CN1075363C - 来自葫芦科水果的甜汁的组合物及其制法 - Google Patents
来自葫芦科水果的甜汁的组合物及其制法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1075363C CN1075363C CN94191600A CN94191600A CN1075363C CN 1075363 C CN1075363 C CN 1075363C CN 94191600 A CN94191600 A CN 94191600A CN 94191600 A CN94191600 A CN 94191600A CN 1075363 C CN1075363 C CN 1075363C
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- juice
- fruit juice
- fruit
- hesperidium
- volatile matter
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Abstract
本发明涉及从葫芦科植物果实中制备甜果汁的方法,包括步骤如下:(a)从液汁中分离出皮和籽;(b)任选地将液汁酸化;(c)除去液汁中的臭味前体;(d)除去液汁中可用二氯甲烷萃取的挥发性物质,它含有臭味物质。本发明也涉及葫芦科植物果实的甜汁,其中含有大约少于100ppm(以干重计)的蛋氨酸和大约0.1%到15%(干重)的甜萜苷。
Description
本申请是美国专利申请序号为08/056 459的共同未决申请的部分继续申请后者是于1993年5月3日提交的并且是现已放弃的以Marvin J.Mohlenkamp.Jr,Galen E.Downton,Heather J.Harper和Michaelw.Maxwell名义于1993年2月16日提交的美国专利申请序号为08/017936申请的部分继续申请,它还是现已放弃的以Galen E.Downton,Michael W.Maxwell,IIcather J.Harp-er和Marvin J.Mohlenkamp,Jr名义于1993年2月16日提交的美国专利申请序号为08/017937申请的部分继续申请。
本发明涉及从葫芦科植物制备的浓缩和稳定化的非常甜的果汁。
随着较好的质量、较好的味道和较高纯度的汁液产品的开发,果汁和蔬菜汁的消费有很大的增加。在生产被广大消费者接受的饮料中的需要包括将味道,香味、外观和满意的口感等加以平衡。糖含量和甜度影响这些特性。
随着消费者对卡路里的更谨慎,他们关注每日的糖消耗量。人们需要的是一种低热量低糖份的好口味饮料。低热量的汁液是通过去除一些糖并加入人造增甜剂或稀释汁液而得到的。消费者也关注他们对人造增甜剂的摄入量。
葫芦料的一些植物(大部分发现于南亚)可生长出独特的非常甜的果实。这些果实因含有可以提供天然糖甜度的天然物质萜苷而有特异的甜味,其热量可忽略不计且不需要人造增甜剂。
葫芦科最有名的果实叫罗汉果,生长在中国南部的罗汉果植物上。新鲜的果实有一种泥土的和豆腥的蔬菜气味。一些果实还有苦味。新鲜的果实在放置几个星期内会降解。这些果实含有非常甜的萜苷,叫作罗汉果苷。罗汉果苷Ⅳ和Ⅴ,11-氧代-罗汉果苷Ⅴ和暹逻果苷Ⅰ已被鉴定并化学确认为是Siraitia属中极甜的成分。例如参见Matsumoto等人,Chem.pharm,Bull,38(7),2030-2032(1990)。
传统方法是将这些果实在烘箱中慢慢烘干,在用前于干燥状态下保存。该干燥过程保存了果实而去除了新鲜果实中大部分不好的味道。干燥还引起苦味、涩味和变焦味。这些味道限制了该干果和干果的萃取物用于制备稀释的茶和汤以及需要加入糖、蜂蜜等的产品。
葫芦科最普通的果实罗汉果很少作为鲜果应用,原因是贮存的问题、引人不快的蔬菜气味和易形成的不良气味。罗汉果汁的天然PH值大约为6,它含有能褐变和发酵的糖。经放置最终果胶胶凝。
汁液可通过包括加热(有时在真空条件下)的蒸发方法浓缩和干燥。会发生汁液成分的水解和/或氧化。任蒸发过程中,类脂类会氧化,氨基酸和糖会发生褐变反应。这样的降解产物会使浓缩汁有不良的味道。
普遍认为,蒸发浓缩过程是有用的和非常有效的,但会显著地丧失香气和产生香气的香味化合物。对于从葫芦科植物中得到的汁液来说,去掉某些气味可能是合乎需要的。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种生产非常甜的果汁和由葫芦科植物包括罗汉果的非常甜的汁液制成的浓缩液的方法。本发明的另一个目的是生产一种既不含令人计厌的味道、也不会在贮存过程中再形成大量不良味道的汁液。
本发明进一步的目的是生产一种汁液,特别是通过将非常甜的葫芦科汁液和其它的果汁混合而得到的一种低糖含量和低热量的果汁。
本发明的上述和其它目的在后面的叙述中会进一步明确。
就其方法而言,本发明涉及一种从葫芦科果实中制备甜果汁的方法。此方法包括以下步骤:
(a)从果汁中分离除去果皮,种子和一些果肉;
(b)任选地将果汁酸化;
(c)从果汁中除去产生不好气味的前体;
(d)从果汁中除去含有不良味道物质的易挥发馏分,同时任选地浓缩果汁。果汁或浓缩汁可任选地被澄清化。果汁也可任选地在避免产生不良气味的条件下进行消毒。
就其组成而言,本发明涉及已除去不良味道物质和前体的葫芦科甜果汁或浆汁。这种葫芦科果汁或浆法的特征在于以干重计具有比糖(蔗糖)更大的甜度。这种产品以干重计含有至少0.1%,优选至少1%甜萜苷,不多于100ppm游离蛋氨酸,优选不多于50ppm。优选的浓缩果汁中固体含量约为15%至65%。
这里所用的术语“包含”是指各种成分可在本发明的组合物和方法中联合使用。因此,“主要由…组成”和“由…组成”是术语“包含”的具体化。所有的比率、比例和百分比均为重量比,除非有特别说明。
本发明的甜果汁和浓缩汁可从葫芦科Jolli-fieae族赤瓟亚族Siraitia属植物的任何果实中制成,尤其优选自罗汉果、暹罗罗汉果、西罗罗汉果、锡金罗汉果、非洲罗汉果、伯尼罗汉果和台湾罗汉果。最优选的果实是罗汉果的果实,后者常常称作罗汉果。虽然本发明下面叙述的特别是关于罗汉果甜果汁或浓缩汁的制备方法,但应理解到该方法并不仅限于此。该方法同样适用于至少含有0.01%甜味三萜苷或罗汉果苷的葫芦科其它甜汁液的制备。优选的汁液含有大约0.1%到大约15%罗汉果苷,优选为罗汉果苷Ⅴ、Ⅳ(11-氧代罗汉果苷Ⅴ)、暹逻果苷和它们的混合物。果实加工过程
鲜果加以选择、贮存和处理以得到高水平的甜度,要除掉(或)避免腐败的果实,并容易把外部果皮与内部果肉分开。
典型的的方法是选择快熟的果实,让其在贮存期间成熟。或者可以让果实在蔓上完全熟透。在最后成熟阶段,果实失去部分水份,内部果实有略微收缩,与外部果皮分离。甜度水平也增加。未熟的果实较硬,甜度较低会有苦味。被昆虫例如果蝇幼虫侵害的成熟果实很快腐败,应将其拿走弃去。
果实通常被底冲洗,以去掉粘着的脏东西,优选用消毒液。冲洗可如下完成:将果实倒入有流动水的水槽中,从水中取出果实,喷洗果实。也可将果实放在滚动的输送带上,用强水流喷洗。然后优选地将果实用手或机械分类,将部分或全部腐败的、或被昆虫侵害的果实挑除。清洗用水可含氯气(大约5至20ppm)或其它消毒剂。
已经冲洗和分类的果实通常进行萃取,先要将有核的果实或蔬菜用任何传统方法去壳或果皮。可将果实切成两半,中间部分用手或机械分离器挖出。也可采用蒸汽剥皮。只要果皮和种子能很快地与捣碎的果肉分离,也可任选地不去掉果皮。这样,可以避免由于果汁与果皮的接触所造成的不良味道。
捣碎果实优选于限氧氛围中进行。用于捣碎苹果、马铃薯和其它软果实和蔬菜的设备可用于使果芯粉化,以便种子最小程度的破裂。有一种类型的捣碎机,RatZ Mclhle(由Lauffer公司制造,inHorb,德国),它可以将水果磨成泥状;可以使用一种锤式榨汁机(例如Fitz mill,由Fitzpatrick公司制造,Elmhurst,伊利诺斯将水果粉碎以便可以通过精轧机。
其它通常的制浆汁或粉碎果汁的设备是1)水压苹果汁榨取机,2)气压果汁压榨机,3)连续螺杆型压榨机,4)连续板状压榨机,5)半连续板状压榨机,6)水平篮式压榨机,7)筛板离心机,8)齿轨-布制压榨机和9)连续带状压榨机。汁液榨取的方法在Nelson等人所著的《水果和蔬菜汁加工技术》一书(AVIPublishing Co.,pp216-229(1980)中有论述。
罗汉果含有大量种子。果皮和种子大约占果重的40~50%。在加工过程中,可将水加入带皮的水果中以便有助于分离种子。水还会稀释果汁,但可在浓缩步骤中除去。
果实经捣碎,细碎或萃取后得到的粗果汁或果实,含有果肉,种子和可能有的果皮。将它们一果汁用有一筛板“精加工器”或离心萃取器分开。筛孔的大小可大约为0.5mm到6.5mm。当筛孔大于6.5mm时,小种子就会进到果汁中,构成污染。
较小的网眼会将果肉和种子一起截住。网眼开孔的尺寸可根据所需浆汁的稠度进行调节。经筛过的精加工的果汁也可经过离心调节果肉的含量。果肉是含有果胶、纤维素和小块果实碎片的果汁。它是果肉。
由如上步骤所得的果汁不是澄清的汁液,而更象是果汁浆。这里所用的术语“果汁”包括这样的果汁浆或带有果肉的果汁。当将其中的果肉或固体颗粒基本上除去时该果汁被称为澄清果汁。果皮/种子/果肉的萃取
从果汁中分离出的果皮/种子/果肉可任选地用热水萃取而再得到果汁。萃取条件应控制在萃取最少量的臭味。水与果皮/种子/果肉的比值应小于约2∶1,优选为大约1.5∶1至约0.7∶1,更优选为大约1∶1。水温应低于约100℃,优选为约70℃至约90℃,更优选为约80℃。水与果皮/种子/果肉的接触时间应少于约1小时,优选约为20分钟至40分钟,更优选约为30分钟。将萃取液与固体物质分开可用常规方法,例如沉降、沥出、过滤或离心。得到的萃取液可以与先前分离掉果皮/种子/果肉的果汁合并。酸化
在本发明中酸化是任选的,但在制备本发明的优选的罗汉果汁时,这是个重要步骤。酸化后的果汁颜色较淡,较少苦味,不变成凝胶。不凝胶化有助于果汁的加工和可饮用性。酸化也会使果汁味道更有水果味而少有“豆腥气”或“蔬菜味”。
最好在匀浆化之前或之中将酸加到果汁中,使pH由大约6.0降到5.3,优选大约为3.5~4.5,更优选大约为3.8到4.2。所有可与食物相容的有机或无机酸都可应用。柠檬酸、苹果酸、乳酸、酒石酸和乙酸是优选的。也可用磷酸、硫酸和盐酸,但会有苦涩味。可用硝酸,但未被批准用于所有饮料。也可用这些酸的混合物。其它酸性的果汁,如酸澄汁、菠萝汁和苹果汁可用于酸化罗汉果汁。
酸化可避免浓缩时汁浆变成凝胶。在pH低于4.5,优选为3.8~4.2时,消毒后的果汁对微生物更稳定。如后面所述的去除果胶,可任选地避免凝胶化。均匀化
存在于精加工器中的果汁会含有大块的果肉。若如此,最好在高速混合器,如混合机、管道磨或均匀器中混合。该果汁易于起泡沫。混合机或均匀器的液面上空间应尽可能小,以避免或尽可能不使加工过程中的果汁充气。本步骤的目的是使颗粒在降到低于大约850微米。除去臭味前体
将果汁蒸发掉挥发性物质会除去果汁中大部分令人不快的气味。然而,臭味前体仍会留在果汁中。本发明的主旨中包括除去果汁中臭味前体的操作步骤。葫芦科果汁或汁浆也可在加工的任何一步或阶段进行处理以除掉含有亚硫物质的臭味物质和前体和/或包括含硫氨基酸的臭味前体。这些前体是令人不快的亚硫臭味或菜味的来源,在最后的甜汁或汁浆产品中可生成臭味。
理想情况下,用于本方法的果汁或汁浆物质处理时可基本上全部除去作为臭味前体的挥发性亚硫物质和含硫氨基酸。这些前体有蛋氨酸、S-甲基蛋氨酸、半胱氨酸、胱氨酸和含有这些氨基酸的蛋白质和肽类。业已发现用本发明的方法,通过降低包括这样的含硫氨基酸、肽和蛋白质的果汁中氨基-氮化合物至少大约为70%(原来氨基氮的含量只剩下3%),而果汁中罗汉果苷或其它甜味萜苷的降低量不多于20%(至少仍有原来的罗汉果苷含量的80%)能够得到显著改善的葫芦科果汁。较优选的是,氨基氮含量至少降低大约80%,而罗汉果苷的损失不多于大约15%。本发明从果汁中最好降低游离蛋氨酸和其它含硫氨基酸量至少大约80%,更优选的是至少约90%。
除去这样的臭味物质和前体可包括除去果汁中的果肉固体,除去含硫氨基酸和可溶性的蛋白质前体,和/或除去果汁中的已形成的臭味物质,包括含硫的易挥发物质,例如H2S、蛋氨醛、蛋氨醇,二甲基硫醚和甲基硫醇。S-甲基蛋氨醛是所有存在的S-甲基蛋氨酸的分解产物。各种沉淀剂、助滤剂、吸附剂、离子交换树脂和其它除臭/除味物质可用于除去果肉、氨基酸、蛋白质和其它有臭味的物质和前体。几种类型的机械分离技术也可(用或不用上述加工助剂)加以应用。温度、压力和其它工艺参数可以改变以便除去不想要的物质。试剂的量、接触时间和其它的操作条件的控制是非常重要的,以便使罗汉果苷的损失最少而臭味物质和前体的去除最大。
除去果肉固体部分以去掉臭味物质和前体,使用离子交换树脂、澄清剂、吸附剂和沉淀剂可一步、分步或多步完成,最好用过滤法或离心法把果汁中的固体果肉,离子交换树脂、澄清剂、吸附剂和沉淀除去。此方法可分批或连续进行,适宜温度为约0℃至约60℃,一般优选较低的温度以抑制微生物的生长。本发明优选的方法包括从果汁中除去果肉;除去果皮和/或种子可同时进行,也可在单独的步骤中进行。向果汁中加水可以使果汁稀释,还有助于果肉与果汁的分离。在除去果肉后,果汁中优选地含有少于约2%的果肉,更优选的为少于约1%的果肉。机械分离技术,例如离心和过滤可以被应用。
本发明优选的方法包括在对果汁酸化之前或之后用酶进行处理。用某些酶,例如果胶酶、淀粉酶、或多酶组合物(例如果胶酶、纤维素酶、糖苷酶)处理果汁可以有助于除去臭味物质和前体,澄清果汁。果胶酶是一种优选的酶,它可以除去果汁中的果胶,使果汁澄清,阻止果汁胶凝。加入到果汁中的酶,尤其是果胶酶通常为稀溶液的适宜量大约为0.001%至约1%,优选为从约0.005%至约0.05%(干重)。果胶酶与果汁反应优选直到它基本上不含果胶,通常至少约0.5小时,优选为从约1小时至约2小时,温度约从10℃至60℃,优选为约从40℃至50℃。
从果汁中除去臭味物质和前体用离子交换树脂,优选为阳离子交换树脂。优选的为强酸型阳离子交换树脂,例如磺化聚苯乙烯/二乙烯基苯共聚物树脂。也可用弱酸型阳离了交换树腊,例如聚丙烯酸树脂。离子交换树脂可快速地从果汁中除去含硫氨基酸和可溶性肽和蛋白质。离子交换树脂较慢地从果汁中除去罗汉果苷。因此,离子交换树脂与果汁的接触时间要加以限制,以便最大量地除去含硫化合物而最小限度地减少罗汉果苷损失。离子交换树脂与果汁的接触时间适宜为约从5分钟至50分钟,优选为约从10分钟至25分钟,更优选为约15分钟。离子交换树脂的适宜用量约为5%至30%,优选为约10%至25%,更优选为约15%至20%,其中百分比为体积比。此步骤通常于0℃至30℃下进行,优选为约5℃至10℃。离子交换树脂与果汁混合时优选用混合器,从果汁中除去时用过滤或离心的方法。在用离子交换树脂处理之前果汁可被稀释,适宜从约3白利糖度至约10白利糖度。离子交换处理优选地用于已除去大部分果肉的果汁,更优选用于澄清果汁。
优选用吸附剂和/或澄清剂将臭味物质和前体从果汁中除去。这样的试剂有助于除去含硫化合物,尤其是蛋白质和氨基酸。适宜的吸附剂/澄清剂包括活性炭,皂土、漂白土(Filtrol F105)、高岭土、硅藻土、纤维素、环糊精聚合物和不溶性聚酰胺(例如尼龙)。这些中的许多物质作为过滤和离心助剂。用沉淀剂例如明胶、鞣酸/明胶、 筍胶体、和硅酸(二氧化硅)的胶体水溶液处理果汁或汁浆也可有助于除去臭味物质和前体。
本发明优选的方法包括将澄清剂和/或吸附剂和/或沉淀剂与果汁混合以从果汁中除去臭味物质和前体,然后将用过的试剂生成的沉淀,优选用过滤或离心的方法除去。所用的优选度剂及适宜用量如下:
活性炭的量约为0.1%至5%,优选为约0.25%至2%;
明胶(优选作为稀溶液加入)的量约为0.001%至0.5%优选为约0.005%至0.5%(干重);
皂土优选作为淤浆加入)的量约为0.05%至3%,优选为约从0.1%至1%(干重);
二氧化硅的量约为0.1%至5%,优选为约从0.25%至2%(干重)。这些试剂适当与果汁混合,直到达到所需的效果,通常最少约0.5小时,优选为约从1小时至2小时,温度约为10℃至60℃,优选约为20℃至50℃。易挥发物的除去和浓缩
清除上述的臭味前体和物质可能未必除掉果汁中全部的臭味易挥发物,包括含硫易挥发物。除去这样的臭味易挥发物优选地在除去臭味前体后的步骤中进行,以便使由前体产生的额外臭味易挥发物的量降为最小。然而,颠倒这些步骤仍会产生具有可接受气味的果汁。
此时的萃取果汁中通常含硫易挥发物的量非常低(小于1ppm),但即使如此低的含量,仍使果汁有不希望有的香味和气味。额外的易挥发物是由前体形成的,尤其是当将果汁暴露于空气和/或加热时。本发明方法优选使果汁中含硫易挥发物的量减少至少80%,更优选至少90%,最优选至少95%。
如上所述,所用的活性炭可用于除去臭味易挥发物,包括含硫易挥发物。
蒸发器或其它浓缩装置可用于除去果汁或将汁中的某些易挥发物,优选为将其浓缩。标准的蒸发方法是在升温和减压下进行的。蒸发可以除去不需要的气味和一些水。蒸发应以将人造的烹调的或制造的气味减为最小或全部消除的方式进行。因此,这样的蒸发优选为低温和/或短时间。除去的易挥发物可以全部或部分地回收和浓缩并可用于其它食物香料重新加回到果汁中或丢弃。
一种多级、多效真空蒸发器例如TASTE(短时间热加速蒸发器)可以被应用。温度优选地被控制在使果汁的最高温度约在40℃至90℃。蒸发器可以采用顺流或混流进行操作。
在顺流或混流的每一种情况下,蒸气和水蒸汽流在第一效应(蒸汽流容器)和接下来的效应中为同一种模式。果汁蒸汽开始于最高压力,终止于最低压力。任何适宜的真空系统可用于除去不凝物,但通常为多级蒸汽喷射系统。此方法优选在压力为约2英寸(50毫米)至4英寸(100毫米)绝对水银柱下进行。
在多效蒸发器中,蒸汽仅用于第一效应中,接下来的每一个效应都是由在上一阶段中产生的蒸汽来加热的。此蒸汽基本上是水,但也含有来自于果汁的易挥发物。这些挥发物可通过除去蒸发效应的热侧面的蒸气部分而加以回收。除掉的蒸汽可经过一系列的分馏器、冷凝器和冷却器得到富含易挥发物的冷液体馏分。这个方法通常在工业中采用。
优选采用新型蒸发器,例如窄内径上行液体柱蒸发器,SigmaStar(可从Schmidt GmbH得到,Bretten,德国)。也可优选采用中间有冷凝器的擦拭薄膜蒸发器,就象是Leybold-Heraeus公司(Hanall,德国)为油的分离/蒸馏制造的短途蒸发器那样。
对于小批量,可采用旋转或离心蒸发器,例如可采用离心加热蒸发器(Centritherm)。
果汁中的易挥发物是由“豆腥气”绿胡椒、土豆、焦糖、薄荷和土性味组成。这些物质的大多数在除易挥发物的过程中已被除去。优选地至少50%,最优选的至少90%的易挥发物在蒸发过程中被除去。最优选的产物中用二氯甲烷萃取的易挥发物含量为约1ppm至约25ppm。这很容易由气相色谱分析测定。用下述方法测得,来自绿皮罗汉果的新鲜的酸化罗汉果汁,经二氯甲烷萃取后,易挥发物含量约为50至60ppm。经二氯甲烷对于处理过的果汁的萃取液中易挥发物的含量为大约2ppm。
蒸发器蒸发的易挥发物一般不加回到浓缩液中,因为他们有臭味。这些易挥发物可以被分馏,分离出所需要的气味。如果蒸发器蒸发出的易挥发物的含水量高或如果蒸发器蒸发出的易挥发物要加以贮存,那么浓缩蒸发器蒸发的易挥发物有较高的经济价值,例如用常规的精馏方法。
蒸发后的浓缩液冷却后,或送到混合罐中与产品中的其它成分混合,或再冷却到大约-18℃,贮存于罐和桶内,用惰性气体如氮气或二氧化碳保护。这些贮罐应避光保存。避免使浓缩液光照分解。
优选使果汁浓缩由有代表性浓度9°到24°的浆汁白利糖度浓缩到大约15°到65°白利糖度。浆汁或清汁的浓度优选为至少35°白利糖度,最优选为40°到65°白利糖度。这里所用的“白利糖度”基本上等于固体成分的百分含量。稳定化
本发明的优选方法包括加热步骤,以便使果汁中酶失活和/或将果汁消毒。酶的失活有利于果汁味道的保存和稳定性。消毒可避免果汁中微生物生长。这种加热方法优选将果汁保持在大约90℃至130℃的温度下,时间大约3秒至60秒。较优选为大约120℃到125℃,时间大约为3秒到5秒,也优选为大约90℃至95℃,时间大约为20秒到3分钟。
加热后,将果汁在30分钟内冷却到室温,最好在5到10分钟内冷却到室温。组合物
本发明包括根据上述任何一种方法由葫芦科果实制得的甜果汁组合物。
本发明甜果汁组合物有代表性地含有下述物质(以干重汁):大约40%到60%的糖,例如葡萄糖果糖和蔗糖;大约0%到25%的蛋白质(包括游离氨基酸和/或肽);大约0%到4%的脂肪;大约1%到6%的灰分;大约5%到20%的有机酸,例如柠檬酸和苹果酸;大约0%至2%的维生素C;和约0%到10%的其它物质。
本发明组合物优选含有(以干重计)少于约100ppm的游离蛋氨酸,更优选为少于70ppm,最优选为少于50ppm。
本发明组合物含有(以干重汁)约0.1%到约15%的罗汉果苷,优选为多于1%罗汉果苷,更优选为多于约4%的罗汉果苷,最优选为多于约7%的罗汉果苷。
本发明组合物可以根据下面的测试方法A和B分析其中的二氯甲烷萃取的易挥发物和含硫的易挥发物。在浓缩(除水)甜果汁前的组合物优选地含有少于约30ppm二氯甲烷萃取的易挥发物;较优选地为少于约10ppm,更优选地为少于约6ppm,最优选地为少于3ppm。这样浓缩前的组合物优选地含有少于约0.5(与标准物的比)的含硫易挥发物,较优选为少于约0.1,更优选的为少于约0.05,最优选地为少于约0.02。对于本发明的浓缩和干燥的组合物,二氯甲烷萃取的易挥发物和含硫易挥发物的优选限度的确定是浓缩甜果汁的次数与上面限度的乘积。
本发明的甜果汁组合物,尤其是浓缩或干燥的,可以作为天然增甜剂用于很多方面。例如作为增甜剂用于饮料,例如茶、咖啡、果汁和果味饮料;用于食品,例如果酱和果冻、花生酱、馅饼、布丁、麦片、糖果、冰淇淋、酸乳酪、冰棍;用于保健品,例如牙膏、漱口水、止嗽滴剂、咳嗽糖浆、口香糖和糖代用品。混合
本发明的甜果汁组合物可以与其它的新鲜的无菌或巴氏灭菌的果汁混合,制成低热量(低糖)的饮料产品。以体积/体积计,混合时优选为10∶1至1∶100。
用本发明方法制成的果汁与其它的果汁和调味剂混合而制成低热量的饮料。其它这样的果汁包括苹果、红莓、梨、桃、李子、杏、油桃、葡萄、樱桃、红醋梨、覆盆子、鹅莓、黑莓、蓝莓、草莓、柠檬、橙、柚、马铃薯、番茄、莴苣、芹菜、菠菜、甘蓝、水田芥、蒲公英、大黄、胡萝卜、甜菜、黄瓜、菠萝、番荔枝、石榴、guanabana藤梨、芒果、木瓜、香蕉、西瓜、西蕃莲和樱桃。优选的其它果汁是苹果、梨、柠檬、葡萄、柚、红莓、橙、草莓、葡萄、藤梨、菠罗、木瓜、香蕉、西番莲、芒果、番石榴、樱桃、玫瑰果、荔枝、荸荠和甘蔗糖。由于柠檬的高酸度,柠檬汁优选与本发明果汁混合。
柠檬混合汁中也可含有柠檬果肉。可以接受的范围是从0%至19%(v/v)。优选的果肉量是3%至12%(体积/体积),大小为0.5毫米至5毫米。
从天然、植物香料和它们的混合物选择的香料可加入到本发明的甜果汁中。术语水“水果香料”是指由种子植物的可食用的生殖部分,特别是与种子有关的甜果肉产生的香料。这一术语也包括合成法制备的香味剂,它可刺激从天然来源产生的水果香料。
术语“植物香料”是指由除果实外的植物其它部分的香料,即来自豆、坚果、树皮、根和叶子。这些香料包括调味品。术语“植物香料”也包括合成制备的香味剂,可刺激由天然来源产生的植物香料。这样的香料的实例包括可可、巧克力、香草、咖啡、可乐、茶、肉桂、丁香和其它香料。植物香料可由天然来源如挥发油和萃取物产生,或用合成法制备。
赋于本发明饮料以特定香味(“香味增强”)的香料成分的具体用量取决于所选择的香料,所希望的香味感觉,和香料成分的形式。以饮料成分的重量计,香料成分至少占0.001%,优选为约0.01%至10%。当用鲜果汁作为香料时,果汁含量大约为0.05%到65%。
测试方法A易挥发物的测定
1.仪器和方法
果汁中可溶于二氯甲烷的成分可用Hewlett Packarcl惠普5880A气相色谱进行分析,该气相色谱配有一个可分开或不可分开的进样器和一个30m×0.32mm ID的熔凝硅石毛细管柱。柱子有1米长的DB-5固定相。DB-5相是5%二苯基聚硅氧烷,94%二甲基和聚硅氧烷和1%乙烯基聚硅氧烷(J&W Scientic,Folsom,加里福尼亚)的混合物。
气相色谱炉从37℃开始升温,于37℃保持7分钟,进样后,以3℃/分钟的速度加热到80℃,再以1℃/分钟的速度加热到90℃,然后以3℃/分钟的速度加热到190℃。最后柱子以5℃/分钟的速度被加热到250℃。检测器的输出记录纸速为0.5厘米/分钟。洗脱下的组分用火焰离子检测器检测。同时在吸入档进行传感评价。
样品用如下方法制备:
20克果浆中加入5毫升水,再加入51.5毫克环己基环已酮(内标)示踪。加入5毫升的二氯甲烷,用Tekmar Tissuemizer(放置在6-7档)将其混合30秒钟。然后将样品在0℃于15000rpm离心45分钟。从二氯甲烷层取出2微升液体直接向液相色谱中进样。这样从水果中萃取的效率至少达75%。
测试方法B含硫易挥发物的测定
8毫升二氯甲烷加到10克的样品中。加入50μl的100ppm的2-异丙基-4-甲基-噻唑溶液作为内标。然后将样品匀浆30秒,以1000rpm离心30分钟。将5毫升的二氯甲烷萃取液移至容量管中并蒸发至0.5毫升。将1微升此溶液进样至具有火焰光度硫检测器的HP5880A毛细管气相色谱中。结果的确定是检测器的响应(峰面积)与内标物之比。
下面非限制性实施例说明了本发明的方法。
实施例1
从中国采摘的罗汉果用含有20ppm氯气的水清洗。手工削皮去壳。果核或果肉手工捣碎,然后经过含有一孔目为0.02寸(0.05cm)到0.025(0.12cm)筛板的整理机。过机后的果汁中加入柠檬酸降低pH至低于4.0。酸化后的果汁于混合机中加工处理45秒钟,形成颗粒大小小于850微米的浆汁。过20目(0.51mm)筛,以除去种子的小碎片。
过滤后的浆汁于实验室的标准旋转蒸发器上蒸发,水浴温度52-54℃,在真空度为26寸(650mm)到28寸(700mm)汞柱下蒸发。
蒸出的挥发性物质和水弃去。该浓缩果汁于85℃到95℃保持60秒钟热封装消毒,灌入到玻璃罐中,然后在室温水浴中冷却20-30分钟。
实施例Ⅱ
实施例Ⅰ制备的果汁溶解于饮料中,该饮料中的35%固体是橙汁固体。其制法是将6.22g冷冻浓缩的橙汁、91.28g水和2.5g罗汉果汁混合。得到的果汁混合物如实施例Ⅰ所述经巴氏消毒和热封装。于室温(20℃)或冰箱温度下在密闭容器中存放7天后,该果汁应无细菌生长,即按常规菌检没有埃氏大肠杆菌、酵母菌沙门氏菌和假单胞菌生长。
实施例Ⅰ的果汁与35%果汁混合后的甜度表明,在含量为2.5%时,其甜度与在35%果汁中加入了3%糖后的甜度相同。在本实施例中,由实施例Ⅰ得到的果汁的甜度大约比糖大7倍(以干品计)。
下面4个非限定性实施例说明了除去按照本发明制备的罗汉果汁中的臭味物质和前体的方法。
实施例Ⅲ
根据实施例Ⅰ的方法制备罗汉果汁浆样品,将样品冰冻贮存以使氧化反应降低到最小程度。臭味和臭味前体通过下列步骤进一步被除去。1.除去汁浆固体
500g新鲜解冻的罗汉果汁浆用2000毫升的蒸馏水和50克Celite545硅藻土(Fisher Sci Co.No.C-212)混合成浆状。浆液通过单层派拉克斯牌玻璃纤维G/F“滤纸”(Whatman(C)的26厘米布氏漏斗真空过滤。最佳的过滤是通过用水泵抽真空(大约15-20毫米汞柱),得到2270g澄清的、淡黄色的滤液,其白利糖度为4.6,pH值为4.07。将未漂洗的滤饼弃去。2.除去含硫氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质前体
商业上可得到的离子交换树脂(Dow AG50W x8,50-100目)在使用之前要用1N NaOH、水、1N HCl和水反复冲洗,以洗去所有有色杂质和臭味。最后冲洗下的水应是中性pH。一定量的干净的树脂用0.1%的柠檬酸溶液混成浆,得到375毫升湿的、沉降的树脂。湿的树脂真空抽滤得到无溶液的湿润树脂滤饼。
潮湿的树脂快速加入到2250毫升从步骤1得到的滤液中,整个过程在带有剧烈电磁搅拌的敞口烧杯中进行。在室温搅拌15分钟后,浆汁迅速通过粗玻璃布氏漏斗(10cm×300ml),于15毫米汞柱的真空度下过滤。过滤时间为1-2分钟,得到2250克浅黄色滤液。树脂无需漂洗。3.除去已形成的臭味
步骤2中得到的2250克滤液于温室下在敞口烧杯中电磁搅拌。在5分钟内逐渐加入22.5克Norite SG活性炭(EM Science,No.cx0655-1)。然后烧杯用一层莎纶包装纸盖好,继续搅拌2小时。浆水通过如步骤1中所述的玻璃纤维G/F过滤,得到2250克近乎无色的产物,其白利糖度为3.8,pH为2.75。滤饼无需漂洗。最终的产物于34°F贮存于充氮气的黑暗处或冷冻贮存直到进一步使用。
从步骤1的第一滤液到步骤3的最终产物,大约86%的氨基氮(氨基酸含量的度量)被除去,同时大约16%的罗汉果苷(罗汉果中天然存在的甜味成分)丧失。得到的果汁基本上没有臭味和不希望有的亚硫的植物气味。当巴氏灭菌后在空气存在下于32℃贮存一星期时,不会有臭味产生。
实施例Ⅳ
实施例Ⅰ额外的罗汉果汁浆(50升)冷冻样品新解冻后用下述方法处理。
1.50升罗汉果汁浆在搅拌槽内于室温下用等量的蒸馏水稀释。
18至19白利糖度物质被稀释到10.5白利糖度。
2.稀释的汁浆用Westphalia OSC-4分离器于7000至8000g
离心,以除去固体果肉。
3.离心的果汁放在一个澄清槽中,加入明胶溶液(0.5%,
10g溶液/kg果汁)和果胶酶溶液(1%,12ml溶液/kg果
汁),搅拌2小时。用酶进行的水解处理可加速后面步骤的
效率。
4.加入10%的皂土水混浆(35g/kg)和活性炭(1g/kg)以吸
附蛋白质、氨基酸和低分子量的添味成分。混合物搅拌30
分钟。
5.加入明胶溶液0.5%,0.15g/kg)和Kieselsol(二氧化硅,
1mg/kg)以进一步除去臭味。在澄清前,溶液搅拌5分钟。
6.再一次用OSC-4分离器澄清溶液。澄清的产品白利糖度
为7。
7.澄清的果汁用超滤的方法再除去,蛋白质、氨基酸和低分
子量的添味组分。最后的白利糖度为6.5。
得到的果汁是澄清的、淡黄色液体,它的臭味成分明显降低。
实施例Ⅴ
根据实施例Ⅰ方法制备的罗汉果汁浆冷冻保存以使氧化反应降低到最小程度。臭味和臭味前体用下面的方法从果汁中进一步被除去。果肉的除去
将水加入到236kg18.5°白利糖度的果浆中稀释到10.4°白利糖度重420kg。稀释的果浆用Westphalia OSC-35分离器在650kg/hr和5至6巴的压力下离心。在离心操作过程中大约89kg的果肉固体被除去。果胶/蛋白质/臭味/前体的除去
将澄清剂加入到331kg的剩余果汁中和1.7kg的1%明胶溶液加入到果汁中。再加入2.1kg的2%果胶酶溶液。90分钟后,分析果汁中的果胶。当果汁中果胶经测试是阴性时,加入12.9kg的10%皂土钠溶液。大约15分钟后,分析果汁中的蛋白质。当测试果汁中的蛋白质为阴性时,加入0.3kg活性炭、5.0kg1%明胶溶液和0.4kg商业二氧化硅溶液。澄清剂的除去
果汁/澄清剂混合物用Westphalia OSC-35分离器于700kg/hr在5至6巴的压力下离心分离。得到310kg,8.7°白利糖度的果汁。酶的失活
如实施例Ⅱ所述,果汁产品用1.6%的纯化过的罗汉果汁调配。当果汁产品用常规方法于95℃加热封装时,酶失活。
通过这些加工步骤,罗汉果汁保持了高含量的罗汉果苷,同时明显地降低了臭味物质和臭味前体的含量。
实施例Ⅵ
1000kg的鲜罗汉果用含有10至20ppm的次氯酸钠消毒液清洗。然后用纯净的水清洗果实。整个干净的水果被部分劈开以破开水果但不弄破种子。将种子、果皮、果肉和果汁的混合物加入到离心提取器中以使大部分果汁与种子、果皮和果肉分离。得到400kg果汁,白利糖度为11°。
将种子、果皮和果肉的混合物加入到多孔篮中,用900kg 80℃的水提取30分钟。将得到的4.7°白利糖度的萃取液加到果汁中。合并的果汁/提取液混合物为7.5°白利糖度,45至50℃。加入50°白利糖度的柠檬浓缩汁以将罗汉果汁的pH调节到3.8至4.2。加入126g果胶酶。90分钟后,测试果汁中的果胶为阴性。
将澄清剂加入到包括有400g活性炭、6kg 1%明胶溶液和440g商业二氧化硅溶液的果汁中。10分钟后,将果汁的温度升高到70至80℃以使多余的蛋白凝固。15分钟后,果汁通过压滤器过滤,使用硅藻土作为过滤助剂。
过滤后的果汁在商业巴氏灭菌装置中于125℃巴氏灭菌3至5秒。易挥发物被除去,果汁在低温旋转蒸发器中于50℃,4寸绝对汞柱下被部分浓缩。为控制微生物,果汁再一次于125℃进行3至5秒巴氏灭菌。得到的浓缩果汁为20°白利糖度。果汁装到塑料桶中冷冻保存以备进一步应用。
实施例Ⅶ
从上面实施例Ⅲ得到的甜果汁与适当的稀释剂(聚葡萄糖或麦芽糖糊精)混合。得到的溶液放在烧瓶中并在酒精/干冰混合物中冷却。使烧瓶旋转,这样溶液在瓶壁上薄薄地凝固成一层。烧瓶连接在“Labconco Freeze Dryer 4.5”冷冻干燥器上,用真空泵抽成真空。将烧瓶连续抽真空,直至游离水升华掉(15至36小时)。解除真空,取出干燥的果汁组分。
另外,干燥甜果汁也可通过如下方法制备:向最初的果汁中加入0.1N氢氧化钠溶液,直到pH值上升至大约5.5,然后用同样的方法冷冻干燥。
实施例Ⅷ
从实施例Ⅲ得到的1717g甜果汁用85ml 1N氢氧化钠加上85.5ml 0.1N氢氧化钠部分中和至pH5.5。得到3.3°白利糖度的溶液。在搅拌下加入136克麦芽糖糊精并温热此溶液。用Niro喷雾干燥器将溶液在如下条件下喷雾干燥:总时间 72分钟进口温度 200℃出口温度 98-102℃气压 53至42毫米水柱泵调节 最大值的13至18%喷嘴压 1.5至1.6巴得到喷雾干燥的甜果汁。
虽然已叙述了本发明的特定的实施方案,但对于本领域的的普通技术人员来说显然可以在不脱离本发明的宗旨和范围的情况下对这里公开的组合物作各种改变和改进。在后附的权利要求书中包括所有这些落入本发明范围中的改进。
Claims (24)
1.一种制备葫芦科果实甜汁的方法,该方法包括:
(a)将未加工过的果汁中的皮和籽去掉;
(b)任选将果汁酸化到pH低于5.3;
(c)除去果汁中的臭味前体,包括含硫的氨基酸、肽类和蛋白质;和
(d)除去果汁中二氯甲烷可萃取的易挥发物。
2.权利要求1的方法,该方法包括除掉果汁中的果肉固体,以便使果汁中的固体果肉低于2%。
3.权利要求2的方法,该方法包括用添加剂处理果汁,添加剂选自阳离子交换树脂、吸附剂、澄清剂和沉淀剂、以及从果汁中除去离子交换树脂吸附剂,澄清剂和沉淀物。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中,从未加工过的果汁中除去至少50%的二氯甲烷可萃取的易挥发物和至少80%的含硫易挥发物。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中果汁被酸化到pH3.8至4.2,用于酸化的酸选自柠檬酸、苹果酸、乳酸、酒石酸、醋酸、磷酸、硫酸、次氯酸和它们的混合物。
6.权利要求4的方法,其中,用果胶酶处理果汁以基本上除掉果汁中的全部果胶。
7.权利要求5的方法,其中,用果胶酶处理果汁以基本上除掉果汁中的全部果胶。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中,用罗汉果的果实制备果汁。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中,添加剂包括强酸型阳离子交换树脂。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中,果汁中游离蛋氨酸的含量降低至少80%,萜苷含量的降低不多于20%。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中,果汁中含硫易挥发物减少至少90%。
12.权利要求8的方法,其中,添加剂选自明胶、活性炭、皂土、二氧化硅和硅藻土。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中,添加剂包括活性炭,明胶和皂土的组合物。
14.权利要求12的方法,其中,果汁中游离蛋氨酸的含量降低至少80%,萜苷含量的减少不多于20%。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中,果汁中含硫易挥发物的含量降低至少90%。
16.权利要求11或15的方法,其中,果汁从15°白利糖度浓缩至65°白利糖度,将浓缩的果汁充分加热以使酶失活并巴氏消毒果汁。
17.按照权利要求1的方法制造的从葫芦科的果实制得的加工的甜果汁,其中,加工的果汁含有以干重计少于100ppm的蛋氨酸,含有以干重计0.1%至15%的甜萜苷。
18.权利要求17的甜果汁,该甜果汁是从罗汉果的果实制备的。
19.权利要求18的甜果汁,其中,以未浓缩物计果汁的pH低于4.5,果汁含有以干重计多于17%的甜萜苷。
20.权利要求19的甜果汁,以未浓缩物计该甜果汁含有1-10ppm二氯甲烷可萃取的易挥发物,并且基本上不含含硫易挥发物。
21.权利要求20的甜果汁,其中,甜萜苷选自罗汉果苷Ⅳ、罗汉果苷Ⅴ,11-氧代-罗汉果苷Ⅴ、暹逻果苷Ⅰ和它们的混合物。
22.权利要求21的甜果汁,该甜果汁是澄清的果汁,它含有以干重计至少1%的罗汉果苷,以干重计1-6ppm二氯甲烷可萃取的易挥发物,以未浓缩物计pH为3.8至4.2,并且基本上不含含硫易挥发物。
23.权利要求17、20或22的甜果汁,该甜果汁具有为15°白利糖度至65°白利糖度的固体浓度。
24.一种干的甜物质,该物质包括权利要求17、20或22的干的甜果汁。
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
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US1793693A | 1993-02-16 | 1993-02-16 | |
US08/017936 | 1993-02-16 | ||
US5645993A | 1993-05-03 | 1993-05-03 | |
US08/056459 | 1993-05-03 | ||
US08/182601 | 1994-01-26 | ||
US08/182,601 US5411755A (en) | 1993-02-16 | 1994-01-26 | Process and composition for sweet juice from cucurbitaceae fruit |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1119825A CN1119825A (zh) | 1996-04-03 |
CN1075363C true CN1075363C (zh) | 2001-11-28 |
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CN94191600A Expired - Lifetime CN1075363C (zh) | 1993-02-16 | 1994-02-15 | 来自葫芦科水果的甜汁的组合物及其制法 |
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US (1) | US5411755A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0684771B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3466191B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1075363C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU6241794A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2155966C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69405716T2 (zh) |
MX (1) | MX9401220A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1994018854A2 (zh) |
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- 1994-02-15 EP EP94909659A patent/EP0684771B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-02-15 JP JP51911594A patent/JP3466191B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-02-15 WO PCT/US1994/001689 patent/WO1994018854A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-02-15 AU AU62417/94A patent/AU6241794A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-02-15 CA CA002155966A patent/CA2155966C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-02-16 MX MX9401220A patent/MX9401220A/es unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4084010A (en) * | 1976-01-01 | 1978-04-11 | Tsunematsu Takemoto | Glycosides having sweetness |
CN87101559A (zh) * | 1987-05-28 | 1987-11-25 | 辽阳市白塔区应用技术研究所 | 制取鲜罗汉果浓缩汁的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1119825A (zh) | 1996-04-03 |
CA2155966A1 (en) | 1994-09-01 |
JPH08506733A (ja) | 1996-07-23 |
DE69405716T2 (de) | 1998-04-09 |
WO1994018854A3 (en) | 1994-10-27 |
US5411755A (en) | 1995-05-02 |
EP0684771B1 (en) | 1997-09-17 |
AU6241794A (en) | 1994-09-14 |
MX9401220A (es) | 1994-08-31 |
WO1994018854A2 (en) | 1994-09-01 |
CA2155966C (en) | 1999-07-27 |
EP0684771A1 (en) | 1995-12-06 |
JP3466191B2 (ja) | 2003-11-10 |
DE69405716D1 (de) | 1997-10-23 |
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