CN104855208A - Method for cultivating organic blueberries in low-latitude and high-altitude areas - Google Patents
Method for cultivating organic blueberries in low-latitude and high-altitude areas Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating organic blueberries in low-latitude and high-altitude areas. The method comprises the steps as follows: selecting fields with the slope gradient not higher than 10 degrees, the soil PH value being 4.0-6.0 and the organic matter content being not lower than 5%, and carrying out field soil preparation with the deep tillage depth being 20-25 cm in the year before field planting; selecting blueberry seedlings to perform field planting in winter or in rainy seasons of the next year, then covering a moist soil surface with a mulching material and performing filed planting on seedlings which are sufficiently watered; performing fruit tree pruning twice including pruning after fruit picking, and pruning and disbranching in winter; adopting drop irrigation or irrigation to maintain the maximum water-holding capacity of the soil to be 60-70%, and applying organic fertilizer in twice every year, wherein applying organic fertilizer after blueberry harvest and before spring-growth on the moist soil surface, and applying fertilizer heavily while ditching to realize water and fertilizer management; trapping the adults and larva of scarabs by adopting light and/or trapping and killing by using willow leaves impregnated with pesticide and performing deep ploughing to enable the larva of scarabs to be exposed to the sun; trapping and killing drosophila melanogasters with sweet lure or yellow sticky boards. The method for cultivating organic blueberries in low-latitude and high-altitude areas has the characteristics that the management is simple and convenient, damage caused by diseases is less, good harvest and high quality of the blueberries are achieved, and the blueberries obtained by adopting the method are purely natural and pollution-free.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to fruit tree cultivation technical field, be specifically related to that a kind of simple and convenient management, disease are few, the cultivation method of the organic blueberry in low latitudes high altitude localities of fruit high yield high-quality and natural nuisance-free.
Background technology
Blueberry (Blueberry) belongs to Ericaceae (Ericaceae) genus vaccinium (Vaccinium) soft fruits evergreen shrubs, formal name used at school cowberry, fruit mostly is bluish violet, soft and succulency, moderately sour and sweet, local flavor is pure and beautiful, has special fragrance, be rich in vitamin C, have higher edibility.Prove through modern medicine study and zoopery, in its berry the polyphenoils such as specific blueberry anthocyanin have prevent cerebral nerve old and feeble, strengthen cardiac function, unique effects such as prevention asthenopia and cancer-resisting etc., have higher economic worth and vast potential for future development, therefore FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation) is classified as one of large healthy food of the mankind five.
Vaccinium plant about has more than 450 kind in the world, and about there is more or less a hundred kind in China, is mainly distributed in northeast and the southwest of height above sea level 700 ~ 2200m.Wild blueberry owing to yielding poorly, fruit quality difference etc. reason, be difficult to formed scale benefit.Due to low latitudes high altitude localities abundance at sunshine, frost-free season long (230 ~ 365 days), soil organic matter content is high, day and night temperature is large, the annual temperature difference is less, Water Resources is abundant, therefore be conducive to the growth of blueberry fruit tree and the accumulation of fruits nutrition, be more conducive to the cultivation developing the precocious high grade producing kind of blueberry.Therefore, realize the high grade producing organic grow of blueberry in low latitudes high altitude localities, the advantage on thermal source can be utilized to make fruit maturation morning, early go public, realize differentiation development with stagger competition.
Because the root system of blueberry is more special, root system is in threadiness, and unrooted hair, in its natural state, root system and mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis form mycorhiza, and solution blueberry root system is due to the problem of the moisture that do not have root hair and cause and poor nutrient absorption capability.Therefore, higher to the requirement of moisture, fertilizer, soil in blueberry cultivation, excess moisture or very few; The choose reasonable of fertilizer type, such as chlorion easily causes evil to blueberry, should forbid executing potassium chloride when application of potash fertilizer; Number of soil such as pH value, the content of organic matter etc., all can cause adverse effect to the cultivation of blueberry.At present, tame blueberry kind is commonly " American blueberry ", in the early 1990s after improvement and training, the artificial cultivation kind of cultivating, extensively to plant in U.S. of middle latitude low altitude area, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Australia, and the southwest of the Northeast of China's high latitude and part low latitudes low altitude area.Blueberry due to artificial culture is mainly planted in middle latitude low altitude area, with the low latitudes high altitude localities on the south China the Changjiang river, particularly 1200m above low latitudes high altitude localities in Yunnan is compared is soil, weather all has larger difference, therefore, how to select to cultivate field, and rational implantation methods, pruning fruit tree and water and fertilizer management, on the high grade producing of blueberry, there is larger impact.Particularly do not adopt ripe traditional fertilizer fertilising, high poison and persistent pesticide prevention and elimination of disease and pests cultivation method, and adopt fertilizer, ecological method to carry out the organic farming of the extermination of disease and insect pest, although cultivation difficulty is larger, the fruit of output belongs to organic fruit, advantageously in health; And low latitudes high altitude localities sunshine is long, day and night temperature is large, the morning being conducive to Blueberry is ripe, early go public, and compares the blueberry cultivation of high latitude area in tradition and has stronger market competition advantage.
In addition, the material base that nutrition is germ, insect depends on for existence, and synoptic climate condition determines that sick worm occurs, the key factor of development, the long-day of low latitudes high altitude localities, the less growth being not only conducive to fruit tree of the annual temperature difference, also easily cause multiple damage by disease and insect.Therefore, no matter the sick worm kind of the sick worm of low latitudes high altitude localities blueberry, or occurring area, the fruit tree that the extent of injury is all cultivated than other latitude is much serious, and often causes serious loss to blueberry output, quality, benefit.Particularly the blueberry of middle and high latitude migrates to low latitudes high altitude localities, and along with warming of winter climate, advantageously original sick worm survives the winter, and makes the disease worm extent of injury larger.
Therefore, the blueberry of conventional middle and high latitude low altitude area migrates to low latitudes high altitude localities and carries out organic farming, its light, heat, water, fertilizer all have larger difference, how to take measures to overcome the deficiency that low temperature amount is few, precipitation is many, damage by disease and insect is serious, can also agricultural facility be not limited to and reduce cultivation cost, and energy high grade producing, be the key of blueberry in the organic farming of low latitudes high altitude localities.
Summary of the invention
For solving the deficiency of above existence, the object of the present invention is to provide the cultivation method of the organic blueberry in low latitudes high altitude localities that a kind of simple and convenient management, disease are few, fruit gets bumper crops high-quality and natural nuisance-free.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this: comprise field arrangement, the field planting of fruit seedling, pruning fruit tree, water and fertilizer management, pest control step, specifically comprise:
A, field arrange: select the gradient be no more than 10 °, soil pH value 4.0 ~ 6.0 and the content of organic matter be not less than 5% field, carrying out the degree of depth the previous year in field planting is that the field of 20 ~ 25cm is ploughed deeply.
B, the field planting of fruit seedling: the aseptic blueberry seedling selecting height of seedling 40 ~ 70cm, November after field arranges 1 year ~ mid-January in next year or first 1 month of rainy season in next year, by the field planting of seeding row spacing 2 ± 0.5 × 1.2 ± 0.2m, furrow width 0.4 ± 0.1m and ditch depth 0.3 ± 0.1m trench digging, before field planting, in ditch, paving executes matrix, then the pine needle, stalk, leaf mould or the green manure that become thoroughly decomposed are covered 4 ~ 7cm on the moisture in the soil face of field planting blueberry, and water sufficient normal root water;
C, pruning fruit tree: prune at twice every year, one is the light pruning after fruit picking, to wipe out disease branch, old branch; Two is winter prunings, combs branch and wipe out disease branch, old branch and the small and weak branch of part, descending branch based on center;
D, water and fertilizer management: blueberry hydromining drip irrigation or pouring, soil moisture content is advisable to maintain maximum water-holding capacity 60% ~ 70%; Fertilizer is with the fertilizer made after animal manure, straw decomposing fermentation, annual application in two dressings: one be after fertilizer pile fermentation through digging, turning over, mix thoroughly, it is opened dilution by aquation, makes liquid fertilizer, in blueberry plucked sprout to the spring tip before impose on moisture in the soil face, amount of application is 400 ~ 700kg/ mu; Two is trench digging heavy dressing, and heavy dressing East and West direction is first ditched, and second time heavy dressing is North and South direction trench digging then, every strain blueberry fruit tree application of organic fertilizers 6 ~ 9kg, waters sufficient water after each fertilising;
E, pest control: to scarabs, at the end of May ~ early September adopts lamp light trapping and/or the trapping of branch of the willow leaching liquid; To chafer larva, deep ploughing is taked to be exposed to the sun in July ~ April next year; To fruit bat adult, become sugar-vinegar liquid in the fructescence with the red pool, vinegar, Severalquestionsshouspiritsblendingandmeasuring spiritsblendingandmeasuring and/or use yellow card's trap.
The present invention is directed to the middle problem that high latitude low altitude area blueberry kind has a narrow range of temperature in the annual of low latitudes high altitude localities, precipitation is many, damage by disease and insect is serious, suitable field planting field is selected to arrange the previous year in field planting, then according to climatic characteristic, choose the right moment and carry out field planting to ensure survival rate; Prune and water and fertilizer management in the laggard row specific aim of cultivation, Harmless control is carried out to main susceptible disease insect pest, as with fertilizer and ecological method prevention and elimination of disease and pests, reaches the high grade producing organic farming of low latitudes high altitude localities blueberry; Therefore, whole cultivation is from field arrangement, and through the field planting of fruit seedling, pruning fruit tree, water and fertilizer management and the extermination of disease and insect pest, reach the object of organic grow, holistic management is easy.For damage by disease and insect feature, all carry out process of becoming thoroughly decomposed from field planting matrix, covering fertilizer and fertilizer, with the worm's ovum of kill harmful and fungi, reach the object of pre-preventing disease and pest.For common insect chafer, be exposed to the sun kill in the laggard row lamp light trapping of cultivation, deep ploughing, then adopt sugar-vinegar liquid and/or yellow card's trap for fruit bat.Therefore, the present invention is by from the arrangement of cultivating soil, and with measures such as aseptic seedling, decomposed manure, the pruning of disease branch, physical control of insects, ensure that blueberry cultivation process damage by disease and insect is few, Blueberry belongs to the organic food of natural nuisance-free.In addition, the present invention is directed to the climatic characteristic of low latitudes high altitude localities, in conjunction with the growth characteristics of blueberry, select the field that is suitable for targetedly and carry out the field planting that arranges and organise, application of organic fertilizers targetedly in the water and fertilizer management in later stage, thus blueberry is grown be in long-day, the frostless head of district, day and night temperature is large, the annual temperature difference is less, the suitable favorable environment of liquid manure, be convenient to the growth of blueberry fruit tree and the accumulation of fruits nutrition, and by the later stage extermination of disease and insect pest, organic high grade producing of Blueberry can be ensured.Therefore, the present invention have that simple and convenient management, disease are few, the feature of fruit high yield high-quality and natural nuisance-free.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is schematic flow sheet of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further illustrated, but limited the present invention never in any form, and any conversion done based on training centre of the present invention or replacement, all belong to protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1, the present invention includes field arrangement, the field planting of fruit seedling, pruning fruit tree, water and fertilizer management, pest control step, specifically comprise:
A, field arrange: select the gradient be no more than 10 °, soil pH value 4.0 ~ 6.0 and the content of organic matter be not less than 5% field, carrying out the degree of depth the previous year in field planting is that the field of 20 ~ 25cm is ploughed deeply.
B, the field planting of fruit seedling: the aseptic blueberry seedling selecting height of seedling 40 ~ 70cm, November after field arranges 1 year ~ mid-January in next year or first 1 month of rainy season in next year, by the field planting of seeding row spacing 2 ± 0.5 × 1.2 ± 0.2m, furrow width 0.4 ± 0.1m and ditch depth 0.3 ± 0.1m trench digging, before field planting, in ditch, paving executes matrix, then the pine needle, stalk, leaf mould or the green manure that become thoroughly decomposed are covered 4 ~ 7cm on the moisture in the soil face of field planting blueberry, and water sufficient normal root water;
C, pruning fruit tree: prune at twice every year, one is the light pruning after fruit picking, to wipe out disease branch, old branch; Two is winter prunings, combs branch and wipe out disease branch, old branch and the small and weak branch of part, descending branch based on center;
D, water and fertilizer management: blueberry hydromining drip irrigation or pouring, soil moisture content is advisable to maintain maximum water-holding capacity 60% ~ 70%; Fertilizer is with the fertilizer made after animal manure, straw decomposing fermentation, annual application in two dressings: one be after fertilizer pile fermentation through digging, turning over, mix thoroughly, it is opened dilution by aquation, makes liquid fertilizer, in blueberry plucked sprout to the spring tip before impose on moisture in the soil face, amount of application is 400 ~ 700kg/ mu; Two is trench digging heavy dressing, and heavy dressing East and West direction is first ditched, and second time heavy dressing is North and South direction trench digging then, every strain blueberry fruit tree application of organic fertilizers 6 ~ 9kg, waters sufficient water after each fertilising;
E, pest control: to scarabs, at the end of May ~ early September adopts lamp light trapping and/or the trapping of branch of the willow leaching liquid; To chafer larva, deep ploughing is taked to be exposed to the sun in July ~ April next year; To fruit bat adult, become sugar-vinegar liquid in the fructescence with the red pool, vinegar, Severalquestionsshouspiritsblendingandmeasuring spiritsblendingandmeasuring and/or use yellow card's trap.
Described field arranges field higher for pH value in step, uses Cosan, the acid peat composed of rotten mosses, ferrous sulfate and/or aluminum sulfate with adjust ph to prescribed limit while ploughing deeply.
Blueberry seedling in described fruit seedling field planting step selects lagophthalmos series in the plantation of below height above sea level 1600m area; Plant in height above sea level 1600 ~ 2200m kind and select the high series of lagophthalmos and south; Planting in height above sea level 2200 ~ 2600m kind selects south high and northern high, plants select north high and short from blueberry in height above sea level 2600 ~ 3200m kind.
When described blueberry seedling selects lagophthalmos series, more than 50cm and branch more than 3, dark green leaf color, fruit seedling without yellow red autumnal leaves, anosis leaf branch, health of root are selected in field planting.
When described blueberry seedling selects south height serial, field planting selects more than 40cm and branch more than 3, dark green leaf color, without yellow red autumnal leaves, and anosis leaf branch, the fruit seedling of health of root.
When described lagophthalmos series is as main breed, main breed and pollinated variety press the proportional arrangement of 8 ~ 10: 1.
Matrix in described fruit seedling field planting step is the soil constituent analysis according to field planting field, then obtains after proportioning, mixing according to the peat composed of rotten mosses, humus soil and fertilizer composition.
Described fertilizer be cow dung, pig manure, chicken manure and/or sheep excrement through becoming thoroughly decomposed completely, worm's ovum lethality reaches more than 95%.
The described peat composed of rotten mosses be the content of organic matter more than 3%, quality is soft is easy to fragmentary, and pH value is 4.5 ~ 5.5.
Described humus soil is the Nutrition Soil that broad leaved forest fallen leaves are formed in soil after microbial decomposition fermentation.
In described pruning fruit tree step, all buds and young fruit are cut for the treelet phase; For bearing tree to wipe out damage by disease and insect branch, comb is except overstocked branch, and bounce back old fruit bearing shoot.
It is get the dark soil of 15 ~ 20cm that soil in described water and fertilizer management step is suitable for water-holding capacity, then puts into hand and extrudes, if soil water outlet, is the suitable water-holding capacity of maximum water-holding capacity 60% ~ 70%; As extruded not water outlet, illustrating that soil moisture is not enough, should pour water in time.
The trench digging specification of heavy dressing of ditching in described water and fertilizer management step is long 25 ~ 35cm, wide 7 ~ 13cm, dark 12 ~ 18cm.
Heavy dressing of ditching in described water and fertilizer management step was carried out in the resting stage of annual fruit tree, described heavy dressing first and for the second time heavy dressing interval 1 ~ 3 month.
embodiment 1
For 150 mu, auspicious cities and towns, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province Xiangyun County hillculture 2 age outstanding rabbit (lagophthalmos kind) plantlet in vitro, its height above sea level is 1950 ~ 1980m, average temperature of the whole year 15.4 DEG C, annual precipitation 728.6mm, sunshine duration 2648.6h, belong to north subtropical weather by north, winter, the summer was without heat without severe cold.Soil is based on red soil, and the field gradient is no more than 6 degree, and soil pH value 4.5, soil organic matter content is not less than 12%.Concrete cultivation step is as follows:
A, field arrange: it is that the field of 25cm is ploughed deeply that the previous year to be carried out the degree of depth in field planting in the field selected above.
B, fruit seedling field planting: select the 2 age aseptic outstanding rabbit group training blueberry seedlings of height of seedling 55cm and the 2 ages aseptic Sharp indigo plant group training blueberry seedling of height of seedling 45cm, and the blueberry seedling branch selected is more than 3, dark green leaf color, without yellow red autumnal leaves, anosis leaf branch, the fruit seedling of health of root, mid-January in next year after field arranges 1 year, by seeding row spacing 2 × 1.2m, furrow width 0.4m and ditch depth 0.3m ditches, in ditch, paving imposes based on garden soil composition analysis result, according to the peat composed of rotten mosses, humus soil and the pig manure composition proportion of becoming thoroughly decomposed completely, the matrix obtained after mixing, with the mode field planting of 10 row outstanding rabbit interval 1 row Sharp indigo plant, after field planting, the stalk become thoroughly decomposed and leaf mould are covered 4cm on the moisture in the soil face of field planting blueberry, and water sufficient normal root water,
C, pruning fruit tree: after the field planting of fruit seedling survives, the treelet phase cuts all buds and young fruit; Annual pruning twice after result, one is the light pruning after fruit picking, to wipe out disease branch, old branch; Two is winter prunings, combs branch and wipe out disease branch, old branch and the small and weak branch of part, descending branch based on center;
D, water and fertilizer management: blueberry hydromining drip irrigation, be advisable to maintain maximum water-holding capacity 60% ~ 70%, and it is get the dark soil of 15cm with mamoty that water content detects, and then puts into hand and extrudes, if soil water outlet, proves that moisture is suitable for; As extruded not water outlet, illustrating that soil moisture is not enough, should pour water in time; Fertilizer is to make fertilizer, annual application in two dressings after animal manure and straw decomposing fermentation, and one is through digging, turning over, mix thoroughly after fertilizer pile fermentation, it is opened dilution by aquation, make liquid fertilizer, in blueberry plucked ~ the spring tip imposes on moisture in the soil face before sprouting, amount of application is 400kg/ mu; Two is trench digging heavy dressing, and trench digging specification is long 25cm, wide 13cm, dark 12cm, and heavy dressing is first by East and West direction trench digging, and second time heavy dressing is North and South direction trench digging then, every strain blueberry fruit tree application of organic fertilizers 7kg, waters sufficient water after each fertilising;
E, pest control: to scarabs, the trapping of left and right branch of the willow leaching liquid and the black lamp light trapping of left and right employing by the end of August combine at the end of May; To chafer larva, take deep ploughing in July ~ April next year, polypide is routed up, make it be affected by the external environment and dead; To fruit bat adult, at fructescence yellow card's trap.
embodiment 2
For 350 mu, Bao Xiu town, Honghe state, Yunnan Province Shiping County hillculture 2 age John Baldwin (lagophthalmos kind) cuttage seeding, it is located in north latitude 23 ° 31 ' to 23 ° 50 ', east longitude 102 ° 08 ' to 102 ° 27 ', field height above sea level is 1280 ~ 1320m, average temperature of the whole year 18 DEG C, annual precipitation 775 ~ 1148mm, sunshine duration 2648.6h, belongs to typical middle subtropical zone weather.The field gradient is 6 ~ 8 degree, and soil pH value 6.5, soil organic matter content is greater than 16%.Concrete cultivation step is as follows:
A, field arrange: it is that the field of 20cm is ploughed deeply that the previous year to be carried out the degree of depth in field planting in the field selected above, and while ploughing deeply, use Cosan and the acid peat composed of rotten mosses, makes field pH value be adjusted to 4.8.
B, fruit seedling field planting: select the 2 ages aseptic John Baldwin cuttage blueberry seedling of more than height of seedling 60cm and the 2 ages aseptic powder indigo plant group training blueberry seedling of more than height of seedling 40cm, and the blueberry seedling branch selected is more than 3, dark green leaf color, without yellow red autumnal leaves, anosis leaf branch, the fruit seedling of health of root, after field arranges 1 year by the end of November, by seeding row spacing 2.5 × 1.4m, furrow width 0.5m and ditch depth 0.4m ditches, in ditch, paving imposes based on garden soil composition analysis result, according to the peat composed of rotten mosses, humus soil and the chicken manure composition proportion of becoming thoroughly decomposed completely, the matrix obtained after mixing, with the mode field planting of 9 row John Baldwin interval 1 row powder indigo plants, after field planting, the pine needle become thoroughly decomposed and green manure mixture are covered 7cm on the moisture in the soil face of field planting blueberry, and water sufficient normal root water,
C, pruning fruit tree: after the field planting of fruit seedling survives, the treelet phase cuts all buds and young fruit; Annual pruning twice after result, one is the light pruning after fruit picking, to wipe out disease branch, old branch; Two is winter prunings, combs branch and wipe out disease branch, old branch and the small and weak branch of part, descending branch based on center;
D, water and fertilizer management: blueberry hydromining pouring, be advisable to maintain maximum water-holding capacity 60% ~ 70%, it is get the dark soil of 20cm with mamoty that water content detects, and then puts into hand and extrudes, if soil water outlet, proves that moisture is suitable for; As extruded not water outlet, illustrating that soil moisture is not enough, should pour water in time; Fertilizer is to make fertilizer, annual application in two dressings after animal manure and straw decomposing fermentation, and one is through digging, turning over, mix thoroughly after fertilizer pile fermentation, it is opened dilution by aquation, make liquid fertilizer, in blueberry plucked ~ the spring tip imposes on moisture in the soil face before sprouting, amount of application is 500kg/ mu; Two is trench digging heavy dressing, and trench digging specification is long 35cm, wide 13cm, dark 18cm, and heavy dressing is first by East and West direction trench digging, and second time heavy dressing is North and South direction trench digging then, every strain blueberry fruit tree application of organic fertilizers 6kg, waters sufficient water after each fertilising;
E, pest control: to scarabs, adopt black lamp light trapping in July; To chafer larva, to apply fertilizer as opportunity takes deep ploughing in July ~ April next year, polypide is routed up, makes it be affected by the external environment and dead; To fruit bat adult, sugar-vinegar liquid is become to trap and kill in the fructescence with the red pool, vinegar, Severalquestionsshouspiritsblendingandmeasuring spiritsblendingandmeasuring.
embodiment 3
For 200 mu, township of Lisu at dawn of Yulong autonomous county of Lijiang County In Yunnan Province city hillculture 3 age blue line (north is high plants) grafting, it is located in east longitude 99 ° 23 ' ~ 100 ° 32 ', between north latitude 26 ° 34 ' ~ 27 ° 46 ', field height above sea level is 2530 ~ 2600m, average temperature of the whole year 9.6 DEG C, annual precipitation is about 800.6mm, 200 days frost-free seasons of year, belongs to low latitude plateau South Asian monsoon upper level weather.The field gradient is 8 ~ 10 degree, soil pH value 6.0, soil organic matter content about 7%.Concrete cultivation step is as follows:
A, field arrange: it is that the field of 25cm is ploughed deeply that the previous year to be carried out the degree of depth in field planting in the field selected above, and while ploughing deeply, use Cosan and ferrous sulfate powder, makes field pH value be adjusted to 5.0.
B, fruit seedling field planting: 3 age aseptic Sharp indigo plant (southern Gao Zhong) the cuttage blueberry seedlings selecting the 3 age blue lines of more than height of seedling 70cm (north is high plants) grafting blueberry seedling and more than height of seedling 60cm, and the blueberry seedling branch selected is more than 3, dark green leaf color, without yellow red autumnal leaves, anosis leaf branch, the fruit seedling of health of root, mid-April after field arranges 1 year, by seeding row spacing 2.3 × 1.2m, furrow width 0.4m and ditch depth 0.4m ditches, in ditch, paving imposes based on garden soil composition analysis result, according to the peat composed of rotten mosses, humus soil and the pig manure become thoroughly decomposed completely, cow dung composition proportion, the matrix obtained after mixing, with the mode field planting of 8 row blue line interval 1 row Sharp indigo plants, after field planting by the improving straw mulching 6cm that becomes thoroughly decomposed on the moisture in the soil face of field planting blueberry, and water sufficient normal root water,
C, pruning fruit tree: after the field planting of fruit seedling survives, the treelet phase cuts all buds and young fruit; Annual pruning twice after result, one is the light pruning after fruit picking, to wipe out disease branch, old branch; Two is winter prunings, combs branch and wipe out disease branch, old branch and the small and weak branch of part, descending branch based on center;
D, water and fertilizer management: blueberry hydromining pouring, be advisable to maintain maximum water-holding capacity 60% ~ 70%, it is get the dark soil of 15cm with mamoty that water content detects, and then puts into hand and extrudes, if soil water outlet, proves that moisture is suitable for; As extruded not water outlet, illustrating that soil moisture is not enough, should pour water in time; Fertilizer is to make fertilizer, annual application in two dressings after cow dung and straw decomposing fermentation, and one is through digging, turning over, mix thoroughly after fertilizer pile fermentation, it is opened dilution by aquation, make liquid fertilizer, in blueberry plucked ~ the spring tip imposes on moisture in the soil face before sprouting, amount of application is 700kg/ mu; Two is trench digging heavy dressing, and trench digging specification is 35cm, wide 13cm, dark 18cm, and heavy dressing is first by East and West direction trench digging, and second time heavy dressing is North and South direction trench digging then, every strain blueberry fruit tree application of organic fertilizers 9kg, waters sufficient water after each fertilising;
E, pest control: to scarabs, adopt branch of the willow to soak liquid trapping in 6 ~ September; To chafer larva, to apply fertilizer as opportunity takes deep ploughing in July ~ April next year, polypide is routed up, makes it be affected by the external environment and dead; To fruit bat adult, become sugar-vinegar liquid and the dual trapping of yellow plate in the fructescence with the red pool, vinegar, Severalquestionsshouspiritsblendingandmeasuring spiritsblendingandmeasuring.
Claims (10)
1. a cultivation method for the organic blueberry in low latitudes high altitude localities, is characterized in that comprising field arrangement, the field planting of fruit seedling, pruning fruit tree, water and fertilizer management, pest control step, specifically comprises:
A, field arrange: select the gradient be no more than 10 °, soil pH value 4.0 ~ 6.0 and the content of organic matter be not less than 5% field, carrying out the degree of depth the previous year in field planting is that the field of 20 ~ 25cm is ploughed deeply.
B, the field planting of fruit seedling: the aseptic blueberry seedling selecting height of seedling 40 ~ 70cm, November after field arranges 1 year ~ mid-January in next year or first 1 month of rainy season in next year, by the field planting of seeding row spacing 2 ± 0.5 × 1.2 ± 0.2m, furrow width 0.4 ± 0.1m and ditch depth 0.3 ± 0.1m trench digging, before field planting, in ditch, paving executes matrix, then the pine needle, stalk, leaf mould or the green manure that become thoroughly decomposed are covered 4 ~ 7cm on the moisture in the soil face of field planting blueberry, and water sufficient normal root water;
C, pruning fruit tree: prune at twice every year, one is the light pruning after fruit picking, to wipe out disease branch, old branch; Two is winter prunings, combs branch and wipe out disease branch, old branch and the small and weak branch of part, descending branch based on center;
D, water and fertilizer management: blueberry hydromining drip irrigation or pouring, soil moisture content is advisable to maintain maximum water-holding capacity 60% ~ 70%; Fertilizer is with the fertilizer made after animal manure, straw decomposing fermentation, annual application in two dressings: one be after fertilizer pile fermentation through digging, turning over, mix thoroughly, it is opened dilution by aquation, makes liquid fertilizer, in blueberry plucked sprout to the spring tip before impose on moisture in the soil face, amount of application is 400 ~ 700kg/ mu; Two is trench digging heavy dressing, and heavy dressing East and West direction is first ditched, and second time heavy dressing is North and South direction trench digging then, every strain blueberry fruit tree application of organic fertilizers 6 ~ 9kg, waters sufficient water after each fertilising;
E, pest control: to scarabs, at the end of May ~ early September adopts lamp light trapping and/or the trapping of branch of the willow leaching liquid; To chafer larva, deep ploughing is taked to be exposed to the sun in July ~ April next year; To fruit bat adult, become sugar-vinegar liquid in the fructescence with the red pool, vinegar, Severalquestionsshouspiritsblendingandmeasuring spiritsblendingandmeasuring and/or use yellow card's trap.
2. cultivation method according to claim 1, is characterized in that described field arranges field higher for pH value in step, uses Cosan, the acid peat composed of rotten mosses, ferrous sulfate and/or aluminum sulfate with adjust ph to prescribed limit while ploughing deeply.
3. cultivation method according to claim 1, is characterized in that the blueberry seedling in described fruit seedling field planting step selects lagophthalmos series in the plantation of below height above sea level 1600m area; Plant in height above sea level 1600 ~ 2200m kind and select the high series of lagophthalmos and south; Planting in height above sea level 2200 ~ 2600m kind selects south high and northern high, plants select north high and short from blueberry in height above sea level 2600 ~ 3200m kind.
4. cultivation method according to claim 3, when it is characterized in that described blueberry seedling selects lagophthalmos series, more than 50cm and branch more than 3, dark green leaf color, fruit seedling without yellow red autumnal leaves, anosis leaf branch, health of root are selected in field planting; When described blueberry seedling selects south height serial, field planting selects more than 40cm and branch more than 3, dark green leaf color, without yellow red autumnal leaves, and anosis leaf branch, the fruit seedling of health of root.
5. cultivation method according to claim 3, when it is characterized in that described lagophthalmos series as main breed, main breed and pollinated variety press the proportional arrangement of 8 ~ 10: 1.
6. the cultivation method according to claim 1,3,4, the matrix that it is characterized in that in described fruit seedling field planting step is the soil constituent analysis according to field planting field, then obtains after proportioning, mixing according to the peat composed of rotten mosses, humus soil and fertilizer composition; Described fertilizer be cow dung, pig manure, chicken manure and/or sheep excrement through becoming thoroughly decomposed completely, worm's ovum lethality reaches more than 95%; The described peat composed of rotten mosses be the content of organic matter more than 3%, quality is soft is easy to fragmentary, and pH value is 4.5 ~ 5.5; Described humus soil is the Nutrition Soil that broad leaved forest fallen leaves are formed in soil after microbial decomposition fermentation.
7. cultivation method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described pruning fruit tree step, cutting all buds and young fruit for the treelet phase; For bearing tree to wipe out damage by disease and insect branch, comb is except overstocked branch, and bounce back old fruit bearing shoot.
8. cultivation method according to claim 1, it is get the dark soil of 15 ~ 20cm that the soil that it is characterized in that in described water and fertilizer management step is suitable for water-holding capacity, then putting into hand to extrude, if soil water outlet, is the suitable water-holding capacity of maximum water-holding capacity 60% ~ 70%; As extruded not water outlet, illustrating that soil moisture is not enough, should pour water in time.
9. cultivation method according to claim 1, the trench digging specification of the heavy dressing that it is characterized in that ditching in described water and fertilizer management step is long 25 ~ 35cm, wide 7 ~ 13cm, dark 12 ~ 18cm.
10. cultivation method according to claim 1, the heavy dressing that it is characterized in that ditching in described water and fertilizer management step was carried out in the resting stage of annual fruit tree, described heavy dressing first and second time heavy dressing interval 1 ~ 3 month.
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