CN103125247A - Cultivation method of organic American ginseng - Google Patents
Cultivation method of organic American ginseng Download PDFInfo
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- CN103125247A CN103125247A CN201310081458XA CN201310081458A CN103125247A CN 103125247 A CN103125247 A CN 103125247A CN 201310081458X A CN201310081458X A CN 201310081458XA CN 201310081458 A CN201310081458 A CN 201310081458A CN 103125247 A CN103125247 A CN 103125247A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a cultivation method of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and provides a cultivation method of organic American ginseng. The cultivation method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a proper land and environment; (2) preparing soil and making a cultivation bed to reduce diseases; (3) further applying organic fertilizers to keep nutrition balanced; (4)selecting a disease-resistant variety; (5)increasing seed growing power for natural sprout; (6) planting and cultivating strong plants densely; (7) constructing a shed to reasonably adjust illumination; (8) adjusting and controlling water content to reduce the environment where diseases occur; (9) manually weeding and cleaning the surface of the cultivation bed to reduce the environment where diseases occur; (10) reasonably preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests; and (11) harvesting with a pollution controlling method. The cultivation method of the organic ginseng can achieve stable yield and high quality of the organic American ginseng, enables the organic American ginseng product to meet an organic American ginseng production standard, can solve the problems that pesticide residue content and heavy metal content exceed the standard in a traditional American ginseng cultivation process, and ensures quality of product of American ginseng original medicinal materials.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of traditional Chinese medicine implantation methods, i.e. a kind of cultivation method of organic American Ginseng.
Background technology
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium Linn.) be again American ginseng, U.S.'s ginseng, the five fingers, haw, panacis quinquefolii radix etc., is Araliaceae Panax perennial root herbaceous plant.China uses the American Ginseng history of existing 30 years, but introducing and planting started from for 20 century 70 intermediary and later stages, introduced a fine variety the beginning of the eighties to succeed.Beijing, each province, northeast, Shaanxi etc. have begun commerial growing at present, have now developed into the 3rd Atlantic Ocean ginseng producing country after Canada, the U.S..In recent years, American Ginseng gained great popularity in tonic, and finished product is various.Continuous increase along with market demand; its medical value and economic worth constantly rise; thereby promoted the artificial planting American Ginseng to industrialization, large-scale development, the American Ginseng Pesticide Residue causes the attention of countries in the world gradually, and is more and more tighter to the residue of pesticide restriction in the world.How for market provides safety, high-quality, effective American Ginseng product, we have invented a kind of culture technique method that organic American Ginseng is produced.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is provides a kind of American Ginseng cultivation effect good for above-mentioned deficiency, and residue of pesticide are low, the production cultivation method of organic American Ginseng of stable yield and high quality.
Technical solution of the present invention is: a kind of cultivation method of organic American Ginseng, and its step is as follows:
(1) create control environment:
1. weather: broad leaved forest area, mountain region or the fertile vegetable garden of selecting height above sea level 800～1100m; Planting area is chosen in the backwoods, Changbai Mountain, 117 °～137 ° of east longitudes, and in the zone of north latitude 40-48 °, annual rainfall is at 1000 millimeters, and temperature is 13 ℃ every year, and vegetative period, temperature was 18 ℃-24 ℃, air relative temperature 80%, frost-free season 110-150 days.
2. vegetation: take toothed oak tree, lime tree as main broad leaved forest, needle mixed forest, give birth to branch, hazel bavin recklessly, the forest land of undershrub.
3. physical features: the ground, gentle slope, the Yinshan Mountains of gradient 5-15 degree; Half way up the mountain is planted, and selects Dong Po, slope, the southeast, north slope, the Northeast Slope on mountain; Be conducive to draining.
4. soil property: choose sandy loam, loam, the content of organic matter is high, the soil of fertile soil, and the soil is porous, soil layer is deep, fertile, as the to be rich in humus strong sand loam of forest umber, permeability, pH value 5.5-6.0; Prepare enough humus soil; The soil that ginseng furrow upper strata is 15 centimeters should be that humus soil is main formula soil layer.
5. environmental quality standards: meet national GAP and require the quality standards such as corresponding air, soil, irrigation water; More than the production base ambient air quality reached the secondary standard of GB3095-2012, soil environment quality reached the secondary standard of GB15618-1995, and irrigation water reaches the standard of two classes (dry farming) in GB GB 5084-2005 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard ".
What (2) lower morbidity makees bed wholely
1. place cleaning: complete site clearing before plane is ploughed, reach no-sundries on the ground.
2. next year native dry field sterilization: 1-2 carries out whole ground in advance; Soil is ploughed rear and is used sunning sterilization 1 year, uses next year soil cultivation ginseng to sow; Namely in sowing or plant whole ground the previous year of ginseng, in time out repeatedly plane turn over, especially overturning 2～3 times when summer high temperature is how wet.
3. chesson increases saturating property: the plantation ginseng is dug good head everywhere the previous year, plants ginseng and digs then two everywhere; The degree of depth of planing the ground 13-17cm, after the cold thing of withdrawing a garrison, the furrow face is moistening should loosen the soil immediately, should first spray water as arid and loosen the soil after moistening again, strengthens the permeability of soil.
4. orientation is done the smooth and easy draining of bed: keep soil moisture content 35%～45%; High 30～the 35cm of ginseng bed, bedside 1.2～1.5m, the operation wide 70～80cm in road between bed stays the drain ditch.
(3) applying organic manure guarantees balanced in nutrition: do applying the farmyard manure that fully became thoroughly decomposed after bed and make base fertilizer; Or by turning over green manure and the straw-returning measure improves; Manure use, fertilizing amount is for mu is executed humus soil, the farmyard manure that sieves that becomes thoroughly decomposed, with 7.5-10Kg/m
2Be advisable, plough under in soil, the abundant mixing of bed surface clay fertilizer is raked;
(4) disease-resistant variety is selected: select high-quality, how anti-long neck kind.
(5) improve germination naturally of seed growth power: take the vernalization of nature fried mouth method, dig the germination groove, dig wide 140～150 centimetres, dark 20～25 centimetres at Shun Po, length is according to grain weight and fixed groove; With seeds of American ginseng winnow, cleaning treatment, put into seed: water=1:1.5 container, then with in seeds of American ginseng and water, stir, soak more than 12 hours; Ratio in seed: fine sand=1:2 is mixed, in the woven bag of packing into; Put and plant groove: will enter a bag seed and lie in ditch, and lie in successively in the fine sand bed of having completed, thickness is 10～15cm, and 7～10 centimetres of blindings are slightly higher than ground, upper cover fallen leaves and grass; Cover husky bed with plastic foil, fell to plant 1 time every 10～15 days.
(6) high-density planting is cultivated strong strain: take autumn sowing as main, or sow in spring or lie prostrate and broadcast; Take the artificial seeding, before the early October in every year was extremely freeze-up, sowing breach rate reached the seeds of American ginseng more than 80%; Cultivate biennial seedling, adopt 3 * 3cm program request, every square metre is sown into 800-1200 grain seed; After finishing seed, cover bed surface with fine earth, overlying soil thickness 1.5cm.
(7) the reasonable regulating illumination of puing up a shed: in 4 months, begin shelving the last ten-days period; Adopt arch printing opacity canopy, the arched roof vault is apart from the high 110-120cm of bed surface; The side arm canopy of emerging annual mid-April; The seedling light transmittance of life in 1～2 year is that 18%～20%, 3～4 years living light transmittances are 25%～30%.
(8) moisture content regulation and control, reduce the environment that disease occurs: spring drought, dry season will or be drenched light rain in time spray, watering sooner or later, or be added a cover broken careless 1～2 centimetre at the furrow face.
(9) artificial weeding, the cleaning bed surface, reduce the environment that disease occurs: ginseng garden uprooting weed is carried out 2～3 times every year; When the American Ginseng brood cell is sprouted, weed out the rank grass when loosening the soil.
(10) the reasonable prevention and control of damage by disease and insect:
1. after American Ginseng was emerged, spring and autumn should thoroughly be removed field deadwood weeds.
2. can not cut in early days American Ginseng plant on the ground after withering autumn, in order to avoid rotten ginseng.
3. to the large tracts of land damage by disease and insect, take botanical pesticide, biologic product and pulverized limestone pest control measure to process.
4. keep the ginseng furrow to ventilate, draining is good, and the water drainage of taking precautions against drought is removed grass and shone bed, improves ground temperature, avoids soil moisture excessive.
5. hang black light lamp or barn lantern trapping adult in the field, place the container that fills kerosene and water under lamp.
(11) control the receiving method that rises that pollutes: American Ginseng reaches postpartum, gathers on time, carries out in mid or late September, the processing while gathering in the crops, and prevents that bright ginseng from overstocking, running pulp, affects crudy; Remove the ginseng canopy, dig the side that turns down the bed, clean from the head of a bed begins dark plane, prevent from hindering the disconnected palpus of root; Shrug off earth, the Turnover Box of packing into is transported to processing factory.
Compared with prior art, major advantage of the present invention is:
(1) the invention discloses a kind of culture technique method of organic American Ginseng, can realize stable yields and high-quality, make the American Ginseng product meet organic American Ginseng production standard.
(2) the invention discloses the environment of selecting wild free of contamination environmental condition, one of creation to be conducive to organic American Ginseng growth, change on ecotope and upset disease worm generation microclimate rule, reduce the occurrence and harm of damage by disease and insect.
(3) the invention discloses and guaranteed that in soil, nutrient is fully held weighing apparatus and discharge the ginseng ground system of selection of supplying with, violate by soil and hold weighing apparatus, cultivate the strong healthy tree of disease-resistant row, avoided the soil nutrient imbalance, the American Ginseng poor problem of disease resistance of growing.
(4) the invention discloses by enrich the base fertilizer fertilizer, the measures such as green manure and straw-returning that turn over improve, and realize that applying organic manure guarantees organic ginseng production balanced in nutrition.
(5) the invention discloses the American Ginseng high-density planting, set up the advantage group, the containment weed growth according to survival of the fittest rule naturally, realizes that nature keeps a full stand of seedings, and controls weed growth and breeds and do not use weed killer herbicide.
(6) the invention discloses a kind of culture technique method of organic American Ginseng, overcome the impact of the too much human factor that exists in existing garden ginsent culture technique, American ginseng medicine has lost original wild characters, reduces the deficiency of its medicinal quality.
(7) the invention discloses artificial weeding, the cleaning bed surface is prevented and treated the farmland running to weeds, sets up the penetrating growth of seedling, reduces the environment that disease occurs.
(8) the invention discloses live and by without field management such as agricultural chemicals, chemical fertilizer, utilize botanical pesticide, biologic product and the insect pest of pulverized limestone control American Ginseng; Can solve that agriculture in traditional American Ginseng planting process is residual, content of beary metal exceeds standard problem, guarantee American Ginseng crude drug product quality.
(9) the invention discloses by moisture content, reduce the environment that disease occurs.According to the law of needing the water of American Ginseng, take full advantage of movable rain-proof shelter and ginseng garden drainage system, adjust field moisture, avoid forming local accumulated water and cause wet injury and cause the popular of disease because of wet injury.
(10) the invention discloses adaptability and the resistance of using and promote the raising American Ginseng of disease-resistant variety, reduce the use of agricultural chemicals, have increased access to the probability of organic American Ginseng product.
(11) the invention discloses maintenance Agro-ecology balance, environment is not contaminated, reaches the organic production of American Ginseng and the anti-control techniques of agricultural synthesis of prevention and control.
Below in conjunction with embodiment, embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
A kind of cultivation method of organic American Ginseng:
One, create control environment
1, weather
At China's low latitudes, should select broad leaved forest area, mountain region or the fertile vegetable garden of height above sea level 800～1100m.Weather is nice and cool and moistening.The environment of the higher forests will cover of tall and big arbor, shrub is arranged, because transpiration and the protective effect vacant lot of forest are large, formed natural greenhouse, Air Flow is relatively steady, and temperature, humidity change relatively stable.The standing forest temperature difference per day is little, is 1.8～2.5 ℃.Planting area is chosen in the backwoods, Changbai Mountain, 117 °～137 ° of east longitudes, and in the zone of north latitude 40-48 °, annual rainfall is in 1000 millimeter, and 13 ℃ of left and right of temperature, have a moderate climate every year, the environment that rainfall is abundant.Happiness is shady wet, avoids high light and high temperature, and vegetative period, optimum temperature was 18 ℃-24 ℃, air relative temperature 80% left and right.Frost-free season 110-150 days.
2, the selection of land of vegetation American Ginseng cultivation is substantially similar to ginseng.It is main Broad-leaved Mixed Forest or theropencedrymion that the cultivation of new woods soil will be selected toothed oak tree, lime tree; General take toothed oak tree, lime tree as main broad leaved forest, needle mixed forest, a forest land of giving birth to the undershrubs such as Hu branch, hazel bavin.
3, to the west of physical features forest fieid soil temperature, slope and Nan Po are higher, and north slope and Dong Po are lower; Soil moisture is opposite, and Nan Po, Xi Po are lower, and north slope, Dong Po are higher.So American Ginseng is fitted the broad-leaved forest land, mountain region of being born in 1000 meters left and right of height above sea level, the ground, gentle slope, the Yinshan Mountains of gradient 5-15 degree.Half way up the mountain on the mountain is planted, and all should not develop on hummock or at the foot of the hill.
Select Dong Po, slope, the southeast, north slope, Northeast Slope, preferably select the north slope in ditch, river or half cloudy half light or the Schattenseite of Dong Po, take Northeast Slope as best; It is high, preferably mild that flatness is made every effort in selection, and be easy to the condition of draining, avoids ponding, and the gradient easily causes too greatly the difficult choosing of water and soil loss.Hillock, air port ground, the ground that grittiness is large, chaor should not be selected.
4, soil property is chosen sandy loam, loam, and the content of organic matter is high, the soil of fertile soil, and the soil is porous, soil layer is deep, fertile, as the to be rich in humus strong sand loam of forest umber, permeability, pH value 5.5-6.0.Humus soil is the best soil matrix of American Ginseng growth.American Ginseng originates from sylvan life, adapts to survive under the humus soil condition.Therefore the cultivation American Ginseng need be prepared enough humus soil.The soil of ginseng 15 centimeters left and right, furrow upper strata should be that humus soil is main formula soil layer.
5, the isolation strip is set up with farmland on every side in the surrounding enviroment production base, the attentional selection base will be away from the residential block.The random processing of house refuse is as the pollutions such as can producing a large amount of chromium, zinc, nickel of throwing out without care of refuse battery., prevent that the base is based upon in some mines or industrial area.Apart from arterial highway or railway more than 50 meters.The mist of adjacent crop spraying pesticide, easily because of float of mist droplet to adjacent American Ginseng crop on cause poisoning.Selection of land selects to want the ground of uptake, the self-protection when carrying out forest land spray medicine.
6, environmental quality standards meet the quality standards such as the corresponding air of national GAP requirement, soil, irrigation water.More than requirement production base ambient air quality reaches the secondary standard of GB3095-2012, soil environment quality reaches the secondary standard of GB15618-1995, and irrigation water reaches the standard of two classes (dry farming) in GB GB 5084-2005 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard ".
What two, lower morbidity makees bed wholely
1, place cleaning
(5 the end of month) front the completing of ploughing at plane cut down trees, cut the ground, burns the ground, decide a job such as stool, reaches the ground no-sundries.
2, next year native dry field sterilization
After the plot is chosen, shift to an earlier date 1-2 and carry out whole ground, can increase granular structure and the preserve moisture and fertility power of soil, the germ of kill harmful and worm's ovum.Soil is ploughed rear and is used sunning sterilization 1 year, uses next year soil cultivation ginseng to sow.Namely on whole ground the previous year of sowing or cultivation ginseng, repeatedly dig in time out and turn over.Especially overturning 2～3 times when summer high temperature is how wet to improve soil physical and chemical property, increases the content of organic matter, increases soil fertility, and can kill germ and insect in soil simultaneously.
3, chesson increases saturating property
Plantation ginseng is dug good head everywhere the previous year, and (before September) plane two is everywhere then to plant ginseng.The end of planing the ground, will put down, degree of depth 13-17cm, and Liu Shengge not, the hurdle dam does not dig.Withdrawing a garrison, the furrow face is moistening after cold thing should loosen the soil immediately, should first spray water as arid and loosen the soil after moistening again, strengthens the permeability of soil, is beneficial to emerge, and loosening the soil should be shallow, avoids hindering its root.
4, orientation is done the smooth and easy draining of bed
Planned the drain ditch, the position of check dam.Adopt along mountain or fine piece of writing oblique mountain according to physical features and make bed, the rib that plane turns over must be with bed to consistent.
Before sowing or transplanting, the bedside sowing is done on the limit.Determine to guarantee the good ginseng bed trend of draining and light modulation, the ginseng bed specification is: the height of bed 30～35cm, and bedside 1.2～1.5m, the operation wide 70～80cm in road between bed stays the drain ditch.
Three, applying organic manure guarantees balanced in nutrition
If soil nutrient can not apply the farmyard manure that fully became thoroughly decomposed completely and do the base fertilizer fertilizer after making bed.Can also improve by turning over the measures such as green manure and straw-returning.
According to nutritional characteristic and the fertile ability of need, adhere to manure use, keep balance and the continuous renewal of the soil organic matter.Fertilizing amount is for mu is executed humus soil, the farmyard manure that sieves that becomes thoroughly decomposed, with 7.5-10Kg/m
2Be advisable, plough under in soil, the abundant mixing of bed surface clay fertilizer is raked.
Four, disease-resistant variety is selected
Long neck kind is the long kind of the reed selected from garden ginsent gradually of people, has bodily form perfection, characteristics that growth rate is suitable, and disease-resistant variety, and this kind seed is less, water seed every kilogram of 2.0 ten thousand left and right.In equal growth year after planting, the reed neck obviously extends.Therefore, select high-quality, how anti-long neck kind, utilize resistance control technology wide in variety, control the generation of American Ginseng disease and popular, effectively solved disease in the American Ginseng production process, worm, careless problem.
Five, improve naturally germinateing of seed growth power
The anosis seeds of American ginseng of selecting and remain takes the process of nature fried mouth method vernalization to be, first digs the germination groove, the higher and slightly acclive place in physical features on the sunny side, and along digging wide 140～150 centimetres, dark 20～25 centimetres in the slope, length is according to grain weight and fixed groove.
With seeds of American ginseng winnow, cleaning treatment, the flat kind of removal, put into seed: water=1:1.5 container, then with in seeds of American ginseng and water, stir, soak more than 12 hours; Ratio in seed: fine sand=1:2 is mixed, in the woven bag of packing into.
Put and plant groove: will enter a bag seed and lie in ditch, and lie in successively in the fine sand bed of having completed, thickness is 10～15cm, after smooth completing, and 7～10 centimetres of blindings, slightly higher than ground, upper cover fallen leaves and grass make seed naturally accept temperature and moisture in soil.Cover husky bed with plastic foil, fell to plant 1 time every 10～15 days, regulate temperature, humidity, by seed treatment, make the after-ripening of seeds of American ginseng completion morphology and physiology after-ripening, reach the breach standard.
Six, high-density planting is cultivated strong strain
Take autumn sowing as main, also can consider to sow in spring or lie prostrate and broadcast.Take the artificial seeding, before the early October in every year was extremely freeze-up, sowing breach rate reached the seeds of American ginseng more than 80%.Every square metre of seeding quantity of thickness of sowing; Adopt the planter sowing or with pressing a device artificial seeding, one, every cave.Cultivate biennial seedling, adopt 3 * 3cm program request, every square metre is sown into 800-1200 grain seed.After finishing seed, cover bed surface with fine earth, about overlying soil thickness 1.5cm.
Seven, the reasonable regulating illumination of puing up a shed
In 4 months, begin shelving the last ten-days period; Adopt arch printing opacity canopy, the arched roof vault is apart from the high 110-120cm of bed surface.Adopt blue or yellow film, put up frame before thawing.The side arm canopy of emerging annual 4 middle of the month falls after seedling the bamboo curtain splint on frame is taken off use again in next year September, and general spring is more nice and cool, and light transmittance can be larger, and firing heat penetration luminosity summer can be less; The seedling light transmittance of life in 1～2 year is 18%～20% comparatively suitable, and living light transmittance was 25%～30% in 3～4 years, but must grasp flexibly along with the variation of Seasons and ages, in time went up curtain, flower arrangement.
Eight, moisture content regulation and control reduce the environment that disease occurs
According to the law of needing the water of American Ginseng, take full advantage of movable rain-proof shelter and join the garden drainage system, timely rainproof draining when cloudy weather for several days running, heavy rain should in time be rolled up film if after rain, soil moisture is excessive, removes weather screen and ventilates loose wet.Spring drought, dry season will or drench light rain in time spray, watering sooner or later, also can add a cover broken careless 1～2 centimetre at the furrow face, and soil moisture conservation is taked precautions against drought etc.Simultaneously, also should in time check the repairing rain-proof shelter, prevent the rainwater ginseng furrow that bleed, form local accumulated water and cause wet injury and cause the popular of disease because of wet injury.
Nine, artificial weeding, the cleaning bed surface reduces the environment that disease occurs
That ginseng garden weeds should be adhered to pulling out early, be pulled out is little, pulled out, and guarantees not to be subjected to the harm of weeds, and carry out 2～3 general every year.When the American Ginseng brood cell is sprouted, weed out the rank grass when loosening the soil, see at any time that later on grass uproots at any time or pull out.The artificial uprooting weed that weed killer herbicide is not used in realization.
Ten, the reasonable prevention and control of damage by disease and insect
(1) after American Ginseng is emerged, spring and autumn should thoroughly be removed field deadwood weeds, generally takes out diseased plant and is destroyed and get final product, and eliminates cause of disease, and no pesticide grown is exempted to join body and polluted, and reduces quality.
(2) note simultaneously can not cutting in early days American Ginseng plant on the ground after withered autumn, in order to avoid rotten ginseng.
(3) produce if any special large tracts of land damage by disease and insect, take the pest control measures such as botanical pesticide, biologic product and pulverized limestone to process, can be determined by circumstances age according to ginseng.As prevent and treat American Ginseng spot disease blade and fall ill with biologic products such as polyoxins.
(4) keep the ginseng furrow to ventilate, draining is good, the water drainage of taking precautions against drought.Note removing grass and shine bed, improve ground temperature, avoid soil moisture excessive.
(5) hang black light lamp or barn lantern trapping adult in the field, place the container that fills kerosene and water under lamp.
11, control the receiving method that rises that pollutes
American Ginseng reaches postpartum, gathers on time, generally carries out in mid or late September, the processing while gathering in the crops, and prevents that bright ginseng from overstocking, running pulp, affects crudy.Remove the ginseng canopy, dig the side that turns down the bed, clean from the head of a bed begins dark plane, prevent from hindering the disconnected palpus of root.Shrug off earth, the Turnover Box of packing into is transported to processing factory, the instrument cleaning of gathering used, health, pollution-free.
Embodiment 2
The cultivation method of organic American Ginseng, its step is as follows:
(1) create control environment:
1. weather: broad leaved forest area, mountain region or the fertile vegetable garden of selecting height above sea level 800～1100m; Planting area is chosen in the backwoods, Changbai Mountain, 117 °～137 ° of east longitudes, and in the zone of north latitude 40-48 °, annual rainfall is at 1000 millimeters, and temperature is 13 ℃ every year, and vegetative period, temperature was 18 ℃-24 ℃, air relative temperature 80%, frost-free season 110-150 days;
2. vegetation: take toothed oak tree, lime tree as main broad leaved forest, needle mixed forest, give birth to branch, hazel bavin recklessly, the forest land of undershrub;
3. physical features: the ground, gentle slope, the Yinshan Mountains of gradient 5-15 degree; Half way up the mountain is planted, and selects Dong Po, slope, the southeast, north slope, the Northeast Slope on mountain; Be conducive to draining;
4. soil property: choose sandy loam, loam, the content of organic matter is high, the soil of fertile soil, and the soil is porous, soil layer is deep, fertile, as the to be rich in humus strong sand loam of forest umber, permeability, pH value 5.5-6.0; Prepare enough humus soil; The soil that ginseng furrow upper strata is 15 centimeters should be that humus soil is main formula soil layer;
5. environmental quality standards: meet national GAP and require the quality standards such as corresponding air, soil, irrigation water; More than the production base ambient air quality reached the secondary standard of GB3095-2012, soil environment quality reached the secondary standard of GB15618-1995, and irrigation water reaches the standard of two classes (dry farming) in GB GB 5084-2005 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard ";
What (2) lower morbidity makees bed wholely
1. place cleaning: complete site clearing before plane is ploughed, reach no-sundries on the ground;
2. next year native dry field sterilization: carried out in advance whole ground in 2 years; Soil is ploughed rear and is used sunning sterilization 1 year, uses next year soil cultivation ginseng to sow; Namely in sowing or plant whole ground the previous year of ginseng, in time out repeatedly plane turn over, especially overturning 2～3 times when summer high temperature is how wet;
3. chesson increases saturating property: the plantation ginseng is dug good head everywhere the previous year, plants ginseng and digs then two everywhere; The degree of depth of planing the ground 15cm, after the cold thing of withdrawing a garrison, the furrow face is moistening should loosen the soil immediately, should first spray water as arid and loosen the soil after moistening again, strengthens the permeability of soil;
4. orientation is done the smooth and easy draining of bed: keep soil moisture content 35%～45%; The high 30cm of ginseng bed, bedside 1.2m, the operation wide 70cm in road between bed stays the drain ditch;
(3) applying organic manure guarantees balanced in nutrition: do applying the farmyard manure that fully became thoroughly decomposed after bed and make base fertilizer; Or by turning over green manure and the straw-returning measure improves; Manure use, fertilizing amount is for mu is executed humus soil, the farmyard manure that sieves that becomes thoroughly decomposed, with 8Kg/m
2Be advisable, plough under in soil, the abundant mixing of bed surface clay fertilizer is raked;
(4) disease-resistant variety is selected: select high-quality, how anti-long neck kind;
(5) improve germination naturally of seed growth power: take the vernalization of nature fried mouth method, dig the germination groove, dig wide 150 centimetres, dark 20 centimetres at Shun Po, length is according to grain weight and fixed groove; With seeds of American ginseng winnow, cleaning treatment, put into seed: water=1:1.5 container, then with in seeds of American ginseng and water, stir, soak more than 12 hours; Ratio in seed: fine sand=1:2 is mixed, in the woven bag of packing into; Put and plant groove: will enter a bag seed and lie in ditch, and lie in successively in the fine sand bed of having completed, thickness is 10cm, and 10 centimetres of blindings are slightly higher than ground, upper cover fallen leaves and grass; Cover husky bed with plastic foil, fell to plant 1 time every 15 days;
(6) high-density planting is cultivated strong strain: take autumn sowing as main, or sow in spring or lie prostrate and broadcast; Take the artificial seeding, before the early October in every year was extremely freeze-up, sowing breach rate reached the seeds of American ginseng more than 80%; Cultivate biennial seedling, adopt 3 * 3cm program request, every square metre is sown into 1000 seeds; After finishing seed, cover bed surface with fine earth, overlying soil thickness 1.5cm;
(7) the reasonable regulating illumination of puing up a shed: in 4 months, begin shelving the last ten-days period; Adopt arch printing opacity canopy, the arched roof vault is apart from the high 120cm of bed surface; The side arm canopy of emerging annual mid-April; The seedling light transmittance of life in 1～2 year is that 18%～20%, 3～4 years living light transmittances are 25%～30%;
(8) moisture content regulation and control, reduce the environment that disease occurs: spring drought, dry season will or be drenched light rain in time spray, watering sooner or later, or be added a cover broken careless 2 centimetres at the furrow face;
(9) artificial weeding, the cleaning bed surface, reduce the environment that disease occurs: ginseng garden uprooting weed is carried out 2～3 times every year; When the American Ginseng brood cell is sprouted, weed out the rank grass when loosening the soil;
(10) the reasonable prevention and control of damage by disease and insect:
1. after American Ginseng was emerged, spring and autumn should thoroughly be removed field deadwood weeds;
2. can not cut in early days American Ginseng plant on the ground after withering autumn, in order to avoid rotten ginseng;
3. to the large tracts of land damage by disease and insect, take botanical pesticide, biologic product and pulverized limestone pest control measure to process;
4. keep the ginseng furrow to ventilate, draining is good, and the water drainage of taking precautions against drought is removed grass and shone bed, improves ground temperature, avoids soil moisture excessive;
5. hang black light lamp or barn lantern trapping adult in the field, place the container that fills kerosene and water under lamp;
(11) control the receiving method that rises that pollutes: American Ginseng reaches postpartum, gathers on time, carries out in mid or late September, the processing while gathering in the crops, and prevents that bright ginseng from overstocking, running pulp, affects crudy; Remove the ginseng canopy, dig the side that turns down the bed, clean from the head of a bed begins dark plane, prevent from hindering the disconnected palpus of root; Shrug off earth, the Turnover Box of packing into is transported to processing factory.
Claims (2)
1. the cultivation method of an organic American Ginseng is characterized in that step is as follows:
(1) create control environment:
1. weather: broad leaved forest area, mountain region or the fertile vegetable garden of selecting height above sea level 800～1100m; Planting area is chosen in the backwoods, Changbai Mountain, 117 °～137 ° of east longitudes, and in the zone of north latitude 40-48 °, annual rainfall is at 1000 millimeters, and temperature is 13 ℃ every year, and vegetative period, temperature was 18 ℃-24 ℃, air relative temperature 80%, frost-free season 110-150 days;
2. vegetation: take toothed oak tree, lime tree as main broad leaved forest, needle mixed forest, give birth to branch, hazel bavin recklessly, the forest land of undershrub;
3. physical features: the ground, gentle slope, the Yinshan Mountains of gradient 5-15 degree; Half way up the mountain is planted, and selects Dong Po, slope, the southeast, north slope, the Northeast Slope on mountain; Be conducive to draining;
4. soil property: choose sandy loam, loam, the content of organic matter is high, the soil of fertile soil, and the soil is porous, soil layer is deep, fertile, as the to be rich in humus strong sand loam of forest umber, permeability, pH value 5.5-6.0; Prepare enough humus soil; The soil that ginseng furrow upper strata is 15 centimeters should be that humus soil is main formula soil layer;
5. environmental quality standards: meet national GAP and require the quality standards such as corresponding air, soil, irrigation water; More than the production base ambient air quality reached the secondary standard of GB3095-2012, soil environment quality reached the secondary standard of GB15618-1995, and irrigation water reaches the standard of two classes (dry farming) in GB GB 5084-2005 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard ";
What (2) lower morbidity makees bed wholely
1. place cleaning: complete site clearing before plane is ploughed, reach no-sundries on the ground;
2. next year native dry field sterilization: 1-2 carries out whole ground in advance; Soil is ploughed rear and is used sunning sterilization 1 year, uses next year soil cultivation ginseng to sow; Namely in sowing or plant whole ground the previous year of ginseng, in time out repeatedly plane turn over, especially overturning 2～3 times when summer high temperature is how wet;
3. chesson increases saturating property: the plantation ginseng is dug good head everywhere the previous year, plants ginseng and digs then two everywhere; The degree of depth of planing the ground 13-17cm, after the cold thing of withdrawing a garrison, the furrow face is moistening should loosen the soil immediately, should first spray water as arid and loosen the soil after moistening again, strengthens the permeability of soil;
4. orientation is done the smooth and easy draining of bed: keep soil moisture content 35%～45%; High 30～the 35cm of ginseng bed, bedside 1.2～1.5m, the operation wide 70～80cm in road between bed stays the drain ditch;
(3) applying organic manure guarantees balanced in nutrition: do applying the farmyard manure that fully became thoroughly decomposed after bed and make base fertilizer; Or by turning over green manure and the straw-returning measure improves; Manure use, fertilizing amount is for mu is executed humus soil, the farmyard manure that sieves that becomes thoroughly decomposed, with 7.5-10Kg/m
2Be advisable, plough under in soil, the abundant mixing of bed surface clay fertilizer is raked;
(4) disease-resistant variety is selected: select high-quality, how anti-long neck kind;
(5) improve germination naturally of seed growth power: take the vernalization of nature fried mouth method, dig the germination groove, dig wide 140～150 centimetres, dark 20～25 centimetres at Shun Po, length is according to grain weight and fixed groove; With seeds of American ginseng winnow, cleaning treatment, put into seed: water=1:1.5 container, then with in seeds of American ginseng and water, stir, soak more than 12 hours; Ratio in seed: fine sand=1:2 is mixed, in the woven bag of packing into; Put and plant groove: will enter a bag seed and lie in ditch, and lie in successively in the fine sand bed of having completed, thickness is 10～15cm, and 7～10 centimetres of blindings are slightly higher than ground, upper cover fallen leaves and grass; Cover husky bed with plastic foil, fell to plant 1 time every 10～15 days;
(6) high-density planting is cultivated strong strain: take autumn sowing as main, or sow in spring or lie prostrate and broadcast; Take the artificial seeding, before the early October in every year was extremely freeze-up, sowing breach rate reached the seeds of American ginseng more than 80%; Cultivate biennial seedling, adopt 3 * 3cm program request, every square metre is sown into 800-1200 grain seed; After finishing seed, cover bed surface with fine earth, overlying soil thickness 1.5cm;
(7) the reasonable regulating illumination of puing up a shed: in 4 months, begin shelving the last ten-days period; Adopt arch printing opacity canopy, the arched roof vault is apart from the high 110-120cm of bed surface; The side arm canopy of emerging annual mid-April; The seedling light transmittance of life in 1～2 year is that 18%～20%, 3～4 years living light transmittances are 25%～30%;
(8) moisture content regulation and control, reduce the environment that disease occurs: spring drought, dry season will or be drenched light rain in time spray, watering sooner or later, or be added a cover broken careless 1～2 centimetre at the furrow face;
(9) artificial weeding, the cleaning bed surface, reduce the environment that disease occurs: ginseng garden uprooting weed is carried out 2～3 times every year; When the American Ginseng brood cell is sprouted, weed out the rank grass when loosening the soil;
(10) the reasonable prevention and control of damage by disease and insect:
1. after American Ginseng was emerged, spring and autumn should thoroughly be removed field deadwood weeds;
2. can not cut in early days American Ginseng plant on the ground after withering autumn, in order to avoid rotten ginseng;
3. to the large tracts of land damage by disease and insect, take botanical pesticide, biologic product and pulverized limestone pest control measure to process;
4. keep the ginseng furrow to ventilate, draining is good, and the water drainage of taking precautions against drought is removed grass and shone bed, improves ground temperature, avoids soil moisture excessive;
5. hang black light lamp or barn lantern trapping adult in the field, place the container that fills kerosene and water under lamp;
(11) control the receiving method that rises that pollutes: American Ginseng reaches postpartum, gathers on time, carries out in mid or late September, the processing while gathering in the crops, and prevents that bright ginseng from overstocking, running pulp, affects crudy; Remove the ginseng canopy, dig the side that turns down the bed, clean from the head of a bed begins dark plane, prevent from hindering the disconnected palpus of root; Shrug off earth, the Turnover Box of packing into is transported to processing factory.
2. according to the cultivation method of organic American Ginseng claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that step is as follows:
(1) create control environment:
1. weather: broad leaved forest area, mountain region or the fertile vegetable garden of selecting height above sea level 800～1100m; Planting area is chosen in the backwoods, Changbai Mountain, 117 °～137 ° of east longitudes, and in the zone of north latitude 40-48 °, annual rainfall is at 1000 millimeters, and temperature is 13 ℃ every year, and vegetative period, temperature was 18 ℃-24 ℃, air relative temperature 80%, frost-free season 110-150 days;
2. vegetation: take toothed oak tree, lime tree as main broad leaved forest, needle mixed forest, give birth to branch, hazel bavin recklessly, the forest land of undershrub;
3. physical features: the ground, gentle slope, the Yinshan Mountains of gradient 5-15 degree; Half way up the mountain is planted, and selects Dong Po, slope, the southeast, north slope, the Northeast Slope on mountain; Be conducive to draining;
4. soil property: choose sandy loam, loam, the content of organic matter is high, the soil of fertile soil, and the soil is porous, soil layer is deep, fertile, as the to be rich in humus strong sand loam of forest umber, permeability, pH value 5.5-6.0; Prepare enough humus soil; The soil that ginseng furrow upper strata is 15 centimeters should be that humus soil is main formula soil layer;
5. environmental quality standards: meet national GAP and require the quality standards such as corresponding air, soil, irrigation water; More than the production base ambient air quality reached the secondary standard of GB3095-2012, soil environment quality reached the secondary standard of GB15618-1995, and irrigation water reaches the standard of two classes (dry farming) in GB GB 5084-2005 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard ";
What (2) lower morbidity makees bed wholely
1. place cleaning: complete site clearing before plane is ploughed, reach no-sundries on the ground;
2. next year native dry field sterilization: carried out in advance whole ground in 2 years; Soil is ploughed rear and is used sunning sterilization 1 year, uses next year soil cultivation ginseng to sow; Namely in sowing or plant whole ground the previous year of ginseng, in time out repeatedly plane turn over, especially overturning 2～3 times when summer high temperature is how wet;
3. chesson increases saturating property: the plantation ginseng is dug good head everywhere the previous year, plants ginseng and digs then two everywhere; The degree of depth of planing the ground 15cm, after the cold thing of withdrawing a garrison, the furrow face is moistening should loosen the soil immediately, should first spray water as arid and loosen the soil after moistening again, strengthens the permeability of soil;
4. orientation is done the smooth and easy draining of bed: keep soil moisture content 35%～45%; The high 30cm of ginseng bed, bedside 1.2m, the operation wide 70cm in road between bed stays the drain ditch;
(3) applying organic manure guarantees balanced in nutrition: do applying the farmyard manure that fully became thoroughly decomposed after bed and make base fertilizer; Or by turning over green manure and the straw-returning measure improves; Manure use, fertilizing amount is for mu is executed humus soil, the farmyard manure that sieves that becomes thoroughly decomposed, with 8Kg/m
2Be advisable, plough under in soil, the abundant mixing of bed surface clay fertilizer is raked;
(4) disease-resistant variety is selected: select high-quality, how anti-long neck kind;
(5) improve germination naturally of seed growth power: take the vernalization of nature fried mouth method, dig the germination groove, dig wide 150 centimetres, dark 20 centimetres at Shun Po, length is according to grain weight and fixed groove; With seeds of American ginseng winnow, cleaning treatment, put into seed: water=1:1.5 container, then with in seeds of American ginseng and water, stir, soak more than 12 hours; Ratio in seed: fine sand=1:2 is mixed, in the woven bag of packing into; Put and plant groove: will enter a bag seed and lie in ditch, and lie in successively in the fine sand bed of having completed, thickness is 10cm, and 7 centimetres of blindings are slightly higher than ground, upper cover fallen leaves and grass; Cover husky bed with plastic foil, fell to plant 1 time every 15 days;
(6) high-density planting is cultivated strong strain: take autumn sowing as main, or sow in spring or lie prostrate and broadcast; Take the artificial seeding, before the early October in every year was extremely freeze-up, sowing breach rate reached the seeds of American ginseng more than 80%; Cultivate biennial seedling, adopt 3 * 3cm program request, every square metre is sown into 1000 seeds; After finishing seed, cover bed surface with fine earth, overlying soil thickness 1.5cm;
(7) the reasonable regulating illumination of puing up a shed: in 4 months, begin shelving the last ten-days period; Adopt arch printing opacity canopy, the arched roof vault is apart from the high 120cm of bed surface; The side arm canopy of emerging annual mid-April; The seedling light transmittance of life in 1～2 year is that 18%～20%, 3～4 years living light transmittances are 25%～30%;
(8) moisture content regulation and control, reduce the environment that disease occurs: spring drought, dry season will or be drenched light rain in time spray, watering sooner or later, or be added a cover broken careless 2 centimetres at the furrow face;
(9) artificial weeding, the cleaning bed surface, reduce the environment that disease occurs: ginseng garden uprooting weed is carried out 2～3 times every year; When the American Ginseng brood cell is sprouted, weed out the rank grass when loosening the soil;
(10) the reasonable prevention and control of damage by disease and insect:
1. after American Ginseng was emerged, spring and autumn should thoroughly be removed field deadwood weeds;
2. can not cut in early days American Ginseng plant on the ground after withering autumn, in order to avoid rotten ginseng;
3. to the large tracts of land damage by disease and insect, take botanical pesticide, biologic product and pulverized limestone pest control measure to process;
4. keep the ginseng furrow to ventilate, draining is good, and the water drainage of taking precautions against drought is removed grass and shone bed, improves ground temperature, avoids soil moisture excessive;
5. hang black light lamp or barn lantern trapping adult in the field, place the container that fills kerosene and water under lamp;
(11) control the receiving method that rises that pollutes: American Ginseng reaches postpartum, gathers on time, carries out in mid or late September, the processing while gathering in the crops, and prevents that bright ginseng from overstocking, running pulp, affects crudy; Remove the ginseng canopy, dig the side that turns down the bed, clean from the head of a bed begins dark plane, prevent from hindering the disconnected palpus of root; Shrug off earth, the Turnover Box of packing into is transported to processing factory.
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| CN104541932A (en) * | 2015-02-05 | 2015-04-29 | 重庆市万润林业发展有限公司 | Novel seedling culture method |
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| CN104770164A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-07-15 | 梁志华 | Planting method for improving yield and quality of American ginseng |
| CN104838758A (en) * | 2015-04-29 | 2015-08-19 | 参仙源参业股份有限公司 | Ginseng seed bombing method |
| CN107926514A (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2018-04-20 | 重庆市中药研究院 | A kind of cultivation under woods technology of Chinese medicine panax japonicus |
| CN113179910A (en) * | 2021-04-30 | 2021-07-30 | 威海市东旭西洋参有限公司 | Substrate for soilless culture of American ginseng and method for soilless culture of American ginseng |
| CN113615517A (en) * | 2021-07-15 | 2021-11-09 | 成都中医药大学 | Technology for planting American ginseng in mountainous areas with elevation of 200 plus one year and height of 1000 meters in Sichuan basin |
| CN113973672A (en) * | 2021-11-23 | 2022-01-28 | 济南大学 | Ecological planting method of American ginseng |
| CN114415764A (en) * | 2022-01-05 | 2022-04-29 | 六安市叶集区帮农农业发展有限公司 | Grape early-maturing culture system based on illumination analysis |
| CN115943860A (en) * | 2022-12-26 | 2023-04-11 | 云南农业大学 | Planting condition selection method for cultivating American ginseng under forest |
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| CN103477829A (en) * | 2013-09-09 | 2014-01-01 | 田曙明 | American ginseng planting method |
| CN103477829B (en) * | 2013-09-09 | 2016-06-08 | 田曙明 | A kind of Radix Panacis Quinquefolii implantation methods |
| CN104604504A (en) * | 2015-02-05 | 2015-05-13 | 费先艳 | Panax quinquefolium cultivation technology |
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| CN104770164A (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-07-15 | 梁志华 | Planting method for improving yield and quality of American ginseng |
| CN104838758A (en) * | 2015-04-29 | 2015-08-19 | 参仙源参业股份有限公司 | Ginseng seed bombing method |
| CN107926514A (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2018-04-20 | 重庆市中药研究院 | A kind of cultivation under woods technology of Chinese medicine panax japonicus |
| CN113179910A (en) * | 2021-04-30 | 2021-07-30 | 威海市东旭西洋参有限公司 | Substrate for soilless culture of American ginseng and method for soilless culture of American ginseng |
| CN113615517A (en) * | 2021-07-15 | 2021-11-09 | 成都中医药大学 | Technology for planting American ginseng in mountainous areas with elevation of 200 plus one year and height of 1000 meters in Sichuan basin |
| CN113973672A (en) * | 2021-11-23 | 2022-01-28 | 济南大学 | Ecological planting method of American ginseng |
| CN113973672B (en) * | 2021-11-23 | 2022-12-02 | 济南大学 | Ecological planting method of American ginseng |
| CN114415764A (en) * | 2022-01-05 | 2022-04-29 | 六安市叶集区帮农农业发展有限公司 | Grape early-maturing culture system based on illumination analysis |
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| CN116114559A (en) * | 2023-03-16 | 2023-05-16 | 云南农业大学 | Method for cultivating American ginseng under forest |
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