CN103238447A - High-quality high-efficiency high-yield blueberry cultivation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
A high-quality high-efficiency high-yield blueberry cultivation method includes the specific steps: adjusting the pH (potential of hydrogen) value of soil by applying sulfur powder to the soil while preparing land one year before plantation; and increasing the content of organic matters in the soil by improving the soil with the proportion 1:1:1 of the organic matters, organic fertilizers to natural soil. The organic matters are acidic turfs, and saw dust and bark need to be stacked for more than one month and then can be used after completely decomposed if serving as the organic matters.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the high-quality and efficient high-yield cultivating method of a kind of blueberry.
Background technology
Blueberry (Blueberry) formal name used at school (Vaccimium spp) belongs to Cuculidae genus vaccinium plant and claims blueberry, blue berry again, the blueberry fruit colour is attractive in appearance, unique flavor contains abundant vitamin, mineral matter and polyphenoils, has higher nutritive value and medical care effect.The cultivation history of blueberry is less than 100 years apart from the present.The domestication work of wild blueberry started from the beginning of last century, and the American has carried out the seed selection work of wild blueberry at first, and had carried out artificial cultivation.U.S.'s blueberry cultivation gross area was near by 2003! Ten thousand IJ! The A annual production reaches! 20,000 hm.After the U.S. states such as A Holland, Canada, Germany, Poland, Australia, New Zealand, Japan competitively introducing and planting A carried out blueberry research and the cultivation work with national characteristic according to climatic characteristic and the resources advantage of own country, and enter commercial cultivation in succession.China starts from early 1980s to the research of blueberry, professor Hao Rui of Jilin Agriculture University has carried out system investigation to the wild honest and sincere blueberry resource of Changbaishan area at first, nineteen eighty-three professor Li Yadong of Jilin agricultural university takes the lead in having carried out the work of blueberry introducing and planting in China, from the U.S., Canada, Finland, Germany introduces cold-resistant, the blueberry improved seeds of high yield, to blueberry cultivation technology, big quantity research has been done in soil melioration work, China's blueberry cultivation is started late, began to introduce and cultivate research work in 1983, development recent years has begun to take shape the industrialization cultivation rapidly.As a kind of emerging fruit tree, the cultivation management of blueberry is compared obviously different with other fruit tree.Blueberry root hair is few, shallow root, and being distributed in the thin solum of root mass is fit to grow in the content of organic matter and reaches 3.Above soil requires soil pH 4. 5 ~ 5. 5 simultaneously.Because blueberry cultivation condition harshness, therefore soil melioration all will be carried out in the area mostly.Now summarizing soil organic matter content, soil pH value, mycorrhizal fungi is the necessity of soil melioration to the influence of blueberry growth, and introduces the soil melioration mode of blueberry cultivation under the different condition, for China's blueberry cultivation work provides reference.
Summary of the invention
One of purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of science soil management method is carried out in newly-built blueberry garden, may further comprise the steps:
The garden of building requires: blueberry happiness loosing soil, ventilation is good, moistening, the acid sandy loam that the content of organic matter is high, sandy soil, newly-built blueberry garden requires: the gradient is no more than 10 °, soil pH value 4. 0～5. 5, soil organic matter content 8%～12%, earth is loose, drainage performance is good, sufficient water source is arranged, after building the field point and choosing, plough deeply the previous year at the blueberry transplanted seedling tree, plough 40～50 centimetres of the degree of depth, remove stone after ploughing deeply slaking, grass roots, hardwood piece, and ground is further smooth will play high flat furrow after putting in order ground, furrow are played in general north-south, terraced fields are along the whole furrow of ridge direction, and furrow are apart from 2. 0～2. 4 meters, and the furrow face is high 10～30 centimetres, wide by 1. 5～1. 8 meters, furrow furrow width 0. 5～0. 6 meter, at middle 1 row of planting of furrow face, set the drain ditch simultaneously, if the soil pH value is higher, in the time of need executing the Cosan adjusting, can carry out simultaneously in combination the previous year of planting with ploughing deeply and put in order;
Regulate the soil pH value: the suitable soil pH value of high clump blueberry is 4.0～5.2, is limited to 3.8 under it, is lower than 3.4 plant strain growth is damaged; The lagophthalmos blueberry suits to grow in the soil that the organic matter of pH value below 5 enriches, the appropriate pH value of short clump blueberry is 4.0～5.2, when the soil pH value need be adjusted, the soil pH value of just need taking measures to reduce, the most frequently used method is that soil is executed Cosan, to carry out in combination the previous year of planting when applying Cosan wholely, with Cosan sieve the back with 5 times of volume fine earth mixings after use, except regulating the soil pH value with Cosan, Cosan is then better with peat composed of rotten mosses mixing application effect, perhaps use pine needle to cooperate Cosan that soil is improved, pine needle wherein, original soil, muck, Cosan is according to ratio of weight and number 2:3:1:2, perhaps apply saw in the soil not, the peat composed of rotten mosses, liver moss and Cosan carry out soil melioration, and wherein saw is not, the peat composed of rotten mosses, the ratio of weight and number of liver moss and Cosan is 1:1:1:2;
Increase soil organic matter content: the field planting ditch that digs wide 50 cm, dark 40 cm, organic matter, fertilizer, original soil are improved the soil in the ratio of 1:1:1, the acid peat composed of rotten mosses of organic matter, if must stack earlier more than January with sawdust, bark, becoming thoroughly decomposed fully re-uses after decomposing, and becomes thoroughly decomposed or the straw leaf natural fertilizers that the back forms that rot to become thoroughly decomposed as the personnel selection domestic animals manure, notes not mixing ash, lime alkaline matter, content reaches more than 3%～5%, to increase the permeability of soil;
Soil covers: soil can carry out after covering seedling planting, covering is evenly covered bed surface, wide 1 meter, thick 5～10 centimetres, cover 2 cm thicks later on every year again, to keep original thickness, if use the new sawdust of the decomposition of not rotting, need enrich 50% nitrogenous fertilizer, rot to decompose good sawdust, nitrogen fertilizer amount should correspondingly reduce, and covers the unregistered land film and can prevent soil water evaporation, the control weeds, improve ground temperature, preferably use in the orchard that the drip irrigation facility is being arranged, cover the unregistered land film and to cover the organic matter effect that combines better or field planting is preceding kills weeds with weed killer herbicide, cultivate the field after the field planting entirely and sow green manure Bai Sanye, leguminous plants such as red clover, the field can be covered fully after March, soil fertility can be increased again.
The covering that uses in the blueberry cultivation has: it is wood chip that % such as plastic film, straw, wood chip, liver moss, peat, bark, humus soil use the most general covering at present, and the coniferous tree wood chip that preferably becomes thoroughly decomposed and decompose, also often adopt husk, pine needle, bark etc. to make covering in Japan.
Soil property comprises soil moisture, temperature, air capacity of soils, acid-base reaction, soil tilth, confession fertilizer, fertilizer-preserving ability and the edaphon situation of soil.The sand soil granular structure is poor, and a little less than the absorption affinity, fertilizer-preserving ability is poor, but aeration status is good, and aerobic microorganism is movable frequent, and the nutrient decomposition rate is fast, execute the farmyard manure structure of improving the soil, to improve the fertilizer-preserving ability of soil more.The heavy soil permeability is relatively poor, and a little less than the activity of microorganism, the nutrient decomposition rate is slow, tilth is poor, but fertilizer-preserving ability is strong, execute organic manure such as stalk, barnyard manure class, peat class more, to improve the penetrating situation of soil, increase the granular structure of soil, improve the feeder capability of soil.Various plant residues fail fully to decompose under the lower condition of excess moisture, poor aeration, temperature, the organic matter of a kind of difficult decomposition that forms through long-term accumulation, the tiering that character is very stable.The peat composed of rotten mosses nearly 1%
Nitrogenous fertilizer, but wherein the conversion rate of ammonia is very slow, only accounts for 0. 7%～3. 1% of total nitrogen content.China's peat composed of rotten mosses is divided into 3 types: the high-order peat composed of rotten mosses, the meta peat composed of rotten mosses and the low level peat composed of rotten mosses.The high-order peat composed of rotten mosses belongs to the poor nutrition type peat composed of rotten mosses, be created on physical features than higher place, take on a red color or pale brown look, formed by plants such as fountain moss, green moss, the growth age is shorter, and this peat composed of rotten mosses organic matter is more, content of ashes is few, the degree of rotting is poor, and acidity strong (pH value≤5. 0) should not directly be used as fertilizer.The low level peat composed of rotten mosses is created on the more low-lying place of physical features, is black or Dark grey, is formed by plants such as various carexs, reed, scouring rushes, content of ashes is more, and water binding capacity is less, acidity weak (pH value＞5. 0), degree of decomposition is higher, can directly be used as fertilizer after air-dry a little.The meta peat composed of rotten mosses is between the high-order peat composed of rotten mosses and the low level peat composed of rotten mosses.The peat composed of rotten mosses is rich in organic matter and humus, and acidity is big, not only increases soil organic matter content after soil mixes, but also has the effect that reduces the pH value, is desirable the improving the soil and foster and apply fertilizer material in newly-built blueberry garden.(2) farmyard manure comprise muck, cake fertilizer, green manure, stalk, sludge, compost, make compost, barnyard manure, biogas manure etc.Its raw material come
The source is extensive, is easy to gather materials on the spot, and is cheap, can not only be for crop provide full nutrition after using, and fertilizer efficiency is long, can increase soil organic matter content, promotes microbial reproduction, improves the physicochemical character of soil, is the good fertilizer source of blueberry plantation.It should be noted that farmyard manure should pile rotten fermentation before using, prevent from insect worm's ovum, pathogen, weed seed are brought into
The blueberry garden.(3) organic commercial fertilizer is with feces of livestock and poultry, plant and animal residues etc., also comprise the food that does not contain synthetic additive, organic by product of industry, it is main raw material(s) that the fish pomaces, cattle and sheep hair waste material, bone meal, amino residue, domestic birds and animals processing waste material, waste material from sugar refinery etc. that do not contain preservative are rich in organic resource, the organic manure that adopts the batch production mode to produce has higher relatively, the stay-in-grade characteristics of nutrient content.Its main kind has refined organic fertilizer material class (microorganism that does not contain specific function is to provide organic and a small amount of nutrient) and bio-organic fertilizer class.Bio-organic fertilizer is except containing higher organic matter and a small amount of nutrient, the beneficial bacterium that also contains specific function, as fixed nitrogen, phosphorus decomposing, potassium decomposing, anti-soil-borne disease etc., nontoxic, free from environmental pollution, can increase the nutrition of crop by the vital movement of specified microorganisms, or generation plant growth excitor substance, promoting plant growth, reduce disease etc., is the first-selected fertilizer that keeps blueberry garden sustainable development.(4) microbial manure refers to be made by beneficial microbe, and is rich in the particular product of active microorganism.This class fertilizer use the breeding that can replenish, promote beneficial microbe colony, improve the soil micro-ecosystem environment, suppress or the generation of control soil-borne disease insect pest.Its kind is more, and the kind different efficacies also has nothing in common with each other.Microbial manure can not replace other fertilizer effects, and blueberry continues high yield can not too rely on microbial manure.Organic matter can be mixed in conjunction with digging planting hole in newly-built blueberry garden in soil when fostering and apply fertilizer, general by soil: organic matter (peat composed of rotten mosses is main): machine fertilizer is that 1: 1: 0. 1 mixing is inserted planting hole.
Embodiment
Below will be described in detail the preferred embodiments of the present invention; Should be appreciated that preferred embodiment only for the present invention is described, rather than in order to limit protection scope of the present invention.
The garden of building requires: blueberry happiness loosing soil, ventilation is good, moistening, the acid sandy loam that the content of organic matter is high, sandy soil, newly-built blueberry garden requires: the gradient is no more than 10 °, soil pH value 4. 0～5. 5, soil organic matter content 8%～12%, earth is loose, drainage performance is good, sufficient water source is arranged, after building the field point and choosing, plough deeply the previous year at the blueberry transplanted seedling tree, plough 40～50 centimetres of the degree of depth, remove stone after ploughing deeply slaking, grass roots, hardwood piece, and ground is further smooth will play high flat furrow after putting in order ground, furrow are played in general north-south, terraced fields are along the whole furrow of ridge direction, and furrow are apart from 2. 0～2. 4 meters, and the furrow face is high 10～30 centimetres, wide by 1. 5～1. 8 meters, furrow furrow width 0. 5～0. 6 meter, at middle 1 row of planting of furrow face, set the drain ditch simultaneously, if the soil pH value is higher, in the time of need executing the Cosan adjusting, can carry out simultaneously in combination the previous year of planting with ploughing deeply and put in order;
Regulate the soil pH value: the suitable soil pH value of high clump blueberry is 4.0～5.2, is limited to 3.8 under it, is lower than 3.4 plant strain growth is damaged; The lagophthalmos blueberry suits to grow in the soil that the organic matter of pH value below 5 enriches, the appropriate pH value of short clump blueberry is 4.0～5.2, when the soil pH value need be adjusted, the soil pH value of just need taking measures to reduce, the most frequently used method is that soil is executed Cosan, to carry out in combination the previous year of planting when applying Cosan wholely, with Cosan sieve the back with 5 times of volume fine earth mixings after use, except regulating the soil pH value with Cosan, Cosan is then better with peat composed of rotten mosses mixing application effect, perhaps use pine needle to cooperate Cosan that soil is improved, pine needle wherein, original soil, muck, Cosan is according to ratio of weight and number 2:3:1:2, perhaps apply saw in the soil not, the peat composed of rotten mosses, liver moss and Cosan carry out soil melioration, and wherein saw is not, the peat composed of rotten mosses, the ratio of weight and number of liver moss and Cosan is 1:1:1:2;
Increase soil organic matter content: the field planting ditch that digs wide 50 cm, dark 40 cm, organic matter, fertilizer, original soil are improved the soil in the ratio of 1:1:1, the acid peat composed of rotten mosses of organic matter, if must stack earlier more than January with sawdust, bark, becoming thoroughly decomposed fully re-uses after decomposing, and becomes thoroughly decomposed or the straw leaf natural fertilizers that the back forms that rot to become thoroughly decomposed as the personnel selection domestic animals manure, notes not mixing ash, lime alkaline matter, content reaches more than 3%～5%, to increase the permeability of soil;
Soil covers: soil can carry out after covering seedling planting, covering is evenly covered bed surface, wide 1 meter, thick 5～10 centimetres, cover 2 cm thicks later on every year again, to keep original thickness, if use the new sawdust of the decomposition of not rotting, need enrich 50% nitrogenous fertilizer, rot to decompose good sawdust, nitrogen fertilizer amount should correspondingly reduce, and covers the unregistered land film and can prevent soil water evaporation, the control weeds, improve ground temperature, preferably use in the orchard that the drip irrigation facility is being arranged, cover the unregistered land film and to cover the organic matter effect that combines better or field planting is preceding kills weeds with weed killer herbicide, cultivate the field after the field planting entirely and sow green manure Bai Sanye, leguminous plants such as red clover, the field can be covered fully after March, soil fertility can be increased again.
The covering that uses in the blueberry cultivation has: it is wood chip that % such as plastic film, straw, wood chip, liver moss, peat, bark, humus soil use the most general covering at present, and the coniferous tree wood chip that preferably becomes thoroughly decomposed and decompose, also often adopt husk, pine needle, bark etc. to make covering in Japan.
Claims (1)
1. high-quality and efficient high-yield cultivating method of blueberry may further comprise the steps:
1) builds the garden: blueberry happiness loosing soil, ventilation is good, moistening, the acid sandy loam that the content of organic matter is high, sandy soil, newly-built blueberry garden requires: the gradient is no more than 10 °, soil pH value 4. 0～5. 5, soil organic matter content 8%～12%, earth is loose, drainage performance is good, sufficient water source is arranged, after building the field point and choosing, plough deeply the previous year at the blueberry transplanted seedling tree, plough 40～50 centimetres of the degree of depth, remove stone after ploughing deeply slaking, grass roots, hardwood piece, and ground is further smooth will play high flat furrow after putting in order ground, furrow are played in general north-south, terraced fields are along the whole furrow of ridge direction, and furrow are apart from 2. 0～2. 4 meters, and the furrow face is high 10～30 centimetres, wide by 1. 5～1. 8 meters, furrow furrow width 0. 5～0. 6 meter, at middle 1 row of planting of furrow face, set the drain ditch simultaneously, if the soil pH value is higher, in the time of need executing the Cosan adjusting, can carry out simultaneously in combination the previous year of planting with ploughing deeply and put in order;
2) regulate soil: the suitable soil pH value of high clump blueberry is 4.0～5.2, is limited to 3.8 under it, is lower than 3.4 plant strain growth is damaged; The lagophthalmos blueberry suits to grow in the soil that the organic matter of pH value below 5 enriches, the appropriate pH value of short clump blueberry is 4.0～5.2, when the soil pH value need be adjusted, the soil pH value of just need taking measures to reduce, the most frequently used method is that soil is executed Cosan, to carry out in combination the previous year of planting when applying Cosan wholely, with Cosan sieve the back with 5 times of volume fine earth mixings after use, except regulating the soil pH value with Cosan, Cosan is then better with peat composed of rotten mosses mixing application effect, perhaps use pine needle to cooperate Cosan that soil is improved, pine needle wherein, original soil, muck, Cosan is according to ratio of weight and number 2:3:1:2, perhaps apply saw in the soil not, the peat composed of rotten mosses, liver moss and Cosan carry out soil melioration, and wherein saw is not, the peat composed of rotten mosses, the ratio of weight and number of liver moss and Cosan is 1:1:1:2; Increase soil organic matter content: the field planting ditch that digs wide 50 cm, dark 40 cm, organic matter, fertilizer, original soil are improved the soil in the ratio of 1:1:1, the acid peat composed of rotten mosses of organic matter, if must stack earlier more than January with sawdust, bark, becoming thoroughly decomposed fully re-uses after decomposing, and becomes thoroughly decomposed or the straw leaf natural fertilizers that the back forms that rot to become thoroughly decomposed as the personnel selection domestic animals manure, notes not mixing ash, lime alkaline matter, content reaches more than 3%～5%, to increase the permeability of soil;
3) soil covers: soil can carry out after covering seedling planting, covering is evenly covered bed surface, wide 1 meter, thick 5～10 centimetres, cover 2 cm thicks later on every year again, to keep original thickness, if use the new sawdust of the decomposition of not rotting, need enrich 50% nitrogenous fertilizer, rot to decompose good sawdust, nitrogen fertilizer amount should correspondingly reduce, and covers the unregistered land film and can prevent soil water evaporation, the control weeds, improve ground temperature, preferably use in the orchard that the drip irrigation facility is being arranged, cover the unregistered land film and to cover the organic matter effect that combines better or field planting is preceding kills weeds with weed killer herbicide, cultivate the field after the field planting entirely and sow green manure Bai Sanye, leguminous plants such as red clover, the field can be covered fully after March, soil fertility can be increased again;
4) plant: ridging is planted, row spacing 100 cm, high 30 cm, plant sprout spring time before, after the fall foliage, dig the cave of length and width, dark each 40 cm when planting on the ridge, put organic matter and fertilizer 1 kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 50 g such as 3/4 the sawdust that becomes thoroughly decomposed, pine needle, discarded edible mushroom Bag Material in the cave, filler and soil mix is even, cover the nursery stock of planting behind the fine earth about 10cm above again, avoid seedling root directly to contact with fertilizer, water sufficient normal root water after planting, water again next day 1 time;
5) shaping fertilising: preceding 2 years after the field planting is the treelet phase, pruning is to enlarge tree crown, increase branch, promote tree crown moulding as early as possible, to get bumper crops ahead of time, keep 5 ~ 8 bases and give birth to stem, wipe out the tiller that all the other produce from root system, wipe out branch low excessively on the stem, keep about the high 30cm of stem, remove the intersection branch of thorax in descending branch, horizontal branch, the tree crown, overstocked branch, overlapping branch, sick branch, cutting back is crossed prosperous branch, removes bud; The blueberry amount of blooming is big, the fruit-setting rate height, cultivate high-quality and eat the blueberry fruit raw, realize high and stable yield, need carry out the flower thinning operation in flowering stage, flower thinning carries out according to the order of dredging fruit bearing shoot, flower thinning fringe, dredging cob, removes low excessively, the overstocked and few fruit bearing shoot of branch blade quantity of growth position earlier and says on the overstocked fruit bearing shoot of Hua Sui, remove a little less than depauperation, the growth potential and overstocked colored fringe, remove overstocked rachilla and some overstocked and less flowers on the Hua Sui; To execute " duty " fertilizer on the 1st year after the field planting, organic commercial fertilizer 500 g or composite fertilizer 50 g are executed in general each strain, circulating application or combination are watered and are applied outside root 20 cm, wanted the general each strain of Shi Yechong " fertilizer " to execute organic commercial fertilizer 1 kg or composite fertilizer 100 g on the 2nd year, circulating application or combination are watered and are applied outside root 20 cm, every 2-3 month circulating application outside root 20 cm; Wanted " ingeniously " fertilizer on the 3rd year, control nitrogenous fertilizer is executed phosphorus, potash fertilizer partially.
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