CN102318529A - Aquatic and dry amphibious planting method for rice - Google Patents
Aquatic and dry amphibious planting method for rice Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an aquatic and dry amphibious planting method for rice, which comprises the following steps of: 1) dry farming: conducting dry farming or dry field conservative farming under the condition of a dry field; 2) ridging: using a ridging machine to complete ridging at one step or using a furrowing machine to open furrows to form a required ridge mode; 3) rice seedling transplanting: filling water into the furrows and transplanting rice seedlings when the water and the surface of the ridges are on the same level; and 4) water management: filling water to the level of the surface of the ridges at a rice seedling transplanting stage; implementing half-furrow water infiltration irrigation at a seedling emergence stage, a green turning stage, a tillering stage, a heading stage, a grain filling stage and all future growth stages; and shifting to a dry farming state when droughts occur, filling running water to replenish water supply at a proper time and filling deep water in rainy seasons to prevent flooding, wherein the stored water is used for preventing droughts. The aquatic and dry amphibious planting method has the advantages that the water can be saved, the pollution can be controlled, the crop yield can be improved, the farming cost can be saved, the agricultural labor productivity can be promoted, and the economic benefit, the ecological benefit and the social benefit can be improved at the same time.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts of a kind of paddy rice.
Background technology
Paddy rice is one of human important crops, cultivates with edible history all quite long.There is the edible paddy rice of half the population in the current whole world, mainly in the Asia, south of europe and tropical America and parts of Africa.The gross yield of paddy rice accounts for the 3rd of world food crop yield, is lower than corn and wheat, but can keeps the life of more population.
Paddy rice is the amphibious crop of floods and droughts, and paddy rice has a cover to be adapted to the physiological mechanism of dry farming under the dry farming condition, and the another set of physiological mechanism that water is done that is adapted to is arranged under water is made condition.Therefore, according to the paddy growth conditions needed, moisture content irrigation conditions just, paddy rice can be divided into water usually and do paddy rice and drought rice.For the ease of public understanding and describe clearlyer, among this paper water is done paddy rice and drought rice is referred to as paddy rice, when needs are distinguished, then adopt the wording that uses water as paddy rice and drought rice.
For thousands of years, water dominates as paddy rice, this be because the output that water is done paddy rice often the output than drought rice is high.Have data to show, the output that water is done paddy rice has reached 900m at present
3/ 666.7m
2, 400～600m is generally also arranged
3/ 666.7m
2, and the output of drought rice has only 200～300m usually
3/ 666.7m
2But water breakthrough is more than a times of drought rice output as rice yield.Yet, water do paddy rice than drought rice output double above cost in other words main cause be the huge water consumption that water is done paddy rice.Research shows that it is 600-1343m that water is made the paddy rice water consumption
3/ 666.7m
2, and the drought rice water consumption is 50～400m
3/ 666.7m
2It is thus clear that it is 3～27 times of drought rice water consumption that water is made the paddy rice water consumption.Output is lower than physiology water requirement and water demand for natural service amount in the growth process of riceplant as if doing at water, then can cause water to do the remarkable underproduction of paddy rice.
In addition, another serious problems that water is done paddy rice are the serious environmental pollution that water causes the huge waste of fertilizer and brought thus as paddy rice.Research shows that the domestic apparent nitrated-denitrification loss rate that in the field trial of water work and dry farming, records is respectively 16%～41% and 15%～18%.Mean that water done to cause under the condition denitrification loss of fertilizing amount 1～23%, and because leaching and river rising in Ningxia and flowing into central Shaanxi stream cause 12.6% loss increment, the nitrogen loss that two totals are done to cause by water is 13.6～35.6% of a sowing amount.Wherein the loss of leaching and river rising in Ningxia and flowing into central Shaanxi stream causes body eutrophication to pollute, and the denitrification loss then causes the atmospheric ozone damage layer.
It is huge that water is made the paddy rice water consumption, causes the huge waste of agricultural water resources, just has been difficult to bear under the existing water conservancy condition.Simultaneously, the fertilizer waste that causes as paddy rice of water and the environmental pollution that is brought thus all run in the opposite direction with the sustainable development that our country advocates.When therefore, traditional water is made paddy rice planting method and has been arrived necessary reform.For this reason, the insider has arrived drought rice with diversion gradually, and drought rice has become another direction of paddy rice development.Present research shows that paddy rice does to change dry farming by water can practice thrift a large amount of waters, makes 80～90% of rice yield but drought rice output can only reach water at most.Underproduce is the major defect of current drought rice.
And another deficiency in the drought rice is that the work of cultivating that need be a large amount of in the planting process causes enlarging markedly of working strength, seriously increases the agro-farming cost, obviously reduces farm labor efficiency.
Therefore simple dry farming condition and water are made condition and are all come with some shortcomings; Amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts of a kind of paddy rice is badly in need of in this area; It both can solve that existing water does that the paddy rice water consumption is huge, fertilizer waste and environmental pollution problems; Can solve the underproduce problem of current drought rice again, can also practice thrift the agro-farming cost simultaneously, promote farm labor efficiency.
Summary of the invention
Therefore; The object of the present invention is to provide amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts of a kind of paddy rice; It can reduce body eutrophication and pollute and the atmospheric ozone damage layer; Simultaneously realize on the basis of agricultural development that using water wisely, control pollutes, improves crop yield, practices thrift the agro-farming cost, promotes farm labor efficiency satisfying, reach economic benefit, ecological benefits, social benefit and improve jointly.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts of a kind of paddy rice is provided, may further comprise the steps:
(1) drought is ploughed: under the situation of dried field, carry out drought and plough or the nonirrigated farmland conservation tillage;
(2) ridging: use the disposable completion ridging of ridger, or railway carriage or compartment, the ridge pattern of using the ditching machine trench digging to need with formation;
(3) rice transplanting: water irrigated make water carry out rice transplanting when flushing in the furrow with the ridge face;
(4) water starch management: water is irrigated to flushing with the ridge face at transplanting date; Emerge, turn green, tiller, ear, be in the milk and carry out the semlsulcus water infiltration later on each breeding time and irrigate; Irritate the deep water flood control rainy season, institute's water storage is used for the prevention arid, changes the dry farming state when meeting arid, irritates the supply of horse race water supplementing water in good time.
Preferably, cultivated step of above-mentioned drought and ridging step are ploughed the disposable completion of ridger through using drought.
Preferably, amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention can also comprise any step or a plurality of step that is selected from the following steps:
(i) fertilising: when drought is ploughed, carry out deep application of fertilizer;
(ii) enclose the ridge: said drought plough and the ridging step after, do to enclose the ridge around ridge one circle;
(iii) diseases and pests controlling: adopt measure of biotic control or other conventional methods to carry out diseases and pests controlling;
(iv) harvesting: the grain header two-wheel running gathers in operation in furrow, straw fills in the furrow;
(v) loosen the soil and weeding: the organic acid that utilizes dead plant and animal residues decomposition such as straw to produce immerses the soil body; And generate carbonic acid gas with the reaction of the carbonic hydroammonium that applies; Discharge broken soil block by carbon dioxide; Apply the weed killer herbicide weeding simultaneously and promote the plant and animal residues decomposition, realize weeding and loosen the soil.
Preferably, in said fertilising step, base manure carries out deep application of fertilizer according to 60% to 80% Application Ratio of total fertilizing amount.
Preferably, enclose in the step of ridge, make that enclosing the ridge is higher than inner ridge face 3-5cm said.
Preferably, in said ridging step, the furrow specification is set at: 80 centimetres to 150 centimetres of row spacings, and 50 centimetres to 80 centimetres of furrow widths, 20 centimetres to 50 centimetres of ditch depths, trench digging is not broken tillage pan.
Preferably; In said rice transplanting step; It is capable to insert 4-9 on the face of ridge, every ridge, and side slope begins slottingly from the ridge, and every mu of field planting strain number is the till land 80%-150% of best field planting strain number of corresponding kind or combination of level planting water; Transplanting strain number is on the low side when wherein adopting narrow ditch narrow ridge, but rational close planted when adopting wide furrow width ridge.
Preferably, in said water starch management step, stage of wax ripeness carries out the operation of solid carbon dioxide dry field.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also be included in the furrow and breed fish, thereby exempts and loosening the soil and the weeding link.
Embodiment
Hereinafter will be with reference to preferred implementation illustrated in detail of the present invention the present invention.Below explanation only is exemplary, and limits the invention by any way unintentionally.
At first, before describing amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention in detail, the explanation of being correlated with to the basic conception of the amphibious crop of floods and droughts.
The amphibious crop of floods and droughts can have three kinds of living environments: the living environment that Lu Sheng living environment, aquatic living environment and floods and droughts are mixed.The amphibious crop of floods and droughts is accepted the effect of water, two kinds of environment of drought simultaneously, and water, two kinds of environmental effect mixing in same plant body of drought cause the synergy of two kinds of environmental functionals, realize the combined regulating that water, Lu Erchong environment break up vine growth and development simultaneously.Paddy rice is the amphibious crop of typical floods and droughts, paddy rice have one group of environmental adaptation mechanism that adapts to the waterflooding environment with stress mechanism, also have simultaneously environmental adaptation mechanism that a cover adapts to the nonirrigated farmland with stress mechanism.When the paddy growth environment meets with two kinds of environment simultaneously, this two set of environments adaptation mechanism with stress interaction take place mechanism, this interactive result reaches mutual supplement with each other's advantages; Maximize favourable factors and minimize unfavourable ones, and then change leaf attitude of strain and the plant internal organizational structure of paddy rice, change cell ecological and molecule ecotope; Change the gene expression control model; Thereby can make increasing yield of paddy 15-40%, and joint is fertile more than 20%, and water saving is more than 30%.
The envirment factor that is difficult to coexist under water environment and two kinds of natural conditions of terrestrial environment is created out through engineering measure and mechanized farming and field management measure manual work; Soil and water environment that manual construction water, drought are mixed coexist the environmental condition of two kinds of opposition simultaneously in the paddy rice rhizospheric environment.The double environment that the water of this manual construction, drought are mixed has only the amphibious crop of floods and droughts just can make double stress reaction; The environment and the environment-stress of two kinds of opposition are associated in same bion; The integration of two kinds of environmental functionals of realization and integrated; Make between two groups of environmental adaptation mechanism and produce interaction, reach increasing both production and income and practice thrift fertilizer and the purpose of practicing thrift agricultural water.
The manual work of the amphibious planting environment of floods and droughts is built and comprised: water is ploughed and is changed cultivated, the flat combination of making to change ridge culture, these three technology of semi dry water starch management of drought; Make that a part of root system is in the waterflooding environment, a part of root system is in the non-irrigated native environment; Two kinds of environmental factors act on the root system different parts of amphibious crop simultaneously; Cause two kinds of environmental activities to coexist simultaneously; Same strain crop is made opposed two kinds of reactions to two kinds of afoul environmental activities, and the environmental suitability reaction (environment is to the second order effect of crop effect) of these two kinds of opposition can in same crop body interaction take place again, and differentiation is regulated and control to crop growth.
The amphibious crop of floods and droughts has special performance to the amphibious environment of floods and droughts.The amphibious crop of floods and droughts has a cover to adapt to the physiological mechanism of waterflooding condition; Have simultaneously a cover to adapt to the physiological mechanism of drought condition again, under the amphibious environment of floods and droughts, two cover physiological mechanisms all operate simultaneously; Interaction also takes place on the basis that two cover physiological mechanisms operate at the same time; The hybrid combination of the environmental factor on the broad sense hybridization meaning occurring, produce the broad sense heterosis, hybrid vigor, is the amphibious crop of floods and droughts shows outstanding yield increasing effect under the amphibious cultivation condition of floods and droughts reason.
The reform that amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice is a great agricultural cultivating technology.The reform of the amphibious farming technique of research paddy rice floods and droughts; Be to satisfy on the basis of agricultural development; Realize that using water wisely, control pollutes, improves crop yield, practices thrift the agro-farming cost, promotes farm labor efficiency, reach economic benefit, ecological benefits, social benefit and improve jointly.
The goal in research of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention:
One, technological enforcement will have universality.Can both adapt to various types of rice fields.Not only to be adapted to ensure stable yields despite drought or excessive rain, those rice fields of fertile soil, more to be suitable for being subject to flood, barren rice field; And will accomplish to overcome bad landform, climatic influences, be fit to multiple planting patterns, paddy fields in south china is all had general adaptability.
The technical advantage that two, flood control, drought resisting, water saving, joint fertilizer, environmental protection will be arranged.The south frequent natural calamity still has very big potentiality through farming technique and biotechnology mitigation.
Three, help no-tillage, exempt to insert, simplify field management, alleviate crop disease and insect.
Four, to reach saving of labor, high yield, raising quality of agricultural product.
Five, technical compatibility property widely to be arranged.Be suitable for rice field-upland field rotation and multiple cropping, help rice field stereo ecological comprehensive agricultural development.
Six, help light, flexible, efficient, multi-functional machine and can be in the agricultural mechanization of indoor remote control.
The key technology of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention:
One, integration technology: the method for the similar test cross of utilization crossbreeding combines to realize agronomic technique, mechanization technology, enterprise management management system.To reach above-mentioned six groups of targets simultaneously, must be with integrating method.Sensu lato test cross method is exactly to measure the interaction of multiple-factor combination with multiple-factor orthogonal experiment scheme, and the interaction that is produced is agreed with the target of research aspect matter, is pursuing the whole maximization of effect that emerges in large numbers aspect the amount.
Two, integrated technology: the existing conventional technology being combined with the combined test technology, add the necessary technology innovation, is the technological prerequisite and the scientific basic of integration technology.Realize that with the way of integrating technology is integrated, the maximum of excavating emerging in large numbers property of integral body (is exactly a kind of emerging in large numbers property of integral body effect like hybrid vigour) with integrated way discharges.Integrated in addition method also comprises: the global design of series standardized method, modular method, symbiosis construction method, multiplet design, leitungskernization technology and multi-functional link and systemic circulation.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice mainly may further comprise the steps:
(1) drought is ploughed: under the situation of dried field, carry out drought and plough or the nonirrigated farmland conservation tillage;
(2) ridging: use the disposable completion ridging of ridger, or railway carriage or compartment, the ridge pattern of using the ditching machine trench digging to need with formation;
(3) rice transplanting: water irrigated make water carry out rice transplanting when flushing in the furrow with the ridge face;
(4) water starch management: water is irrigated to flushing with the ridge face at transplanting date; Emerge, turn green, tiller, ear, be in the milk and carry out the semlsulcus water infiltration later on each breeding time and irrigate; Irritate the deep water flood control rainy season, institute's water storage is used for the prevention arid, changes the dry farming state when meeting arid, irritates the supply of horse race water supplementing water in good time.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, above-mentioned drought plough step and the ridging step can be ploughed the disposable completion of ridger through using drought.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice can also comprise any step or a plurality of step that is selected from the following steps:
(i) fertilising: when drought is ploughed, carry out deep application of fertilizer;
(ii) enclose the ridge: said drought plough and the ridging step after, do to enclose the ridge around ridge one circle;
(iii) diseases and pests controlling: adopt measure of biotic control or other conventional methods to carry out diseases and pests controlling;
(iv) harvesting: the grain header two-wheel running gathers in operation in furrow, straw fills in the furrow;
(v) loosen the soil and weeding: the organic acid that utilizes dead plant and animal residues decomposition such as straw to produce immerses the soil body; And generate carbonic acid gas with the reaction of the carbonic hydroammonium that applies; Discharge broken soil block by carbon dioxide; Apply the weed killer herbicide weeding simultaneously and promote the plant and animal residues decomposition, realize weeding and loosen the soil.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in said fertilising step, base manure carries out deep application of fertilizer according to 60% to 80% Application Ratio of total fertilizing amount.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention is enclosed in the step of ridge said, makes that enclosing the ridge is higher than inner ridge face 3-5cm.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in said ridging step, the furrow specification is set at: 80 centimetres to 150 centimetres of row spacings, 50 centimetres to 80 centimetres of furrow widths, 20 centimetres to 50 centimetres of ditch depths, trench digging is not broken tillage pan.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention; In said rice transplanting step; It is capable to insert 4-9 on the face of ridge, every ridge, and side slope begins slottingly from the ridge, and every mu of field planting strain number is the till land 80%-150% of best field planting strain number of corresponding kind or combination of level planting water; Transplanting strain number is on the low side when wherein adopting narrow ditch narrow ridge, but rational close planted when adopting wide furrow width ridge.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in said water starch management step, stage of wax ripeness carries out the operation of solid carbon dioxide dry field.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also be included in the furrow and breed fish, thereby exempts and loosening the soil and the weeding link.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice mainly comprises the steps:
(1) drought is ploughed: use the cultivated machine of drought under the situation of dried field, to carry out drought and plough.Plough effect for reaching best drought, it is good more that Tian Tuyue does.But because of the reason of weather, or the ubac cold waterlogged paddy field, soil moisture content is too high and be cement paste, then need open cross ditch or Jing Zigou and drain ponding, makes soil be block, reaches hand and firmly pinches not flowing water, and webs do not retain liquid water, and to be that standard can be carried out drought cultivated.
(2) ridging: after the completion drought is ploughed, use the disposable completion ridging of ridger, or use railway carriage or compartment, the ridge pattern that ditching machine is ditched to be needed with formation.The furrow specification is set with distance and swath between grain header two wheels.According to the swath that drought commonly used is at present ploughed farm machinery and grain header, setting row spacing is 100 centimetres to 120 centimetres, and furrow width is 70 centimetres to 80 centimetres; Ditch depth is 30 centimetres to 40 centimetres; Be so-called rice field 3-2-1 irrigation facility (suppose that ditch depth is 1, then furrow width is 2, and row spacing is 3); It is noted that trench digging do not break tillage pan.
(3) fertilising: when drought is ploughed, carry out deep application of fertilizer, base manure carries out deep application of fertilizer according to 70% to 80% Application Ratio of total fertilizing amount, and the later stage sees that seedling topdresses.
(4) rice transplanting: water irrigated to carry out rice transplanting when making in the furrow that water flushes with the ridge face.In said rice transplanting step; It is capable to insert 4-9 on the face of ridge, every ridge, and side slope begins slottingly from the ridge, and every mu of field planting strain number is the till land 80%-150% of best field planting strain number of corresponding kind or combination of level planting water; Transplanting strain number is on the low side when wherein adopting narrow ditch narrow ridge, but rational close planted when adopting wide furrow width ridge.Rice transplanting can be adopted seedling-throwing technology, bunch planting technology or use the program request technology of sower, also available conventional rice transplanter transplanting.
(5) water starch management: water is irrigated to flushing with the ridge face at transplanting date; Emerge, turn green, tiller, ear, be in the milk and carry out the semlsulcus water infiltration later on each breeding time and irrigate; Stage of wax ripeness then can the solid carbon dioxide dry field in order to results; Irritate the deep water flood control rainy season, institute's water storage is used for the prevention arid, changes the dry farming state when meeting arid, irritates the supply of horse race water supplementing water in good time.
Preferably, amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention can also comprise:
(i) enclose the ridge: above-mentioned drought plough and ridging after, do to enclose the ridge around ridge one circle, work to prevent seepage, enclose the ridge face 3-5cm of ridge, with the reservoir storage of increase field piece a little more than inside.
(ii) weeding: use conventional weed killer herbicide weeding.
(iii) diseases and pests controlling: adopt measure of biotic control or other conventional methods to carry out diseases and pests controlling.
(iv) harvesting: the grain header two-wheel running is in furrow, in order to avoid damage the ridge face by pressure, straw fills in the furrow, realizes that straw covers weeding and the enforcement that cooperates no-tillage technology.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also be included in the furrow and breed fish, and for example in furrow, can put omnivorousness fish or omnivorousness fish and phytophagy fish in right amount in a suitable place to breed and raise together with.The edible weeds in field of the fish of putting in a suitable place to breed, thus realize no-tillage.The fish of being put in a suitable place to breed simultaneously can impose on fertilizer in the furrow, thus the fertilising of realization face.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention, in said water starch management step, for the area that is subject to drought and waterlogging, water storage for preventing flood drought resisting in rainy season, laying in abundant water is that dry season is with realizing the stable yields target.Regional preferably for the water source, the amphibious semi dry water starch management of floods and droughts of employing semlsulcus water is to reach high yield.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention also comprises the step that weeds with a hoe after said harvesting steps.After straw rotted in furrow, retaining was to being higher than ridge face 3cm, and applied carbonic hydroammonium.Utilize the rotten organic acid immersion soil bodys that produce of dead plant and animal residues such as straw; And generate carbonic acid gas with the reaction of the carbonic hydroammonium that applies, and discharge broken soil block by carbon dioxide, be rich in pore; Reach the whole soil layer effect of soft ventilation that becomes, thereby reach the purpose of loosening the soil.Can apply weed killer herbicide simultaneously so that weeding and promotion organic matter decompose, thereby when loosening the soil, realize the purpose of weeding.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also comprise the drought resisting step: then as kind of a dryland rice (upland rice) rice cultivation, the back furrow that rains once can be saved 50-100m when arid took place
3/ 667m
2, the life that can keep the paddy rice first quarter moon needs water, and promptly upland rice will become the amphibious rice of floods and droughts behind the rain, and the amphibious rice output of floods and droughts is higher than paddy rice and upland rice.Drought is ploughed ridge culture and is prolonged 5-8 days drought-enduring time time, can lay in rainwater 50m more
3, can satisfy 8 days need water of paddy rice, both totals can prolong 13-16 days drought-enduring time.
The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention can also comprise the flood control step: before the heavy rain, stop up the rice field intake-outlet, work as the reservoir filling flood control with grainfield.In addition, steep the furrow pattern that 80 * 80 * 50cm can be adopted in the field, make the ridge face improve 30cm, strengthen the performance of its waterlogging-resistant stain for waterlogging.
In addition, the preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice can also comprise no-tillage crop rotation according to the present invention.The for example no-tillage crop rotation of mechanization promptly uses no-tillage fertilizing and seeding machine to plant crop of following season; The also for example no-tillage crop rotation of on-mechanicalization, promptly after the above-mentioned step that weeds with a hoe, directly following season of zero tillage crop.Above-mentioned following season, crop can be that water is done paddy rice, also can be drought rice.
In addition, the preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice can also comprise no-tillage interplanting according to the present invention; For example oil-rice interplanting; But wherein machine sowing or bunch planting capsuled seed before previous crops crop harvestings such as rape, behind harvesting rape or other rain fed crops, straw fills in the furrow; After seedlings grow up to, by the above-mentioned step that weeds with a hoe loosen the soil, weeding.
In addition; The preferred implementation of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice according to the present invention; Can also comprise that according to the path connected between wide paths for tractors in the countryside line chart design furrow arrangement and the field piece realize the unification of furrow and road, wherein furrow is as farm machinery and pedestrian's concentric road.
Below with the mode of concrete test, further specify amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts and the advantage thereof of paddy rice of the present invention.
Test amphibious ridge culture of 1 floods and droughts of the present invention and waterflooding ridge culture comparative trial
This test simply contrasts the group test of sub-district district, i.e. sub-district area 100～200m for two-factor
2, a district organizes two sub-districts and repeats for three times, and the pool in district's group is except that handling factor difference, and other conditions are all identical.The rice varieties Shanyou 63, V excellent 35 etc., other management conditions such as soil, fertilising are identical.The experimental design of waterflooding ridge culture be with reference to clay fertilizer station, Hunan Province, Hunan Province's clay fertilizer " the capable ridge of paddy rice width plants rice duckweed fish " technical scheme carry out, this scheme adopts water to plough ridging and combine with breeding fish, and has caused the objective condition of waterflooding ridge culture.Experimental result is as shown in table 1.
Amphibious ridge culture of table 1 floods and droughts and waterflooding ridge culture are to the influence of output
Research shows, the average underproduction 3.04% of paddy rice waterflooding ridge culture is not remarkable through t check difference; And adopting the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts, rice yield on average increases production 17.85%, reaches not significance level of the utmost point through t check difference.The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts is made comparisons with respect to the rate of growth of level planting contrast with waterflooding ridge culture with respect to the rate of growth of level planting contrast; Can find that the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts has improved about 20.9 percentage point than waterflooding ridge culture with respect to the rate of growth of level planting with respect to the rate of growth of level planting.
Except that having carried out aforesaid small plot experiment; Also carried out the amphibious experiment and demonstration of large-area floods and droughts; 555.1 hectares of yielding Demonstration field cumulative area, 8422.5 kilograms/hectare in the amphibious model field gross output of floods and droughts grain produces more food 17.9% for 7240.5 kilograms/hectare than level planting contrast field average yield.
The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts makes growing way appearance of paddy rice even the leaf attitude of strain that obvious variation all take place, and obvious variation has also taken place the economic flow rate formation.The output formation of the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts comprises marginal effect output formation and weighted average output constitutes.In the ridge culture specification is that marginal effect ranked first by the limit row, is second row, the third line, fourth line successively among row spacing 100cm, furrow width 70cm, ditch depth 30-40cm and the embodiment by slotting seven row in every ridge, with sequence number 1., and 2., 3., 4. expression.Weighted mean by (1. * 2+ 2. * 2+ 3. * 2+ 4. * 1) ÷ 7 calculates.Should be understood that; It is to represent with a form that output under the ridge culture condition constitutes; Line display economic flow rate by form constitutes, and shows the marginal efficient construction on the single index by tabulation, and both have synthetically showed the output formation of marginal effect and the economic characters (seeing table 2) of integral planar average level.Compare according to constituting in single-factor two levels (the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts and two levels) the measuring ridge culture economic characters of root of Dahurian angelica Jiang Jinhang and to the output under the experiment varying level pattern, experimental result is seen table 2.
Amphibious ridge culture of table 2 floods and droughts and waterflooding ridge culture economic flow rate constitute and economic characters compare
Visible by table 2, the advantage of the amphibious ridge planting pattern of floods and droughts mainly shows the limit row and second row, if calculate with the output 100% of middle row, then row output in limit is that the output of 180%, the second row is 116%.Advantage mainly shows the effective fringe of increase and increases several two aspects of real grain, and the thousand kernel weight increase is also had tangible increase.Through waterflooding ridge culture and the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts are compared, find waterflooding ridge culture under identical irrigation facility pattern, the marginal effect of generation is far below the marginal effect of the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts.Row limit, the limit coefficient of the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts is 180%, and row limit, the limit coefficient of waterflooding ridge culture is 132.9%, and the visible amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts has increased marginal advantage.The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts limit advantage is from two aspects, and the one, from the marginal effect of the capable formation of width, the 2nd, from the contribution of the amphibious condition of floods and droughts.The former contribution is about 30%, and the latter's contribution is near 50%.And the amphibious farming pattern of floods and droughts also extends to second row to the contribution of marginal effect, and its effect value is 16%, and waterflooding ridge culture is very little to second row effects, has only 5%.Table 2 also explains, is 40.1% by the limit row to the contribution of gross output, then can estimate the amphibious planting patterns of floods and droughts the contribution of output has been reached 18.8%.The result that this result and the large tracts of land that we carry out are promoted is approaching.
Test the effect of increasing production test of the amphibious ridge culture of 2 floods and droughts of the present invention at incobation property low-yield land
In this test, adopt a field to be divided into two, carry out the amphibious and level planting contrast of floods and droughts, other conditions such as rice varieties, soil, fertilising are identical in same district group comparative trial.
According to test, the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts of the present invention amount of increase in production in incobation property low-yield land is very big, the typical case that a lot of output are doubled in test spread, occurred.Result of the test shows, adopts non-irrigated native soil structures, carries out amphibious cultivation mode of floods and droughts and water starch management, can increase substantially grain yield.Test shows; For incobation property low-yield land, after the amphibious farming reform of floods and droughts, its effect of increasing production is (seeing table 3) more significantly; Under the common situation; After incobation property low-yield land was improved through the amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts, its low yield factor overcame fully, and the high yield level in high-yield field often appears reaching in its output.
The amphibious plantation effect of increasing production of table 3 incobation property low-yield land floods and droughts
Test amphibious plantation of 3 floods and droughts of the present invention and conventional level planting contrast experiment
In this test, other conditions such as rice varieties, fertilising nutrition soil layer are identical, and the experimental plot design is by the design of 2 * 3 multifactor orthogonal experiments, and is as shown in the table:
| Loam (three repetitions) | Clay (three repetitions) | |
| Water is done the level planting contrast | CK1-1，CK1-2，CK1-3 | CK2-1，CK2-2，CK2-3 |
| The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts | CH1-1，CH1-2，CH1-3， | CH2-1，CH2-2，CH2-3， |
| Floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish | CHY1-1，CHY1-2，CHY1-3 | CHY2-1，CHY2-2，CHY2-3， |
| District's group 1, district's group 2, district's group 3, | District's group 4, district's group 5, district's group 6, |
Test adopts the one-level drought to plough to sandy soil and sandy loam, and loam and clay loam adopt the secondary drought to plough, and the sticking heavy soil that hardens adopts three grades of droughts to plough.Rice field-upland field rotation Tian Zaichun is received the slight drought of after results, taking half no-tillage mode in the crop field plough method, promptly original ridge end structure remains unchanged, loose table soil, and arrangement railway carriage or compartment, ridge, smooth ridge face can half no-tillage kind of rice.Mention that more than the cultivated grade of drought is meant that uprooting the layer that loosens the soil with hoe divides Three Estate as standard: the one-level drought is ploughed: uproot once, uproot dark 7cm, soil block 4-6cm; The secondary drought is ploughed: the hoe secondary, uproot dark 10cm, soil block 3-5cm; Three grades of droughts are ploughed: uproot three times, uproot dark 15cm, soil block 2-3cm.
Contrast (the yield data unit: kilogram/mu) of amphibious ridge culture of table 4 floods and droughts and conventional level planting effect of increasing production
| Loam (three repetitions) | Group is average | Clay (three repetitions) | Group is average | |
| Water is done the level planting contrast | 476.0，482.9，486.6 | 481.8±5.38 | 363.9，363.9，428.7 | 385.5±37.4 |
| The amphibious ridge culture of floods and droughts | 558.4，561.5，591.2 | 570.4±18.1 | 418.8，428.7，478.8 | 442.1±32.1 |
| Floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish | 603.4，570.2，610.7 | 594.8±21.6 | 425.4，513.8，454.3 | 464.5±37.4 |
Changing the data of table 4 into respect to the contrast number of same district group ratio, is 100% to calculate to such an extent that each relative raising the output value of handling sees the following form 5 with the contrast of same district group:
The effect of increasing production of the amphibious expedient of tillage of table 5 floods and droughts
| Loam (three repetitions) | Clay (three repetitions) | |
| Water is done the level planting contrast | 100％ | 100％ |
| Floods and droughts is amphibious | 118.3±2.26％ | 114.9±7.38％ |
| Floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish | 123.5±2.67％ | 121.4±7.92％ |
Under the loam condition, floods and droughts is amphibious than level planting contrast raising the output 18.3 ± 2.26%, and floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish than level planting contrast raising the output 23.5 ± 2.67%.Under the clay condition, floods and droughts is amphibious to reach 14.9 ± 7.38% than level planting contrast raising the output, and floods and droughts is amphibious+breeds fish than level planting contrast raising the output 21.4 ± 7.92%, through the t check, difference reaches extremely significantly and significance level.
The small plot experiment observed result shows that also the amphibious plantation of floods and droughts improves drought-resistant ability, because the ridging trench digging; Every mu of reservoir storage that has increased by 60～100 cubes is practiced thrift 120 cubes of farming water consumptions, practices thrift applying quantity of chemical fertilizer 30%; The mosquito blight incidence of disease descends 44%, premature ripening 2～3 days.
According to preferred implementation of the present invention, amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts can also combine with the artificial floating island technology.Artificial floating island is a kind of implant systems that waft and float on the surface that synthesized by one or more buoyancy aid module groups with ad hoc structure and function that can be floating on the water; Be applied to the eutrophication control in lake the earliest and make up artificial wetland waterborne, and be used to develop the three-dimensional planting and breeding industry of the water surface.The amphibious planting technology of floods and droughts is combined with the artificial floating island technology, is the great technological innovation that the amphibious farming technique of floods and droughts is used, and also is the technical great development of artificial floating island.This is excavated the amphibious raising the output advantage of floods and droughts to greatest extent.Because the amphibious cropping pattern of floods and droughts is adopted in the rice field, its yield potential receives the restriction of marginal condition, and production-increasing function mainly shows the limit row; Just weaken significantly to second row, in this case, have to increase trench digging quantity; The rice field furrow is many more, and yield potential is big more, but the more consumptions of rice field furrow worker is many more; And furrow is difficult in maintenance, is not suitable for mechanized.And adopt the amphibious chinampa of floods and droughts technology, and each the some position on the chinampa all is on the amphibious border of floods and droughts, make the increases in grain production maximization.According to our experiment in the Chenxi, adopt the chinampa box of 80cm * 80cm, kind of rice does not almost have the difference of limit row and middle row, effective fringe 18～50 fringes of every pocket, big panicle many grains per panicle, full grains on it.Therefore the amphibious chinampa of floods and droughts is a kind of new technology of the amphibious yield potential of comprehensive exploitation paddy rice floods and droughts, and this technology not only also has promotional value at the water surface but also in the rice field.
A series of interaction taking place between the root district environment of the amphibious cropping pattern of floods and droughts with two relative closures coordinating the contradiction of floods and droughts opposition, realizes having complementary advantages.The root system part of same strain paddy rice is in the dry farming environment; A part is in the waterflooding environment; The oxygen that can absorb from the dry farming layer like this is transported to the waterflooding root system of anoxic through the junction of lateral root and main root, root and stem, makes the root system that is dipped into fully in the water body can obtain the oxygen supply of abundance.Under the amphibious cultivation condition of floods and droughts, heavy of dried root increases by 123%, and the dry matter accumulation of acrial part has then increased by 190%, shows under the amphibious cropping pattern of floods and droughts, and the efficient of root system is done paddy rice than drought rice and water and all is more than doubled.The root system benefit of the amphibious paddy rice of floods and droughts improves and can only explain with the interaction in dry farming root district and waterflooding root district, and this interaction obviously is that the participation of the functional unit of part on the ground realizes down.
General Study is thought; Under the dry farming condition; Produced a series of variation in form of paddy rice and the physiological development,, obtained to stablize and higher output but the regulating and controlling effect that secretion of endogenous hormones simultaneously and enzymic activity change makes it can adapt to the dry farming condition as prolonging breeding time with the plant height reduction etc.Research shows, the longest root is long, root is thick, root/shoot ratio, leaf water potential and paddy drought resistance are proportionate, and radical and drought resistance are negative correlation.The root growth and development of the amphibious plantation of floods and droughts obviously is different from rice dry-farming and water is made the root growth and development under the plantation, and it is main, the lateral root differentiation is obvious.Root system stretches at the water body space free, enlarges the surface area of root system, and the absorbing capacity of paddy rice in early stage is significantly strengthened; The variation of root system makes index such as the leaf attitude of growth performance, strain, leaf look, breeding time of the amphibious rice cultivation of floods and droughts that a series of variation take place, and its tillering ability significantly improves with effective fringe.Do to change dry farming through paddy rice water simultaneously, the structural improvement of soil, the raising of water-permeable and air permeable property also are important factors impelling output to improve.
The popularization of the amphibious planting technology of floods and droughts depends on drought and ploughs mechanization.The drought of present various models is ploughed ridger and has been moved towards market, and technical conditions are ripe.The reform of the amphibious cropping pattern of floods and droughts is presented as that mainly it is that drought is cultivated that modify-water is ploughed, the popularization seedling-throwing technology, and rice direct-seeding technology, the non-irrigated farming cost of ploughing also hang down about 20% than the cultivated cost of water, can also practice thrift fertilizer 20% simultaneously, economize on water more than 30%.Because the amphibious planting technology of floods and droughts has been eliminated soil compaction and reduction material accumulation that the water work forms; Be of value to the activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganism and the activity of aerobic microorganism and soil animal; Reduce the denitrification loss of nitrogen,, can practice thrift chemical nitrogen fertilizer more than 20% from our result of the test for many years; Also find in the rice field of the amphibious plantation of some continuous floods and droughts more than 3 years simultaneously, also can not guarantee high and stable yields even do not execute chemical nitrogen fertilizer.The data of relevant research in modern age shows; Amount of nitrogen fixation under the condition of being sick of is half the not as good as amount of nitrogen fixation under the aerobic conditions; In that organic matter is abundant and the good gas property of the soil that air capacity of soils is good can reach every mu of 5-15 kilogram/every year from its amount of nitrogen fixation of growing nitrogen-fixing,, guarantees that suitable phosphorus element supplies if under the amphibious planting conditions of floods and droughts, combine suitable breeding fish; Promote blue-green algae breeding and utilization; To increase substantially soil from growing nitrogen-fixing, and reduce the amount of application of nitrogenous fertilizer, even accomplish that it also is possible exempting to execute chemical nitrogen fertilizer.Adopt the amphibious ridge culture of rice field floods and droughts, can make every 667m
2The rice field increases 60-100 cube moisture storage capacity, for the big flood of slowing down flood season important effect is arranged.Natural irrigation can be reproduced through more rainwater of stocking in the rice field more; Diminishing is made the river rising in Ningxia and flowing into central Shaanxi stream interface of farming face; 3,200 ten thousand hectares of China's paddy rice cultivated areas change the amphibious plantation of floods and droughts into if all water is done plantation, then can increase production 3,000 ten thousand tons of paddy; 1,700,000 sides that economize on water practice thrift 1,920,000 tons of purity nitrogens of chemical nitrogen fertilizer.
The amphibious agricultural of floods and droughts can be used as an important techniques measure of lake eutrophication improvement and promotes.The amphibious plantation of floods and droughts is the effective technology measure of thoroughly administering incobation property low-yield land.The area of south incobation property low-yield land accounts for 20～30% of the rice field gross area, because the incobation sexual dysfunction factor causes the underproduction 20～80%, the yield potential in this part rice field is very big.The paddy field makes rice field-upland field rotation after adopting amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts simultaneously, and it is convenient more to enlarge spring receipts crops planting area, helps raising the multiple-cropping index, and improves agriculture gross output more on a large scale.Drought is ploughed farming and is practiced thrift farming cost 20～80% than the cultivated farming of water; Be suitable for the mass mechanized farming; And plough, apply fertilizer, sow (or rice transplanting) and once accomplish, cultivation management is tending towards oversimplifying, and is to advance rice to make the important technical of agricultural modernization and industrialization.
Comprehensively mentioned above, the beneficial effect of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention comprises:
-no-tillage, exempt to insert, field management simplifies
-flood control, drought resisting, water saving
-Jie fertilizer, environmental protection, ecological optimal
-mechanized operation, the artificial input of minimizing
-be suitable for dry farming and dry farming is no-tillage
-be suitable for that water is done and water is done no-tillage
-be suitable for rice field-upland field rotation and rice field-upland field rotation is no-tillage
-raising the output
In addition, comprehensively mentioned above, the major technique innovative point of amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice of the present invention comprises:
(1) the innovation paddy field of farming technique adopts drought to plough Dai Shuigeng; Reduce arable land cost 30%; Reduce farming water consumption (farming water consumption account for rice growing season water 30%); Making the paddy soil structure is loose porous granular structure by plate field structure, strengthens the air capacity of soils of soil, reduces the loss of nitrogen fertilizer of soil denitrification and the atmospheric pollution that causes thus.
(2) integrated innovation ploughs with drought modify-water is ploughed, the semi dry natural zero-tillage is minimal tilled technology, ridge planting technological, mechanized farming is technological carries out how technology is integrated, and is integrated, simplified the agricultural tillage management, improves the rural labor productivity.
(3) marked change of properties of product and result of use should technology realize ecological benefits, economic benefit, the unification of social benefit triple effect, and increases in grain production are more than 20%.
Although described the present invention with reference to preferred implementation of the present invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that not breaking away under the purport situation of the present invention can carry out various changes to the present invention, these changes fall within the scope of requirement protection of the present invention.For example; Although described amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts to paddy rice in this specification; But it is self-evident; Can utilize amphibious kind of method for planting of floods and droughts of the present invention to plant other various amphibious crops and plants except that paddy rice, include but not limited to Alternanthera philoxeroides, eel grass, frogbit, water lily, zebra grass, lotus, swallow flower, reed, Gorgon fruit, parasol grass, arrowhead, Arundo donax, floral leaf Scirpus tabernaemontani, red alternanthera, floral leaf India canna, again power flower, rhizoma alismatis, floral leaf Lu Di, field word duckweed, cattail, calamus, damp sedge, water arum, common rush, fish mint, mullet grass, water standing grain, gather grass, Bermuda grass, wild country melon vine, Nepal's knotweed, paspalum notatum, vetiver, Sudan grass, paddy rice, barnyard grass grass or the like.
Claims (9)
1. amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of a paddy rice may further comprise the steps:
(1) drought is ploughed: under the situation of dried field, carry out drought and plough or the nonirrigated farmland conservation tillage;
(2) ridging: use the disposable completion ridging of ridger, or railway carriage or compartment, the ridge pattern of using the ditching machine trench digging to need with formation;
(3) rice transplanting: water irrigated make water carry out rice transplanting when flushing in the furrow with the ridge face;
(4) water starch management: water is irrigated to flushing with the ridge face at transplanting date; Emerge, turn green, tiller, ear, be in the milk and carry out the semlsulcus water infiltration later on each breeding time and irrigate; Irritate the deep water flood control rainy season, institute's water storage is used for the prevention arid, changes the dry farming state when meeting arid, irritates the supply of horse race water supplementing water in good time.
2. amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein, said drought is ploughed step and ridging step through using the cultivated disposable completion of ridger of drought.
3. amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1 also comprises any step or a plurality of step that are selected from the following steps:
(i) fertilising: when drought is ploughed, carry out deep application of fertilizer;
(ii) enclose the ridge: said drought plough and the ridging step after, do to enclose the ridge around ridge one circle;
(iii) diseases and pests controlling: adopt measure of biotic control or other conventional methods to carry out diseases and pests controlling;
(iv) harvesting: the grain header two-wheel running gathers in operation in furrow, straw fills in the furrow;
(v) loosen the soil and weeding: the organic acid that utilizes dead plant and animal residues decomposition such as straw to produce immerses the soil body; And generate carbonic acid gas with the reaction of the carbonic hydroammonium that applies; Discharge broken soil block by carbon dioxide; Apply the weed killer herbicide weeding simultaneously and promote the plant and animal residues decomposition, realize weeding and loosen the soil.
4. amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 3, wherein, in said fertilising step, base manure carries out deep application of fertilizer according to 60% to 80% Application Ratio of total fertilizing amount.
5. amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 3 wherein, encloses in the step of ridge said, makes that enclosing the ridge is higher than inner ridge face 3-5cm.
6. amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in said ridging step, the furrow specification is set at: 80 centimetres to 150 centimetres of row spacings, 50 centimetres to 80 centimetres of furrow widths, 20 centimetres to 50 centimetres of ditch depths, trench digging is not broken tillage pan.
7. amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1; Wherein, in said rice transplanting step, it is capable to insert 4-9 on the face of ridge, every ridge; And from the ridge side slope begins to insert; Every mu of field planting strain number is the till land 80%-150% of best field planting strain number of corresponding kind or combination of level planting water, and transplanting strain number is on the low side when wherein adopting narrow ditch narrow ridge, but rational close planted when adopting wide furrow width ridge.
8. amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of paddy rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in said water starch management step, stage of wax ripeness carries out the operation of solid carbon dioxide dry field.
9. like amphibious kind of method for planting of the floods and droughts of each described paddy rice in the claim 1 to 8, also be included in the furrow and breed fish.
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