CN1132239C - 制造半导体器件的方法 - Google Patents
制造半导体器件的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1132239C CN1132239C CN99103122A CN99103122A CN1132239C CN 1132239 C CN1132239 C CN 1132239C CN 99103122 A CN99103122 A CN 99103122A CN 99103122 A CN99103122 A CN 99103122A CN 1132239 C CN1132239 C CN 1132239C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- illuvium
- groove
- insulation film
- line material
- seed layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 56
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 141
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 130
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 137
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 136
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 136
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000003340 retarding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 164
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 163
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 147
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract description 135
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 31
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 31
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract description 31
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 117
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004643 cupric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001259 photo etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76841—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers
- H01L21/76871—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers
- H01L21/76873—Layers specifically deposited to enhance or enable the nucleation of further layers, i.e. seed layers for electroplating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
- H01L21/288—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a liquid, e.g. electrolytic deposition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/7684—Smoothing; Planarisation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76841—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers
- H01L21/76843—Barrier, adhesion or liner layers formed in openings in a dielectric
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/71—Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
- H01L21/76877—Filling of holes, grooves or trenches, e.g. vias, with conductive material
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Electrodes Of Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP38311/1998 | 1998-02-20 | ||
JP03831198A JP3191759B2 (ja) | 1998-02-20 | 1998-02-20 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
JP38311/98 | 1998-02-20 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1229274A CN1229274A (zh) | 1999-09-22 |
CN1132239C true CN1132239C (zh) | 2003-12-24 |
Family
ID=12521761
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN99103122A Expired - Fee Related CN1132239C (zh) | 1998-02-20 | 1999-02-20 | 制造半导体器件的方法 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6245676B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3191759B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100364081B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1132239C (zh) |
Families Citing this family (55)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6534116B2 (en) | 2000-08-10 | 2003-03-18 | Nutool, Inc. | Plating method and apparatus that creates a differential between additive disposed on a top surface and a cavity surface of a workpiece using an external influence |
KR100705371B1 (ko) | 1999-07-26 | 2007-04-11 | 동경 엘렉트론 주식회사 | 도금 처리 방법, 도금 처리 장치 및 도금 처리 시스템 |
US6355153B1 (en) * | 1999-09-17 | 2002-03-12 | Nutool, Inc. | Chip interconnect and packaging deposition methods and structures |
US6299741B1 (en) | 1999-11-29 | 2001-10-09 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Advanced electrolytic polish (AEP) assisted metal wafer planarization method and apparatus |
JP4537523B2 (ja) * | 2000-02-16 | 2010-09-01 | 富士通株式会社 | Cu系埋込配線のパルスメッキ方法 |
EP1143506A3 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2004-02-25 | Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation | Pattern forming method |
US20060118425A1 (en) * | 2000-04-19 | 2006-06-08 | Basol Bulent M | Process to minimize and/or eliminate conductive material coating over the top surface of a patterned substrate |
KR100407682B1 (ko) * | 2000-06-26 | 2003-12-01 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 반도체 소자의 금속배선 형성방법 |
US6858121B2 (en) | 2000-08-10 | 2005-02-22 | Nutool, Inc. | Method and apparatus for filling low aspect ratio cavities with conductive material at high rate |
CN1310289C (zh) * | 2000-08-10 | 2007-04-11 | Asm纳托尔公司 | 利用外部影响在工件的上表面和空腔表面放置的添加剂之间产生差别的电镀方法和设备 |
US6921551B2 (en) * | 2000-08-10 | 2005-07-26 | Asm Nutool, Inc. | Plating method and apparatus for controlling deposition on predetermined portions of a workpiece |
AU2001275275A1 (en) * | 2000-09-18 | 2002-04-02 | Advanced Micro Devices Inc. | Method to recess interconnects in damascene patterning |
US20040170753A1 (en) * | 2000-12-18 | 2004-09-02 | Basol Bulent M. | Electrochemical mechanical processing using low temperature process environment |
US6432821B1 (en) * | 2000-12-18 | 2002-08-13 | Intel Corporation | Method of copper electroplating |
KR100635872B1 (ko) * | 2000-12-28 | 2006-10-18 | 매그나칩 반도체 유한회사 | 반도체소자의 금속배선 형성방법 |
US7172497B2 (en) * | 2001-01-05 | 2007-02-06 | Asm Nutool, Inc. | Fabrication of semiconductor interconnect structures |
JP2003051473A (ja) * | 2001-08-03 | 2003-02-21 | Disco Abrasive Syst Ltd | 半導体ウェーハの裏面研削方法 |
DE10208166B4 (de) * | 2002-02-26 | 2006-12-14 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., Sunnyvale | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallleitungen mit verbesserter Gleichförmigkeit auf einem Substrat |
JP4052868B2 (ja) * | 2002-04-26 | 2008-02-27 | Necエレクトロニクス株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
TW559999B (en) * | 2002-05-08 | 2003-11-01 | Nec Corp | Semiconductor device having silicon-including metal wiring layer and its manufacturing method |
US6849173B1 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2005-02-01 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Technique to enhance the yield of copper interconnections |
KR100559041B1 (ko) * | 2002-07-11 | 2006-03-10 | 매그나칩 반도체 유한회사 | 반도체 소자의 구리 배선 형성 방법 |
TW200406829A (en) | 2002-09-17 | 2004-05-01 | Adv Lcd Tech Dev Ct Co Ltd | Interconnect, interconnect forming method, thin film transistor, and display device |
JP2004221334A (ja) | 2003-01-15 | 2004-08-05 | Seiko Epson Corp | 金属素子形成方法、半導体装置の製造方法及び電子デバイスの製造方法、半導体装置及び電子デバイス、並びに電子機器 |
JP3949652B2 (ja) | 2003-02-17 | 2007-07-25 | Necエレクトロニクス株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
FR2851258B1 (fr) * | 2003-02-17 | 2007-03-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de revetement d'une surface, fabrication d'interconnexion en microelectronique utilisant ce procede, et circuits integres |
JP2004315889A (ja) * | 2003-04-16 | 2004-11-11 | Ebara Corp | 半導体基板のめっき方法 |
US20050016861A1 (en) * | 2003-07-24 | 2005-01-27 | Thomas Laursen | Method for planarizing a work piece |
JP4499390B2 (ja) * | 2003-09-09 | 2010-07-07 | パナソニック株式会社 | 半導体装置及びその製造方法 |
JP2005163080A (ja) * | 2003-12-01 | 2005-06-23 | Toshiba Corp | めっき装置及びめっき方法 |
US20060183321A1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2006-08-17 | Basol Bulent M | Method for reduction of gap fill defects |
JP4665531B2 (ja) * | 2005-01-27 | 2011-04-06 | 日立電線株式会社 | 配線板の製造方法 |
JP4468191B2 (ja) | 2005-01-27 | 2010-05-26 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 金属構造体及びその製造方法 |
US20060226014A1 (en) * | 2005-04-11 | 2006-10-12 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Method and process for improved uniformity of electrochemical plating films produced in semiconductor device processing |
US7446040B2 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2008-11-04 | International Business Machines Corporation | Structure for optimizing fill in semiconductor features deposited by electroplating |
US7550070B2 (en) | 2006-02-03 | 2009-06-23 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Electrode and pad assembly for processing conductive layers |
EP1839695A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-03 | Debiotech S.A. | Medical liquid injection device |
US8500985B2 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2013-08-06 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Photoresist-free metal deposition |
KR100815319B1 (ko) | 2006-08-30 | 2008-03-19 | 삼성전기주식회사 | 고밀도 인쇄회로기판 및 그 제조 방법 |
US7732329B2 (en) | 2006-08-30 | 2010-06-08 | Ipgrip, Llc | Method and apparatus for workpiece surface modification for selective material deposition |
US20080237048A1 (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2008-10-02 | Ismail Emesh | Method and apparatus for selective electrofilling of through-wafer vias |
US20080283404A1 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2008-11-20 | Nec Electronics Corporation | Method of manufacturing semiconductor device to decrease defect number of plating film |
JP2008283124A (ja) * | 2007-05-14 | 2008-11-20 | Nec Electronics Corp | 半導体装置の製造方法および半導体装置 |
JP2008283123A (ja) * | 2007-05-14 | 2008-11-20 | Nec Electronics Corp | 半導体装置の製造方法および半導体装置 |
US20090065365A1 (en) * | 2007-09-11 | 2009-03-12 | Asm Nutool, Inc. | Method and apparatus for copper electroplating |
JP4735767B2 (ja) * | 2008-10-16 | 2011-07-27 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 貫通電極基板及び半導体装置 |
CN102339786A (zh) * | 2010-07-16 | 2012-02-01 | 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 | 处理沟槽内铜电镀层的方法 |
US20120186080A1 (en) * | 2011-01-26 | 2012-07-26 | S.D. Warren Company | Creating conductivized traces for use in electronic devices |
JP2013077619A (ja) * | 2011-09-29 | 2013-04-25 | Renesas Electronics Corp | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
KR101841199B1 (ko) | 2011-12-07 | 2018-03-23 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 반도체 장치의 제조 방법 및 이에 의해 제조된 반도체 장치 |
US9435048B2 (en) * | 2013-02-27 | 2016-09-06 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Layer by layer electro chemical plating (ECP) process |
JP6779087B2 (ja) * | 2016-10-05 | 2020-11-04 | 株式会社ディスコ | 配線基板の製造方法 |
JP6783614B2 (ja) * | 2016-10-11 | 2020-11-11 | 株式会社ディスコ | 配線基板の製造方法 |
CN108666335A (zh) * | 2018-05-18 | 2018-10-16 | 复旦大学 | Cmos图像传感器三维集成方法 |
WO2024127636A1 (ja) * | 2022-12-16 | 2024-06-20 | 株式会社荏原製作所 | めっき装置およびめっき方法 |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5771150A (en) | 1980-10-22 | 1982-05-01 | Nec Home Electronics Ltd | Manufacture of semiconductor device |
US5972192A (en) * | 1997-07-23 | 1999-10-26 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Pulse electroplating copper or copper alloys |
-
1998
- 1998-02-20 JP JP03831198A patent/JP3191759B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-02-20 KR KR1019990005731A patent/KR100364081B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-20 CN CN99103122A patent/CN1132239C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-02-22 US US09/255,562 patent/US6245676B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1229274A (zh) | 1999-09-22 |
KR19990072807A (ko) | 1999-09-27 |
JPH11238703A (ja) | 1999-08-31 |
US6245676B1 (en) | 2001-06-12 |
JP3191759B2 (ja) | 2001-07-23 |
KR100364081B1 (ko) | 2002-12-11 |
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