preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also comprise the flood control step: before heavy rain, stop up the rice field intake-outlet, work as the reservoir filling flood control with grainfield.In addition, steep for waterlogging the furrow pattern that 80 * 80 * 50cm can be adopted in the field, make the ridge face improve 30cm, strengthen the performance of its waterlogging-resistant stain.
In addition, the preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice, can also comprise no-tillage crop rotation according to the present invention.No-tillage fertilizing and seeding machine plantation crop of lower season is namely used in for example no-tillage crop rotation of mechanization; The also for example no-tillage crop rotation of non_mechanical, namely after the above-mentioned step that weeds with a hoe, directly lower season of zero tillage crop.Above-mentioned lower season, crop can be that water is done paddy rice, can be also drought rice.
In addition, the preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, can also comprise no-tillage interplanting, for example oil-rice interplanting, but wherein machine sowing or bunch planting capsuled seed before the previous crops crop harvestings such as rape, after harvesting rape or other rain fed crops, straw fills in furrow, after seedlings grow up to, by the above-mentioned step that weeds with a hoe loosen the soil, weeding.
In addition, the preferred embodiment of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, can also comprise according to the path connected between wide paths for tractors in the countryside line chart design furrow arrangement and field, realize the unification of furrow and road, wherein furrow is as farm machinery and pedestrian's concentric road.
Below in the mode of concrete test, further illustrate the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts and the advantage thereof of paddy rice of the present invention.
Test the 1 amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts of the present invention and waterflooding ridge culture comparative trial
This test simply contrasts the group test of residential quarter district, i.e. residential quarter area 100～200m for two-factor
2, three repetitions in district's group two residential quarter, the pool in district's group is except processing factor difference, and other conditions are all identical.The rice varieties Shanyou 63, V excellent 35 etc., other management conditions such as soil, fertilising are identical.The experimental design of waterflooding ridge culture be with reference to clay fertilizer station, Hunan Province, Hunan Province's clay fertilizer " the wide-and narrow-row rice ridge plants rice duckweed fish " technical scheme carry out, this scheme adopt water plough ridging and with the combination of breeding fish, caused the objective condition of waterflooding ridge culture.Experimental result is as shown in table 1.
The amphibious ridge culture of table 1 floods and droughts and the waterflooding ridge culture impact on output
Studies show that, the average underproduction 3.04% of paddy rice waterflooding ridge culture, not remarkable through t check difference; And adopting the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts, rice yield on average increases production 17.85%, reaches not significance level of the utmost point through t check difference.The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts is made comparisons with respect to the rate of growth of level planting contrast with waterflooding ridge culture with respect to the rate of growth of level planting contrast, can find, the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts has improved approximately 20.9 percentage point than waterflooding ridge culture with respect to the rate of growth of level planting with respect to the rate of growth of level planting.
Except having carried out small plot experiment as above, also carried out the amphibious experiment and demonstration of large-area floods and droughts, 555.1 hectares of yielding Demonstration field cumulative area, the amphibious model field of floods and droughts always produces 8422.5 kilograms/hectare, grain, contrasts 7240.5 kilograms/hectare of field average yields than level planting and produces more food 17.9%.
The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts makes the growing way appearance of paddy rice, even obvious variation has all occured the leaf attitude of strain, and obvious variation has also occured the economic flow rate formation.The output formation of the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts comprises marginal effect output formation and weighted average output consists of.Be that in row spacing 100cm, furrow width 70cm, ditch depth 30-40cm and the embodiment by slotting seven row in every ridge, marginal effect ranked first by the limit row, is the second row, the third line, fourth line successively in the ridge culture specification, with sequence number 1., 2., 3., 4. expression.Weighted mean by (1. * 2+ 2. * 2+ 3. * 2+ 4. * 1) ÷ 7 calculates.Should be understood that, it is to represent with a form that output under the ridge culture condition consists of, line display economic flow rate by form consists of, show marginal efficient construction on single index by list, the output that both have synthetically showed marginal effect consists of and the economic characters (seeing Table 2) of ensemble average value level.Compare according to consisting of in single-factor two levels (the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts and two levels) the measuring ridge culture economic characters of root of Dahurian angelica Jiang Jinhang and to the output under experiment varying level pattern, experimental result sees Table 2.
The amphibious ridge culture of table 2 floods and droughts and waterflooding ridge culture economic flow rate consist of and economic characters compare
By as seen from Table 2, the advantage of the amphibious ridge planting pattern of floods and droughts is mainly manifested in limit row and the second row, if calculate with the output 100% of middle row, row output in limit is that the output of 180%, the second row is 116%.Advantage is mainly manifested in to be increased effective fringe and increases real several two aspects, and the thousand kernel weight increase is also had obvious increase.By waterflooding ridge culture and the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts are compared, find waterflooding ridge culture under identical irrigation facility pattern, the marginal effect of generation is far below the marginal effect of the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts.The limit row marginal coefficient of the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts is 180%, and the limit row marginal coefficient of waterflooding ridge culture is 132.9%, and the visible amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts has increased Edge advantages.The amphibious ridge culture Edge advantages of floods and droughts is from two aspects, and the one, the marginal effect that forms from wide-and narrow-row, the 2nd, from the contribution of the amphibious condition of floods and droughts.The former contribution is in 30% left and right, and the latter's contribution is near 50%.And the amphibious farming pattern of floods and droughts also extends to the second row to the contribution of marginal effect, and its effect value is 16%, and waterflooding ridge culture is very little to the second row effects, only has 5%.Table 2 also illustrates, is 40.1% by the limit row to the contribution of total product, can estimate the amphibious planting patterns of floods and droughts the contribution of output has been reached 18.8%.The result of this result and the spread that we carry out approaches.
Test the 2 amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts of the present invention at the Effects of Increasing Yield of incobation low-yield land
In this test, adopt a field to be divided into two, carry out floods and droughts amphibious with level planting contrast, other conditions such as rice varieties, soil, fertilising are identical in same district group comparative trial.
According to test, the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts of the present invention amount of increase in production in the incobation low-yield land is very large, has occurred the typical case that a lot of output are doubled in test spread.Result of the test shows, adopts non-irrigated native soil structures, carries out the amphibious cultivation mode of floods and droughts and water starch management, can increase substantially grain yield.Test shows, for the incobation low-yield land, after the amphibious farming reform of floods and droughts, its effect of increasing production is (seeing Table 3) more significantly, in common situation, after the incobation low-yield land was improved by the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts, its factor of low output overcame fully, and the high yield level in high-yield field often appears reaching in its output.
The amphibious plantation effect of increasing production of table 3 incobation low-yield land floods and droughts
Test the 3 amphibious plantations of floods and droughts of the present invention and conventional level planting contrast experiment
In this test, other conditions such as rice varieties, fertilising nutrition soil layer are identical, and the experimental plot design is by 2 * 3 multifactor orthogonals, and is as shown in the table:
| Loam (three repetitions) | Clay (three repetitions) | |
| Water is done the level planting contrast | CK1-1，CK1-2，CK1-3 | CK2-1，CK2-2，CK2-3 |
| The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts | CH1-1，CH1-2，CH1-3， | CH2-1，CH2-2，CH2-3， |
| Floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish | CHY1-1，CHY1-2，CHY1-3 | CHY2-1，CHY2-2，CHY2-3， |
| District's group 1, district's group 2, district's group 3, | District's group 4, district's group 5, district's group 6, |
Test is adopted the one-level dry farming for sandy soil and sandy loam, and loam and clay loam adopt the secondary dry farming, and the sticking heavy soil that hardens adopts three grades of dry farmings.Rice field-upland field rotation Tian Zaichun is incorporated as half no-tillage is taked in the thing field after results slight dry farming method, and namely original ridge end structure remains unchanged, and loose table soil arranges the railway carriage or compartment, ridge, and smooth ridge face can half no-tillage kind of rice.Mention that more than the dry farming grade refers to that uprooting with hoe the layer that loosens the soil divides Three Estate as standard: the one-level dry farming: hoe is once uprooted dark 7cm, soil block 4-6cm; The secondary dry farming: the hoe secondary, uproot dark 10cm, soil block 3-5cm; Three grades of dry farmings: uproot three times, uproot dark 15cm, soil block 2-3cm.
The contrast of the amphibious ridge culture of table 4 floods and droughts and conventional level planting effect of increasing production (yield data unit: kg/acre)
| Loam (three repetitions) | Group is average | Clay (three repetitions) | Group is average | |
| Water is done the level planting contrast | 476.0，482.9，486.6 | 481.8±5.38 | 363.9，363.9，428.7 | 385.5±37.4 |
| The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts | 558.4，561.5，591.2 | 570.4±18.1 | 418.8，428.7，478.8 | 442.1±32.1 |
| Floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish | 603.4，570.2，610.7 | 594.8±21.6 | 425.4，513.8，454.3 | 464.5±37.4 |
Change the data of table 4 into respect to the contrast number of same district group ratio, calculate to such an extent that each relative volume increase value of processing sees the following form 5 take the contrast of same district group as 100%:
The effect of increasing production of the amphibious expedient of tillage of table 5 floods and droughts
| Loam (three repetitions) | Clay (three repetitions) | |
| Water is done the level planting contrast | 100％ | 100％ |
| Floods and droughts is amphibious | 118.3±2.26％ | 114.9±7.38％ |
| Floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish | 123.5±2.67％ | 121.4±7.92％ |
Under the loam condition, floods and droughts is amphibious than level planting contrast volume increase 18.3 ± 2.26%, and floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish than level planting contrast volume increase 23.5 ± 2.67%.Under the clay condition, floods and droughts is amphibious reaches 14.9 ± 7.38% than level planting contrast volume increase, and floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish than level planting contrast volume increase 21.4 ± 7.92%, through the t check, difference reaches extremely significantly and significance level.
The small plot experiment observed result also shows, the amphibious plantation of floods and droughts improves drought-resistant ability, due to the ridging trench digging, every mu of reservoir storage that has increased by 60～100 cubes is saved 120 cubes of farming water consumptions, saves applying quantity of chemical fertilizer 30%, the mosquito blight incidence of disease descends 44%, premature ripening 2～3 days.
According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts can also be combined with the artificial floating island technology.Artificial floating island is by can be on the water floating one or more a kind of implant systems that waft and float on the surface that ad hoc structure becomes with the buoyancy aid module combinations of function that have, be applied to the earliest the eutrophication control in lake and build artificial wetland waterborne, and be used for the three-dimensional planting and breeding industry of the development water surface.The amphibious planting technology of floods and droughts is combined with the artificial floating island technology, is the great technological innovation that the amphibious farming technique of floods and droughts is used, and is also the technical great development of artificial floating island.This is excavated the amphibious volume increase advantage of floods and droughts to greatest extent.Because the amphibious cropping pattern of floods and droughts is adopted in the rice field, its yield potential is subject to the restriction of marginal condition, production-increasing function is mainly manifested in the limit row, just significantly weakens to the second row, in this case, have to increase trench digging quantity, the rice field furrow is more, and yield potential is larger, but furrow more work consumings in rice field are more, and furrow is difficult in maintenance, is not suitable for do mechanization operation.And adopt floods and droughts amphibious chinampa technology, and each some position on the chinampa is on floods and droughts amphibious border, increases in grain production are maximized.According to our experiment in the Chenxi, adopt the chinampa box of 80cm * 80cm, on it, kind of rice does not almost have the difference of limit row and middle row, effective fringe 18～50 fringes of every pocket, big panicle many grains per panicle, full grains.Therefore the amphibious chinampa of floods and droughts is a kind of new technology of the amphibious yield potential of omnibearing exploration paddy rice floods and droughts, and this technology not only also has promotional value at the water surface but also in the rice field.
Between the root district environment of the amphibious cropping pattern of floods and droughts with two relative closures, the contradiction that a series of interaction is coordinated the floods and droughts opposition occuring, realizes having complementary advantages.The root system part of same strain paddy rice is in the dry farming environment, a part is in the waterflooding environment, the oxygen that can absorb from the dry farming layer like this is transported to the waterflooding root system of anoxic by the junction of lateral root and main root, root and stem, makes the root system that is dipped into fully in water body can obtain the oxygen supply of abundance.Under the amphibious cultivation condition of floods and droughts, heavy of dried root increases by 123%, and the dry matter accumulation of acrial part has increased by 190%, shows under the amphibious cropping pattern of floods and droughts, and the efficient of root system is done paddy rice than drought rice and water and all is more than doubled.The root system benefit of the amphibious paddy rice of floods and droughts improves and can only explain with the interaction in waterflooding root district with dry farming root district, and this interaction is obviously to realize under partly the participation of functional unit on the ground.
General Study is thought, under dry farming, the physiology and morphology of paddy rice has produced a series of variation on growing, and as extending breeding time and plant height reduction etc., obtains to stablize and higher output but the regulating and controlling effect that the secretion of endogenous hormones simultaneously and enzymic activity change can adapt to dry farming.Studies show that, the longest root is long, root is thick, root/shoot ratio, leaf water potential and paddy drought resistance are proportionate, and radical and drought resistance are negative correlation.The root growth and development of the amphibious plantation of floods and droughts obviously is different from the root growth and development under rice dry-farming and the plantation of water do, and it is main, the lateral root differentiation is obvious.Root system freely stretches at Water space, enlarges the surface area of root system, and the absorbing capacity of paddy rice in early stage is significantly strengthened; The variation of root system makes the index such as the leaf attitude of growth performance, strain, leaf look, breeding time of the amphibious rice cultivation of floods and droughts that a series of variation occur, its tillering ability and effectively fringe significantly improve.Do to change dry farming by paddy rice water simultaneously, the structural improvement of soil, the raising of water-permeable and air permeable are also important factors impelling output to improve.
The popularization of the amphibious planting technology of floods and droughts depends on dry farming mechanization.The dry farming ridger of present various models has moved towards market, and technical conditions are ripe.The reform of the amphibious cropping pattern of floods and droughts, major embodiment are that modify-water is ploughed and to be dry farming, promote seedling-throwing technology, and rice direct-seeding technology, dry farming farming cost are also ploughed cost low 20% left and right than water, can also save fertilizer 20% simultaneously, and water saving is more than 30%.Because the amphibious planting technology of floods and droughts has been eliminated soil compaction and reduction material accumulation that the water work forms, be of value to the activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganism and the activity of aerobic microorganism and soil animal, reduce the denitrification loss of nitrogen, from our result of the test for many years, can save chemical nitrogen fertilizer more than 20%, also find in the rice field of the amphibious plantation of some continuous floods and droughts more than 3 years simultaneously, also can not guarantee high and stable yields even do not execute chemical nitrogen fertilizer.The data of relevant research in modern age shows, in half not as good as amount of nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions of the amount of nitrogen fixation under the condition of being sick of, aerobic property abundant at organic matter and the soil that air capacity of soils is good can reach 5-15 kilogram/every mu of every year from its amount of nitrogen fixation of growing nitrogen-fixing, if under the amphibious planting conditions of floods and droughts in conjunction with suitable breeding fish, guarantee suitable phosphorus element supply, promote the blue-green algae breeding and utilize, to increase substantially soil from growing nitrogen-fixing, reduce the amount of application of nitrogenous fertilizer, accomplish that even it is also possible exempting to execute chemical nitrogen fertilizer.Adopt the amphibious ridge culture of rice field floods and droughts, can make every 667m
2The rice field increases the moisture storage capacity of 60-100 cube, for the big flood of slowing down flood season, very important effect is arranged.Natural irrigation can be reproduced by the rainwater of stocking in the rice field more, diminishing is made the river rising in Ningxia and flowing into central Shaanxi stream interface of farming face, 3,200 ten thousand hectares of China's Monitoring of Paddy Rice Plant Areas, change the amphibious plantation of floods and droughts into if all water is done plantation, can increase production 3,000 ten thousand tons of paddy, 1,700,000 sides that economize on water save 1,920,000 tons of purity nitrogens of chemical nitrogen fertilizer.
The amphibious agricultural of floods and droughts can be used as important technical measures of lake eutrophication improvement and promotes.The amphibious plantation of floods and droughts is the effective technology measure of thoroughly administering the incobation low-yield land.The area of south incobation low-yield land accounts for 20～30% of the rice field gross area, and because the incobation sexual dysfunction factor causes the underproduction 20～80%, the yield potential in this part rice field is very large.The paddy field makes rice field-upland field rotation after adopting the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts simultaneously, enlarges spring receipts crops planting area more convenient, is conducive to raise the multiple-cropping index, and raising agricultural more on a large scale is total produces.The dry farming farming is saved farming cost 20～80% than the cultivated farming of water; be suitable for extensive mechanized farming; and plough, apply fertilizer, sow (or rice transplanting) and once complete, cultivation management is tending towards oversimplifying, and is the important technical that advances rice agriculture modernization and industrialization.
Comprehensively mentioned above, the beneficial effect of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention comprises:
-no-tillage, exempt to insert, field management simplifies
-flood control, drought resisting, water saving
-Jie fertilizer, environmental protection, ecological optimal
-mechanized operation, minimizing manually drop into
-be suitable for dry farming and dry farming is no-tillage
-be suitable for that water is done and water is done no-tillage
-be suitable for rice field-upland field rotation and rice field-upland field rotation is no-tillage
-volume increase
In addition, comprehensively mentioned above, the major technique innovative point of the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention comprises:
(1) the innovation paddy field employing dry farming of farming technique is ploughed for water, reduce arable land cost 30%, reduce farming water consumption (farming water consumption account for rice growing season water 30%), making Paddy Soil Structure is loose porous granular structure by plate field structure, strengthen the air capacity of soils of soil, reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizer of soil denitrification and the atmospheric pollution that causes thus.
(2) integrated innovation with the dry farming modify-water plough, the semi dry natural zero-tillage is minimal tilled technology, ridge planting technology, mechanized farming technology are carried out many Technology Integrations, and is integrated, simplified the agricultural tillage management, improves the rural labor productivity.
(3) this technology of the marked change of properties of product and result of use realizes ecological benefits, economic benefit, the unification of social benefit triple effect, and increases in grain production are more than 20%.
Although described the present invention with reference to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that not breaking away from purport situation of the present invention, can carry out various changes to the present invention, within these changes fall into the scope of protection of present invention.for example, although described the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts for paddy rice in this specification, but self-evident, can utilize the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of the present invention to plant other various amphibious crops and plants except paddy rice, include but not limited to Alternanthera philoxeroides, eel grass, frogbit, water lily, zebra grass, lotus, the swallow flower, reed, Gorgon fruit, the parasol grass, arrowhead, Arundo donax, the floral leaf Scirpus tabernaemontani, red alternanthera, Canna generalis, power is spent again, rhizoma alismatis, floral leaf Lu Di, field word duckweed, cattail, calamus, the pool sedge, water arum, common rush, fish mint, the mullet grass, the water standing grain, poly-grass, Bermuda grass, the wild country melon vine, Nepal's knotweed, paspalum notatum, vetiver, Sudan grass, paddy rice, barnyard grass etc.
Claims (8)
1. the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of a paddy rice comprises the following steps:
(1) dry farming: carry out dry farming or nonirrigated farmland conservation tillage under the situation of dried field;
(2) ridging: use the disposable ridging of completing of ridger, or use ditching machine to ditch to form railway carriage or compartment, the ridge pattern that needs;
(3) rice transplanting: water is irrigated carry out rice transplanting when making water flush with the ridge face in furrow;
(4) water starch management: water is irrigated to flushing with the ridge face at transplanting date; Emerge, turn green, tiller, ear, be in the milk and carry out later on the semlsulcus water infiltration each breeding time and irrigate, make a part of root system of paddy rice outstanding from the native environment of drought, thereby a part of root system of paddy rice being in the waterflooding environment, a part of root system is in non-irrigated native environment; Fill with the deep water flood control rainy season, institute's water storage is used for the prevention arid, changes the dry farming state when meeting arid, fills with the supply of horse race water supplementing water in good time;
Wherein, described dry farming step and ridging step are by using disposable the completing of dry farming ridger.
2. the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1 also comprises any step or a plurality of step that are selected from following steps:
(i) fertilising: carry out deep application of fertilizer in dry farming;
(ii) enclose the ridge: after described dry farming and ridging step, do to enclose the ridge around ridge one circle;
(iii) diseases and pests controlling: adopt measure of biotic control or other conventional methods to carry out diseases and pests controlling;
(iv) harvesting: the grain header two-wheel running carries out harvesting in furrow, straw fills in furrow;
(v) loosen the soil and weeding: utilize the organic acid that dead plant and animal residues decomposition produces to immerse the soil body, and generate carbonic acid gas with the carbonic hydroammonium reaction that applies, discharge broken soil block by carbon dioxide, apply simultaneously the weed killer herbicide weeding and promote the plant and animal residues decomposition, realize weeding and loosen the soil.
3. the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 2, wherein, in described fertilising step, base manure carries out deep application of fertilizer according to 60% to 80% Application Ratio of total fertilizing amount.
4. the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 2 wherein, encloses the ridge step described, makes and encloses the ridge higher than the ridge face 3-5cm of inside.
5. the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in described ridging step, the furrow specification is set as: 80 centimetres to 150 centimetres of row spacings, 50 centimetres to 80 centimetres of furrow widths, 20 centimetres to 50 centimetres of ditch depths, trench digging is not broken tillage pan.
6. the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in described rice transplanting step, insert 4-9 on the face of ridge, every ridge capable, and slotting from the ridge side slope begins, every mu of field planting strain number is the till land 80%-150% of best field planting strain number of corresponding kind or combination of level planting water, and when wherein adopting narrow ditch narrow ridge, transplanting strain number is on the low side, rational close planted when adopting wide furrow width ridge.
7. the amphibious implantation methods of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in described water starch management step, stage of wax ripeness carries out the operation of solid carbon dioxide dry field.
8. as the amphibious implantation methods of floods and droughts of the described paddy rice of any one in claim 1 to 7, also be included in furrow and breed fish.
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