CN113615517A - Technology for planting American ginseng in mountainous areas with elevation of 200 plus one year and height of 1000 meters in Sichuan basin - Google Patents
Technology for planting American ginseng in mountainous areas with elevation of 200 plus one year and height of 1000 meters in Sichuan basin Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a technology for planting American ginseng in a hilly area with the altitude of 200-; in hilly areas, the inclination angle of the standard land is 15-25 degrees; in the mountain land area, the inclination angle of the standard land is 10-20 degrees; establishing a spraying facility and a sun-shading facility on the standard land parcel, and step 2, planting and managing, wherein the planting time is 10 months and 15 days to 12 months and 25 days; adjusting soil humidity, air humidity and ridge field light transmittance according to growth characteristics, wherein the ridge field light transmittance is kept at 45% -55% in 5-9 months, and the ridge field light transmittance is kept at 60-70% in 9-10 months; and step 3, collecting, namely planting for 4-6 years, and collecting American ginseng when meeting the conditions, wherein the yield per mu can reach 350 kg. Is beneficial to the large-scale planting of the American ginseng in the Sichuan basin in the southwest area of China and promotes the sustainable development of the American ginseng industry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a technology for planting American ginseng in a Sichuan basin at an altitude of 200-1000 m hilly area.
Background
American ginseng, also known as American ginseng, American ginseng and American ginseng, is a perennial plant of the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae, with a plant height of 30-50cm, and is used as a root. American ginseng belongs to shade herbaceous plants, and strong light is feared through shade; prefers warm and aversion to cold, and does not resist high temperature; they are afraid of waterlogging and afraid of drought. American ginseng is originally produced in North America, the introduction of American ginseng is successful in China at the end of the 70 th 20 th century, and China is planted in northeast, northwest and northwest producing areas. The pharmacological activity comparison research of national American ginseng and imported American ginseng carried out by Chinese scientists proves that the national American ginseng has very obvious and same pharmacological activity on main indexes of fatigue resistance, anoxia resistance, convulsion resistance, diuresis resistance, protein synthesis and the like, and has no obvious difference. According to incomplete statistics, the cultivation area of American ginseng in China exceeds 15 ten thousand mu, the annual output is 1.2 ten thousand tons, and the American ginseng accounts for more than 80 percent of the total annual output in the world. China has now developed into the largest gen-seng producing country beyond canada, the united states. With the progress of society, the American ginseng is understood and recognized by more people as a medicine and food health-care product, so that the production and market capacity of the American ginseng are increased year by year.
With the increase of the demand of the American ginseng, the artificial cultivation of the American ginseng is researched, the planting area of the American ginseng is enlarged, and the American ginseng cultivation method has certain practical significance and good market prospect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: aiming at the problems that the American ginseng is limited by regions and the planting cost is high when the American ginseng is planted at present, the method for planting the American ginseng in the Sichuan basin is provided. The planting method reasonably arranges field management according to the growth characteristics and period of the American ginseng in the Sichuan basin, ensures the normal growth condition of the American ginseng, provides sufficient and nutrient and reasonable management and protection for the growth of the American ginseng, and is favorable for realizing the standardized and large-scale planting of the American ginseng in the Sichuan basin.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a planting method of American ginseng comprises the following steps,
step 1, land selection and garden building,
selecting an area with the altitude of 200 and 1000 meters in the Sichuan basin to establish a standard plot; in hilly areas, the inclination angle of the standard land is 15-25 degrees; in the mountain land area, the inclination angle of the standard land is 10-20 degrees;
establishing spraying facilities and shading facilities on the standard plots, wherein the spraying facilities are uniformly distributed on the standard plots; the sunshade facility comprises a stand column and a sunshade net, and the sunshade net is a double-layer sunshade net;
step 2, planting and managing the plants,
the planting time is 10 months and 15 days to 12 months and 25 days;
the soil humidity is 20-40% of the soil moisture saturation within 15 days after planting, the air humidity is 75-80%, and the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept at 60-70%;
after 15 days of field planting and before the bottom of 4 months in the first year, the soil humidity is 20% -25% of the soil moisture saturation, the air humidity is 75% -85%, and the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept to be 65% -75%;
in the first year, 5-10 months, the soil humidity is 25-30% of the soil moisture saturation, and the air humidity is kept between 60-70%; wherein, the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept to be 45-55% in 5-9 months; the light transmittance of the ridge fields is kept to be 45% -55% in sunny days and 60% -70% in cloudy days after 9-10 months;
in the first year, 10-12 months, the soil humidity is 20-25% of the soil moisture saturation, the air humidity is kept between 75-80%, and the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept at 60-70%;
in the next year and later, 1-4 months, the soil humidity is 20% -25% of the soil moisture saturation, and the air humidity is 75% -85%; keeping the light transmittance of the ridge fields to be 65-75%, and keeping the management mode of 5-12 months in the first year in the same way as the management mode of 5-12 months in the first year;
and step 3, collecting the materials,
planting for 4-6 years, and collecting radix Panacis Quinquefolii when the radix Panacis Quinquefolii meets the conditions.
The growth of plants is affected by factors such as temperature, humidity, sunlight, etc. The method is characterized in that the method comprises the steps of firstly selecting the elevation of a land plot according to the geographical characteristics of the Sichuan basin, and setting different inclination angles according to different conditions of hills and mountains so as to easily adjust the moisture of soil in the land plot. On the basis, according to the climate change of the Sichuan basin, parameters such as soil humidity, air humidity, light transmittance and the like under different monthly degrees are controlled so as to meet the growth conditions of the American ginseng. Particularly, in 9-10 months, the American ginseng is in a rapid growth period, but the temperature of the basin drops obviously, according to the growth characteristics of the American ginseng, when the air humidity and the water saturation of the soil are not changed, the light transmittance of the farmland is improved by 15%, the full growth of the American ginseng is facilitated, and the yield per mu can reach 350 kg.
As a preferred scheme of the invention, in the step 2, before planting, the seeds are pretreated; removing pulp from the seeds in the current year to obtain white seeds, storing the white seeds in wet sand in dark for 12 months until the opening rate is more than 50%, and performing pretreatment.
The seeds are pretreated to reach an opening rate of more than 50 percent, which is beneficial to the emergence of seedlings of the American ginseng.
As a preferred scheme of the invention, in the step 2, the temperature is controlled to be-20-10 ℃ before emergence of seedlings in the planting process; the temperature after seedling emergence is controlled to be 0-35 ℃.
The sunshine radiation quantity, the soil humidity and the air humidity are adjusted by adjusting the sun shading facility and the spraying facility, and the temperature is controlled under the above conditions in the growth process of the American ginseng, so that the American ginseng is beneficial to full growth of the American ginseng.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, in the step 2, fertilization is further included, and before emergence of seedlings, 25 kilograms of compound fertilizer with the NPK of 15:15:15 standard is fertilized once per mu of land; fertilizing once by using 10 kilograms of urea for each mu of land when seedlings emerge and leaves are spread in 5 months in each year; after summer, the land enters a rapid growth period, and 15 kilograms of compound fertilizer with the standard ratio of NPK to 15:15:15 is fertilized once per mu of land. The emergence date is generally around 1 day 4 months in the first year. The summer finish date is about 9 months and 5 days.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, the standard land is far away from the water field in winter.
The standard plots are far away from the paddy field in winter, so that the influence of accumulated water on the standard plots is avoided. When the influence of paddy fields is stored in winter, the temperature in winter is low, the humidity of the land is difficult to regulate, and the growth of the American ginseng is not facilitated.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, the standard plot area is 2-30 mu.
As a preferable scheme of the invention, the soil type of the standard land is sandy soil, muddy soil or sandy and muddy soil.
As the preferred scheme of the invention, the spraying facility comprises an electric water pump, a secondary water pipe, a primary water pipe and an atomizing micro-sprayer which are connected in sequence; the diameter of the secondary water conveying pipe is larger than that of the primary water conveying pipe; the atomizing nozzles are uniformly distributed on the standard plots; 200-240 atomizing nozzles are used per mu of land.
As the preferred scheme of the invention, the sun-shading facility comprises a stand column, a shed roof iron wire, a pile pulling iron wire and a sun-shading net; 200 and 240 upright columns are arranged in each mu of land, the height of each upright column is 2.2-2.5m, and the upright columns are uniformly distributed; the sunshade net adopts a 2-layer 2-needle net or a 2-layer 1/3 water dropping net; the shed roof iron wire is connected between the upright posts and used for supporting the sunshade net; and the pile pulling iron wire is used for fixing the upright post.
And the periphery of the standard land parcel is provided with a surrounding net fence which is made of plastic wire netting.
As the preferred scheme of the invention, independent closed-loop side ditches are excavated around the standard plots; the side ditch drainage channel is 35-40cm deep, 35-38cm wide at the bottom and 50-55cm wide at the top; the width of the ridge surface is 1.45-1.55 meters, a chamber ditch is arranged between the ridge surfaces, the width of the top of a chamber ditch drainage channel is 35-40cm, and the width of the bottom is 20-25 cm.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the planting method of the American ginseng, disclosed by the invention, aims at geographical characteristics of the Sichuan basin and growth characteristics and periods of the American ginseng in the Sichuan basin, reasonably arranges a field management mode, manages factors such as temperature, humidity and sunshine in the growth process of the American ginseng, provides sufficient nutrients and proper management and protection for the growth of the American ginseng, particularly improves the light transmittance of the farmland by 15% in a rapid growth period of 9-10 months when the air humidity and the soil moisture saturation are unchanged, is favorable for the growth of the American ginseng, and can reach 350kg per mu. The invention initiates a technology for planting American ginseng in a large scale in the Sichuan basin in the southwest region of China, establishes an environment-friendly novel standard American ginseng planting mode and promotes the sustainable development of the American ginseng industry.
2. According to the planting method of the American ginseng, the seeds are pretreated, the temperature before and after seedling emergence is controlled, and fertilization is performed at different stages; is beneficial to promoting the growth of American ginseng at different stages. Meanwhile, the special spraying facilities and the special sun-shading facilities are adopted, so that the growth conditions required by the American ginseng can be conveniently adjusted in different growth stages, and the yield and the quality of the American ginseng can be improved.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1
A planting method of American ginseng comprises the following steps,
step 1, land selection and garden building,
selecting an area with an altitude of 500-600 meters in the Sichuan basin to establish a standard plot; in hilly areas, the inclination angle of the standard land is 16 +/-2 degrees; establishing spraying facilities and shading facilities on the standard plots, wherein the spraying facilities are uniformly distributed on the standard plots; the sunshade facility comprises a stand column and a sunshade net, and the sunshade net is a double-layer sunshade net; wherein the soil type of the standard land is sandy argillaceous mixed soil. The standard land is far away from a paddy field in winter. The standard land area is 2-30 mu.
In the spraying facility, 216 atomizing micro-nozzles and accessories are used per mu of land; the primary water delivery pipe is a PE water pipe with the diameter of 20mm and the specification and accessories; the secondary water delivery pipe adopts a PE water pipe with the diameter of 50mm and the specification and accessories; the electric water pump uses a water outlet pipe with the caliber of 50 mm.
In the sunshade facility, 216 upright posts are arranged in each mu of land, and the length is 2.5 m; the radial interval and the latitudinal interval of the upright posts are both 1.8 meters; the sunshade net adopts 2 layers of 2-needle nets or 2 layers of 1/3 water dropping nets; no. 16 galvanized iron wires are used as the shed roof iron wires; no. 8 galvanized iron wires were used as the stake-pulling iron wires. And the periphery of the standard land parcel is provided with a surrounding net fence which is made of plastic wire netting.
In the standard plots, each plot is excavated with an independent closed-loop side ditch; the side ditch drainage channel is 40cm deep, 35cm wide at the bottom and 50cm wide at the top; the ridge surface is 1.45 meters wide, the roof width of the drainage channel of the compartment ditch is 35cm, and the bottom width is 25 cm.
Step 2, planting and managing
Seed pretreatment
Before planting, pretreating seeds; removing pulp from the seeds in the current year to obtain white seeds, storing the white seeds in wet sand in dark for 12 months until the opening rate is more than 50%, and performing pretreatment.
Setting the value, wherein the planting time is 10 months and 15 days to 12 months and 25 days;
the soil humidity is 30% +/-5% of the soil moisture saturation within 15 days after planting, the air humidity is 78% +/-2%, and the light transmittance of the farmland is kept to be 65% +/-5%;
after 15 days after planting and before the bottom of 4 months in the first year, the soil humidity is 22% +/-2% of the soil moisture saturation, the air humidity is 80% +/-5%, and the light transmittance of the farmland is kept to be 65% +/-5%;
in the first year, 5-10 months, the soil humidity is 28% + -2% of the soil moisture saturation, and the air humidity is kept between 65% + -5%; wherein, the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept to be 50% +/-5% in 5-9 months; the light transmittance of the ridge fields is kept to be 50% +/-5% in sunny days and 65% +/-5% in cloudy days after 9-10 months;
in the first year, 10-12 months, the soil humidity is 22% +/-2% of the soil moisture saturation, the air humidity is kept between 78% +/-2%, and the light transmittance of the farmland is kept to be 65 +/-5%;
in the next year and later, 1-4 months, the soil humidity is 22% +/-2% of the soil moisture saturation, and the air humidity is 80% +/-5%; keeping the light transmittance of the ridge fields to be 70% +/-5%, and keeping the management mode of 5-12 months in the first year in the same way as the management mode of 5-12 months in the first year;
step 3, collecting
Planting for 4-6 years, and collecting radix Panacis Quinquefolii when the radix Panacis Quinquefolii meets the conditions.
Fertilizing during the growth of American ginseng, wherein 25 kg of compound fertilizer with the dosage of NPK (N-propyl-potassium) 15:15:15 standard is fertilized once per mu of land before emergence of seedlings about 4 months and 1 day in the first year; fertilizing once by using 10 kilograms of urea for each mu of land when seedlings emerge and leaves are spread in 5 months in each year; about 9 months and 5 days, after summer, the land enters a rapid growth period, and 15 kilograms of compound fertilizer with the NPK ratio of 15:15:15 standard is applied to each mu of land once.
In the planting process, the temperature is controlled to be-20-10 ℃ before seedling emergence; the temperature after seedling emergence is controlled to be 0-35 ℃. The temperature is influenced by seasonal changes, and the sunshine is adjusted by adjusting the sun-shading facilities and the humidity is adjusted by spraying the facilities, so that the temperature in the growth process is controlled. The sunshine radiation quantity, the soil humidity and the air humidity are adjusted by adjusting the sun shading facility and the spraying facility, and the temperature is controlled under the above conditions in the growth process of the American ginseng, so that the American ginseng is beneficial to full growth of the American ginseng. The planting density is 4.5 ten thousand plants/mu.
And in the 4 th year of planting, American ginseng is harvested, and the average yield reaches 350 kg/mu.
Test example 1
Influence of standard parcel on yield of American ginseng
According to the terrain distribution of the Sichuan basin, the soil is in a hilly state when the altitude is 200 + 800 meters, and the stone content in the soil is increased when the altitude is 800 + 100 meters, so that the soil is in a mountain state. Standard plots were established in hilly and mountainous regions, respectively, in the manner of example 1. The area of each standard land is 5 mu. The inclination angle of each standard land block is set differently. Wherein hilly areas contain less stones than mountainous areas. When the plots are arranged, stones with the diameter larger than 3cm on the ridge surface are removed. In the 4 th year of planting, American ginseng is harvested. And (4) inspecting the influence of standard plots under different terrains on the yield of the American ginseng at different inclination angles. The parameters of the standard plots and the yield of American ginseng are shown in the following table.
TABLE 1 Effect of Standard plots on yield of American Ginseng
From the above results, under the same soil type condition, no matter in hilly areas or mountain areas, with the increase of inclination, the yield of american ginseng is ascending trend, and this probably is relevant with the humid rainy of four-Sichuan basin, and the great standard plot of inclination more does benefit to the drainage, at the different growth stage of american ginseng, more does benefit to through sprinkler irrigation system and keeps the suitable water content in the soil.
The yield in mountainous regions is higher than that in hilly regions at the same inclination angle. This is probably because the soil in mountain areas contains a large amount of sand, a large amount of sand and a small amount of sludge. The soil in hilly areas has less sand content, smaller sand grains and more mud content. Soil moisture in mountain areas is easier to drain, and a proper water content is easier to maintain when a sprinkling irrigation system supplies water. In the whole view, the inclination angle of the standard land mass in the hilly area is 15-25 degrees; when the inclination angle of the standard plots in the mountain regions is 10-20 degrees, the yield is high. The inclination angle is 10 degrees in hilly areas, and the water content is large; the inclination angle is 30 degrees in mountain areas, and the water content is small; in both cases, the sprinkler irrigation system is difficult to maintain the proper water content in the soil and the yield of American ginseng is low.
The difference between hills and mountains is only the differentiation of soil types, and in the same area, the hills and mountains gradually change along with the rise of the altitude without obvious dividing lines. With the transition from hills to mountains, the typical purple soil has a gradually increasing sand content and a gradually increasing particle size. The sandy soil is used, so that the water content of the soil is easier to control, and the growth of the American ginseng is facilitated.
Test example 2
Influence of light transmittance of ridge field of 9-10 months on yield of American ginseng
In the standard plots of the hilly area in test example 1, different sunshine was used. Adjusting the sunshine of a part of standard plots, and keeping the light transmittance of the plots to be 50% +/-5% in 9-10 months per year. The light transmittance of the ridge field is kept 65% +/-5% in cloudy days and 50% +/-5% in sunny days for 9-10 months each year in the test example 1. The acre yield of the test example 1 and the test example 2 are compared, and the influence of the light transmittance on the acre yield of the American ginseng in the field of 9-10 months in the Sichuan basin is examined. The results of the experimental comparisons are shown in the table below.
Influence of the light transmittance of the ridge field in the month of 29-10 on the yield of American ginseng
The results show that the light transmittance of the ridge fields is increased in 9-10 months in cloudy days, which is beneficial to the growth of the American ginseng. The main reason is that in 9-10 months, the American ginseng is in a rapid growth period, but the temperature of the basin drops obviously, the temperature drops more obviously in cloudy days, and the light transmittance is improved in cloudy days to facilitate the absorption of sunlight by plants. However, as the light transmittance increases, the water loss in the plot increases. In the landmass of different inclination, along with the reduction of landmass inclination, the facility that sprays adjusts soil water content to suitable water content more easily, and output promotion proportion progressively increases. However, in the plot having a large moisture content and a gradient of 10 degrees, the lift ratio is slightly decreased. In hilly areas with an inclination angle of 15 degrees, the light transmittance of the farmland in cloudy days is improved by 9-10 months, so that the yield of the American ginseng is improved to the maximum extent.
In the growth process of the American ginseng, factors such as soil humidity, air humidity, furrow field light transmittance, environment temperature, soil quality of a standard land parcel and the like are comprehensively considered, and drainage, spraying facilities and shading facilities of the standard land parcel are regulated and controlled in the growth process so as to adjust the growth conditions required by the American ginseng in real time and achieve the optimal planting effect.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A planting method of American ginseng is characterized by comprising the following steps,
step 1, land selection and garden building,
selecting an area with the altitude of 200 and 1000 meters in the Sichuan basin to establish a standard plot; in hilly areas, the inclination angle of the standard land is 15-25 degrees; in the mountain land area, the inclination angle of the standard land is 10-20 degrees;
establishing spraying facilities and shading facilities on the standard plots, wherein the spraying facilities are uniformly distributed on the standard plots; the sunshade facility comprises a stand column and a sunshade net, and the sunshade net is a double-layer sunshade net;
step 2, planting and managing the plants,
the planting time is 10 months and 15 days to 12 months and 25 days;
the soil humidity is 20-40% of the soil moisture saturation within 15 days after planting, the air humidity is 75-80%, and the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept at 60-70%;
after 15 days of field planting and before the bottom of 4 months in the first year, the soil humidity is 20% -25% of the soil moisture saturation, the air humidity is 75% -85%, and the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept to be 65% -75%;
in the first year, 5-10 months, the soil humidity is 25-30% of the soil moisture saturation, and the air humidity is kept between 60-70%; wherein, the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept to be 45-55% in 5-9 months; the light transmittance of the ridge fields is kept to be 45% -55% in sunny days and 60% -70% in cloudy days after 9-10 months;
in the first year, 10-12 months, the soil humidity is 20-25% of the soil moisture saturation, the air humidity is kept between 75-80%, and the light transmittance of the ridge field is kept at 60-70%;
in the next year and later, 1-4 months, the soil humidity is 20% -25% of the soil moisture saturation, and the air humidity is 75% -85%; keeping the light transmittance of the ridge fields to be 65-75%, and keeping the management mode of 5-12 months in the first year in the same way as the management mode of 5-12 months in the first year;
and step 3, collecting the materials,
planting for 4-6 years, and collecting radix Panacis Quinquefolii when the radix Panacis Quinquefolii meets the conditions.
2. The method for planting American ginseng as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2, the seeds are pretreated before planting; removing pulp from the seeds in the current year to obtain white seeds, storing the white seeds in wet sand in dark for 12 months until the opening rate is more than 50%, and performing pretreatment.
3. The planting method of American ginseng according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2, the temperature before emergence is controlled to be-20 ℃ to 10 ℃ in the planting process; the temperature after seedling emergence is controlled to be 0-35 ℃.
4. The method for planting American ginseng as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2, further comprising applying fertilizer, before emergence in the first year, the land is applied with 25 kg of NPK 15:15:15 standard compound fertilizer once per mu; fertilizing once by using 10 kilograms of urea for each mu of land when seedlings emerge and leaves are spread in 5 months each year; after summer, the land enters a rapid growth period, and 15 kilograms of compound fertilizer with the standard ratio of NPK to 15:15:15 is fertilized once per mu of land.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the standard plot is remote from a field reserved in winter.
6. The method for planting American ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the standard plot area is 2-30 mu.
7. The method for planting American ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the soil type of the standard land is sandy soil, muddy soil or sandy muddy soil.
8. The planting method of American ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the spraying facility comprises an electric water pump, a secondary water pipe, a primary water pipe and an atomizing micro-sprayer which are connected in sequence;
the diameter of the secondary water conveying pipe is larger than that of the primary water conveying pipe; the atomizing nozzles are uniformly distributed on the standard plots; 200-240 atomizing nozzles are used per mu of land.
9. The planting method of American ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the sunshade means comprises a vertical column, a shed roof wire, a pile pulling wire, a sunshade net;
200 and 240 upright columns are arranged in each mu of land, the height of each upright column is 2.2-2.5m, and the upright columns are uniformly distributed; the sunshade net adopts a 2-layer 2-needle net or a 2-layer 1/3 water dropping net; the shed roof iron wire is connected between the upright posts and used for supporting the sunshade net; and the pile pulling iron wire is used for fixing the upright post.
10. The method for planting American ginseng according to claim 1, wherein an independent closed-loop side ditch is dug around the standard land parcel; the side ditch drainage channel is 35-40cm deep, 35-38cm wide at the bottom and 50-55cm wide at the top; the width of the ridge surface is 1.45-1.55 meters, a chamber ditch is arranged between the ridge surfaces, the width of the top of a chamber ditch drainage channel is 35-40cm, and the width of the bottom is 20-25 cm.
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