CN102783413A - Fast crossbreeding method of pear tree - Google Patents
Fast crossbreeding method of pear tree Download PDFInfo
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- CN102783413A CN102783413A CN2012103141017A CN201210314101A CN102783413A CN 102783413 A CN102783413 A CN 102783413A CN 2012103141017 A CN2012103141017 A CN 2012103141017A CN 201210314101 A CN201210314101 A CN 201210314101A CN 102783413 A CN102783413 A CN 102783413A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a fast crossbreeding method of a pear tree, which comprises the steps of determining a male parent and a female parent, spraying lime sulfur once before the male parent pear tree sprouts, collecting pollens when blossom buds germinate, constructing a fly net to isolate when the self-incompatible female parent pear tree is at first squaring stage, using male parent pollen pollinating liquid to spray on the female parent to pollinate, when the flowers are faded, removing the fly net, picking the crossbred fruits, collecting seeds and hiding the seeds in sand, performing tray-soilless seedling, promoting seedling in a nutrition pot, compact planting and transplanting the seedling in a large land, so as to obtain a hybrid single plant; cutting off all lateral branches at the lower part of the hybrid single plant, selecting a stock, selecting top branches of the hybrid single plant in autumn to perform stock bud grafting, complementarily grafting the branches in the next spring, pinching new tips and pulling branches, identifying fruit quality, cutting down the single plant with quality lower than medium, keeping the single plant with quality higher than medium, and performing other biological characters survey. In the method, the stock can be reused, so that the fruit portion is significantly lowered, the land resource is saved; a lot of manpower and materials can be saved; and the breeding time can be shortened by 3-4 years.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to fruit tree thremmatology and cultivation field, relate to a kind of pear tree quick hybridization breeding method.
Background technology
Pear in the rose family (Rosaceae) pears subfamilies (Pomoideae) pear (
Pyrus) plant, be one of worldwide main fruit tree, also be Chinese the third-largest fruit tree species.Originate in Chinese pears, kind is of a great variety, adaptability is strong, distributes to produce.Mostly the existing main breed of China is the improved variety of own intellectual property or traditional landrace.In recent ten years, China kingfisher hat, early summer of mainly breeding green, yellow hat worn by a Taoist priest etc. several to have autonomous property right pears all be that artificial hybridization seed selection through routine forms.Breed new varieties quantity in the market and can not satisfy upward needs of production, this main reason is to adopt artificial conventional hybridization breeding pear tree must finish virgin after date, just can yield positive results at certain virgin Cheng Gaodu.Secondly, the conventional artificial hybridization breeding of pear tree needs hard works such as artificial emasculation, pollination, cultivation pruning, character test screening, and this process generally needs 10 years left and right sides time, even longer.The artificial hybridization population quantity is many, and floor space is big, and general breeding units land resources is all limited, have spent the time, material resources and financial resources all can't obtain fine individual plant.Therefore, can on limited soil, can filter out the good hybrid individual plant of pears as early as possible, reduce labor cost, improve breeding efficiency, be that present pears artificial hybridization breeding is badly in need of dealing with problems.
(its pollen grain phenotype receives self S Gene Handling to pear for Self-incompatibility, SI) fruit tree, i.e. the behavior of its pollen is by the monoploid genotype decision of pollen itself in gamete build self-incompatibillity.In the thousands of kind of pears, can self-pollination solid kind is very few, and most kind self-pollinations can not be solid, must configuration pollinizers and florescence supplementary pollination on producing, and could accomplish and be fertilized and solid.Zhang Shaoling etc.; (Zhang S L; Hiratsuka S. Analysis of varietal differences in self and cross incompatibility react ions of Japanese pear using st ylar culture technique [J]. J Japan Soc Hort Sci, 1999,68:373-383) use the style cultivation; The result that the SI of 52 pears kinds is analyzed shows; Pear tree not only self-pollination is shaky, but also has the acarpous phenomenon of cross pollination between kind, shows all like twentieth century * chrysanthemum water, good fortune water * love Gan Shui etc. that cross pollination can not be solid between kind.
Pears after seedling begins the result, just can carry out a large amount of superseded selections when crossbreeding.This superseded selection is more accurate and reliable according to the selection in advance that other index is carried out before the result, takes longer but hybrid gets into fruiting period.Fruit is few again as a result the time first, even has only 1 ~ 2 fruit, might promptly be lost before a spot of fruit prematurity.Making the hybrid that has begun the result have to postpone till next year identifies.Therefore, the cultivation of hybrid mainly is to promote precocity fruiting and early stage many results.The research hybrid seedling begins result's part for the first time; That is the level that on tree crown, distributes of fruit and height; To certain foundation be provided for cultivating and managing measure and the planting density of formulating hybrid seedling; Thereby for promoting the early stage result of hybrid seedling to identify, rationally increase hybrid planting number in the unit are, improve breeding efficiency and have practical significance.
Because the pear tree florescence is short, mostly kind all concentrates a period of time open, behind artificial emasculation; Award, the bagging conventional method is difficult to satisfy the breeding work demand more again; Pollinate but adopt fly net to isolate, can once obtain a large amount of hybrids, significantly save plenty of time and labor cost.Though and hybrid really gather and sow report (method of Chinese pear crossbreed vernalization breeding, application number: 200910061395.5), this method operations flows program is simple; And type of seeding is single; And the employing point disk seedling growing adopts nutritive cube to transplant seedlings again, treats directly to move into rainy season then the land for growing field crops; This kind method does not have seedling-slowing stage to the hybrid seedling, and growing way is vigorous.After hybrid tree is planted, hope that all the hybrid individual plant bears fruit early, existing report promotes to do sth. in advance into colored method by pears hybrid seedling tree, and (patent No.: 201010256217.0), the main employing drawn branch, turns round the tip, girdling, sprayed PP
333Deng the combination measure, promote that hybrid does sth. in advance the result, though adopt above method can promote the hybrid per plant, very easily cause hybrid individual plant tree vigo(u)r weak; Result quantities is few, and fruit quality descends, and can not reflect hybrid individual plant self character fully, needs to observe to judge the individual plant going or staying for years; There is virgin journey in the pears hybrid in addition, and bud all is acupuncture on the growth side shoot in virgin journey, and branch spreading angle level almost, if cultivation is closeer; (because the hybrid seed selection all is large quantities of plantations, breeding units all adopts spacing in the rows 0.5 ~ 1.0m), not manageability at present very easily to cause the close worn-out growth of branch; If but remove lower floor's virgin journey zone side shoot acupuncture entirely, will cause setting fruit position to move on serious, and inconvenient field management and character test; During fruit maturation, very easily receive the harm of worm and bird, cause gathering less than fruit.Still through research pears hybridization pollination, fruit picking, type of seeding; Improving breeding renders a service; And bear fruit for the first time minimum position of hybrid individual plant established, carry out grafting through directly getting the section branch of growing up, so not only solved virgin journey acupuncture airtight with problem such as setting fruit position height; Also shorten breeding time and labour, also accelerated hybrid individual plant mortality.
Two, summary of the invention:
The objective of the invention is to solve consuming time, the effort of breeding in the crossover process, and it is few to obtain hybrid quantity, emergence rate is low when reaching the hybrid sowing, seedling growth is slow; And the hybrid per plant is identified a year limit for length; And cause problems such as setting fruit position moves on constantly, provide by fly net and isolated pollination and point disk seedling growing; Field-transplanting and hybrid individual plant technology such as section grafting evaluation of growing up behind the short seedling of nutritive cube again.
The objective of the invention is to realize like this, a kind of pear tree quick hybridization breeding method comprises that artificial pollination, fruit picking are got kind, sowing, identifies, it is characterized in that,
Select the male parent and the maternal kind of hybridization;
Full tree sprays 3～5 degree lime sulfurs once before male parent pear tree bud is sprouted, and when the pear tree bud was sprouted, the field was gathered the bud branch and placed the artificial flower forcing of 25 ℃ of incubators, carries out pollen when treating that the flowers are in blossom and putting and collects;
At the not affine maternal pear tree early squaring of selfing, carry out fly net and isolate and to build, and be mixed with pollination liquid to the pollination of spraying of maternal bud, Xie Huahou, releasing fly net with the paternal pollen of collecting; Maternal kind that selfing is not affine adopts that artificial emasculation, point are awarded, the bagging conventional method.
The ninety percent ripe back harvesting of hybridization fruit is placed the shady and cool position that ventilates with the fruit of plucking and is got kind after 8 ~ 15 days, and carries out the husky Tibetan of seed with husky Tibetan method; Spray 1 time with 800 times of dilutions of 80% carbendazol wettable powder before adopting;
Use point disk seedling growing, with the short seedling of nutritive cube, carry out field-transplanting at last again, obtain the hybrid individual plant;
Second, third year remains hybrid individual plant apical dominance, wipes out all side shoots of bottom (Fig. 5), in mid-June, the 3rd individual plant top young sprout drawn branch; Select to have with pear tree the stock of grafting affinity, get hybrid individual plant top the 3rd year autumn and draw the branch of branch to carry out stock grafting, carry out branch again according to grafting survival spring next year and mend and connect, the bud young sprout that grafting is grown carries out pinching, draw processing such as branch;
Carried out fruit quality evaluation on the grafting tree after reaching in the 5th year; At first fruit pulp quality is selected and remain, the low middling quality is carried out label, can correspondence cut down low middling quality individual plant and directly eliminate; Keep and observe medium above fine individual plant, carry out other biological character investigation;
In the present invention, ensconce 0～3 ℃ of sowing after 40～60 days down with seed is husky;
During sowing, getting the length and width height is the 72 holes dish of 54 * 28 * 5cm, every Kong Fangyi grain seed; Nutrition soil is clay and peat soil mass ratio 1:1 in the dish of cave; Dish lower berth, cave layer of plastic film, sowing ground is plastic tunnel, adds a little shed again; After planting keep 15～25 ℃ of temperature, treat that seedling moves on to nutritive cube when growing 3 straight leaves;
Described nutritive cube is the black plastic nutritive cube, and its diameter is 12cm, high 15cm, and the nutrition soil in the nutritive cube is clay, peat soil, the rapeseed cake that becomes thoroughly decomposed, vermiculite mixture, their mass ratio is 4:4:1.5:0.5;
The wide 30cm that dig the winter of field-transplanting the previous year, the field planting ditch of dark 40cm, with subsoil and the native pile up separately of table, table soil mixes with farmyard manure, and the centre-to-centre spacing of adjacent field planting ditch is 1m, spreads the dark fertilizer of 10cm bottom the field planting ditch; When the hybrid height of seedling degree 40～60cm in the nutritive cube, carry out field-transplanting, seeding row spacing is 0.3 * 1.0m, fills out earlier during backfill and farmyard manure mixture table soil, uses subsoil again, and the degree of depth of backfill soil is plane 4～5cm above Ground; Will in time pour water after transplanting seedlings, hot weather need add the sunshade net.
In the present invention, a year before grafting rootstocks planted in planting trench, said trench planting width 50cm, depth 80cm, adjacent to the center distance of planting trench 4m, excavation trench planting, it will be stacked separately subsoil and topsoil, topsoil mixed with manure, planting trench bottom layer of straw, sprinkle a layer of 10cm deep organic fertilizer, manure and then backfill mix topsoil, subsoil on the top, the rootstock roughness of ≥ 1cm, planting spacing to 0.5 × 4m, fixed pole height 30 ~ 50cm, leaving 2 to 3 main branch grafting, grafting, each of them corresponding grafting wood Xian 2 to 3 buds sprouting new shoots grow properly topping, bending branch and other treatment.
In the present invention, the husky Tibetan of described usefulness method is carried out husky Tibetan of seed and is meant: seed and sand volumes are imbedded in the wet sand than in the gauze of packing into after being mixed for 1:20 then; The sand water content is 50 ~ 70%; Whenever once, keep wet husky water content during husky the Tibetan, in time remove the seed that goes rotten at a distance from inspection in 10 days.
In the present invention, insect protected mesh specification is: 20 orders, silk footpath 0.18mm.
The invention has the advantages that: adopt fly net to isolate pollination, award again the bagging conventional method than artificial emasculation point and save plenty of time and labour, and can once obtain a large amount of hybrids; Adopt point disk seedling growing, adopt nutritive cube to transplant seedlings then, treat directly to move into rainy season then the land for growing field crops, no seedling-slowing stage, the growth of hybrid individual plant is vigorous; Confirm through hybrid individual plant minimum event position, can directly get the individual plant section of growing up and carry out grafting, thereby can accomplish that Rapid identification eliminates the individual plant process.
Experiment shows, adopts fly net to carry out whole individual plant pollination, once obtains more than 500 seed.Carry out hybrid sowing germination rate and reach that 75 % are above, transplanting seedlings to become to live reaches 98%, height of seedling is 1.65 meters then, and height of seedling was 3.32 meters in 1 year, carried out top young sprout grafting in autumn on the 3rd year, and bud grafting becomes to live and reaches 91%, and the individual plant that becomes to live can also be mended and connect the coming year.
The bud grafting branch is observed, and finding has the acupuncture branch to account for 3.47%.Draw branch mid-June to sprouting branch, 86.05% branch forms bud then, and branch is sturdy.Carry out fruit quality on the the 5th to six year and identify, at first fruit pulp quality is selected and remain, the low middling quality is carried out label, can correspondence cut down low middling quality individual plant and directly eliminate, keep and observe fine individual plant, carry out other proterties investigation.The present invention can reuse graft stock, significantly reduces setting fruit position, not only saves a large amount of human and material resources, also shortens breeding time 3 ~ 4 years.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of quick hybridization breeding method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 fly net isolation hybridization.The not affine maternal kind of selfing is isolated with fly net at early squaring, and the width of mesh specification is: 20 orders, silk footpath 0.18mm.
Fig. 3 point disk seedling growing.Specification is: the length and width height is the 72 holes dish of 54 * 28 * 5cm.
Fig. 4 nutritive cube is urged seedling.Diameter is 12cm, the black plastic nutritive cube of high 15cm.
The acupuncture of Fig. 5 hybrid individual plant lower side branch growth.
The virgin journey layering of Fig. 6: 1. being the ground floor branch, highly is 0.0～1.0m; 2. being second layer branch, highly is 1.1～2m; 3. being the 3rd layer of branch, highly is 2.1～3.0m; 4. being the 4th layer of branch, highly is 3.1～4.0m.
Fig. 7 correspondence is got hybrid individual plant top young sprout branch in bud grafting in autumn or scion grafting in spring, and carries out the corresponding hybrid individual plant of grafting tree mark.
Fig. 8 grafting tree position of blooming.
Fig. 9 hybrid individual plant position of blooming.
Embodiment:
Embodiment 1:
Fly net covers investigation of different cultivars self-compatible power and artificial pollination cross experiment
(1) test place and material
Test is carried out (Nanjing) in gardening research institute pears resource garden in the Jiangsu Province Agriculture Science Institute.Totally 72 kinds (seeing table 1) (being public kind) such as shortcake early.Female parent is emerald green hat, and male parent is a yellow hat worn by a Taoist priest.
(2) test method
Before bud is sprouted pear tree is sprayed 3～5 degree lime sulfurs once.
Early 72 kinds such as crisp pear tree are built fly net in early squaring and are isolated (specification is: 20 orders, silk footpath 0.18mm) (Fig. 2), and Xie Huahou removes fly net and carries out the percentage of fertile fruit investigation.As self-compatible power investigation test between different cultivars.
When bud was sprouted, the field was gathered the bud branch and is placed the artificial flower forcing of 25 ℃ of incubators as the required male parent of hybridization, carried out pollen when treating that the flowers are in blossom and putting and collected.
At early squaring, whole individual plant of each maternal trees carried out fly net isolate and to build and pear flower is pollinated; Insect protected mesh specification is: 20 orders, silk footpath 0.18mm.Adopt a kind of pears pollination solution and its production and application (application number: method 201210069634.3) is carried out aqueous solution artificial pollination.
(3) result of the test
72 kinds such as table 1. shortcake morning are overlapped the investigation of fly net percentage of fertile fruit
Can know by table 1,72 kind pears covers of shortcake etc. morning fly nets carried out setting investigation explanation: adopt fly net to isolate effectively and pollinate between the pollen, explain that the pear pollen communication media is an insect; Remove gold and weigh down pears ability self-flowering fruiting, other kind all can not self-flowering fruiting.So to spending shaky kind all can adopt on the insect preventing net cover certainly, a whole then tree carries out artificial pollination, a hybrid combination individual plant can once obtain 534 hybrids, and saves time, and is laborsaving, is difficult for makeing mistakes.
Embodiment 2:
Hybridization fruit collection and sowing
1. pluck: pluck hybridization fruit ninety percent ripe back, sprays 800 times of dilutions of 80% carbendazol wettable powder before adopting and spray 1 time and pluck.
2. select: become reconciled sick fruit, injured fruit really placed apart fully during harvesting.
3. storage: fruit is placed the shady and cool position that ventilates, and general good fruit normal temperature shelf life is 8-15 days.
4. get and plant and clean: when treating fruit softening, promptly desirable kind, seed is used the clear water rinsing; And rub with gauze and to frustrate, wash the goo of the surface of the seed off, select plump seed; Then seed is placed on shady and cool place and dries in the shade, the seed that will dry in the shade is at last packed in the brown paper, and carries out label.
5. seed is husky hides
(1) after sterilization: Sha Zangqian soaks 2 hours with seed, soaked 2～3 seconds with 500 times of dilution bactericide of 80% carbendazol wettable powder again; River sand carries out disinfection with pressure cooker.
(2) time: mid or late December begins husky the Tibetan is advisable, and places general husky the Tibetan 40～60 days of 3 ℃ of refrigerators.
(3) method: seed and sand volumes are carried out label than in the gauze of packing into after being mixed for 1:20, imbed then in the wet sand.The general water content of sand is about 60%, and humidity is agglomerating to hold, and one touches promptly diffusing being advisable.Whenever once, keep wet husky water content during husky the Tibetan, in time remove the seed that goes rotten at a distance from inspection in 10 days.
6. cave dish sowing: the length and width height is the 72 holes dishes (Fig. 3) of 54 * 28 * 5cm; Nutrition soil is the ratio of clay and peat soil 1:1; Sowing ground is plastic tunnel, adds a little shed again, dish lower berth, cave layer of plastic film, in case root system penetrates in the soil, every Kong Fangyi grain seed is carried out label, keeps 15 ~ 25 ℃ of temperature.
7. nutritive cube is transplanted seedlings: treat can transplant seedlings when seedling grows 3 true leaves.Choosing diameter is 12cm, high 15cm black plastic nutritive cube (Fig. 4).Nutrition soil is 4:4:1.5:0.5 for clay, peat soil, the rapeseed cake that becomes thoroughly decomposed, vermiculite mass ratio.
8. field-transplanting: the wide 30cm that dig the winter of field-transplanting the previous year, the field planting ditch of dark 40cm, with subsoil and the native pile up separately of table, table soil mixes with farmyard manure, and the centre-to-centre spacing of adjacent field planting ditch is 1m, spreads the dark fertilizer of 10cm bottom the field planting ditch; When the hybrid height of seedling degree 40～60cm in the nutritive cube, carry out field-transplanting, seeding row spacing is 0.3 * 1.0m, fills out earlier during backfill and farmyard manure mixture table soil, uses subsoil again, and the degree of depth of backfill soil is plane 4～5cm above Ground; The time of transplanting seedlings for best, as does not have overcast and rainy should transplanting seedlings at dusk with overcast and rainy, will in time pour water after transplanting seedlings, and the heavy real back of pouring water is equal with ground, and hot weather need add the sunshade net.
Table 2. Different Cross Combinations germination survival rate and growing state investigation
Can be known that by table 2 adopt present technique to sow and transplant seedlings, the hybrid seed emergence rate reaches 64%～83%, the nutritive cube survival rate of transplanting seedlings reaches more than 95%, and the land for growing field crops survival rate of transplanting seedlings reaches more than 98%, and the 1st year height of seedling reach 1.3～1.9m, reaches 2.4～3.1m in 1 year.
Embodiment 3:
The pears seedling is the research of setting fruit position first
1. material method
Select six groups of hybrid combinations, they are respectively: combination one: the Xizi, a famous beauty in the late Spring and Autumn Period is green * and emerald green hat, combination two: abundance of water * delicate fragrance; Combination three: emerald green hat * Xizi, a famous beauty in the late Spring and Autumn Period is green; Combination four: love Gan Shui * delicate fragrance, combination five: China's shortcake * kingfisher hat, combination six: yellow hat worn by a Taoist priest * Venus is totally 6 combination 975 strains.Sowing in 2004 is also cultivated gardening research institute of institute of the agricultural section pears resource garden in Jiangsu Province, and seeding row spacing is 0.5 * 4 meter.The cultivation of hybrid is except that 1 year spring carried out doing surely with 60 ~ 70 centimeters, and all the other are pruned hardly, the growth of giving free rein to, and other fertile training management and production garden are together.
The fruit height and represent that with the limb total length of fruit to collar less than 10 centimeters persons round up, it is this seedling minimum altitude of result first that each individual plant is got shortest length.The layering of side shoot is standard (like Fig. 6) with the trunk.Promptly from the trunk in 1 year mitogenetic branch be ground floor (1), from 1 year trunk mitogenetic branch be the second layer (2), be followed successively by the 3rd layer (3), the 4th layer (4) etc.The layering statistics of fruit is carried out behind fixed fruit.Above-mentioned investigation is only limited to result's individual plant for the first time.
2 result of the tests
(1) the pears hybrid seedling first result's minimum fruit highly investigate
Can know that by table 3 the pears hybrid seedling is result's minimum altitude first, promptly, change in certain scope from the limb total length of inserted part amount to the collar of a minimum fruit.First group and the 3rd combined result position are low, change between 0.86 ~ 2.20m and 1.10～2.4; Fourth, fifth combined result position is high, changes between 2.43 ~ 4.00m and 2.31 ~ 3.87m; Five, six combinations belong to intermediate forms, change between 1.30 ~ 2.90m and 1.30 ~ 3.00m, minimumly between the individual plant can begin the result from 0.60m, and the highest need just begin the result to 4.00m.
Table 3 pears hybrid seedling is result's minimum fruit height (m) first
(2) different minimum the distributions of fruit height of pears hybrid seedling
Can know by table 4, if minimum fruit height is an one-level for 50 centimeters.Be divided into 7 grades between 1 ~ 4.5m; Statistics respectively being combined in every grade of shared percentage, and is so visible, first and third be combined in 1.0 ~ 1.5m interval percentage best result be not 40.14%, 37.73%; The second, then the interval percentage with 2.1m ~ 2.5m is the highest in four combinations; Be respectively 70.88% and 59.65%, the five, six the combination and the highest at the interval percentage of 2.6～3.0m, be respectively 40.96% and 52.81%.The various combination seedling has reflected the trend that table 3 showed too at the interval percentage of each differing heights in the table 4.
Different minimum the distributions (m) of fruit height of table 4 pears hybrid seedling
(3) the pears seedling first the result initial level and the height
The pears hybrid seedling is result's initial level first, and different individual plant variations are big (seeing table 5) very.The hybrid that has just begins the result from ground floor, this individual plant be mostly the result early and setting fruit position low, it is higher that the individual plant that has begins setting fruit position, do not arise from ground floor, and arise from the second layer or the 3rd layer.The plant type of minority seedling is very high, and the result is slower in beginning, first result's four layers of initial level height to the.Hybrid seedling is result's initial level expressive force evident difference more between various combination first.With make up one with trihybrid result's average initial level be 1.71 and 1.78 layers, show minimum; The hybrid result of combination five and six is respectively 3.22 and 3.11 layers, shows higher; And, be respectively 2.68 and 2.55 layers to make up two and four seedling between between the two.
Table 5 pears seedling is result's initial level and height (m) first
* average initial level calculates by
formula
The ontogeny of each seedling all will be recurred the phylogenetic overall process of its ancestors.It is contemplated that, seedling by lower stage of wild state gradually in the overall process of the development advanced stage of cultivation state, except modal variation, on Physiology and biochemistry, also constantly change.When running up to, both sides to a certain degree just turn to qualitative leap---and seedling has passed through its phasic development, has possessed the ability of yielding positive results.
This test seedling first result's minimum fruit highly regard the turning point of seedling phasic development as.Find out according to second of investigation result, there are differences between seedling minimum each combination of fruit height of result first, the growth potential (plant height) that parental breed is described to the height of hybrid seedling and as a result height have inheritance.Parental plant growth potential under the same growth conditions more a little less than, hybrid result's average minimum altitude first is also low, the growth potential of parental plant is stronger, hybrid result's average minimum altitude first is also high.
In view of this, the different branch phasic developments on the same seedling are not passed through simultaneously, and the branch of the same age that is positioned at turning point different levels up and down has the difference of matter.In order to impel seedling precocity fruiting, many results, select so that eliminate as early as possible.Should promote the growth and the branch of second layer major branch in the management, still, the ground floor result is slower; Shared tree disc area is big; Thereby limited the quantity of hybrid plantation in the unit are, and along with seedling constantly grows tall, the ground floor branch might be crowded mutually and the moon covers; Branch is acupuncture entirely, and hinders ventilation and penetrating light.Particularly under the situation of dense planting, the ground floor branch will become the branch of parasitism.So, under the situation of dense planting, behind biennial winter fallen leaves, the ground floor branch is cut short retraction greatly or simply cuts off; To help the growth of the ventilation and penetrating light and the second layer branch in field; If but remove ground floor, and the same president's of second layer branch is very prosperous, and branch equally all is acupuncture; And branch the first transaction of a day's business angle, unfavorable field management.If but removed lower floor simply, would cause moving on the setting fruit position, and a little less than the tree vigo(u)r, be unfavorable for the fruit evaluation.
Embodiment 4:
Pears hybrid individual grafting technology
1. material method
This test is in proving ground, Lishui, Jiangsu Province Agriculture Science Institute.Emerald green hat * the yellow hat worn by a Taoist priest of test material is male parent in April, 2006 with the yellow hat worn by a Taoist priest pear tree, gathers pollen; 3 emerald green Guan Shu are carried out artificial pollination, and concrete grammar adopts embodiment 1 fly net to isolate pollination, and transplant seedlings 0.3 * 1.0 meter of seeding row spacing density of land for growing field crops is adopted among the embodiment 2 in hybridization fruit harvesting, Sha Zang, sowing; And whole hybrids that will obtain cultivate into the hybrid individual plant, 2008, wipe out all side shoots below 1.5 meters; Keeping apical dominance, mid-June individual plant top young sprout was drawn branch in 2009.
Grafting the previous year (2008) in the planting furrow planting rootstocks, said planting furrow width 50cm, depth 80cm, adjacent to the center distance of planting trench 4m, excavation trench planting, it will be stacked separately subsoil and topsoil, topsoil mixed with manure, planting trench bottom layer of straw, sprinkle a layer of 10cm deep organic fertilizer, manure and then backfill mix topsoil, subsoil on the top, the roughness of the rootstock than 1cm, planting spacing is 0.5 × 4m, fixed pole height 30 ~ 50cm, leaving 2 to 3 main branch grafting, grafting, each of them corresponding grafting wood Xian 2 to 3 buds, sprouting new shoots grow properly topping, bending branch and other treatment.
Collected in the autumn of 2009 the top branches for budding (Figure 7), then three buds per plant rootstock, good rootstock and plant each corresponding record for grafting not survive until spring of next year then fill then grafting, Meike Xian Wood corresponding grafted 2 ~ 3 buds, budding shoots for long topping, bending branch processing.
2 result of the tests
Adopt fly net to carry out whole individual plant pollination, once obtain 534 seeds.
Carry out the husky germination rate of hiding of hybrid and reach 75.35%, transplant seedlings work to reach 98%, height of seedling is 1.65 meters then, and height of seedling was 3.32 meters in 1 year.
Get that young sprout carries out grafting more than 2.5 meters the 3rd year autumn, bud grafting becomes to live and reaches 91%, and the individual plant that becomes to live carries out the spring branch the coming year and mends and connect.Branch is transferred in bud grafting next year observation, and finding has the acupuncture branch to account for 3.47%, June branch is sprouted in grafting and is drawn branch, pinching, and 86.05% branch forms bud then, and branch is sturdy.Behind the grafting result fruit quality is identified, the reservation of fine quality to the pulp article, and low middling is carried out label, and cut down low middling individual plant (directly eliminating), to keeping the fine individual plant of observing, carry out other proterties investigation.Through this series technique link, can eliminate 62.09% hybrid individual plant then, and the stock of directly eliminating grafting is cut off grafting, can reuse the coming year, so not only saves a large amount of human and material resources, also shortens breeding time.
Claims (5)
1. pear tree quick hybridization breeding method comprises that artificial pollination, fruit picking are got kind, sowing, identifies, it is characterized in that,
Select the male parent and the maternal kind of hybridization;
Full tree sprays 3～5 degree lime sulfurs once before male parent pear tree bud is sprouted, and when the pear tree bud was sprouted, the field was gathered the bud branch and placed the artificial flower forcing of 25 ℃ of incubators, carries out pollen when treating that the flowers are in blossom and putting and collects;
At the not affine maternal pear tree early squaring of selfing, carry out fly net and isolate and to build, and be mixed with pollination liquid to the pollination of spraying of maternal bud, Xie Huahou, releasing fly net with the paternal pollen of collecting; The maternal kind employing of self-compatible artificial emasculation, point are awarded, the bagging conventional method;
The ninety percent ripe back harvesting of hybridization fruit is placed the shady and cool position that ventilates with the fruit of plucking and is got kind after 8～15 days, and carries out the husky Tibetan of seed with husky Tibetan method; Spray 1 time with 800 times of dilutions of 80% carbendazol wettable powder before plucking;
Use point disk seedling growing in 1 year, with the short seedling of nutritive cube, carry out field-transplanting at last again, obtain the hybrid individual plant;
Second, third year remains hybrid individual plant apical dominance, wipes out all side shoots of bottom, in mid-June, the 3rd individual plant top young sprout drawn branch; Select to have with pear tree the stock of grafting affinity, get hybrid individual plant top the 3rd year autumn and draw the branch of branch to carry out stock grafting, carry out branch again according to grafting survival spring next year and mend and connect, the bud young sprout that grafting is grown carries out pinching, draw processing such as branch;
Carried out fruit quality evaluation on the grafting tree after reaching in the 5th year; At first fruit pulp quality is selected and remain, the low middling quality is carried out label, can correspondence cut down low middling quality individual plant and directly eliminate; Keep and observe medium above fine individual plant, carry out other biological character investigation.
2. according to the said pear tree quick hybridization of claim 1 breeding method, it is characterized in that, 0～3 ℃ of the husky plant of seed, sowing after 40～60 days;
During sowing, getting the length and width height is the 72 holes dish of 54 * 28 * 5cm, every Kong Fangyi grain seed; Nutrition soil is clay and peat soil mass ratio 1:1 in the dish of cave; Dish lower berth, cave layer of plastic film, sowing ground is plastic tunnel, adds a little shed again; After planting keep 15～25 ℃ of temperature, treat that seedling moves on to nutritive cube when growing 3 straight leaves;
Described nutritive cube is the black plastic nutritive cube, and its diameter is 12cm, high 15cm, and the nutrition soil in the nutritive cube is clay, peat soil, the rapeseed cake that becomes thoroughly decomposed, vermiculite mixture, their mass ratio is 4:4:1.5:0.5;
The wide 30cm that dig the winter of field-transplanting the previous year, the field planting ditch of dark 40cm, with subsoil and the native pile up separately of table, table soil mixes with farmyard manure, and the centre-to-centre spacing of adjacent field planting ditch is 1m, spreads the dark fertilizer of 10cm bottom the field planting ditch; When the hybrid height of seedling degree in the nutritive cube is 40～60cm, carry out field-transplanting, seeding row spacing is 0.3 * 1.0m, fills out earlier during backfill and farmyard manure mixture table soil, uses subsoil again, and the degree of depth of backfill soil is plane 4～5cm above Ground; Will in time pour water after transplanting seedlings, hot weather need add the sunshade net.
3 according to claim 1, wherein the pear fast hybrid breeding method, wherein the graft in the previous year in the planting furrow planting rootstocks, said planting furrow width 50cm, depth 80cm, planting trench adjacent the center distance is 4m , excavation trench planting, it will be stacked separately subsoil and topsoil, topsoil mixed with manure, planting trench bottom layer of straw, sprinkle 10cm deep layer of organic fertilizer, manure and then backfill mix topsoil, subsoil on top said rootstock roughness of ≥ 1cm, planting spacing of 0.5 × 4m, fixed pole height 30 ~ 50cm, leaving 2 to 3 main branch grafting, grafting, each of them corresponding grafting wood Xian 2 to 3 buds long shoots sprouting appropriate topping, bending branch processing.
4. according to claim 1 or 2 said pear tree quick hybridization breeding methods; It is characterized in that the husky Tibetan of described usefulness method is carried out husky Tibetan of seed and is meant: seed and sand volumes are imbedded in the wet sand than in the gauze of packing into after being mixed for 1:20 then; The sand water content is 50 ~ 70%; Whenever once, keep wet husky water content during husky the Tibetan, in time remove the seed that goes rotten at a distance from inspection in 10 days.
5. according to the said pear tree quick hybridization of one of claim 1 ~ 3 breeding method, it is characterized in that insect protected mesh specification is: 20 orders, silk footpath 0.18mm.
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