CN108602674A - 碳基纤维片及包含其的锂硫电池 - Google Patents
碳基纤维片及包含其的锂硫电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108602674A CN108602674A CN201780010868.1A CN201780010868A CN108602674A CN 108602674 A CN108602674 A CN 108602674A CN 201780010868 A CN201780010868 A CN 201780010868A CN 108602674 A CN108602674 A CN 108602674A
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- carbon based
- lithium
- based fibers
- sulfur cell
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 57
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006256 anode slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PHMPXRLILNXEIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid 1-fluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound C(O)(O)=O.FC=CC PHMPXRLILNXEIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JLQNHALFVCURHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclooctasulfur Chemical compound S1SSSSSSS1 JLQNHALFVCURHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001891 dimethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- MAHNFPMIPQKPPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur Chemical compound S=S MAHNFPMIPQKPPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004761 fibrosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001477 hydrophilic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001600 hydrophobic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKAJVHLWXSISD-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyramide Chemical compound CC(C)C(N)=O WFKAJVHLWXSISD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002116 nanohorn Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002063 nanoring Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004355 nitrogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002898 organic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000379 polypropylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- ILVXOBCQQYKLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine N-oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]1=CC=CC=C1 ILVXOBCQQYKLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005987 sulfurization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
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- D01D5/0007—Electro-spinning
- D01D5/0015—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material
- D01D5/003—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material the material being a polymer solution or dispersion
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- D01D5/0007—Electro-spinning
- D01D5/0015—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material
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- D01D5/0038—Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material the material being a polymer solution or dispersion the fibre formed by solvent evaporation, i.e. dry electro-spinning
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- D01D5/20—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with varying denier along their length
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
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- D01F9/145—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from pitch or distillation residues
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- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
- D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
- D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
- D01F9/14—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments
- D01F9/20—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
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- D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
- D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
- D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
- D01F9/14—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments
- D01F9/20—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products
- D01F9/21—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D01F9/22—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from polyaddition, polycondensation or polymerisation products from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polyacrylonitriles
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
- D04H1/4242—Carbon fibres
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
- D04H1/72—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged
- D04H1/728—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged by electro-spinning
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/322—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing nitrogen
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
- D06M23/06—Processes in which the treating agent is dispersed in a gas, e.g. aerosols
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种碳基纤维片和包含其的锂硫电池。本发明的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片掺杂有高浓度的氮,由此通过吸附在充放电期间从正极溶出的多硫化锂而起到防止扩散的作用,从而抑制穿梭反应,由此改善锂硫电池的容量和寿命特性。
Description
技术领域
本申请要求于2016年6月2日提交的韩国专利申请10-2016-0068855号以及于2017年3月13日提交的韩国专利申请10-2017-0031126号的优先权和权益,并通过引用的方式将其全部内容并入本文中。
本发明涉及对多硫化锂具有优异吸附效果的碳基纤维片及包含其的锂硫电池。
背景技术
近年来,随着电子产品、电子装置、通信装置等的小型化和轻量化的迅速发展以及因环境问题而对电动车辆的需求的大幅增加,对于用作这些产品的电源的二次电池的性能改进的需求也在不断增加。其中,锂二次电池由于其高能量密度和高标准电极电位而作为高性能电池引起了显著关注。
具体而言,锂硫(Li-S)电池是使用具有S-S键(硫-硫键)的硫类材料作为正极活性材料并使用锂金属作为负极活性材料的二次电池。锂硫电池的优点在于,作为正极活性材料的主要材料的硫资源非常丰富、无毒性、并具有低原子量。此外,锂硫电池的理论放电容量为1675mAh/g-硫,并且它的理论能量密度为2600Wh/kg。由于锂硫电池的能量密度远高于目前正在研究的其它电池系统的理论能量密度(Ni-MH电池:450Wh/kg,Li-FeS电池:480Wh/kg,Li-MnO2电池:1000Wh/kg,Na-S电池:800Wh/kg),所以锂硫电池是迄今开发的电池中最有前途的电池。
在锂硫电池放电期间,在负极处发生锂的氧化反应并在正极处发生硫的还原反应。放电前的硫具有环状S8结构。在还原反应(放电)期间,随着S-S键断裂,S的氧化数减少,而在氧化反应(充电)期间,随着S-S键重新形成,利用S的氧化数增加的氧化还原反应来储存和产生电能。在该反应期间,硫通过还原反应从环状S8结构转化为线性多硫化锂(Li2Sx,x=8、6、4、2)。最终,当多硫化锂被完全还原时,最终产生硫化锂(Li2S)。与锂离子电池不同,通过还原为各多硫化锂的过程,锂硫电池的放电特性的特征在于阶梯式放电电压。
在多硫化锂例如Li2S8、Li2S6、Li2S4和Li2S2中,特别是硫的氧化数高的多硫化锂(Li2Sx,通常x>4)容易溶解在亲水性电解液中。溶解在所述电解液中的多硫化锂通过浓度差扩散离开生成所述多硫化锂的正极。由此,从正极溶出的多硫化锂损失到正极反应区之外,使得不能进行逐步地还原成硫化锂(Li2S)。也就是说,由于远离正极和负极的以溶解状态存在的溶解的多硫化锂不能参与电池的充放电反应,因此参与所述电化学反应的硫的量在正极处减少,因此,这是降低锂硫电池的充电容量和能量的主要因素。
此外,扩散到负极的多硫化锂除了悬浮或沉积在电解液中之外,扩散到负极的多硫化锂还直接与锂反应并以Li2S的形式粘附于负极的表面,由此导致锂金属负极的腐蚀。
为了使多硫化锂的溶出最小化,正在研究改变正极复合物的形态,其中通过将硫粒子浸渍于各种碳结构或金属氧化物中而形成复合物。
另一方面,据报道,当碳材料掺杂有氮时,表面极性改变并且吸附多硫化锂。特别地,在碳表面上掺杂的各种氮官能团之中,吡咯基团和吡啶基团对吸附多硫化锂是有效的(Chem.Mater.,2015,27,2048-2055/Adv.Funct.Mater.,2014,24,1243-1250)。因此,需要采取措施通过增加碳材料中的氮含量来改善多硫化锂吸附能力。
[现有技术文献]
[专利文献]
韩国专利公开2016-0032862号,(2016.03.25),制备N掺杂的石墨烯的方法和由其制备的N掺杂的石墨烯。
[非专利文献]
Jia-Jia Chen等,导电路易斯碱基质在Li-S电池的硫氧化还原循环期间恢复Li2S8缺失键(Conductive Lewis Base Matrix to Recover the Missing Link of Li2S8during the Sulfur Redox Cycle in Li-S Battery),Chem.Mater.,2015,27,2048-2055.
Jiangxuan Son等,氮掺杂的介孔碳促进硫的化学吸附以及用于锂硫电池的具有优异循环稳定性的高面积容量硫正极的制作(Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous CarbonPromoted Chemical Adsorption of Sulfur and Fabrication of High-Areal-CapacitySulfur Positive electrode with Exceptional Cycling Stability for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries),Adv.Funct.Mater.,2014,24,1243-1250.
发明内容
[技术问题]
如上所述,锂硫电池的问题在于,由于多硫化锂从正极溶出和扩散,因此随着充放电循环进行,电池容量和寿命特性劣化。
因此,作为为了解决上述问题而进行了各种研究的结果,本发明的发明人发现:随着碳基纤维片中的掺杂氮浓度的增加,有效抑制了从正极溶出多硫化锂,从而改善了电池容量和寿命。
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供掺杂有高浓度氮的碳基纤维片。
本发明的另一个目的是提供所述碳基纤维片的制备方法。
另外,本发明的又一个目的是提供包含所述碳基纤维片的锂硫电池。
[解决技术问题的技术方案]
根据本发明的一个目的,提供掺杂有高浓度氮的碳基纤维片。
根据本发明的另一个目的,提供所述掺杂有高浓度氮的碳基纤维片的制备方法。
根据本发明的又一个目的,提供在正极与隔膜之间包含所述碳基纤维片的锂硫电池。
[发明的有益效果]
本发明的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片通过吸附在充放电期间从正极溶出的多硫化锂而起到防止扩散的作用。由此,通过抑制多硫化锂的扩散、即抑制穿梭反应,可以提高锂硫电池容量和寿命特性。
附图说明
图1是使用本发明的碳基纤维片的锂硫电池的横截面图。
图2是根据本发明的制备例的通过聚丙烯腈的热处理而稳定化的碳纤维毡的扫描电子显微镜照片。
图3是根据本发明的制备例的通过碳化碳纤维毡而制备的碳基纤维片的扫描电子显微镜照片。
图4是显示根据本发明的实施例和比较例的锂硫电池的初始放电容量的图。
图5是显示根据本发明的实施例和比较例的锂硫电池的循环寿命特性的图。
图6是显示根据本发明的实施例和比较例的锂硫电池的充放电效率的图。
具体实施方式
以下,将参照说明性的附图详细说明本发明的实施方式。附图可以作为用于说明本发明的目的的一个实施方式而以不同的形式实施,并且不限于此。在此,为了在附图中清楚地说明本发明,省略了与说明无关的部分,并且在整个说明书中相似的附图标记用于表示同样的部分。而且,附图中显示的部件的尺寸和相对大小与实际比例无关,并且为了说明清晰起见可以缩小或放大。
本发明旨在通过在锂硫电池的正极与隔膜之间插入能够吸附从正极溶出的多硫化锂的碳基纤维片来防止多硫化锂的扩散。下面将详细说明各种构造。
碳基纤维片
本发明的碳基纤维片是指碳基纤维形成三维多孔网络结构的多种纤维状结构。所述纤维状结构包括碳基纤维形成板状形式的不规则聚集体或者碳基纤维通过编织形成三维的规则聚集体的结构。
此时,碳基纤维可以是但不限于选自由碳纤维、碳纳米纤维、石墨纤维和石墨烯纤维构成的组中的至少一种。优选使用碳纤维,其可以是晶态的或无定形的。
碳基纤维片可以是选自由毡、垫、纸和布构成的组中的一种或多种织物的形式。优选使用毡。
‘毡’是指由碳或石墨材料通过纺丝工艺生产的纤维形成板状形式的不规则聚集体。
‘垫’和‘纸’是指通过使用有机粘合剂,碳材料的纤维形成比毡薄的形式的聚集体。
‘布’是指通过纺丝工艺等制备的碳纤维通过编织形成三维规则的聚集体。
碳基纤维片具有三维网络结构,其中碳基纤维是规则或不规则地结合的。因此,碳基纤维片具有优异的刚性并且不容易变形,并且还具有许多孔隙使得可以顺利发生电解液的移动。在碳基纤维片中,微孔、介孔、大孔等在结构内复杂地存在,并且孔的控制可以根据制备方法而变化。
在使用诸如炭黑的粒子时,存在它们难以固定在电池内的问题,并且即使将它们固定,它们也容易在电池的运行期间移动,且因此它们难以与电解液均匀地接触。另外,对于碳基纤维,它们有优异的耐化学性、耐磨性和耐热性,并且重量轻、在宽电压范围内具有稳定性等,因此适合应用于电池。相比之下,与碳相比,碳之外的材料如金属等的热、化学、机械、以及电和电子性质差,并且它们难以满足电池用途所需的诸如电解质润湿和电阻的全部基本特性。因此,就形式和材料而言,使用碳基纤维片是最理想的。
特别地,在本发明中,碳基纤维片掺杂有氮。‘掺杂’是指构成碳基纤维的一些碳原子被氮原子替代。
对氮掺杂的碳材料的研究已经是国际上碳材料领域中的议题之一。其主要原因是氮原子中的价电子数比碳原子中的价电子数多一个,并且氮原子通过掺杂进入石墨的六原子环状结构中,然后形成包含氮的官能团如吡啶、吡咯、石墨化的氮、和吡啶氧化物,从而在改善碳材料的表面化学活性的同时进行电子结构的调整。
因此,已有使用掺杂有氮的碳材料吸附锂硫电池中的多硫化锂的现有技术,但氮掺杂浓度低至0.01重量%至3重量%,因此不能获得令人满意的多硫化锂吸附效果。
在本发明中,碳基纤维片掺杂了至少5重量%的高浓度氮代替碳,从而改善了多硫化锂吸附能力并显示改善的电化学特性。
本发明的碳基纤维片以基于碳基纤维片的总重量为5重量%以上、优选5重量%至30重量%、更优选10重量%至25重量%的量掺杂有氮,并且特征在于所掺杂的氮含量高于通过常规氮掺杂工艺制备的碳材料的掺杂的氮含量。当氮的掺杂浓度小于上述范围时,不能获得对多硫化锂吸附能力的改善效果,反之,当掺杂浓度超过上述范围时,容量降低且电池特性可能劣化。
如后文所述,本发明的碳基纤维片插入锂硫电池内,具体而言,插入正极与隔膜之间。因此,需要控制参数以便增加多硫化锂吸附能力而不影响正极与隔膜的原有功能,并且不影响在它们之间存在的电解液的流动(即锂离子输送等)。
参数可以包括构成碳基纤维片的纤维的直径、片中孔隙的尺寸、孔隙率、比表面积和体积密度,并且通过限制它们可以使上述效果最大化。
首先,为了提高多硫化物吸附效果和提高锂离子输送效率而不劣化锂硫电池的性能,将片制成多孔片。因此,碳基纤维片由碳基纤维构成,并且需要限制碳基纤维的直径和碳基纤维片的孔隙、孔隙率和体积密度,结果,使如上所述的效果最大化。
具体而言,构成本发明的碳基纤维片的单根纤维的直径可以为0.01μm至100μm,优选0.01μm至50μm,更优选0.05μm至10μm,并且具有这些性质的碳基纤维片对于确保优异的多硫化锂吸附能力是理想的。当碳基纤维的直径小于0.01μm时,产生这样的问题,即在碳化的热处理工序期间,维持不了纤维形状并且结构坍塌。相反,当直径超过100μm时,存在碳基纤维片的厚度太厚的问题,由此电池的能量密度相当低。因此,适宜使用在上述范围内的直径。
另外,本发明的碳基纤维片可以具有0.1μm至100μm、优选0.1μm至50μm的厚度。当碳基纤维片的厚度小于上述范围时,难以确保多硫化锂吸附效果,反之,当厚度超过上述范围时,碳基纤维片可能起到电阻器的作用并由此引起电池性能方面的问题。考虑到常规正极活性材料的厚度为100μm,最优选的厚度为0.1μm至50μm。
另外,本发明的碳基纤维片可以具有0.1μm至10μm的孔径、5%至90%的孔隙率和5m2/g至500m2/g的比表面积。优选地,孔径为0.5μm至5μm,孔隙率为30%至90%,并且比表面积为10m2/g至200m2/g。当将这样的孔隙特性应用于锂硫电池时,优选确保电化学特性的改善效果而不起到电阻器的作用。当碳基纤维片中的孔隙小于0.1μm时,存在电解液难以渗透到片中从而电池不能运行的问题。反之,当孔径超过10μm时,存在由于碳基纤维片中存在大孔隙而不能均匀地发生多硫化锂的吸附的问题。因此,适宜使用在上述范围内的孔径。
另外,当孔隙率高于上述范围时,碳基纤维片的机械特性可能劣化,从而在组装或运行电池时引起问题。反之,当孔隙率低于上述范围时,电解液的流动受阻,从而增加了电池内部的压差,由此存在电池性能可能因过电压而劣化的可能性。因此,适宜使用在上述范围内的孔隙率。另外,作为与碳基纤维片的密度有关的参数,基于3mm的厚度,体积密度为0.05g/cm3至0.2g/cm3,优选0.1g/cm3至0.15g/cm3。当体积密度高于上述范围时,电解液的流体流动可能受到干扰,由此可能增加电池内的压差。相反,当体积密度低于上述范围时,则不能充分维持电解液在碳基纤维片中的滞留时间。
本发明的碳基纤维片还可以包含催化剂材料以提高多硫化锂的吸附效果。
催化材料可以是碳基导电材料和/或金属粒子。
例如,碳基导电材料可以包含选自由碳纸、碳纤维、炭黑、乙炔黑、活性炭、富勒烯、碳纳米管、碳纳米线、碳纳米角、碳纳米环及它们的组合构成的组中的一种。
金属粒子可以是选自由Na、Al、Mg、Li、Ti、Zr、Cr、Mn、Co、Cu、Zn、Ru、Pd、Rd、Pt、Ag、Au、W、Ti、Zr、Ni、Cu和Fe构成的组中的至少一种。对于电化学反应的催化效果,金属粒子可以是粒径从几纳米至几百微米的金属粒子,并且优选具有纳米级粒径的那些。
催化材料以不阻止电解液流动的水平使用,并且在碳基纤维片中可以以10重量%以下的含量使用。
如上所述的本发明的碳基纤维片可以使用各种方法制备。
例如,在制备碳基纤维片之后,可以通过化学气相沉积等在碳基纤维片上沉积氮原子进行掺杂。然而,因为要掺杂的氮未在整个片中均匀掺杂,所以这种方法不利地影响多硫化锂吸附能力的改善。
优选地,本发明的碳基纤维片可以通过纺丝工艺制备,并且特别地,使用具有高氮含量的前体以允许以高浓度来掺杂氮。
具体而言,本发明的以高浓度用氮掺杂的碳基纤维片经由以下步骤制备,所述步骤包括:
i)制备包含碳基前体的纺丝溶液;
ii)将所述纺丝溶液纺丝以制备纤维状网形式的片;
iii)在氧气存在下通过热处理将所述片稳定化;以及
iv)在非活性气氛中碳化所述片。
以下将详细说明各个步骤。
首先,通过将碳基前体溶解在溶剂中来制备纺丝溶液(步骤i))。
此时,碳基前体可以包含在分子结构中含有氮的含氮前体,并且具体含有5%至20%的氮原子。当超出上述范围时,不易控制碳化后的碳基纤维片中的氮的掺杂浓度。
碳基前体可以是选自由聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚苯胺(PANI)、聚吡咯(PPY)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚苯并咪唑(PBI)、聚吡咯烷酮(Ppy)、聚酰胺(PA)、聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI)、聚芳酰胺、三聚氰胺、三聚氰胺-甲醛和氟云母构成的组中的至少一种,并且根据一个实施方式,优选应用聚丙烯腈(PAN)。
例如,在制备纺丝溶液时,碳基前体可以是原样或溶解在溶剂中的前体。具体而言,溶解在溶剂中的方法是有利的,并且此时,优选基于100重量份的溶剂,碳基前体的含量为3重量份至20重量份。当含量小于3重量份时,由于静电纺丝时的低粘度,在各结构中形成被称为珠粒(Bead)的一种团聚部分,由此不能生产具有一定厚度的均匀纤维。而当含量大于20重量份时,发生纤维中的团聚,并且所制备的纤维片的厚度变得不均匀。
例如,用于制备纺丝溶液的有机溶剂可以包括乙醇、甲醇、丙醇、丁醇、异丙醇(IPA)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、丙酮、四氢呋喃(THF)、甲苯、二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)等。根据能够显示亲水性或疏水性的聚合物材料的特性选择溶剂,并且在具有亲水性的聚合物的情况下,不仅可使用有机溶剂而且可使用蒸馏水(H2O)。
例如,纺丝溶液优选粘度在1000cP至30000cP的范围内。其原因在于,如果达到这样的范围的高粘度,则虽然在静电纺丝时施加高电压,但该高粘度可以起到减慢纤维形成速率并由此诱导纤维取向的作用。可以通过在用作碳前体材料的已知材料当中选择由分子量适当的化学组分制成的聚合物材料来制备纺丝溶液以具有上述粘度。
接下来,将纺丝溶液纺丝以制造纤维状网形式的片(步骤ii))。
此时,可以通过选择任何已知的方法和设备由本领域技术人员适当地实施所述纺丝方法和设备。
例如,优选在将纺丝喷嘴与集电器之间的距离固定为10cm至20cm、将电压设定为10kV至60kV、并且纺丝溶液的进料速率调整至每小时0.5ml至100ml的同时进行静电纺丝。静电纺丝受施加在电极之间的电压的高度影响。当电压低于上述范围时,不能很好地发生纤维化并且在所得到的最终的片中易于形成大量珠粒,而当电压高于上述范围时,电流容易流动,同时绝缘装置短路。优选地,通过在20kV-40kV的电压下以15cm-20cm的间隔纺丝来有效地形成纤维。此外,静电纺丝中所述溶液的进料速率与产品的生产效率有关。考虑到生产片所需的时间,可以在上述范围内适当地选择进料速率。
作为一个实施方式,可以通过将包含碳前体的纺丝溶液静电纺丝来制备纤维状网形式的片。此时,片可以是如上所述的毡、垫、纸和布,优选毡。作为另一个实施方式,可以购买并使用市售的由上述含氮的碳前体制备的碳纤维毡,并且此时任何碳纤维毡均可适用而与制备方法无关。
例如,当使用含有聚丙烯腈的纺丝溶液进行静电纺丝时,可以使用不仅含有分子量为150000以上的均聚物而且含有5%至15%的共聚物的改性丙烯酸类。此时,共聚物可以由衣康酸或丙烯酸甲酯等构成。
接下来,通过在氧气存在下的热处理来将所述片稳定化(步骤iii))。
此时,可以在100℃至400℃、更优选200℃至350℃的温度下在氧化性气氛中进行热处理,并且可以通过以5℃/分钟至20℃/分钟的速率加热1小时至10小时来将所述片稳定化。由于热处理的条件对于确保用于多硫化物吸附的孔径和孔隙率是优选的,所以稳定化条件可以设定在上述范围内。
特别是,在本发明中,有一个优点:随着通过使碳聚合物与空气接触而在氧气存在下通过热处理而将碳聚合物稳定化,可以发生转化成更稳定的化学结构并由此变为含有大量氮的碳,从而使氮的掺杂效果最大化。此时,氧气的流量优选为50ml/分钟至200ml/分钟。当氧气的流量小于上述范围时,存在稳定化所需的氧气可能不足的问题,而当氧气的流量超过上述范围时,存在碳基纤维片的结构由于氧化而坍塌的问题。
当稳定化步骤中温度的升温速率小于上述范围时,则耗时过长,而当温度的升温速率超过上述范围时,则存在快速发生稳定化反应的问题。另外,当温度低于上述范围时,要化很长时间进行稳定化,而当温度超过上述范围时,存在片被氧化的问题。
例如,当聚丙烯腈被用作含氮碳前体时,由于在该稳定化工序中聚丙烯腈不应被热解,所以稳定化工序在低于所使用的聚丙烯腈的热解温度的温度下进行。通过稳定化工序,可以将聚丙烯腈稳定化(不团聚)。
接下来,在非活性气氛中使片碳化(步骤iv))。
此时,可以进行碳化工序以在非活性气体气氛如氦气(He)、氮气(N2)、氩气(Ar)、氖气(Ne)或氙气(Xe)中煅烧。当存在氧气或空气时,由于发生氧化,因此难以制造仅由碳/氮制成的片,所以在非活性气氛中进行碳化,并且这样的碳化工序可以根据常规条件进行。
例如,所述碳化步骤在600℃至1500℃的温度下进行,并且为了确保用于多硫化锂吸附的孔径和孔隙率,优选在以1℃/分钟至10℃/分钟的速率升温的同时进行煅烧。因此,碳化条件可以在上述范围内设定。
锂硫电池
如上所述的一个实施方式中所说明的掺杂有高浓度氮的碳基纤维片可以优选通过将其插入锂硫电池的正极与隔膜之间来进行应用。
更具体而言,如图1所示,包含正极100、负极200、隔膜300和浸渗在它们中的电解质400的锂硫电池可以通过将碳基纤维片500插入正极100与隔膜300之间来组装。碳基纤维片500可以允许锂离子10穿过并且可以吸附多硫化锂20,从而增加初始放电容量并改善过电压特性。另外,所述片显示出优异的放电容量保持率并且即使在长期循环之后仍保持高容量。
也可以考虑将这种碳基纤维片500插入隔膜300与负极200之间,但在防止直接吸附多硫化锂方面发挥不了很大的作用,因此最有利的是碳基纤维片500与正极100相邻。并且,如果将片插入隔膜300与负极200之间,则存在电池的最终厚度增加的问题。
同时,本发明的正极100可以包含元素硫(S8)、含硫化合物或它们的混合物作为正极活性材料。由于它们单独作为硫材料没有导电性,因此将它们与导电材料组合应用。具体而言,含硫化合物可以是Li2Sn(n≥1)、有机硫化合物、碳-硫聚合物((C2Sx)n:x=2.5至50,n≥2)等。
导电材料可以是多孔的。因此,只要具有多孔性和导电性,就可以没有限制地使用任何导电材料,并且例如,可以使用具有多孔性的碳类材料。这样的碳类材料的例子可以包括炭黑、石墨、石墨烯、活性炭、碳纤维和碳纳米管(CNT)。另外,也可以使用金属纤维例如金属网;铜、银、镍和铝等金属粉末;或有机导电材料如聚苯撑衍生物。导电材料可以单独或组合使用。
负极200可以包含能够可逆地嵌入或脱嵌锂离子(Li+)的材料、能够通过与锂离子反应而可逆地形成含锂化合物的材料、作为负极活性材料的锂金属或锂合金。能够可逆地嵌入或脱嵌锂离子(Li+)的材料例如可以为结晶碳、无定形碳或它们的混合物。能够与锂离子(Li+)反应而可逆地形成含锂化合物的材料例如可以为氧化锡、硝酸钛或硅。锂合金例如可以为锂(Li)与选自由钠(Na)、钾(K)、铷(Rb)、铯(Cs)、钫(Fr)、铍(Be)、镁(Mg)、钙(Ca)、锶(Sr)、钡(Ba)、镭(Ra)、铝(Al)和锡(Sn)构成的组中的金属的合金。
另外,在锂硫电池的充放电期间,用作正极活性材料的硫可以被变为无活性的材料,因此能够附着在锂负极的表面。这样的无活性硫是指硫不再能通过各种电化学或化学反应参与正极的电化学反应的硫。在锂负极的表面上形成的无活性硫还具有作为锂负极的保护层的优点。
常规隔膜300可以插入在正极100与负极200之间。隔膜300是具有物理隔开电极的功能的物理隔膜。可以使用任何隔膜而没有任何特别的限制,只要其被用作常规隔膜即可。特别地,具有优异的对电解液400的润湿能力同时对电解液400的离子迁移显示出低电阻的隔膜是优选的。
另外,隔膜300使得锂离子能够在正极100与负极200之间输送,同时使正极100与负极200彼此分隔或绝缘。隔膜300可以由多孔、不导电或绝缘的材料制成。隔膜300可以是独立构件例如膜,或者可以是添加到正极和/或负极的涂层。
具体而言,多孔聚合物膜、例如由诸如乙烯均聚物、丙烯均聚物、乙烯/丁烯共聚物、乙烯/己烯共聚物和乙烯/甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物等的聚烯烃类聚合物制成的多孔聚合物膜可以单独使用或以其层叠体使用,或者可以使用常规多孔无纺布,例如由玻璃纤维、高熔点的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维等制成的无纺布,但不限于此。
浸渗于正极100、负极200和隔膜300中的电解质400可以是含有锂盐并且由锂盐和电解液构成的非水电解质。另外,也可以使用有机固体电解质和无机固体电解质等。
本发明的锂盐可以是容易溶解于非水有机溶剂中的物质,并且例如可以包括选自由LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiB(Ph)4、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiSO3CH3、LiSO3CF3、LiSCN、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiNO3、氯硼烷锂、低级脂肪族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂、和亚氨基锂构成的组中的至少一种。
取决于各种因素,例如电解质混合物的确切组成、盐的溶解度、溶解的盐的导电性、电池的充放电条件、运行温度和锂电池领域已知的其他因素,锂盐的浓度可以为0.2M至4M,优选0.3M至2M,更优选0.3M至1.5M。当锂盐的浓度小于0.2M时,电解质的导电性可能降低,由此电解质的性能可能劣化。当锂盐的浓度超过4M时,电解质的粘度可能增加,由此锂离子(Li+)的迁移率可能降低。
非水有机溶剂应该充分溶解锂盐,并且本发明的非水有机溶剂可以包括例如非质子有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸乙甲酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基-1,3-二烷、二乙醚、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯,并且这些有机溶剂可以单独或以其两种以上溶剂的混合溶剂形式使用。
作为有机固体电解质,例如可以使用聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚海藻酸盐赖氨酸、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯、和包含离子离解基团的聚合物等。
作为本发明的无机固体电解质,例如,可以使用Li的氮化物、卤化物、硫酸盐,例如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
在本发明的电解质中,例如,为了改善充放电特性、阻燃性等,还可以添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六甲基磷酰三胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇或三氯化铝等。在一些情况下,还可以包含为了赋予阻燃性目的的含卤素溶剂如四氯化碳、三氟乙烯等、以及为了改善高温储存特性目的的二氧化碳气体,并且还可以包含FEC(氟代碳酸亚乙酯)、PRS(丙烯磺内酯)、FPC(氟代碳酸亚丙酯)等。
包括如上所述的锂硫电池的电池组可以用作诸如电动车辆(EV)、混合动力车辆(HEV)和插电式混合动力车辆(PHEV)的各种电源,或蓄电系统等。
可以如下所述制备堆叠电极组件:在通过将正极100与负极200切割成预定尺寸而形成的正极板与负极板之间插入被切割成与所述正极板和所述负极板相对应的预定尺寸的隔膜300,并将碳基纤维片500层叠在正极100与隔膜400之间。
另外,可以如下制备堆叠折叠的电极组件:在将隔膜300片放置在正极100与负极200之间的条件下使正极100与负极200彼此面对,并将碳基纤维片500插入在正极100与隔膜400之间,其中两个以上的正极板与负极板被布置在隔膜片上,或者两个以上其中两个以上正极板与负极板在隔膜插入其间的情况下进行堆叠的单元电池被布置在隔膜片上,并且其中隔膜片被卷绕或者隔膜片被弯曲成电极板或单元电池的尺寸。
以下,将通过实施例详细说明本发明。然而,本发明的实施例可以修改为各种其他形式,并且本发明的范围不应被解释为限于下面说明的实施方式。提供本发明的实施例是为了使本领域技术人员能够更全面地理解本发明。
<制备例>
在空气气氛中以10℃/分钟的速率升温到200℃的同时,将作为通过静电纺丝制备的50μm厚的毡的聚丙烯腈(PAN)热处理2小时。然后,在以5℃/分钟的速率升温到700℃的温度的同时,通过进行2小时碳化而制造了碳基纤维片。
<试验例1>分析
(1)氮含量的分析
进行元素分析以确定上述制备例中制备的碳基纤维片的氮含量。结果确认含有16重量%的氮。
(2)物理性质的分析
图2是根据本发明的制备例通过聚丙烯腈的热处理而稳定化的碳纤维毡的扫描电子显微镜照片。图3是根据本发明的制备例通过碳化碳纤维毡而制造的碳基纤维片的扫描电子显微镜照片。
参照图2和图3,确认了即使在稳定化和碳化之后,构成碳基纤维片的碳基纤维也稳定地维持了整体结构以及原始纤维形状。
另外,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和BET(Brnauer,Emmett&Teller)分析确认了,本发明的碳基纤维片具有以下物理性质。
*纤维直径:1μm
*孔径:4μm
*比表面积:60m2/g
*体积密度:0.001g/cm3
*片孔隙率:50%
*片厚度:14μm
<实施例1>
使用上述制备例中制备的碳基纤维片制备锂硫电池。
首先,将由80重量%的硫/碳复合物、10重量%作为导电材料的炭黑、和10重量%的PVDF(粘结剂)构成的正极混合物添加到溶剂NMP(N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮)中以制备正极浆料。将所述正极浆料涂布在厚度20μm的铝集电器上并干燥,以制备厚度150μm的锂硫电池用正极。
使用厚度约150μm的锂箔作为负极,并使用厚度20μm的聚乙烯作为隔膜。
在按照正极、碳基纤维片、隔膜和负极的顺序层叠后,注入作为电解液的二甲氧基乙烷、二氧戊环和二甘醇二甲醚(体积比为14:65:21)的混合溶剂(其中溶解有1M LiN(SO2CF3)2)以制作锂硫电池。
<比较例1>
除了不包含碳基纤维片之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制备锂硫电池。
<比较例2>
将氮掺杂的碳粒子添加到正极活性材料组合物中来制作锂硫电池。
具体而言,向NMP(N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮)中添加75重量%的硫/碳复合物、10重量%的炭黑、10重量%的PVDF和5重量%的N掺杂的碳粒子,以制作正极浆料。将所述正极浆料涂布在厚度20μm的铝集电器上并干燥,以制备厚度150μm的正极。
使用厚度150μm的锂箔作为负极,并使用厚度20μm的聚乙烯作为隔膜。
在按照正极、隔膜和负极的顺序层叠后,注入作为电解液的二甲氧基乙烷、二氧戊环和二甘醇二甲醚(体积比为14:65:21)的混合溶剂(其中溶解有1M LiN(SO2CF3)2)以制作锂硫电池。
<试验例2>
在浸渗电解液后,将如上所述制备的实施例和比较例的锂硫电池以0.1C的倍率充放电10小时,并记录关于初始放电容量、放电循环特性以及充放电效率的数据。结果在图4至图6中显示。
首先,图4是显示初始放电容量的图。从图中确认了,与比较例的锂硫电池相比,实施例1的其中插入了含有高浓度氮的碳基纤维片的锂硫电池的初始放电容量显著增加并显示出改善的过电压。
具体而言,如图4所示,确认了与比较例1相比,在正极混合物中含有氮掺杂的碳粒子的比较例2显示出初始放电容量略有增加,但由于添加了具有低导电性的氮掺杂的碳粒子,因此在放电过程期间过电压反而增加。
图5是显示放电循环特性的图。它显示了实施例1的锂硫电池显示出良好的放电容量保持率并且即使在50次循环后仍维持了约740mAh/g水平的容量。从图5也可以确认,在含有氮掺杂的碳粒子作为添加剂的比较例2的情况下,放电容量保持率急剧下降。
图6是显示充放电效率的图。与比较例1和2相比,实施例1的锂硫电池即使在36个循环后仍维持99%以上的效率。
因此,从图4至图6的结果发现,当将本发明的含有高浓度氮的多孔碳片应用于正极与隔膜之间时,可以改善电池容量和寿命特性。
[标号说明]
10.锂离子
20.多硫化锂
100.正极
200.负极
300.隔膜
400.电解质
500.碳基纤维片
Claims (16)
1.一种掺杂有高浓度氮的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片。
2.根据权利要求1所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片,其中,
在所述碳基纤维片中以5重量%至30重量%的掺杂浓度掺杂氮。
3.根据权利要求1所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片,其中,
所述碳基纤维可以是选自由碳纤维、碳纳米纤维、石墨纤维和石墨烯纤维构成的组中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片,其中,
所述碳基纤维片具有选自由毡、垫、纸和布构成的组中的至少一种织物形式。
5.根据权利要求1所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片,其中,
所述碳基纤维片的厚度为0.1μm至100μm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片,其中,
所述碳基纤维片由直径为0.01μm至100μm的碳基纤维制成。
7.根据权利要求1所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片,其中,
所述碳基纤维片具有0.1μm至10μm的孔径和5%至90%的孔隙率。
8.根据权利要求1所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片,其中,
所述碳基纤维片的比表面积为5m2/g至500m2/g且体积密度为0.05g/cm3至0.2g/cm3。
9.一种锂硫电池用碳基纤维片的制备方法,所述方法包括:
i)制备包含碳基前体的纺丝溶液;
ii)将所述纺丝溶液纺丝以制备纤维状网形式的片;
iii)在氧气存在下通过热处理将所述片稳定化;以及
iv)在非活性气氛中碳化所述片,
其中所述碳基前体在分子结构中含有氮元素。
10.根据权利要求9所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片的制备方法,其中,
步骤i)中的所述碳基前体为选自由聚丙烯腈、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚酰亚胺、聚苯并咪唑、聚吡咯烷酮、聚酰胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚芳酰胺、三聚氰胺、三聚氰胺-甲醛和氟云母构成的组中的至少一种。
11.根据权利要求9所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片的制备方法,其中,
所述碳基前体在分子结构中包含5%至20%的氮原子。
12.根据权利要求9所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片的制备方法,其中,
在100℃至400℃下进行步骤iii)中的热处理。
13.根据权利要求9所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片的制备方法,其中,
在氧化性气氛中进行步骤iii)中的热处理。
14.根据权利要求9所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片的制备方法,其中,
在600℃至1500℃下进行步骤iv)中的碳化。
15.根据权利要求9所述的锂硫电池用碳基纤维片的制备方法,其中,
在非活性气体气氛中进行步骤iv)中的碳化。
16.一种锂硫电池,其包含:正极;负极;插入在所述正极与所述负极之间的隔膜;以及浸渗在它们中的电解质,
其中权利要求1至8中任一项所述的碳基纤维片被插入在所述正极与所述隔膜之间。
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US11811049B2 (en) | 2023-11-07 |
US20210098775A1 (en) | 2021-04-01 |
US20180375088A1 (en) | 2018-12-27 |
EP3381864A4 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
EP3381864B1 (en) | 2020-05-13 |
KR20190127646A (ko) | 2019-11-13 |
EP3381864A1 (en) | 2018-10-03 |
KR102105475B1 (ko) | 2020-04-28 |
KR20170136971A (ko) | 2017-12-12 |
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