CN116114559A - Method for cultivating American ginseng under forest - Google Patents
Method for cultivating American ginseng under forest Download PDFInfo
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-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest, which comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a forest land suitable for growth; (2) soil preparation; (3) ridging according to the tree planting direction of the forest land; (4) Selecting biennial seedlings, and transplanting in an oblique planting mode; (5) Under the forest, using fiber rods as supporting materials to arch at intervals of 1.5m to build a rain shelter; (6) The seaweed extract is applied in combination with irrigation during the leaf spreading period, the flowering period and the fruiting period of the American ginseng respectively. According to the method for cultivating American ginseng under the forest, disclosed by the invention, the seaweed extract is applied to carry out topdressing on the American ginseng, so that the yield of the American ginseng cultivated under the forest is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, in particular to a method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest.
Background
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, nourishing yin and tonifying kidney, and promoting the production of body fluid of mouth and teeth, and belongs to nourishing holy products and rare traditional Chinese medicines in China. Since the beginning of China in seventies of the last century, american ginseng is planted, the planting technology is mature, and three main planting areas of Qingshen county, qingsheng county, shandong province, shanxi province and Yi-Dan county are formed in China. The current American ginseng planting technology is mainly used for modern agricultural cultivation, the ecological environment of the original forest is replaced by the cis-border environment of large and heavy water, however, the American ginseng planted in the environment has the defect that the pesticide residue heavy metal exceeds the standard, and the problems of drug effect reduction and the like are increasingly outstanding.
The best method for solving the problem is to make the medicinal materials return to the mountain, and the American ginseng in the national forests is distributed in Jilin, anhui, shaanxi, yunnan and other places at present to form the development trend of ten thousand mu. Ecological planting of the Chinese medicinal materials under the forest is carried out, and nutrition balance is a key for realizing high-quality production of the Chinese medicinal materials. However, in the process of planting American ginseng under a forest, the nutrient storage and effectiveness of the forest soil are different due to the differences of the composition of the forest stand, the vegetation types, litters, root secretions, selective absorption of the forest stand, element return rates and the like, so that the soil under the forest is rich in rich organic matters to provide nutrients for the plants, but also suffers from unbalanced nutrient elements in some areas under the forest, such as: in addition to the pH value, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium of the soil in the Boli mountain, the organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content and the spatial variation degree of the east slope soil are obviously higher than those of the west slope at the altitude of 1500m to 2200m, and the C/N of the soil is lower than those of the west slope; the soil nutrient comparison results of four forest types of the larch natural forest, the larch artificial forest, the broadleaf mixed forest and the needle broad mixed forest which are positioned in the Changbai mountain show that the difference between the soil organic matters and the total N content of the four forest types is obvious, the content of the needle broad mixed forest is highest, the content of the soil total K is obviously lower than that of other forest types in the larch artificial forest, and the content of the effective phosphorus is obviously lower than that of the needle broad mixed forest; the ratio of C to N of rhizosphere soil in different forest belts of Qinling mountain is relatively stable and does not show obvious difference, but the ratio of C to P, N to P of rhizosphere soil is shown as follows: the method is characterized in that the yield of American ginseng is limited by unbalanced nutrient elements in the area under the forest, and the main measures adopted for improving the yield of the American ginseng under the forest are still to apply chemical fertilizers and seriously harm the ecological environment of the forest.
Therefore, how to increase the yield of American ginseng under forests while protecting the ecological environment of forests becomes a problem to be solved currently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects of the prior art and provides a method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest, which can improve the yield.
A method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest, comprising:
(1) Selecting a forest land suitable for growth;
(2) Preparing soil;
(3) Ridging according to the planting direction of the trees in the forest land;
(4) Selecting biennial seedlings, and transplanting in an oblique planting mode;
(5) Under the forest, using fiber rods as supporting materials to arch at intervals of 1.5m to build a rain shelter;
(6) The seaweed extract is applied in combination with irrigation during the leaf spreading period, the flowering period and the fruiting period of the American ginseng respectively.
Further, according to the method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest as described above, the seaweed extract is applied at a rate of 1.948 kg/mu and a planting density of 44 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing 15X 15 cm).
Further, the method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest as described above, wherein the step (1) comprises: the forest land with the elevation of 2550m, the organic matter content of 5%, the pH value of 5.8, rich soil, no water logging, good porosity and air permeability, the slope of the forest land being less than or equal to 25 degrees and the canopy density of 0.6 is selected as the forest land for the American ginseng to grow.
Further, the method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest as described above, wherein the step (2) comprises: removing dead branches, fallen leaves and weeds in a woodland planting area, and carrying out rotary tillage on the American ginseng planting area for 40 cm-50 cm.
Further, the method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest as described above, wherein the step (3) comprises: ridging according to the planting direction of the trees on the forest land, wherein the distance between the edges of the ridge surfaces and the trees is 30cm, the ridge surfaces are tile-shaped, the width of the ridge surfaces is 1.2m, the height of the ridge tops and the ridge bottoms is 50cm, and the distance between the edges of the ridge surfaces and the ridge bottoms is 40cm.
Further, the method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest as described above, wherein the step (4) comprises:
placing the seedlings in a shade, transplanting in an oblique planting mode, forming oblique grooves with an angle of 30-45 degrees on the ridge surface, uniformly arranging the seedlings on an inclined surface, covering soil, enabling buds to be 3cm away from the soil surface, and compacting; covering the soil surface with pine needles by 2 cm-3 cm; the selected ginseng seedlings should be planted in the same day.
According to the method for cultivating American ginseng under the forest, provided by the invention, the seaweed extract is applied by respectively combining irrigation in the leaf spreading period, the flowering period and the fruiting period of the American ginseng, so that the yield of the American ginseng is greatly improved.
The seaweed extract is firstly applied to the planting process of American ginseng under forests. Meanwhile, the planting density, the population size and the light energy utilization of crops are closely related to the yield, so that the proper planting density is an important condition for obtaining high yield.
Seaweed extracts are mainly prepared by destroying seaweed cells and releasing beneficial ingredients into the extract. The seaweed has complex chemical components, various types, rich mineral nutrition elements, seaweed polysaccharide substances such as brown seaweed starch, fucoidin, xylan and the like, sugar alcohols, amino acids, vitamins, cytochromes, betaines, phenolic compounds and the like, and natural hormone substances such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and the like. Seaweed extract is used as a typical natural organic plant biological hormone, and has the characteristics of promoting plant growth and being ecologically friendly.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a contour plot of seaweed extract application, planting density and economic yield;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the response curves of seaweed extract application amount, planting density and economic yield.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions in the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The invention provides a method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest, which comprises the following steps:
(1) And selecting a forest land suitable for growth.
(2) Preparing land: and cleaning the dead branches and fallen leaves in 11 months, spreading lime and carrying out soil rotary tillage by using a rotary cultivator.
(3) Ridging: the edge of the ridge surface is 20 cm-30 cm away from the tree, the ridge surface is tile-shaped, the width of the ridge surface is 1.2 m-1.4 m, the ridge top is 40 m-50 cm away from the ridge bottom, and the edge of the ridge surface is 30 cm-40 cm away from the ridge bottom.
(4) And selecting a plurality of test factors, and setting gradient values of the test factors in each test based on the principle of a response curve Central Composlite Design.
(5) Transplanting: selecting biennial seedlings, transplanting by adopting an oblique planting mode, covering 2 cm-3 cm of pine needles on the soil surface, and transplanting American ginseng with different planting densities according to gradient values.
(6) Building a rain-shielding shade shed: before the coming rainy season, a simple rain shelter is built.
(7) Applying seaweed extract for topdressing: the application of seaweed extracts with different gradients is carried out by respectively combining irrigation in the leaf spreading period, the flowering period and the fruiting period of the American ginseng, and the seaweed extracts are purchased to Qingdao Mingya seaweed group Co.
(8) Based on the set gradient values, field experiments of combinations of the application amount and the planting density of a plurality of seaweed extracts are carried out, and the yield of the American ginseng under the forest is measured in the harvest period.
(9) And (5) establishing a relation model between the measured American ginseng yield and the seaweed extract application amount and planting density.
(10) The combination of the seaweed extract application amount and the planting density, which improves the yield optimally, was determined.
Wherein the preparation method of the seaweed extract comprises the following steps:
(1) soaking and cleaning seaweed, putting the seaweed into hot water at 80-90 ℃ and scalding for 20-30 min for later use;
(2) adding the seaweed treated in the step (1) into an ethanol solution, adding sodium carbonate and a surfactant, extracting for 1-4 hours at 40-50 ℃, and filtering to obtain filtrate; the volume concentration of the ethanol solution is 10-30%, the dosage of the ethanol solution is 5-20 times of the weight of the seaweed treated in the step (1), the weight ratio of sodium carbonate to the dry weight of the seaweed is 1:5-1:15, and the dosage of the surfactant is 0.1-0.2% of the dry weight of the seaweed;
(3) adding an organic solvent into the filtrate obtained in the step (2), stirring, mixing for 5-15 min, and filtering to obtain clear liquid, wherein the volume ratio of the filtrate to the organic solvent is 1:2-1:10;
(4) decoloring; purifying and drying to obtain seaweed polyphenol extract.
In particular, seaweed extracts are currently considered to be a natural organic plant growth hormone consisting of useful bioactive substances, polyphenols, polysaccharides, alginates, polyamines, pigments, free amino acids, betaines, vitamins, micro-and macronutrients and mixtures of natural plant hormones, in which cytokinins have a very significant effect on the yield of American ginseng.
Because the seaweed extract contains cytokinin, after the seaweed extract is applied, the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments in American ginseng leaves is improved, and the degradation of the photosynthetic pigments is relieved, so that the aging of the leaves is delayed, the absorption and effectiveness of plants on nutrients are improved on the aspects of enhancing the photosynthetic capacity and the photosynthetic efficiency, the growth of American ginseng is promoted, and the yield of the American ginseng is increased.
The main harvest part of American ginseng is root system, and the increase of American ginseng root yield is mainly related to cytokinin in seaweed extract. Cytokinins promote cell division and also expand cell volume, which can promote the expanding growth of American ginseng root systems, and play an important role in the distribution and mobilization of metabolites and nutrients in plants.
The seaweed extract is applied by respectively combining irrigation in the leaf spreading period, the flowering period and the fruiting period of the American ginseng, and the seaweed extract is applied in an amount of 2 kg/mu and 3.7 tons/mu of water for uniform mixing and irrigation. And (3) respectively carrying out root irrigation treatment on the seaweed extract of American ginseng under the forest of the Duoyou village on the county in the leaf spreading period, the flowering period and the fruiting period, and taking the water with the same volume as a control group after once a month.
Experimental example 1:
the four-year-old American ginseng at the American ginseng base under the forest of the multi-coat village on the county is collected, the root growth condition is measured by using a root system scanner and a ten-thousandth analytical balance, and the measurement results are shown in table 1. The control and seaweed extracts were compared, the root length increased by 5cm and the root volume increased by 54.0% compared to the control and the root dry weight increased by 74.4% compared to the control. Indicating that after seaweed extract is applied, the American ginseng root system growth is promoted, and biomass is accumulated.
TABLE 1 Effect of seaweed extract on growth of American ginseng root lines under forests
Experimental example 2:
the four-year-old American ginseng of the American ginseng base under the forest on the county of high position and high concentration is collected for determination, the determination result is shown in table 2, and compared with a control group, the calcium content, the magnesium content, the sodium content and the zinc content in the American ginseng root system under the forest are respectively improved by 79.9%, 14.81%, 43.75% and 36.00% after the seaweed extract is applied. The iron content is increased by 0.04gkg than that of the control group -1 The manganese content is increased by 0.027g kg than that of the control group -1 . The data show that after the seaweed extract is applied, the soil nutrient content is rich and balanced, the plant root system activity is promoted, and the nutrient accumulation of American ginseng is obviously improved.
TABLE 2 Effect of seaweed extract on nutrient content of American ginseng root system under forest
Experimental example 3:
collecting four-year-old American ginseng of American ginseng base under Duoyou village in Lu county, measuring, and comparing with control group, comparing with net photosynthetic rate (P n ) Obviously improves the transpiration rate by 47.75 percent (T) r ) Increase by 0.68mmol m －2 s －1 Concentration of intercellular carbon dioxide (C i ) Lifting 79.66%, air hole conductivity (G) s ) 0.03mmol m is increased －2 s －1 Determination of total chlorophyll content (Chl) of four-year-old American ginseng of American ginseng base under forest, and application of seaweed extract remarkably improves total chlorophyll content, compared with controlThe content of the green element is improved by 21.46 percent. The data show that after the seaweed extract is applied, the photosynthesis of American ginseng can be improved, and the plant growth can be promoted.
TABLE 3 Effect of seaweed extract application on photosynthesis of American ginseng under forests
Experimental example 4:
(1) Selecting forest lands suitable for growth
The elevation is 2550m, the organic matter content is 5%, the pH value is 5.8, the soil is rich and does not waterlogged, the porosity and the air permeability are good, the slope of a forest land is less than or equal to 25 degrees, and the canopy density is 0.6.
(2) Soil preparation
Removing dead branches, fallen leaves and weeds in a planting area under the pine forest of the Huashan mountain, transporting out of the forest land, and then rotary tillage for the American ginseng planting area by adopting a small excavator or rotary cultivator for 40 cm-50 cm.
(3) Ridging
Ridging according to the planting direction of the trees on the forest land, wherein the distance between the edges of the ridge surfaces and the trees is 30cm, the ridge surfaces are tile-shaped, the width of the ridge surfaces is 1.2m, the height of the ridge tops and the ridge bottoms is 50cm, and the distance between the edges of the ridge surfaces and the ridge bottoms is 40cm.
(4) Transplanting
Selecting biennial seedlings, removing seedlings with diseases, insect pests, mechanical damage and no reed heads, and then placing the seedlings in a shade, transplanting in an inclined planting mode, uniformly arranging the seedlings on an inclined plane and covering soil by forming inclined grooves with the angle of 30-45 degrees on the ridge surface, enabling bud buds to be about 3cm away from the soil surface, and compacting; the planting density was set to 100 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing 10X 10 cm), 67 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing 10X 15 cm), 44 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing 15 multiplied by 15 cm), and covering the soil surface with pine needles 2 cm-3 cm; the selected ginseng seedlings should be planted in the same day.
(5) Building a shade shed
5-8 months each year, before the coming of the rainy season, a simple rain shelter is built by taking 8mm multiplied by 4m fiber rods as supporting materials under the forest at intervals of 1.5m arching.
(6) Topdressing by applying seaweed extract
The seaweed extract is applied by irrigation in combination with the period of leaf spreading, flowering and fruiting of the American ginseng, and the seaweed extract is set into different gradient application amounts: 0 kg/mu, 2 kg/mu, 3.2 kg/mu, and 3.7T/mu of water.
The seaweed extract is used for 0 kg/mu, 2 kg/mu, 3.2 kg/mu and the planting density is 100 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing 10X 10 cm), 67 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing 10X 15 cm), 44 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing 15X 15 cm) is an independent variable, and the economic yield of four-year-old American ginseng of the American ginseng base under forests is tested, the test factors and the level measurement are shown in Table 4, and the specific Central Comoslite Design test design and the result are shown in Table 5.
Table 4 test factors and level determination
Table 5Central Composlite Design test design and results
According to the test result, the test is designed by using a Central Composlite Design experimental model in Design-Expert 12 software, and the application amount X of the seaweed extract is used 1 Density of planting X 2 As independent variable, to obtain economic yield Y of American ginseng under forest 1 As dependent variables, a model is built and a quadratic regression model equation is built:
analysis of variance and significance were performed on the quadratic multiple regression model equation, and analysis of variance of economic yield for response curves of American ginseng under forests is shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6 analysis of variance of response surface of American ginseng under forest for economic yield
When the difference of the model analysis results prob > F is smaller than 0.05, the model is meaningful, and as can be seen from the table 6, the model P value is significant, the mismatch term is not significant, and the model significance level limit is available. The planting density (f=34.71) was greater than the seaweed extract application amount (f=19.14), indicating that: the obvious level of economic yield effect of American ginseng under the forest is that the planting density is greater than the application amount of seaweed extract.
The relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable is plotted and analyzed according to the quadratic regression equation to obtain a response surface graph of the regression equation, and the result is shown in fig. 1 and 2, so that the optimal condition for maximizing the economic yield of the American ginseng under the forest is as follows: the seaweed extract is applied in an amount of 1.948 kg/mu and the planting density is 44 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing 15X 15 cm). Under this condition, the maximum economic yield value is 63.982 kg/mu.
In conclusion, the invention controls the application amount of seaweed extract at 2 kg/mu and the planting density of American ginseng under the forest at 44 plants/m 2 (plant row spacing is 15 multiplied by 15 cm), so that the yield of American ginseng under the forest can be greatly improved.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and are not limiting; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical scheme described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest, comprising:
(1) Selecting a forest land suitable for growth;
(2) Preparing soil;
(3) Ridging according to the planting direction of the trees in the forest land;
(4) Selecting biennial seedlings, and transplanting in an oblique planting mode;
(5) Under the forest, using fiber rods as supporting materials to arch at intervals of 1.5m to build a rain shelter;
(6) The seaweed extract is applied in combination with irrigation during the leaf spreading period, the flowering period and the fruiting period of the American ginseng respectively.
2. The method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest according to claim 1, wherein the seaweed extract is applied in an amount of 1.948 kg/mu and the planting density is 44 plants/m 2 The plant row spacing is 15 multiplied by 15cm.
3. The method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest according to claim 1, wherein the step (1) comprises: the forest land with the elevation of 2550m, the organic matter content of 5%, the pH value of 5.8, rich soil, no water logging, good porosity and air permeability, the slope of the forest land being less than or equal to 25 degrees and the canopy density of 0.6 is selected as the forest land for the American ginseng to grow.
4. The method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest according to claim 1, wherein the step (2) comprises: removing dead branches, fallen leaves and weeds in a woodland planting area, and carrying out rotary tillage on the American ginseng planting area for 40 cm-50 cm.
5. The method for cultivating American ginseng under a forest according to claim 1, wherein the step (3) comprises: ridging according to the planting direction of the trees on the forest land, wherein the distance between the edges of the ridge surfaces and the trees is 30cm, the ridge surfaces are tile-shaped, the width of the ridge surfaces is 1.2m, the height of the ridge tops and the ridge bottoms is 50cm, and the distance between the edges of the ridge surfaces and the ridge bottoms is 40cm.
6. The method of under-forest cultivation of American ginseng according to claim 1, wherein the step (4) comprises:
placing the seedlings in a shade, transplanting in an oblique planting mode, forming oblique grooves with an angle of 30-45 degrees on the ridge surface, uniformly arranging the seedlings on an inclined surface, covering soil, enabling buds to be 3cm away from the soil surface, and compacting; the soil surface is covered with pine needles 2 cm-3 cm, and the selected ginseng seedlings should be planted in the same day.
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