CN103125247B - Cultivation method of organic American ginseng - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for planting Chinese medicinal materials, that is, a method for cultivating organic American ginseng. It includes: (1) plot environment selection, (2) soil preparation to reduce disease incidence, (3) increasing organic fertilizer to ensure nutritional balance, (4) selection of disease-resistant varieties, (5) natural methods to improve seed growth Germination, (6) high-density planting and cultivating strong plants, (7) setting up sheds to adjust the light reasonably, (8) water regulation, reducing the environment of disease occurrence, artificial weeding, (9) artificial weeding, cleaning the bed surface, reducing the occurrence of diseases Environment, (10) reasonable prevention and control of pests and diseases, (11) collection methods for pollution control. The invention can realize stable yield and high quality, make American ginseng products comply with organic American ginseng production standards, can solve the problem of excessive pesticide residue and heavy metal content in the traditional American ginseng planting process, and ensure the product quality of American ginseng raw medicinal materials.

Description

A kind of cultivation method of organic American ginseng

technical field

The invention relates to a method for planting Chinese medicinal materials, that is, a method for cultivating organic American ginseng. the

Background technique

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium Linn.), also known as American ginseng, American ginseng, five fingers, red fruit, Guangdong ginseng, etc., is a perennial herb of the Araliaceae American ginseng genus. The application of American ginseng in my country has a history of 30 years, but the introduction and cultivation began in the middle and late 1970s, and the introduction was successful in the early 1980s. At present, Beijing, Northeast provinces, Shaanxi, etc. have begun large-scale cultivation, and has now developed into the third Atlantic ginseng producer after Canada and the United States. In recent years, American ginseng has been favored in supplements, and there are many finished products. With the continuous increase of market demand, its medicinal value and economic value continue to rise, thus promoting the industrialization and large-scale development of artificially planted American ginseng. The problem of pesticide residues in American ginseng has gradually attracted the attention of countries all over the world. It's getting stricter. How to provide the market with safe, high-quality and effective American ginseng products, we have invented a cultivation method for the production of organic American ginseng.

Contents of the invention

The object of the present invention is to provide a production and cultivation method of American ginseng with good cultivation effect, low pesticide residue, stable yield and high-quality organic American ginseng aiming at the above-mentioned deficiencies.

Technical solution of the present invention is: a kind of cultivation method of organic American ginseng, its steps are as follows:

(1) Create a suitable environment:

①Climate: Choose mountainous broad-leaved forests or fertile gardens at an altitude of 800-1100m; choose the planting area in the Changbai Mountain forest zone, 117°-137° east longitude, 40-48° north latitude, with an annual rainfall of 1,000 mm , the average annual temperature is 13°C, the temperature during the growth period is 18°C-24°C, the relative air temperature is 80%, and the frost-free period is 110-150 days.

②Vegetation: Broad-leaved forest and coniferous mixed forest dominated by oak trees and linden trees, woodland with interspersed branches of eucalyptus, hazel wood, and small shrubs.

③ Terrain: Gentle slope land with a slope of 5-15 degrees; planted on the mountainside, choose the east slope, southeast slope, north slope, and northeast slope of the mountain; it is conducive to drainage.

④Soil quality: choose sandy loam, loam, fertile soil with high organic matter content, loose soil, deep soil layer, fertile forest brown soil rich in humus, sandy loam with strong permeability, pH value 5.5-6.0; Sufficient humus soil; the 15 cm soil on the upper layer of the ginseng border should be a formula soil layer based on humus soil.

⑤Environmental quality standards: meet the national GAP requirements for air, soil, irrigation water and other quality standards; the ambient air quality of the production base reaches the second-level standard of GB3095-2012, the soil environment quality reaches the second-level standard of GB15618-1995, and the irrigation water Meet the second category standard in GB 5084-2005 "Water Quality Standard for Farmland Irrigation".

(2) Land preparation and bed preparation to reduce the incidence

①Clean up the site: Complete the site cleaning before digging the ground, so that there is no debris on the ground.

②Disinfection of soil drying field every other year: prepare the soil 1-2 years in advance; plow the soil and sterilize it with sunlight for one year, and use soil-planted ginseng to sow in the next year; that is, prepare the soil one year before sowing or planting ginseng, and plan several times during the leisure period Turn it over, especially when it is hot and humid in summer, it turns over 2 or 3 times.

③ Loosen the soil to increase permeability: plan the ground one year before planting the ginseng, and plan the ground twice in the year of planting the ginseng; the depth of the planing is 13-17cm, and the soil should be loosened immediately after the border surface is wet after removing the cold protection. If it is dry, spray water first Loosen the soil after moistening to enhance the permeability of the soil.

④ Orientate the bed for smooth drainage: keep the soil moisture content at 35% to 45%; the height of the ginseng bed is 30 to 35 cm, the width of the bed is 1.2 to 1.5 m, the width of the working road between the beds is 70 to 80 cm, and drainage ditches are left.

(3) Increase the application of organic fertilizers to ensure balanced nutrition: After making beds, apply fully decomposed farmyard manure as base fertilizer; or improve by turning green manure and returning straw to the field; use organic fertilizers, and the amount of fertilizer applied is humus per mu , Decomposed and sieved farmyard manure, preferably 7.5-10Kg/ ^m2 , poured into the soil, fully mixed the soil and fertilizer on the bed surface and raked it;

(4) Selection of disease-resistant varieties: select high-quality, multi-resistant long-neck varieties.

(5) Natural germination to improve seed growth: use natural blasting method to accelerate germination, dig a germination groove, and dig a groove with a width of 140-150 cm and a depth of 20-25 cm along the slope, and the length depends on the amount of seeds; American ginseng seeds Rinse and clean, put seeds: water = 1: 1.5 into the container, then mix the American ginseng seeds with water, stir, and soak for more than 12 hours; mix according to the ratio of seeds: fine sand = 1: 2, and put them into woven bags ;Put the seeds into the groove: put the bagged seeds flat in the ditch, and put them in the fine sand bed that has been laid one by one, with a thickness of 10-15cm, cover with soil 7-10cm, slightly higher than the ground, and cover with fallen leaves and grass; cover the sand bed with plastic film, and plant it every 10 to 15 days.

(6) High-density planting and cultivation of strong plants: mainly autumn sowing, or spring sowing or sub-sowing; artificial sowing is adopted, and American ginseng seeds with a crack rate of more than 80% are sown from early October to before freezing; two-year-old seedlings are cultivated , using 3×3cm on-demand sowing, sowing 800-1200 seeds per square meter; after sowing the seeds, cover the bed surface with fine soil, and the thickness of the covering soil layer is 1.5cm.

(7) Set up a shed to adjust the light reasonably: set up a shed in mid-to-late April; adopt an arched light-transmitting shed, and the vault of the arched light-transmitting shed is 110-120cm higher than the bed surface; set up a shed before emergence in mid-April every year The light transmittance of 1-2 year old ginseng seedlings is 18%-20%, and the light transmittance of 3-4 year old ginseng seedlings is 25%-30%.

(8) Moisture control to reduce the environment of disease occurrence: spring drought and summer drought should be sprayed, watered or lightly rained in time in the morning and evening, or covered with broken grass 1 to 2 cm on the border.

(9) Manual weeding, cleaning the bed surface, and reducing the environment where diseases occur: weeding in ginseng gardens is carried out 2 to 3 times a year;

(10) Reasonable prevention and control of pests and diseases:

①After the emergence of American ginseng, the dead branches and weeds in the field should be completely removed in spring and autumn.

② After withering in autumn, the above-ground plants of American ginseng should not be cut early to avoid rotten ginseng.

③ For large-scale pests and diseases, plant-derived pesticides, biological agents and lime powder pest control measures are adopted to deal with them.

④ Keep the ginseng plots well-ventilated, well-drained, prevent drought and drain waterlogging, remove grass and sunbeds, increase ground temperature, and avoid excessive soil humidity.

⑤ Hang black light lamps or lanterns in the field to trap and kill adults, and place containers filled with kerosene and water under the lamps.

(11) Harvesting methods for pollution control: after the American ginseng reaches production, harvest on time, in the middle and late September, and process while harvesting to prevent fresh ginseng from overstocking and pulping, which will affect the processing quality; remove the ginseng shed, and plan the bed To help, dig deep from the head of the bed to prevent damage to roots and beards; shake off the soil, put it into a turnover box, and transport it to the processing plant.

Compared with the prior art, the main advantages of the present invention are:

(1) The invention discloses a cultivation method of organic American ginseng, which can realize stable yield and high quality, and make American ginseng products meet the production standards of organic American ginseng.

(2) The present invention discloses selecting wild pollution-free environmental conditions, creating an environment conducive to the growth of organic American ginseng, changing and disrupting the microclimate law of occurrence of diseases and insect pests in the ecological environment, and reducing the occurrence and harm of diseases and insect pests.

(3) The present invention discloses a ginseng site selection method that ensures sufficient, balanced release and supply of nutrients in the soil. By maintaining the balance of the soil, healthy plants with strong disease resistance are cultivated, which avoids the imbalance of soil nutrients and the poor growth and disease resistance of American ginseng. The problem.

(4) The present invention discloses improvement through measures such as increasing the base fertilizer organic fertilizer, overturning the green manure, and returning straw to the field, so as to realize the production of organic ginseng by increasing the application of organic fertilizer to ensure nutritional balance.

(5) The present invention discloses high-density planting of American ginseng, establishing dominant groups, curbing the growth of weeds, and realizing natural conservation of seedlings according to the natural law of survival of the fittest, and controlling the growth and reproduction of weeds without applying herbicides.

(6) The present invention discloses a cultivation method of organic American ginseng, which overcomes the influence of too many human factors in the existing garden ginseng cultivation technology, and the medicinal material of American ginseng loses its original wild character and reduces its medicinal quality. insufficient.

(7) The present invention discloses artificial weeding, cleaning the bed surface to prevent and control weeds, establishing a transparent growth of ginseng seedlings, and reducing the environment for disease occurrence.

(8) The present invention discloses the control of American ginseng pests by direct seeding and field management without using pesticides and chemical fertilizers, using botanical pesticides, biological agents and lime powder; it can solve the problem of excessive pesticide residues and heavy metal content in the traditional American ginseng planting process, and ensure that American ginseng Product quality of raw medicinal materials.

(9) The present invention discloses an environment for reducing the occurrence of diseases through water regulation. According to the law of water demand of American ginseng, make full use of the movable rainproof shed and the drainage system of the ginseng garden, adjust the water in the field, and avoid the occurrence of local waterlogging that causes wet damage and the epidemic of diseases caused by wet damage.

(10) The present invention discloses the use and promotion of disease-resistant varieties to improve the adaptability and stress resistance of American ginseng, reduce the use of pesticides, and increase the probability of obtaining organic American ginseng products.

(11) The present invention discloses a comprehensive agricultural prevention and control technology that maintains the balance of agricultural ecology, prevents the environment from being polluted, and achieves the organic production and control of American ginseng.

Embodiments of the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with examples.

Detailed ways

Example 1

A kind of cultivation method of organic American ginseng:

1. Create a suitable environment

1. Climate

In low-latitude regions of my country, it is advisable to choose mountainous broad-leaved forests or fertile gardens at an altitude of 800-1100m. The climate is cool and humid. In an environment covered by tall trees and shrubs, there is a large open space due to the transpiration and protection of the forest, forming a natural greenhouse, with relatively stable air flow and relatively stable changes in temperature and humidity. The daily temperature difference of the stand is small, ranging from 1.8 to 2.5°C. The planting area is selected in the forest area of Changbai Mountain, 117°-137° east longitude and 40-48° north latitude. The annual rainfall is about 1000 mm, the annual average temperature is about 13°C, the climate is mild and the rainfall is abundant. It likes shade and humidity, avoid strong light and high temperature, the optimum temperature during the growth period is 18°C-24°C, and the relative air temperature is about 80%. The frost-free period is 110-150 days.

2. Vegetation The selection of American ginseng cultivation is basically similar to that of American ginseng. For the cultivation of new forest soil, choose broad-leaved mixed forests or coniferous mixed forests dominated by oak trees and linden trees; Woodland of shrubs.

3. Terrain The soil temperature in the forest is higher on the west and south slopes, and lower on the north and east slopes; on the contrary, the soil moisture is lower on the south and west slopes, and higher on the north and east slopes. In this way, American ginseng is suitable for growing in mountainous broad-leaved forests at an altitude of about 1,000 meters, and in shady and gentle slopes with a slope of 5-15 degrees. It is better to plant on the hillside of the mountain, and it is not suitable to grow on the hill or at the foot of the mountain.

Choose the east slope, southeast slope, north slope, and northeast slope. It is best to choose the north slope of the ditch, the river, or the half shade and half sun or shady slope of the east slope, and the northeast slope is the best; , and easy to drain conditions, avoid water accumulation, and the slope is too large to easily cause soil erosion is not easy to choose. It is not suitable to choose hilly land, windy land, sandy land, and waterlogged land.

4. Soil quality Choose sandy loam, loam, fertile soil with high organic matter content, loose soil, deep soil layer, fertile forest brown soil rich in humus, sandy loam with strong permeability, pH value 5.5-6.0. Humic soil is the best soil substrate for growing American ginseng. American ginseng originated in the undergrowth and adapted to survive in humus soil conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare enough humus soil to cultivate American ginseng. The soil about 15 cm above the ginseng border should be the formula soil layer based on humus soil.

5. Surrounding environment The production base and the surrounding farmland shall be separated, and attention should be paid to choosing a base far away from residential areas. Random disposal of domestic waste, such as the littering of waste batteries, can produce a large amount of pollution such as chromium, zinc, nickel, etc. , to prevent bases from being built in some mines or industrial areas. More than 50 meters away from the main highway or railway. The fine mist spraying pesticides on adjacent crops is likely to cause phytotoxicity due to the drift of mist droplets to adjacent American ginseng crops. Choose the land that needs to be upwind, and do a good job of self-protection when spraying the woodland.

6. Environmental quality standards It meets the corresponding air, soil, irrigation water and other quality standards required by the national GAP. It is required that the ambient air quality of the production base should meet the second-class standard of GB3095-2012, the soil environment quality should meet the second-class standard of GB15618-1995, and the irrigation water should meet the second-class standard of GB 5084-2005 "Farmland Irrigation Water Quality Standard".

2. Land preparation and bed preparation to reduce the incidence

1. Clean up the site

Before digging the ground (at the end of May), complete the work of felling trees, cutting the field, burning the field, and fixing benches, so that there are no sundries on the ground.

2. Disinfect the soil in the field every other year

After the land is selected, the land preparation should be carried out 1-2 years in advance, which can increase the aggregate structure of the soil, water retention and fertility, and kill harmful bacteria and insect eggs. After the soil is plowed and sterilized with sunlight for one year, it is used to sow ginseng in the soil every other year. That is, the ground is prepared one year before sowing or planting ginseng, and it is plowed several times during the fallow period. Especially in high temperature and high humidity in summer, overturn 2 to 3 times to improve soil physical and chemical properties, increase organic matter content, improve soil fertility, and at the same time kill germs and pests in the soil.

3. Loose soil increases permeability

The year before planting ginseng, dig the ground all over the ground, and plan the ground twice in the year (before September) when planting ginseng. The ground should be planed flat, with a depth of 13-17cm, without leaving any gaps, and the dam should not be planed. After removing the cold protection materials, the soil should be loosened immediately after the border is wet. If it is dry, spray water to moisten the soil before loosening the soil to enhance the permeability of the soil to facilitate the emergence of the seedlings. The loosening soil should be shallow to avoid damaging the roots.

4. Orientation to make a bed for smooth drainage

Plan the location of drainage ditches and dams. According to the terrain, the bed is used along the mountain or the best slope, and the soil ridge to be dug must be consistent with the direction of the bed.

Before planting or transplanting, sow as you make the bed. Determine the good ginseng bed direction to ensure drainage and light adjustment. The ginseng bed specifications are: bed height 30-35cm, bed width 1.2-1.5m, width of work path between beds 70-80cm, and drainage ditch.

3. Increase the application of organic fertilizers to ensure balanced nutrition

If the soil nutrition is insufficient, fully decomposed farmyard manure can be applied as base fertilizer organic fertilizer after making the bed. It can also be improved by overturning green manure and returning straw to the field.

According to the nutritional characteristics and fertilizer demand capacity, insist on using organic fertilizers to maintain the balance and continuous renewal of soil organic matter. The amount of fertilizer applied is humus soil per mu, and farmyard manure decomposed and sieved, preferably 7.5-10Kg/ ^m2 , is turned into the soil, and the soil and fertilizer on the bed surface are fully mixed and raked.

4. Selection of disease-resistant varieties

The long-neck variety is a long-length reed variety that people gradually select from garden ginseng. It has the characteristics of perfect body shape, suitable growth rate, and disease-resistant variety. This variety has small seeds, and the water seeds per kilogram are about 20,000. In the same growth period after sowing, the reed neck elongated obviously. Therefore, the selection of high-quality, multi-resistant long-neck varieties, and the use of variety multi-resistance control technology to control the occurrence and prevalence of American ginseng diseases have effectively solved the problems of diseases, insects, and weeds in the production process of American ginseng.

5. Improve the natural germination of seed growth

The process of selecting disease-free American ginseng seeds and adopting the natural blasting method to accelerate germination is to dig a germination trough first, and dig along the slope with a width of 140-150 cm and a depth of 20-25 cm in a sunny place with a slight slope. Slots whose length depends on the amount of seeds.

The American ginseng seeds are bleached, cleaned, removed, and put into a container with seeds: water = 1: 1.5, then the American ginseng seeds are mixed with water, stirred, and soaked for more than 12 hours; according to the ratio of seeds: fine sand = 1:2 Mix and put in a woven bag.

Put the seeds into the trough: put the bagged seeds flat in the ditch, and put them in the fine sand bed that has been laid one by one, with a thickness of 10-15cm. After laying flat, cover the soil with 7-10cm, slightly higher than the ground , covered with fallen leaves and grass, so that the seeds can naturally accept temperature and moisture in the soil. Cover the sand bed with a plastic film, pour the seeds every 10 to 15 days, adjust the temperature and humidity, and treat the seeds to make the American ginseng seeds complete the post-ripening shape and physiological post-ripening, and reach the crack standard.

6. High-density planting and cultivating strong plants

Mainly autumn sowing, spring sowing or ambush sowing can also be considered. Artificial seeding is adopted, and American ginseng seeds with a crack rate of more than 80% are sown from early October to before freezing. Seeding density Seeding amount per square meter; sowing with on-demand machine or manual sowing with eye presser, one seed per hole. Cultivate biennial seedlings, adopt 3×3cm on-demand sowing, and sow 800-1200 seeds per square meter. After sowing the seeds, cover the bed surface with fine soil, and the thickness of the covering soil layer is about 1.5cm.

7. Set up a shed to adjust the light reasonably

Start erecting the scaffolding in mid-to-late April; adopt an arched light-transmitting shed, and the height of the vault of the arched light-transmitting shed is 110-120 cm from the bed surface. Use blue or yellow film and set up a scaffold before thawing. Every year in mid-April before the emergence of seedlings, set up a shed, and after the seedlings are poured in September, remove the bamboo curtains on the shed for the next year. Generally, the spring is cooler, and the light transmittance can be greater, and the heat transmittance in summer can be smaller; 1 The light transmittance of 2-year-old ginseng seedlings is 18%-20%, which is more suitable, and the light transmittance of 3-4 year-old ginseng seedlings is 25%-30%, but it must be flexibly controlled with age and season changes, and timely curtain and flower arrangement.

8. Water regulation to reduce the environment where diseases occur

According to the water demand law of American ginseng, make full use of the movable rainproof shed and the drainage system of the ginseng garden to prevent rain and drainage in time during continuous rain and heavy rain. Spring drought and summer drought should be sprayed, watered or lightly rained in the morning and evening, or covered with 1 to 2 cm of broken grass on the border surface to preserve moisture and prevent drought. At the same time, it is also necessary to check and repair the rainproof shed in time to prevent rainwater from leaking into the ginseng border, causing local waterlogging to cause wet damage and the epidemic of diseases caused by wet damage. 

9. Artificial weeding, cleaning the bed surface, reducing the environment where diseases occur

The weeds in the ginseng garden should be pulled out early, small, and removed to ensure that they are not harmed by weeds. Generally, 2 to 3 times a year. When the American ginseng spores germinate, weeds should be pulled out while loosening the soil, and weeds can be hoeed or pulled out at any time in the future. Realize artificial weeding without the application of herbicides.

10. Reasonable prevention and control of pests and diseases

(1) After the American ginseng emerges, the dead branches and weeds in the field should be completely removed in spring and autumn. Generally, the diseased plants can be pulled out and destroyed to eliminate the pathogen. No pesticides should be used to prevent the ginseng from being polluted and reducing its quality.

(2) At the same time, pay attention not to cut the above-ground plants of American ginseng early after withering in autumn to avoid rotten ginseng.

(3) If there are special large-scale pests and diseases, take plant-derived pesticides, biological agents, lime powder and other pest control measures to deal with them, which can be determined according to the age of the participants. For example, polyoxin and other biological agents are used to prevent and control the incidence of American ginseng leaf spot disease.

(4) Keep the ginseng border ventilated, well drained, and prevent drought and waterlogging. Pay attention to remove the grass drying bed, increase the ground temperature, and avoid excessive soil moisture.

(5) Hang black light lamps or lanterns in the field to trap and kill adults, and place containers filled with kerosene and water under the lamps.

11. Pollution control measures

American ginseng is harvested on time after production, usually in mid-to-late September, and it must be processed while harvesting to prevent fresh ginseng from overstocking and running out of pulp, which will affect the processing quality. Remove the ginseng shed, plan the side of the bed, and plan deeply from the head of the bed to prevent damage to the roots and beards. Shake off the soil, put it into a turnover box, and transport it to the processing plant. The tools used for harvesting are clean, hygienic, and pollution-free.

Example 2

The cultivation method of organic American ginseng, its steps are as follows:

(1) Create a suitable environment:

①Climate: Choose mountainous broad-leaved forests or fertile gardens at an altitude of 800-1100m; choose the planting area in the Changbai Mountain forest zone, 117°-137° east longitude, 40-48° north latitude, with an annual rainfall of 1,000 mm , the average annual temperature is 13°C, the temperature in the growth period is 18°C-24°C, the relative air temperature is 80%, and the frost-free period is 110-150 days;

②Vegetation: broad-leaved forest and coniferous mixed forest dominated by oak trees and linden trees, woodland with interspersed branches of eucalyptus, hazel wood, and small shrubs;

③ Terrain: Gentle slope land with a slope of 5-15 degrees; planted on the mountainside, choose the east slope, southeast slope, north slope, and northeast slope of the mountain; it is conducive to drainage;

④Soil quality: choose sandy loam, loam, fertile soil with high organic matter content, loose soil, deep soil layer, fertile forest brown soil rich in humus, sandy loam with strong permeability, pH value 5.5-6.0; Sufficient humus soil; the soil of 15 cm above the ginseng border should be the formula soil layer mainly composed of humus soil;

⑤Environmental quality standards: meet the national GAP requirements for air, soil, irrigation water and other quality standards; the ambient air quality of the production base reaches the second-level standard of GB3095-2012, and the soil environmental quality reaches the second-level standard of GB15618-1995. Reach the second category standard in GB 5084-2005 "Farmland Irrigation Water Quality Standard";

(2) Land preparation and bed preparation to reduce the incidence

①Clean up the site: Complete the site cleaning before digging the ground, so that there is no debris on the ground;

②Disinfection of the soil in the field every other year: prepare the soil 2 years in advance; after plowing the soil, sterilize it with sunlight for one year, and use the soil-planted ginseng to sow the next year; Especially when it is hot and humid in summer, it falls over 2 to 3 times;

③ Loosen the soil to increase permeability: plan the ground all over the ground one year before planting the ginseng, and plan the ground twice in the year when the ginseng is planted; the depth of the planing is 15cm, and the soil should be loosened immediately after the border surface is wet after removing the cold protection. In case of drought, spray water first and then moisten To loosen the soil and enhance the permeability of the soil;

④ Orientation to make beds for smooth drainage: keep the soil moisture content at 35% to 45%; the height of the ginseng bed is 30cm, the width of the bed is 1.2m, the width of the working road between the beds is 70cm, and drainage ditches are left;

(3) Increase the application of organic fertilizers to ensure balanced nutrition: After making beds, apply fully decomposed farmyard manure as base fertilizer; or improve by turning green manure and returning straw to the field; use organic fertilizers, and the amount of fertilizer applied is humus per mu , Decomposed and sieved farmyard manure, preferably 8Kg/ ^m2 , turned into the soil, fully mixed the soil and fertilizer on the bed surface and raked it;

(4) Selection of disease-resistant varieties: select high-quality, multi-resistant long-neck varieties;

(5) Natural germination to improve seed growth: use natural blasting method to accelerate germination, dig a germination trough, and dig a trough with a width of 150 cm and a depth of 20 cm along the slope, and the length depends on the amount of seeds; the American ginseng seeds are bleached and cleaned. For processing, put seeds: water = 1: 1.5 into a container, then stir and soak American ginseng seeds in water for more than 12 hours; mix according to the ratio of seeds: fine sand = 1: 2, put them into woven bags; put them into Groove: Put the bagged seeds flat in the ditch, and put them in the fine sand bed that has been laid one by one, with a thickness of 10 cm and a cover soil of 10 cm, slightly higher than the ground, covered with fallen leaves and grass; cover the sand with a plastic film bed, and planted once every 15 days;

(6) High-density planting and cultivation of strong plants: mainly autumn sowing, or spring sowing or sub-sowing; artificial sowing is adopted, and American ginseng seeds with a crack rate of more than 80% are sown from early October to before freezing; two-year-old seedlings are cultivated , using 3×3cm on-demand sowing, sowing 1000 seeds per square meter; after sowing the seeds, cover the bed surface with fine soil, and the thickness of the covering soil layer is 1.5cm;

(7) Set up a shed to adjust the light reasonably: set up a shed in mid-to-late April; adopt an arched light-transmitting shed, and the vault of the arched light-transmitting shed is 120cm higher than the bed surface; set up a shed before emergence in mid-April every year; 1 The light transmittance of 2-year-old ginseng seedlings is 18%-20%, and the light transmittance of 3-4 year-old ginseng seedlings is 25%-30%;

(8) Water control to reduce the environment of disease occurrence: spring drought and summer drought should be sprayed, watered or lightly rained in time in the morning and evening, or covered with 2 cm of broken grass on the border;

(9) Manual weeding, cleaning the bed surface, and reducing the environment where diseases occur: weeding in ginseng gardens is carried out 2 to 3 times a year; when American ginseng spores germinate, weeds are pulled out while loosening the soil;

(10) Reasonable prevention and control of pests and diseases:

① After the emergence of American ginseng, the dead branches and weeds in the field should be completely removed in spring and autumn;

② Do not cut the aboveground plants of American ginseng early after withering in autumn to avoid rotten ginseng;

③ For large-scale pests and diseases, adopt plant-derived pesticides, biological agents and lime powder pest control measures to deal with them;

④ Keep the ginseng plots well-ventilated, well-drained, prevent drought and drain waterlogging, remove grass and sunbeds, increase ground temperature, and avoid excessive soil humidity;

⑤ Hang black light lamps or lanterns in the field to trap and kill adults, and place containers filled with kerosene and water under the lamps;

(11) Harvesting methods for pollution control: after the American ginseng reaches production, harvest on time, in the middle and late September, and process while harvesting to prevent fresh ginseng from overstocking and pulping, which will affect the processing quality; remove the ginseng shed, and plan the bed To help, dig deep from the head of the bed to prevent damage to roots and beards; shake off the soil, put it into a turnover box, and transport it to the processing plant.

Claims (2)

1. a cultivation method for organic American Ginseng, is characterized in that step is as follows:

(1) create control environment:

1. weather: broad leaved forest area, mountain region or the fertile vegetable garden of selecting height above sea level 800～1100m; Planting area is chosen in backwoods, Changbai Mountain, 117 °～137 ° of east longitudes, in the region of north latitude 40-48 °, annual rainfall is at 1000 millimeters, 13 DEG C of average annual temperature, vegetative period 18 DEG C-24 DEG C of temperature, air relative temperature 80%, frost-free season 110-150 days;

2. vegetation: taking toothed oak tree, lime tree as main broad leaved forest, needle mixed forest, raw branch, hazel bavin recklessly, the forest land of undershrub;

3. physical features: the ground, gentle slope, the Yinshan Mountains of gradient 5-15 degree; Half way up the mountain plantation, Dong Po, slope, the southeast, north slope, the Northeast Slope on selection mountain; Be conducive to draining;

4. soil property: choose sandy loam, loam, pH value 5.5-6.0; Prepare enough humus soil; The soil that ginseng furrow upper strata is 15 centimeters should be that humus soil is main formula soil layer;

5. environmental quality standards: meet national GAP and require corresponding air, soil, irrigation water quality standard; More than production base ambient air quality reaches the secondary standard of GB3095-2012, soil environment quality reaches the secondary standard of GB15618-1995, and irrigation water reaches the standard of two classes in GB 5084-2005 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard ";

(2) what attenuating was fallen ill makees bed wholely

1. place cleaning: complete site clearing before plane is ploughed, reach no-sundries on the ground;

2. next year native dry field sterilization: 1-2 carries out whole ground in advance; Soil is ploughed rear and is used sunning sterilization 1 year, uses next year soil cultivation ginseng to sow; On whole ground the previous year of sowing or cultivation ginseng, in time out, repeatedly plane turns over, overturning 2～3 times in the time that how wet summer high temperature is;

3. increasing property of chesson: plantation ginseng is dug good head everywhere the previous year, plants ginseng and digs then two everywhere; The degree of depth of planing the ground 13-17cm, after the cold thing of withdrawing a garrison, furrow face is moistening should loosen the soil immediately, should first spray water after moistening and loosen the soil as arid, strengthens the permeability of soil;

4. orientation is done the smooth and easy draining of bed: keep soil moisture content 35%～45%; High 30～the 35cm of ginseng bed, bedside 1.2～1.5m, the wide 70～80cm in operation road between bed, stays drain ditch;

(3) applying organic manure ensures balanced in nutrition: do applying the farmyard manure fully becoming thoroughly decomposed after bed and make base fertilizer; Or by turning over green manure and straw-returning measure improves; Manure use, fertilizing amount is for mu is executed humus soil, the farmyard manure that sieves that becomes thoroughly decomposed, with 7.5-10Kg/m ²be advisable, plough under in soil, bed surface clay fertilizer is fully mixed and raked;

(4) disease-resistant variety is selected: select high-quality, how anti-long neck kind;

(5) improve germination naturally of seed growth power: take the vernalization of nature fried mouth method, dig germination groove, dig wide 140～150 centimetres, dark 20～25 centimetres at Shun Po, length is according to grain weight and fixed groove; By seeds of American ginseng winnow, cleaning treatment, put into seed: water=1:1.5 container, then by seeds of American ginseng and water, stir, soak more than 12 hours; Mix in the ratio of seed: fine sand=1:2, pack in woven bag; Put and plant groove: will enter a bag seed and lie in ditch, and lie in successively in the fine sand bed of having completed, thickness is 10～15cm, and 7～10 centimetres of blindings are slightly higher than ground, upper cover fallen leaves and grass; With the husky bed of plastic foil covering, fell to plant 1 time every 10～15 days;

(6) high-density planting is cultivated strong strain: taking autumn sowing as main, or sow in spring or lie prostrate and broadcast; Take artificial seeding, before annual early October is extremely freeze-up, sowing breach rate reaches more than 80% seeds of American ginseng; Cultivate biennial seedling, adopt 3 × 3cm program request, every square metre is sown into 800-1200 grain seed; Finish after seed, cover bed surface, overlying soil thickness 1.5cm with fine earth;

(7) the reasonable regulating illumination of puing up a shed: in 4 months, start shelving the last ten-days period; Adopt arch printing opacity canopy, arch printing opacity canopy vault is apart from the high 110-120cm of bed surface; The side arm canopy of emerging annual mid-April; The seedling light transmittance of life in 1～2 year is that 18%～20%, 3～4 years raw light transmittances are 25%～30%;

(8) moisture content regulation and control, reduce the environment that disease occurs: spring drought, dry season will or be drenched light rain in spray in time, watering sooner or later, or be added a cover broken careless 1～2 centimetre at furrow face;

(9) artificial weeding, clean bed surface, reduces the environment that disease occurs: ginseng garden uprooting weed is carried out 2～3 times every year; In the time that American Ginseng brood cell is sprouted, weed out the rank grass in conjunction with loosening the soil when;

(10) the reasonable prevention and control of damage by disease and insect:

1. after American Ginseng is emerged, spring and autumn should thoroughly be removed field deadwood weeds;

2. after withering autumn, can not cut in early days American Ginseng plant on the ground, in order to avoid rotten ginseng;

3. to large area damage by disease and insect, take botanical pesticide, biologic product and pulverized limestone pest control measure to process;

4. keep ginseng furrow to ventilate, draining is good, and the water drainage of taking precautions against drought is removed grass and shone bed, improves ground temperature, avoids soil moisture excessive;

5. hang black light lamp or barn lantern trapping adult in field, under lamp, place the container that fills kerosene and water;

(11) control the receiving method that rises polluting: American Ginseng reaches postpartum, gathers, and carries out in mid or late September, the processing of results limit, limit on time, prevent that fresh ginseng from overstocking, running pulp, affect crudy; Remove ginseng canopy, dig the side that turns down the bed, clean from the head of a bed starts dark plane, prevent from hindering the disconnected palpus of root; Shrug off earth, pack Turnover Box into, be transported to processing factory.

2. according to the cultivation method of organic American Ginseng claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that step is as follows:

(1) create control environment:

1. weather: broad leaved forest area, mountain region or the fertile vegetable garden of selecting height above sea level 800～1100m; Planting area is chosen in backwoods, Changbai Mountain, 117 °～137 ° of east longitudes, in the region of north latitude 40-48 °, annual rainfall is at 1000 millimeters, 13 DEG C of average annual temperature, vegetative period 18 DEG C-24 DEG C of temperature, air relative temperature 80%, frost-free season 110-150 days;

2. vegetation: taking toothed oak tree, lime tree as main broad leaved forest, needle mixed forest, raw branch, hazel bavin recklessly, the forest land of undershrub;

3. physical features: the ground, gentle slope, the Yinshan Mountains of gradient 5-15 degree; Half way up the mountain plantation, Dong Po, slope, the southeast, north slope, the Northeast Slope on selection mountain; Be conducive to draining;

4. soil property: choose sandy loam, loam, pH value 5.5-6.0; Prepare enough humus soil; The soil that ginseng furrow upper strata is 15 centimeters should be that humus soil is main formula soil layer;

5. environmental quality standards: meet national GAP and require corresponding air, soil, irrigation water quality standard; More than production base ambient air quality reaches the secondary standard of GB3095-2012, soil environment quality reaches the secondary standard of GB15618-1995, and irrigation water reaches the standard of two classes in GB 5084-2005 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard ";

(2) what attenuating was fallen ill makees bed wholely

1. place cleaning: complete site clearing before plane is ploughed, reach no-sundries on the ground;

2. next year native dry field sterilization: carry out whole ground in advance for 2 years; Soil is ploughed rear and is used sunning sterilization 1 year, uses next year soil cultivation ginseng to sow; On whole ground the previous year of sowing or cultivation ginseng, in time out, repeatedly plane turns over, overturning 2～3 times in the time that how wet summer high temperature is;

3. increasing property of chesson: plantation ginseng is dug good head everywhere the previous year, plants ginseng and digs then two everywhere; The degree of depth of planing the ground 15cm, after the cold thing of withdrawing a garrison, furrow face is moistening should loosen the soil immediately, should first spray water after moistening and loosen the soil as arid, strengthens the permeability of soil;

4. orientation is done the smooth and easy draining of bed: keep soil moisture content 35%～45%; The high 30cm of ginseng bed, bedside 1.2m, the wide 70cm in operation road between bed, stays drain ditch;

(3) applying organic manure ensures balanced in nutrition: do applying the farmyard manure fully becoming thoroughly decomposed after bed and make base fertilizer; Or by turning over green manure and straw-returning measure improves; Manure use, fertilizing amount is for mu is executed humus soil, the farmyard manure that sieves that becomes thoroughly decomposed, with 8Kg/m ²be advisable, plough under in soil, bed surface clay fertilizer is fully mixed and raked;

(4) disease-resistant variety is selected: select high-quality, how anti-long neck kind;

(5) improve germination naturally of seed growth power: take the vernalization of nature fried mouth method, dig germination groove, dig wide 150 centimetres, dark 20 centimetres at Shun Po, length is according to grain weight and fixed groove; By seeds of American ginseng winnow, cleaning treatment, put into seed: water=1:1.5 container, then by seeds of American ginseng and water, stir, soak more than 12 hours; Mix in the ratio of seed: fine sand=1:2, pack in woven bag; Put and plant groove: will enter a bag seed and lie in ditch, and lie in successively in the fine sand bed of having completed, thickness is 10cm, and 7 centimetres of blindings are slightly higher than ground, upper cover fallen leaves and grass; With the husky bed of plastic foil covering, fell to plant 1 time every 15 days;

(6) high-density planting is cultivated strong strain: taking autumn sowing as main, or sow in spring or lie prostrate and broadcast; Take artificial seeding, before annual early October is extremely freeze-up, sowing breach rate reaches more than 80% seeds of American ginseng; Cultivate biennial seedling, adopt 3 × 3cm program request, every square metre is sown into 1000 seeds; Finish after seed, cover bed surface, overlying soil thickness 1.5cm with fine earth;

(7) the reasonable regulating illumination of puing up a shed: in 4 months, start shelving the last ten-days period; Adopt arch printing opacity canopy, arch printing opacity canopy vault is apart from the high 120cm of bed surface; The side arm canopy of emerging annual mid-April; The seedling light transmittance of life in 1～2 year is that 18%～20%, 3～4 years raw light transmittances are 25%～30%;

(8) moisture content regulation and control, reduce the environment that disease occurs: spring drought, dry season will or be drenched light rain in spray in time, watering sooner or later, or be added a cover broken careless 2 centimetres at furrow face;

(9) artificial weeding, clean bed surface, reduces the environment that disease occurs: ginseng garden uprooting weed is carried out 2～3 times every year; In the time that American Ginseng brood cell is sprouted, weed out the rank grass in conjunction with loosening the soil when;

(10) the reasonable prevention and control of damage by disease and insect:

1. after American Ginseng is emerged, spring and autumn should thoroughly be removed field deadwood weeds;

2. after withering autumn, can not cut in early days American Ginseng plant on the ground, in order to avoid rotten ginseng;

3. to large area damage by disease and insect, take botanical pesticide, biologic product and pulverized limestone pest control measure to process;

4. keep ginseng furrow to ventilate, draining is good, and the water drainage of taking precautions against drought is removed grass and shone bed, improves ground temperature, avoids soil moisture excessive;

5. hang black light lamp or barn lantern trapping adult in field, under lamp, place the container that fills kerosene and water;

(11) control the receiving method that rises polluting: American Ginseng reaches postpartum, gathers, and carries out in mid or late September, the processing of results limit, limit on time, prevent that fresh ginseng from overstocking, running pulp, affect crudy; Remove ginseng canopy, dig the side that turns down the bed, clean from the head of a bed starts dark plane, prevent from hindering the disconnected palpus of root; Shrug off earth, pack Turnover Box into, be transported to processing factory.