CN111543229A - Method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas - Google Patents
Method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas, which comprises the following steps: selecting a garden with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy loam or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then finishing and improving the planting area; if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, applying organic base fertilizer to the planting area; if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 4-5.5; adopting a terrace mode for planting, and setting different depths of ditches according to the terrace gradient value, which is as follows: when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 25-35 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the groove is 40-60 cm; drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid; laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a field planting mode, cutting flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management and harvesting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of blueberry cultivation, in particular to a method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas.
Background
Blueberry belongs to the genus Vaccinium of Ericaceae. Perennial shrubs and small berry trees. The fruit is blue, so it is called blueberry. The artificially cultivated blueberry can grow to be 240cm high, has large fruits and full pulp, improves the edible taste of wild blueberry and enhances the absorption of human body to anthocyanin. The blueberry fruit contains rich nutrient components, has the functions of preventing cranial nerve aging, protecting eyesight, strengthening heart, resisting cancer, softening blood vessels, enhancing human body immunity and the like, and has high nutrient components. The blueberry is rich in anthocyanin, has the effect of activating retina, can strengthen eyesight and prevent eyestrain, and is attractive. Is also one of five healthy fruits recommended by the world food and agriculture organization. And according to medical clinical reports, the anthocyanin in the blueberry can promote the regeneration of rhodopsin in retinal cells, prevent myopia and improve eyesight.
After the blueberries are introduced into cultivation from the beginning of the 80 th century in China, the blueberry planting has been developed to a certain scale, and particularly in recent years, a large amount of capital enters the blueberry industry, so that the rapid development of the blueberry industry is effectively promoted. In recent years, people have new requirements on life quality and health care, and besides basic grains, the requirements of common people on fruit quality and nutrition are continuously improved. The blueberry serving as a fruit with beautiful appearance, good taste and high nutrition can well meet the requirements of common people.
At present, certain defects and shortcomings exist in blueberry cultivation, particularly in mountainous and hilly areas, soil quality is poor, a method for improving a soil structure generally comprises the step of doping sawdust or common nutrient soil and the like, the soil improvement effect is not good, the blueberry fruiting rate is low, the yield is low, fruits are small, and serious losses of the yield, the quality and the benefit of the blueberries are caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides a method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas.
A method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, applying organic base fertilizer to the planting area; if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 4-5.5 by adopting an acetic acid aqueous solution;
s2, planting in a terrace mode, arranging field ridges of 220cm multiplied by 140 and 160cm in the terrace area, and arranging different trench depths according to the terrace gradient value, wherein the specific steps are as follows:
when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 25-35 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the groove is 40-60 cm;
drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
Spring water in mountainous and hilly areas or biogas slurry generated in the organic fermentation process is adopted for root drip irrigation.
Preferably, in S1, the organic base fertilizer is applied by the following method: mixing river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten bark into soil; the soil is improved, and the organic matter content of the soil is improved, so that the blueberry cultivation soil meets the growth requirement of blueberries.
Preferably, in S2, the terrace mode is a contour terrace mode with high outside and low inside.
Preferably, the daily cultivation and management process of S3 adopts solar trap lamps to kill insects.
Preferably, organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation and management process of S3, and the organic fertilizer is obtained by taking organic waste as a raw material and performing anaerobic fermentation.
Preferably, in S3, the organic fertilizer is prepared by the following process: uniformly mixing the pretreated glutinous rice flour, the tea seed meal, the rice straw particles, the animal wastes and the fermentation bacteria agent, adding water until the water content is 30-40 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 25-32 ℃ for 2-5 days, air-drying until the water content is 10-18 wt%, and crushing to obtain the organic fertilizer.
Preferably, in S3, the mass ratio of the pretreated glutinous rice flour, the tea seed meal, the rice straw particles, the animal waste and the fermentation bacteria agent is 4-10: 5-15: 5-15: 15-25: 0.1-0.2.
Preferably, in S3, the fermentation inoculum comprises 1.6-2.2 × 109Methanogen formate in a concentration of 4.5-6.0 × 10/g7In a paradigm of methanococcus per gram.
Preferably, in S3, the pre-treated glutinous rice flour is prepared by the following process: stirring glutinous rice flour, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydroxide and water for 10-20min at the stirring temperature of 50-58 ℃, sending the mixture into a drying furnace, heating to 120 ℃ in a sealed state at the heating speed of 1.5-2 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 1-2h, continuing heating to 210 ℃ in 190 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 20-40min, cooling to room temperature, and crushing to 150 meshes in 100 ℃ to obtain the pretreated glutinous rice flour.
In the organic fertilizer processing process, the glutinous rice flour is treated by calcium hydroxide, the hardness is higher after curing, the microcrystalline cellulose is dispersed in the glutinous rice flour for proper expansion, and then the glutinous rice flour is subjected to sealing heat treatment, so that a large number of complex multistage pore structures are formed inside the glutinous rice flour, and the adsorption strength is extremely high; tea seed meal and rice straw particles are matched with animal manure to be subjected to fermentation treatment, so that fermented nutrient substances are fully dispersed in a structure of the pretreated glutinous rice flour, the obtained organic fertilizer base material is high in strength and strong in rainwater erosion resistance, and is particularly suitable for mountainous and hilly areas, the situation that fertilizers which are uniformly applied generate erosion plates can be avoided, and meanwhile, rich nutrient components can be provided for blueberries.
Preferably, in the daily cultivation and management process of S3, small herbicide machinery is adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of blueberry shrub root soil; the blueberry green manure has the effects of cooling, moisturizing and water and soil conservation, and can be used as green manure to further supplement nutrition required by blueberry growth.
The technical effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) because the blueberries can grow healthily in an acid medium, while red and yellow loams in mountainous and hilly areas are mostly acidic, if the pH value of the soil is more than 5.5, the pH value of the soil is adjusted to 4-5.5, the growth requirement of the blueberries is maintained, the excessive growth of weeds can be prevented, and the water content of the soil can be effectively maintained; if the organic matter content of the soil is less than or equal to 20g/kg, applying organic base fertilizer to the planting area to improve the soil and ensure the growth environment of the blueberries; drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, so that a good drainage effect can be achieved, the water and soil effects of the mountainous area and the hilly ground can be kept, and the effect of applying water and fertilizer simultaneously can be achieved by matching with a drip irrigation pipeline;
(2) on the premise of ensuring good growth of the blueberries, the existing resources are reasonably utilized, animal wastes, glutinous rice flour, waste straws and cake fertilizers thereof are mainly used as raw materials in a construction circular economy demonstration area, and organic fertilizers obtained through anaerobic fermentation can be completely used for the blueberry fruit trees, so that zero emission is realized, and the ecological environment is effectively protected and improved; the method has practical and important significance for developing and utilizing high-quality edible plant resources of the blueberries, developing scale cultivation, adapting to the development trend of low-carbon economy, improving local economy and increasing the income of farmers.
The invention aims to explore blueberry varieties suitable for being planted in large scale in Yangqing and other mountainous areas, and promote and innovate an ecological organic blueberry cultivation mode. The method is formed under the condition of production experience accumulation and continuous popularization for many years, and the experimental and research summary obtains the research result of the blueberry ecological cultivation technology. The main research results comprise: cultivation modes such as ecological environment-friendly circulation planting, terrace planting, spring water-saving irrigation and soil treatment before film mulching are carried out on the blueberries; the hole digging and field planting of the terrace is beneficial to water retention and fertilizer conservation; reasonable fertilization and management measures are helpful for the growth and bud pregnancy of plants.
The cultivation method is high in operability and easy to popularize, and can generate great benefits for improving the quality and high yield characteristics of the blueberry varieties.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples.
Example 1
A method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten barks are doped into the soil in the planting area;
if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 5.5 by adopting an acetic acid aqueous solution;
s2, planting in a terrace mode with high outer contour and low inner contour, forming ridges of 180cm multiplied by 160cm in the terrace area, and forming different depths of ditches according to the terrace gradient value, which is specifically as follows:
when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 25 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 60 cm;
drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
In the daily cultivation management process, a solar trap lamp is adopted for deinsectization, small herbicide machinery is adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of blueberry shrub root soil;
organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation and management process, and the organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting the following process:
stirring 10kg of glutinous rice flour, 3kg of microcrystalline cellulose, 3kg of calcium hydroxide and 25kg of water for 10min at the stirring temperature of 58 ℃, sending the mixture into a drying furnace, slowly heating the mixture to 110 ℃ in a sealed state, keeping the temperature for 2h at the heating speed of 2 ℃/min, continuously heating the mixture to 210 ℃, keeping the temperature for 20min, cooling the mixture to room temperature, and crushing the mixture until the particle size is 150 meshes to obtain pretreated glutinous rice flour;
uniformly mixing 4kg of pretreated glutinous rice flour, 15kg of tea seed meal, 5kg of rice straw particles, 25kg of animal waste and 0.1kg of zymophyte agent, adding water until the water content is 40 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 25 ℃ for 5 days, air-drying until the water content is 10 wt%, and crushing to obtain an organic fertilizer;
the fermentation inoculum comprises 2.2 × 10 concentration9Methanogen formate concentration of 4.5 × 10/g7A normal form of methanococcus methanogenes per gram;
spring water in mountainous and hilly areas or biogas slurry generated in the organic fermentation process is adopted for root drip irrigation.
Example 2
A method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten barks are doped into the soil in the planting area;
if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 4 by adopting an acetic acid aqueous solution;
s2, planting in a terrace mode with high outer contour and low inner contour, forming ridges of 220cm multiplied by 140cm in the terrace area, and forming different depths of ditches according to the terrace gradient value, which is specifically as follows:
when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 35 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the groove is 40 cm;
drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
In the daily cultivation management process, a solar trap lamp is adopted for deinsectization, small herbicide machinery is adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of blueberry shrub root soil;
organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation and management process, and the organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting the following process:
stirring 20kg of glutinous rice flour, 1kg of microcrystalline cellulose, 8kg of calcium hydroxide and 15kg of water for 20min at the stirring temperature of 50 ℃, sending the mixture into a drying furnace, slowly heating the mixture to 120 ℃ in a sealed state, preserving heat for 1h at the heating speed of 4 ℃/min, continuously heating the mixture to 190 ℃, preserving heat for 40min, cooling the mixture to room temperature, and crushing the mixture until the particle size is 100 meshes to obtain pretreated glutinous rice flour;
uniformly mixing 10kg of pretreated glutinous rice flour, 5kg of tea seed meal, 15kg of rice straw particles, 15kg of animal waste and 0.2kg of zymophyte agent, adding water until the water content is 30 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 32 ℃ for 2 days, air-drying until the water content is 18 wt%, and crushing to obtain an organic fertilizer;
the fermentation inoculum comprises 1.6 × 10 concentration9Methanogen formate in a concentration of 6.0 × 10/g7A normal form of methanococcus methanogenes per gram;
spring water in mountainous and hilly areas or biogas slurry generated in the organic fermentation process is adopted for root drip irrigation.
Example 3
A method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten barks are doped into the soil in the planting area;
if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 5 by adopting an acetic acid aqueous solution;
s2, planting in a terrace mode with high outer contour and low inner contour, forming field ridges of 190cm multiplied by 155cm in the terrace area, and forming different furrow depths according to the terrace slope value, which is as follows:
when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 28 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the groove is 55 cm;
drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
In the daily cultivation management process, a solar trap lamp is adopted for deinsectization, small herbicide machinery is adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of blueberry shrub root soil;
organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation and management process, and the organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting the following process:
stirring 12kg of glutinous rice flour, 2.5kg of microcrystalline cellulose, 4kg of calcium hydroxide and 22kg of water for 13min at the stirring temperature of 56 ℃, sending the mixture into a drying furnace, slowly heating the mixture to 112 ℃ in a sealed state, preserving heat for 1.6h at the heating speed of 2.5 ℃/min, continuously heating the mixture to 205 ℃, preserving heat for 25min, cooling the mixture to room temperature, and crushing the mixture until the particle size is 140 meshes to obtain pretreated glutinous rice flour;
uniformly mixing 6kg of pretreated glutinous rice flour, 12kg of tea seed meal, 8kg of rice straw particles, 22kg of animal waste and 0.13kg of zymophyte agent, adding water until the water content is 37 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 26 ℃ for 4 days, air-drying until the water content is 12 wt%, and crushing to obtain an organic fertilizer;
the fermentation bacteria agent comprises 2 × 10 concentration9Methanogen formate in a concentration of 5 × 10/g7A normal form of methanococcus methanogenes per gram;
spring water in mountainous and hilly areas or biogas slurry generated in the organic fermentation process is adopted for root drip irrigation.
Example 4
A method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten barks are doped into the soil in the planting area;
if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 4.5 by adopting an acetic acid aqueous solution;
s2, planting in a terrace mode with high outer contour and low inner contour, forming ridges of 210cm multiplied by 145cm in the terrace area, and forming different depths of ditches according to the terrace gradient value, which is specifically as follows:
when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 32 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the groove is 45 cm;
drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
In the daily cultivation management process, a solar trap lamp is adopted for deinsectization, small herbicide machinery is adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of blueberry shrub root soil;
organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation and management process, and the organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting the following process:
stirring 18kg of glutinous rice flour, 1.5kg of microcrystalline cellulose, 6kg of calcium hydroxide and 18kg of water for 17min at the stirring temperature of 52 ℃, sending the mixture into a drying furnace, slowly heating the mixture to 118 ℃ in a sealed state, preserving heat for 1.4h at the heating speed of 3.5 ℃/min, continuously heating the mixture to 195 ℃, preserving heat for 35min, cooling the mixture to room temperature, and crushing the mixture until the particle size is 120 meshes to obtain pretreated glutinous rice flour;
uniformly mixing 8kg of pretreated glutinous rice flour, 8kg of tea seed meal, 12kg of rice straw particles, 18kg of animal waste and 0.17kg of zymophyte agent, adding water until the water content is 33 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 30 ℃ for 3 days, air-drying until the water content is 16 wt%, and crushing to obtain an organic fertilizer;
the fermentation inoculum comprises 1.8 × 10 concentration9Methanogen formate in a concentration of 5.5 × 10/g7A normal form of methanococcus methanogenes per gram;
spring water in mountainous and hilly areas or biogas slurry generated in the organic fermentation process is adopted for root drip irrigation.
Example 5
A method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten barks are doped into the soil in the planting area;
if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 4.5 by adopting an acetic acid aqueous solution;
s2, planting in a terrace mode with high outer contour and low inner contour, forming ridges of 200cm multiplied by 150cm in the terrace area, and forming different depths of ditches according to the terrace gradient value, which is specifically as follows:
when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 30 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the groove is 50 cm;
drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
In the daily cultivation management process, a solar trap lamp is adopted for deinsectization, small herbicide machinery is adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of blueberry shrub root soil;
organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation and management process, and the organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting the following process:
stirring 15kg of glutinous rice flour, 2kg of microcrystalline cellulose, 5kg of calcium hydroxide and 20kg of water for 15min, wherein the stirring temperature is 54 ℃, sending the glutinous rice flour into a drying furnace, slowly heating to 115 ℃ in a sealed state, keeping the temperature for 1.5h, keeping the temperature at a heating speed of 3 ℃/min, continuously heating to 200 ℃, keeping the temperature for 30min, cooling to room temperature, and crushing to obtain the pretreated glutinous rice flour with the particle size of 130 meshes;
uniformly mixing 7kg of pretreated glutinous rice flour, 10kg of tea seed meal, 10kg of rice straw particles, 20kg of animal waste and 0.15kg of zymophyte agent, adding water until the water content is 35 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 28 ℃ for 3.5 days, air-drying until the water content is 14 wt%, and crushing to obtain an organic fertilizer;
the fermentation inoculum comprises 1.9 × 10 concentration9Methanogen formate in a concentration of 5.3 × 10/g7A normal form of methanococcus methanogenes per gram;
spring water in mountainous and hilly areas or biogas slurry generated in the organic fermentation process is adopted for root drip irrigation.
Comparative example 1
A blueberry cultivation method in mountainous and hilly areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten barks are doped into the soil in the planting area;
if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 4.5 by adopting an acetic acid aqueous solution;
s2, forming ridges of 200cm multiplied by 150cm along the hillside, forming drainage ditches along the ridges, and paving drip irrigation pipelines;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
In the daily cultivation management process, a solar trap lamp is adopted for deinsectization, small herbicide machinery is adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of blueberry shrub root soil;
organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation and management process, and the organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting the following process:
stirring 15kg of glutinous rice flour, 2kg of microcrystalline cellulose, 5kg of calcium hydroxide and 20kg of water for 15min, wherein the stirring temperature is 54 ℃, sending the glutinous rice flour into a drying furnace, slowly heating to 115 ℃ in a sealed state, keeping the temperature for 1.5h, keeping the temperature at a heating speed of 3 ℃/min, continuously heating to 200 ℃, keeping the temperature for 30min, cooling to room temperature, and crushing to obtain the pretreated glutinous rice flour with the particle size of 130 meshes;
uniformly mixing 7kg of pretreated glutinous rice flour, 10kg of tea seed meal, 10kg of rice straw particles, 20kg of animal waste and 0.15kg of zymophyte agent, adding water until the water content is 35 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 28 ℃ for 3.5 days, air-drying until the water content is 14 wt%, and crushing to obtain an organic fertilizer;
the fermentation inoculum comprises 1.9 × 10 concentration9Methanogen formate in a concentration of 5.3 × 10/g7A normal form of methanococcus methanogenes per gram;
spring water in mountainous and hilly areas or biogas slurry generated in the organic fermentation process is adopted for root drip irrigation.
Comparative example 2
A blueberry cultivation method in mountainous and hilly areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten barks are doped into the soil in the planting area;
if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 4.5 by adopting an acetic acid aqueous solution;
s2, planting in a terrace mode with high outer contour and low inner contour, forming ridges of 200cm multiplied by 150cm in the terrace area, and forming different depths of ditches according to the terrace gradient value, which is specifically as follows:
when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 30 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the groove is 50 cm;
drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
In the daily cultivation management process, a solar trap lamp is adopted for deinsectization, small herbicide machinery is adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of blueberry shrub root soil;
the organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation management process and is prepared by uniformly mixing 7kg of glutinous rice flour, 10kg of tea seed meal, 10kg of rice straw particles, 20kg of animal wastes and 0.15kg of fermentation bacteria agent, adding water until the water content is 35 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 28 ℃ for 3.5 days, air drying until the water content is 14 wt%, and crushing to obtain the organic fertilizer, wherein the fermentation bacteria agent comprises 1.9 × 109Methanogen formate in a concentration of 5.3 × 10/g7Normal form product of/gMethanococcus jannaschii;
spring water in mountainous and hilly areas or biogas slurry generated in the organic fermentation process is adopted for root drip irrigation.
The research site is arranged in the Yangqian town Boochun lake village in the Yixiu area of Anhui province, the geographical position of the base is superior, the base is adjacent to tourist attractions such as Longshan Feng water project area, Bob Chongshun vacation village and stone pool lake, the north latitude is 30 degrees 70 '82 degrees, and the east longitude is 117 degrees 127' 12 degrees. The southeast is bordered by a fir yang county, an welcoming river district and a grand region, and the northwest is connected with a tung city and a Huanning county at an elevation of 289 m.
The area is a northern subtropical humid monsoon climate area, the average annual temperature is 16.2 ℃, the average monthly temperature is 3.4 ℃, the average monthly temperature is 28.6 ℃, the lowest extreme temperature is-15 ℃, the highest extreme temperature is 39.6 ℃, the annual rainfall is 1315.2 mm, the average annual relative humidity is 80%, the annual sunshine hours are 2080.6 hours, the annual frost-free period is 241 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 5184.4 ℃ above 10 ℃.
The area is mainly limestone, mostly yellow red soil which is in acid reaction, has deep soil layer, is fertile and moist, has the pH value of 5.5-6.5, is in subtropical zones, has good photo-thermal condition, abundant rainfall, various ecological systems and good natural background; the forest coverage rate reaches 35%, and the biodiversity is high; the soil mainly comprises yellow red soil and yellow brown soil, the research land belongs to mountain barren lands, no industrial and mining enterprises exist, no damage to the environment and resources is caused, and the ecological environment is good.
Selecting 15 gardens with similar environment for testing, adopting 5-year-old acrobatic (rabbitia blueberry) cutting seedlings as experimental varieties, randomly distributing to cultivate blueberries by adopting the methods of examples 3-5 and comparative examples 1-2, harvesting 3 blueberries in each group in the summer, detecting each repeatedly harvested blueberry and detecting the soil of the blueberry in the summer in the next year, wherein the results are as follows:
the blueberry data are as follows:
the soil data are as follows:
from the above table, it can be seen that: the method can be used for planting the blueberries in large scale in Yangtze mountain and hilly areas such as Anqing, and the like, and the ecological organic cultivation mode of the blueberries is popularized and innovated, so that the cost is reduced, and the economic benefit is improved; on the premise of ensuring good growth of the blueberries, the existing resources are reasonably utilized, organic wastes such as animal excrement sewage and the like are mainly used as raw materials in a construction circular economy demonstration area, and after anaerobic fermentation, biogas slurry and biogas residues are used as high-quality organic fertilizers and can be completely used for the blueberry fruit trees, so that zero discharge is realized, and the ecological environment is effectively protected and improved.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, selecting a garden land with sufficient illumination, no accumulated water, deep soil layer and sandy soil or loam as a planting area in a mountain and hilly area, and then sorting and improving the planting area;
if the organic matter content of the soil in the planting area is less than or equal to 20g/kg, applying organic base fertilizer to the planting area; if the pH value of the soil in the planting area is more than 5.5, adjusting the pH value of the soil to 4-5.5;
s2, planting in a terrace mode, arranging field ridges of 220cm multiplied by 140 and 160cm in the terrace area, and arranging different trench depths according to the terrace gradient value, wherein the specific steps are as follows:
when the gradient is more than or equal to 30 degrees, the depth of the ditch is 25-35 cm; when the gradient is less than 30 degrees, the depth of the groove is 40-60 cm;
drainage ditches are arranged along the terrace, and drip irrigation pipelines are laid;
s3, laying a mulching film, planting blueberry fruit seedlings in a fixed planting mode, cutting off flower buds and young fruits in a young tree period, carrying out root drip irrigation, carrying out daily cultivation management, and harvesting.
2. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in the mountainous and hilly areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S1, the organic base fertilizer is applied as follows: river sand, sawdust, turf or rotten bark are mixed into the soil.
3. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberry in mountainous and hilly areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S2, the terrace pattern is a contour terrace pattern with high outside and low inside.
4. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas according to claim 1, wherein the solar pest trapping lamp is adopted for killing the pests in the daily cultivation and management process of S3.
5. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein organic fertilizer is applied in the daily cultivation and management process of S3, and the organic fertilizer is obtained by anaerobic fermentation of organic waste.
6. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in the mountainous and hilly areas as claimed in claim 5, wherein in S3, the organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting the following process: uniformly mixing the pretreated glutinous rice flour, the tea seed meal, the rice straw particles, the animal wastes and the fermentation bacteria agent, adding water until the water content is 30-40 wt%, compacting and sealing, carrying out anaerobic fermentation at 25-32 ℃ for 2-5 days, air-drying until the water content is 10-18 wt%, and crushing to obtain the organic fertilizer.
7. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in the mountainous and hilly areas as claimed in claim 6, wherein in S3, the mass ratio of the pretreated glutinous rice flour, the tea seed meal, the rice straw particles, the animal wastes and the fermentation bacteria agent is 4-10: 5-15: 5-15: 15-25: 0.1-0.2.
8. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberry in mountainous and hilly areas as claimed in claim 6, wherein the fermentation inoculum in S3 comprises 1.6-2.2 × 109Methanogen formate in a concentration of 4.5-6.0 × 10/g7In a paradigm of methanococcus per gram.
9. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating blueberries in mountainous and hilly areas according to claim 6, wherein in S3, the pre-treated glutinous rice flour is prepared by the following process: stirring glutinous rice flour, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydroxide and water for 10-20min at the stirring temperature of 50-58 ℃, sending the mixture into a drying furnace, heating to 120 ℃ in a sealed state at the heating speed of 1.5-2 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 1-2h, continuing heating to 210 ℃ in 190 ℃ and keeping the temperature for 20-40min, cooling to room temperature, and crushing to 150 meshes in 100 ℃ to obtain the pretreated glutinous rice flour.
10. The method for ecologically and organically cultivating the blueberries in the mountainous and hilly areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the daily cultivation management process of S3, small herbicide machines are adopted for weeding in spring and autumn, and harvested weeds are laid on the surface of the soil at the roots of the blueberry shrubs.
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