CN102596095A - 具有改进芯部的多孔植入器具 - Google Patents

具有改进芯部的多孔植入器具 Download PDF

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CN102596095A
CN102596095A CN2010800500159A CN201080050015A CN102596095A CN 102596095 A CN102596095 A CN 102596095A CN 2010800500159 A CN2010800500159 A CN 2010800500159A CN 201080050015 A CN201080050015 A CN 201080050015A CN 102596095 A CN102596095 A CN 102596095A
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implant
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CN102596095B (zh
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M·洛米奇卡
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Zimmer Dental Inc
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61CDENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0012Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the material or composition, e.g. ceramics, surface layer, metal alloy
    • A61C8/0013Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the material or composition, e.g. ceramics, surface layer, metal alloy with a surface layer, coating
    • A61C8/0015Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the material or composition, e.g. ceramics, surface layer, metal alloy with a surface layer, coating being a conversion layer, e.g. oxide layer
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61CDENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0003Not used, see subgroups
    • A61C8/0004Consolidating natural teeth
    • A61C8/0006Periodontal tissue or bone regeneration
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61CDENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0012Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the material or composition, e.g. ceramics, surface layer, metal alloy
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61CDENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0018Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61CDENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0018Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the shape
    • A61C8/0022Self-screwing
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61CDENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0048Connecting the upper structure to the implant, e.g. bridging bars
    • A61C8/005Connecting devices for joining an upper structure with an implant member, e.g. spacers
    • A61C8/006Connecting devices for joining an upper structure with an implant member, e.g. spacers with polygonal positional means, e.g. hexagonal or octagonal
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61CDENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools
    • A61C8/0048Connecting the upper structure to the implant, e.g. bridging bars
    • A61C8/005Connecting devices for joining an upper structure with an implant member, e.g. spacers
    • A61C8/0074Connecting devices for joining an upper structure with an implant member, e.g. spacers with external threads
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K6/00Preparations for dentistry
    • A61K6/80Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth
    • A61K6/84Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth comprising metals or alloys

Abstract

植入器具具有外侧部分,所述外侧部分形成植入体的外部表面。外侧部分由多孔材料制成,所述多孔材料限定穿过外侧部分的通道。内侧部分具有外表面,所述外表面具有被处理区域,所述被处理区域是穿过通道经由外部表面可触及。被处理区域具有处理部,用于与骨骼或软组织直接附着。

Description

具有改进芯部的多孔植入器具
本申请要求于2009年11月24日提交的美国专利申请12/624,608的权益,并是其继续申请,其内容通过引用完全包括在这里。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种多孔植入体,特别是一种将多孔材料安装在芯部上的植入体。
背景技术
牙植入体通常用于将牙修复体或假牙锚固在病人牙齿列中的一个或多个缺齿部位上,所述缺齿部位上的病人原有牙齿已经掉落或损坏。典型地,牙植入体被螺旋拧入或压配到孔洞中,所述孔洞被钻在病人缺牙部位处的下颌骨或上颌骨上。通常地,牙植入器具被设置为单体式或双体式。对于双体式的牙植入器具而言,锚固件或植入体支撑着单独的冠状牙齿基台(abutment),所述基台反过来在植入体和牙修复体之间提供的接口界面。对于单体式的一体牙植入器具而言,其具有相对于牙植入器具的植入体区段成冠状的基台区段。在任一情况下,修复体通常是根据现有方法成型的瓷制冠型。
对于双体式的牙植入器具,具有两段式外科植入体(也称作骨内植入体,“endosseous implant”),所述植入体仅上升到下颌骨或上颌骨的顶部。在这种情况下,外科手术经常分两个阶段进行。在最初阶段,在病人缺牙侧的牙龈里进行切口,并且在缺牙部位的下颌骨或上颌骨内钻孔,接下来使用合适的驱动器将牙植入体螺旋拧入或撞击到孔洞中。此后,将帽体装配在所述植入体上,以封闭植入体的基台联结结构,并且牙龈被缝合在植入体上。经过几个月的时间,病人的颌骨在植入体周围生长,以牢固地将植入体锚固在周围的骨骼中,这个过程被称为骨结合(“osseointegration”)。
在骨结合之后的第二个阶段的过程中,牙医再次打开植入体部位的牙龈,并且将基台(和可选地临时修复体或临时愈合性构件)紧固在植入体上。然后,合适的永久性修复体或齿冠例如由一个或多个印模来成型,所述印模由基台和周围的牙龈组织及齿系得到。所述临时修复体或愈合性构件被移除,并且由永久性修复体代替,所述永久性修复体例如通过接合剂或紧固件被附连到基台上。
可选地,一段式外科双体植入体(也称作穿龈植入体)在单个阶段中被放入,因为所述植入体贯穿牙龈以与基台相附连。单体式植入体也在单个阶段中被放置入颌骨中。
虽然现有牙植入体被植入周围骨骼的骨结合已经被证明是合适的,但是还需要对牙植入体的骨结合进行进一步改进。例如,病人会更喜欢从开始治理到植入体被咬合力完全影响控制时的治疗时间最短。此外,还希望给高风险病人(例如为吸烟者,糖尿病患者和/或骨骼生长反常缓慢的人)提供坚固骨结合的植入体。
附图说明
图1是牙植入器具的侧面透视图;
图2是图1所示的牙植入器具的分解透视图;
图3是沿着图1所示的线3-3所剖开的、图1所示牙植入器具的仰视剖切图;
图4是图1所示牙植入器具的多孔材料的局部特写图;
图5是可选的牙植入器具的侧面剖视图;
图6是另一种可选的牙植入器具的侧面局部剖视图;
图7是另一种可选的牙植入器具的侧面剖视图。
具体实施方式
根据图1至图3,为了增进对植入体的骨结合,用于放置入骨骼中的植入器具10具有由多孔材料14制成的外侧部分12,所述骨骼能够生长进入所述多孔材料14内,以改进植入器具的长期稳定性。这样一种多孔材料也可增加即刻加载的短期稳定性,因为所述多孔材料与周围骨骼的摩擦系数较大,就如下面更加详细的解释那样。外侧部分12可以被放置在内侧部分或芯部16的上面或周围,所述芯部16支撑着外侧部分并且为植入器具10增加强度。所述芯部16可以具有表面处理部18,以进一步增进与骨骼的骨结合,所述骨骼已经生长穿过外侧部分12并且生长至芯部16上。可选地或附加地,所述芯部16也可以具有外部形状或外周边19,所述外周边19被配置成用于限制外侧部分12相对于芯部16的旋转,以将植入体10适当地放置于骨骼的孔洞中以及同时增加长期稳定性和短期稳定性。
现在,如所示实施例中更加具体地显示,植入体10是一个牙植入体,用于插入下颌骨或上颌骨内。所述植入体10被用于锚固一个或多个牙假体,并且包括冠状(coronal)头部部分或头部20。内侧部分或芯部16从头部20朝顶部延伸。在一种形式中,头部20和芯部16整体成形,但是它们也可以是单独的部件,而通过螺纹、摩擦配合、焊接(激光焊或电子束焊)等方式彼此紧固。单独的锚固部22(也被称为柄部或根端部分)被配置成接合着芯部16,以使得头部20和锚固部22可协作地在植入体10上、将多孔外侧部分14保持在其间。
对于所示实施例,头部20的冠部末端24被配置成包括阳性或阴性的接合结构,所述接合结构接纳着来自单独基台的相应结构。然而,优选地,头部20可以具有延伸的高度,以贯穿牙龈并且形成单段式植入体,或可以具有一体的基台以形成单件式植入体,而不是所示的两段式植入体10。
头部20具有圆柱形或锥形的外表面26,所述外表面26延伸至顶部末端表面28。芯部16具有相较于外表面26的直径而言更小的外径,并且从头部20的顶部末端表面28朝向顶部地(apically)延伸,以使得顶部末端表面28形成了肩台以将外侧部分12抵靠和保持在芯部16上。在一个特别的形式中,外侧部分12是具有孔洞30的套筒或套管,所述孔洞30接纳着芯部16。在一种形式中,所述套管12具有大约0.03英寸的径向厚度(大约0.75毫米)。外侧部分12的冠部末端32面向和/或紧靠着顶部末端表面28。外侧部分12的顶部末端34面向和/或接合着锚固部22。
锚固部22可以紧固在芯部16的顶部末端部分56上,以将外侧部分12紧固在头部20和锚固部22之间。锚固部22可以具有孔洞36以接纳着芯部16,并且这两个部件可以此后焊接在一起,从而永久性地将外侧部分12紧固在芯部16上。可以理解的是,只要多孔外侧部分12被维持在芯部16附近,还可以设想许多可选的配置结构,例如芯部16和锚固部22通过螺纹或压配合被结合在一起,或芯部16与锚固部22是一体的或是完全地分开的,而不是如上所述地集成到头部20上。
芯部16、头部20和锚固部22(无论单个或多个的这些部件是分开的或整体成型的)由合适的生物相容性材料制成,例如钛、钛合金、不锈钢、锆、钴铬钼合金、聚合物(如聚醚酮酮,PEKK)、陶瓷、和/或复合材料。
头部20及锚固部22的外表面26和37可以具有螺纹38,用于将植入体10螺纹拧入至骨骼的孔洞中,或者是被压配合入孔洞中。如此,外表面26和37可以可选地或附加地具有表面处理部,以促进皮层骨(corticalbone)和/或松质骨(cancellous bone)的生长。头部的外表面26可以附加地或可选地被进行处理,以促进上皮(epithelium)或软组织生成屏障,和/或如果头部20延伸进入牙龈层时,促进软组织生长。在这种情况下,屏障或软组织的生长处理部能够被放置成邻近于软组织或邻近于骨骼和软组织之间的交界面。这样的处理部可以包括宏观或微观攻丝或螺纹,或周向或环向凹槽,或由蚀刻(如酸蚀)所形成其他样式或随机的凹口,喷丸(如沙粒,具有或不具有HA微粒),亦或使用钛氧化物(二氧化钛)或其他会在软组织和生物材料间生成某种粘结的材料涂层。外表面26和37的表面处理部可以、也可以不和下面描述的芯部16的表面处理部相同。
参考图4,形成外侧部分12的多孔材料14可以包括金属,并且其中一种形式是多孔钽部分40,所述多孔钽部分40是高度多孔的生物材料,以作为骨替代材料和/或细胞和组织相容材料。此种材料的示例是使用Trabecular MetalTM技术来生产,所述技术一般可从位于美国印第安纳州的华沙的捷迈公司(Zimmer,Inc.)得到,其中Trabecular MetalTM是捷迈公司的一个商标。此种材料可以由网状玻璃质碳泡沫基底来形成,所述基底通过化学气相沉积(“CVD”)过程被具有生物相容性的金属(例如钽等)渗透和涂覆,所述过程在美国专利5,282,861中详细披露,其公开内容在此引入作为参考。其他金属如铌,或钽铌合金或包括其他金属的钽铌合金也可以被使用。
如图4所示,多孔钽结构40包括大量相互连接的构件、系带、或梁柱42,以限定位于其间的开口空间44,其中每个构件42一般包括碳芯46,所述碳芯46被金属薄膜48(例如钽)覆盖。构件42之间的开口空间或通道44形成了连续不断的通道矩阵(所述通道没有盲端),以使得松质骨的生长可以完全地穿过多孔钽结构40而不受抑制。换言之,骨骼能够从植入体10的外部表面50(所述外部表面由外侧部分12形成)开始生长,大致径向地穿过外侧部分12的通道44,并且生长到芯部16上。
多孔钽在其中可以包括多达75%-85%或更多的空穴。如此,多孔钽是轻巧、坚固的多孔结构,所述多孔结构相当地均匀,并且成分一致,同时和天然松质骨的结构类似,从而提供了松质骨可以生长进入的矩阵结构,以将植入体10锚固至病人颌部的周边骨骼内,从而增加稳定性。这种多孔金属部件12的粗糙外部表面与形成孔洞(所述孔洞接纳着植入体10)的相邻骨骼之间具有相对较大的摩擦系数,以进一步增加初始稳定性,如上文所示。通过限制植入体的运动,这种结构能够产生出众的美学效果。这些植入体能够不通过补充的外科手术过程(如骨移植)而被放置,并且能够被放置到传统的植入体更少成功的区域,例如减少的或被蛀的齿槽区段,或者病人的骨骼生长不正常地缓慢或减少的情况。
更具体而言,多孔材料和骨骼间的高摩擦水平提供了在外科手术之后的即刻稳定性。从材料表面延伸出的钽支柱产生了锉磨作用,所述锉磨作用可以同时刺激骨骼生长以及在放置时锚固植入体。多孔材料由具有极度生物相容性的钽金属制成,所述钽金属使得骨骼可以直接面对所述材料。钽形成了多孔脚手架,所述脚手架让骨骼可以生长进入所述材料,以提供快速的骨结合反应,所述骨结合反应快速地加强了初始机械定位以紧固植入体。具有生长进入骨骼的植入体比同样尺寸的、只具有在表面生长的骨骼的植入体有更好的稳定性。最后,生长进入的骨骼和这种多孔材料的复合物所具有的弹性特性,比实心的金属植入体更加接近骨骼,从而生成了有利于将骨骼维持在植入体附近的加载环境。
就初始稳定性而言,在具有多孔材料的植入体被插入骨骼的孔洞或空腔中时,所述多孔材料将通过磨碎、切削和/或剥落骨骼侧壁上的骨碎块以咬入到骨骼内,其中植入器具被放置成贴靠着所述骨骼侧壁。当植入体被插入孔洞或空腔中时,这种“锉磨”作用可以在侧壁中形成微小的凹口或凹坑。这可以限制植入器具在孔洞或空腔中的旋转或扭转动作,因为所述植入器具没有空隙来旋出凹坑和在孔洞中旋转。
由于骨骼挤压进入孔隙中,锉磨作用也加速了在植入器具上的和在多孔材料的孔隙内的骨结合。首先,骨骼结构的磨碎引起骨出血,所述骨出血会通过促使有益细胞(如造骨细胞和破骨细胞)的产生以刺激骨骼生长。第二,落入多孔材料上的空隙中的骨碎块协助进行骨骼重新造型。在骨骼重新造型的过程中,造骨细胞将骨碎块作为脚手架使用,并且在骨碎块的周围生成新的骨骼材料。同时,通过分解骨骼并且从骨碎块中释放矿物质(例如钙)并送回血液流内,破骨细胞以再吸收的方式来移除骨碎块。造骨细胞将继续使用位于提取部位内及周围的新的和健康的骨骼,来代替来自空隙的和植入器具周围的被磨碎骨碎块。如此,多孔材料对扭转或旋转的抗性增加,允许被即刻或非常早的加载,并且长期稳定性由于改善的骨结合而得到增加。具有骨骼生长进入的植入体比同样尺寸的、只有骨骼生长到其上的植入体具有更好的稳定性。例如,通常要求长度是16毫米的植入体的加载完全可以使用长度是8毫米的植入体。无论多孔植入体的形式如何,这些优点都可以实现。
多孔钽结构40可被制成具有各种密度,用以选择地调整结构使其适合于特别的应用场合。特别地,所述多孔钽可以被制造出几乎任何想要实现的孔隙度和孔隙尺寸,不论统一均匀的或变化的,并且能够因此与周围的天然骨骼相匹配,从而为骨骼生长进入和矿物化提供改进的矩阵结构。这包括孔隙尺寸在单个植入体上的渐变,以使得孔隙在顶部末端的尺寸更大从而匹配松质骨,同时在冠部末端的尺寸更小以匹配皮层骨,甚至以接纳着软组织的生长进入(ingrowth)。此外,多孔钽能够被制造得更稠密,同时在高机械应力的区域具有更少的孔隙。这也能够通过使所有的或一些的孔隙填充有固体材料实现,而不是通过填充具有更小孔隙的多孔钽来实现。
为了提供附加的初始机械强度和稳定性至多孔结构,所述多孔结构可以被渗入有填充材料,如不可再次吸收的聚合体或可再次吸收的聚合体。用于渗入多孔结构的不可再次吸收聚合物的示例可以包括聚芳醚酮(PAEK),如聚芳醚酮酮(PEKK)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酮醚酮酮(PEKEKK)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚醚酰亚胺、聚砜和聚苯砜。
可再次吸收聚合物的示例可以包括聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚乙醇酸(PGA)、聚羟基丁酯(PHB),聚羟基戊酸酯(PHV),和其共聚物,聚已酸内酯,聚酐,聚原酸酯。通过使可再次吸收的填充材料具有附加的初始机械强度和稳定性,钽强化的植入体芯部可以不被要求穿过多孔材料的整个长度。可再次吸收材料将在骨骼生长进入和取代它时再次吸收,这样保持了植入体的强度和稳定性。
又根据图1,表面处理部18被使用或应用在内侧部分或芯部16的外表面52上的被处理区域54,用于直接附着在骨骼上。芯部16的这种坚固附着在骨骼上会增加稳定性。可选地,或附加地,表面处理部的类型可以被选择为在植入体上的芯部贯穿牙龈时(如以下对植入体200和300(图6至图7)所解释的),会促进上皮屏障的生长、软组织屏障的生长、或软组织的生长。
被处理区域54被外侧部分12覆盖,以使得所述被处理区域54是可触及的以便直接接触骨骼,所述被处理区域大致径向地生长穿过外侧部分12。在一种形式中,被处理区域54与外侧部分12相对齐或相对应,以使得被处理区域54仅在外侧部分12下方延伸且不延伸穿过外侧部分12的未被覆盖的地方。在这种情况下,被处理区域54的表面区域和外周边是与外侧部分12的表面区域和外周边相同或大概相同。另一种方法中,被处理区域54可以位于芯部16的部位上,所述芯部16不直接被外侧部分12覆盖。例如,被处理区域54可以覆盖整个芯部16,同时外侧部分12只在冠部到顶部的方向上在芯部16的一部分上方延伸。另外,被处理区域54的表面积可以比外侧部分12的表面积更小,以使得被处理区域54只在外侧部分12的下方延伸,无论被处理区域54的外周边是否与外侧部分12的外周边具有同样的形状。至少,被处理区域54具有至少一部分在外侧部分12的下方延伸,并且从植入体10的外部表面50穿过通道44是可触及的。
优选地,外侧部分12可以只形成植入体10的部分圆周,而不是形成套管或套筒,或可以只位于植入体10的一侧或多侧上。在这种情况下,芯部16的被处理区域54可以被配置成或可以不被配置成只与被外侧部分12所覆盖的区域相对准。
在一种形式中,被处理区域54至少是被粗糙化的。这可以通过喷丸清理或喷砂清理所述被处理区域54完成,用以在芯部16的外表面52上生成随机的凹点图案,其平均粗糙度(Ra)大概是20至50μm。喷砂可以通过喷射羟基磷灰石(HA)或其他具有生物相容性的材料完成。一种方法是,被处理区域54只被喷砂处理,但是可选地,被处理区域能不被喷砂处理而被多种不同的处理方法来处理,或者在除被喷砂处理之外也被多种不同的方法处理。这包括对被处理区域54进行酸蚀,以生成随机的或具有预定图案的粗糙化结果。
在另一个处理部18的示例中,被处理区域54可以具有至少一层生物相容性材料的涂层。所述涂层可以包括具有生物活性的材料,如HA,胶原质,缩氨酸,或其他能促进骨骼生长到芯部16上的生长因子(和/或如果芯部贯穿牙龈的话,则促进软组织生长的生长因子)。可选地或附加地,所述涂层是能够抗菌的和包括过渡金属(如银、铜或锌)离子,其他杀菌的聚合物、抗生素和/或纳米级粗糙度,以防止细菌定植在被处理区域54上。其他涂层可以被应用,以形成可进入涂层内的孔隙度,从而实现更好地附着。这可以包括由捷迈公司提供的松质骨结构钽(CSTi),所述松质骨结构钽(CSTi)包括烧结到芯部16上的钽粉,其形成了穿过涂层的孔隙、以及形成了一定的粗糙度以使固定到骨骼或软组织上的固定性得到提高。可选地或附加地,被处理区域54可以使用它的粗糙处理方式,例如圆周方向粗糙化,如攻丝或环向开槽,或其他样式的粗糙化(无论是在宏观、微观或纳米级尺度上),只要其意图涉及直接附着到骨骼上(或当芯部延伸靠近或贯穿牙龈延伸时,直接附着到软组织上)。
通常地,在植入体被完全装配后,所述植入体被喷砂等方式进行处理,以使得对植入体的暴露区域的处理能够在一个阶段发生。然而,在这种情况下,因为芯部16的外表面52被处理并且而后被覆盖,植入体10的各个部件会在装配前被分开处理。这样,首先是带有芯部16的头部20,多孔的外侧部分12,和锚固部22被如上描述的方式地形成。头部20和芯部16依次被喷砂或被如上描述的其他方式处理,以便直接与骨骼或软组织相接合。在外侧部分12被安装在芯部16上之前,并且在头部20附着在锚固部22之前,头部20和芯部16两者与锚固部22分开地处理。
在一种形式中,整个头部20(包括芯部16的顶部末端部分(apical endportion)56)被喷丸。然而,可以理解的是,芯部16是唯一被处理或喷丸的区域,而头部20的剩余区域被遮掩以免受处理。如下将是优选的,如果植入体10的其他暴露区域接受不同类型的处理,所述处理能被在芯部16处进行的其他处理(如涂层、用不同的微粒或不同尺寸的微粒进行喷砂,带有图案样式的刻蚀等等)所破坏。此外,顶部末端区段56的侧壁57能够被遮掩,因为当植入体10装配时,它在锚固部22内没有暴露,或侧壁57能在需要的时候提供光滑的连接表面。
一旦被处理区域54已经完成,外侧部分12被安装在芯部16上,然后锚固部22被安装在芯部16上,并且通过激光焊接、螺纹连接或其他永久性连接方式紧固在上面。在图示的形式中,当芯部16的顶部末端区段56被放置入锚固部22上的孔洞36内后,两者沿着在锚固部22的顶部末端区段60处的接缝58被激光焊接在一起。当头部20和锚固部22被激光焊接在一起,焊接过程也可能使锚固部22上的粗糙处理部分不理想地变得平滑,从而可能需要在被焊接影响的区域再次对锚固部22进行喷砂。
根据植入体10的另一方面,芯部16被成形为限制头部20和外侧部分12之间的旋转。如果在植入体10被插入骨骼的孔洞中时外侧部分12能够相对于芯部16和头部20旋转,所述外侧部分12可能会不如所愿地与骨骼相连接(头部20仍旋转),以使得植入体10不能合适地一直插入到骨骼的孔洞中。另外,当在嘴里的多孔外侧部分12的位置不能够在咬合力起作用时发生显著变化(例如通过在植入体上转动)、从而维持初始脆弱的骨骼生长穿过外侧部分12时,骨结合能更好地发生。这使得植入体10具有更多的长期稳定性和短期稳定性。为了完成这些目标,在外侧部分12和芯部16之间形成有反旋转(或抗旋转)的连接装置。
详细地,植入体10一般地限定了纵向轴L,同时芯部16的外周边19在垂直于纵向L的横截面上延伸,并且外侧部分12一般具有圆筒壁62,所述圆筒壁62限定了外侧部分12的孔洞30并且围绕L轴延伸。
芯部16的外表面52具有至少一个大致纵向延伸的槽口或凹槽68。在图示形式中,外表面52在芯部16周围形成一个圆周方向列阵的凹槽68。这样,所述凹槽68在外周边19上形成多个侧面,从而使外周边19具有大致多边形的形状,并带有尖锐角部或边缘64,其中当外侧部分12被轴向插入到芯部16上时,所述尖锐边缘64切入到外侧部分12的壁62内。每个凹槽68具有半径为r的凹入曲面66,这使得边缘64被成形为相对尖锐。这样,在一种形式中,芯部16至少具有两个邻接的凹入曲面66,以使得所述两个凹入曲面66的会合部形成了用于接合着套筒的尖端或边缘64。这大致使边缘64紧固在外侧部分12的壁62之中,使套筒12相对于芯部16在旋转方向得到紧固。
凹入表面66的半径r被设定为足够小,使得芯部16保持足够的质量以具有充分吸收咬合力的强度。半径r也足够大,以使得尖端64具有尖锐的边缘,从而在芯部16和套筒12之间提供坚固的、不可旋转的连接。在一种形式中,外周边19具有在6个到12个之间变化的凹入表面66,所述凹入表面66根据想要实现的植入体尺寸,直径d(从边缘到边缘)大约在0.060到0.230英寸之间,并且半径r大约在0.031到0.250英寸之间。在图示形式中,芯部16的8个侧面66的半径大约是0.0625英寸,并且由边缘到边缘的直径大约是0.120英寸。壁62的内直径大约是0.114英寸,以使得每个边缘64切入壁62内至少有0.003英寸。制造公差可以使得切入深度在大约0.002英寸和0.006英寸之间。在一种形式中,边缘64切入壁62的深度应该至少大约为0.002英寸,以形成坚固的阻止旋转的接合。
可以理解的,所有侧面66的半径r是相同的,以保持切入多孔外侧部分12内的切入深度大体均匀,或半径r也可以根据需要发生变化。这可以使边缘沿径向延伸得更远,并且仅在外周边19周围的一些点上(如芯部16的2个或4个对立侧面处)更深一些地切入壁62内,以形成相对坚固的保持。
在另一种可选的形式中,外周边19可以是其他的非圆形状,同时壁62保持为圆形。这创造了芯部16的具有变化半径的区段,所述这些区段没有间隙来相对于外侧部分12进行旋转,反之亦然。在这种情况下,外周边19可以是平面侧的多边形(无论是规则的还是不规则的)或大致椭圆的(例如椭圆形,卵形,长圆形等等),或可以是其他一些曲面和平面侧的结合。其他可选地,壁62和外周边19具有不同的非圆形状,以更好地减少芯部16和壁62之间的旋转,例如通过具有卵形外周边和六边形横截面的壁。在这些情况下,壁62相对于外周边19的初始旋转,是通过摩擦或通过芯部16的切入壁62内的一部分,来使得壁62相对于芯部16得到固定。
在又另一种可选的形式中,植入体可以具有相反的配置方式,其中芯部16的外表面52是圆柱形的,同时外侧部分12的壁62是非圆的,以在这两者之间形成摩擦配合。
在又另一种可选的形式中,外周边19可以具有非圆形状,其对应于壁62的非圆形状,以限制这两个组件之间的旋转。例如,外周边19或芯部16可以具有外表面52,所述外表面52具有至少一个平面侧或部分,其与壁62的平面部分相重合且接合以阻碍旋转。在一种形式中,芯部16和壁62可以具有对准的多边形横截面。
需要注意的是,尽管植入体10具有大致为圆柱形的外表面50,植入体10也可以是莫尔斯型的锥形,以使得植入体10的直径随着其朝向顶部延伸(extend apically)而减小,以在植入体10被压入或螺旋拧入骨骼的孔洞中时进一步增加其与周围骨骼的摩擦。植入体10的外周边也可以是非圆柱形状,以生成其与骨骼中的圆形孔洞之间的更多摩擦。
根据图5,可选的植入体100可以具有多孔的外侧部分102,所述外侧部分102覆盖着芯部106的顶部末端104,以形成袋状体108,并且在这个示例中是锥形的、大致呈子弹状的袋状体108。在这种情况下,芯部106的外表面110具有处理部112,如同上文所述的植入体10的处理部18,用以直接附着在骨骼上(或如果芯部106延伸邻近或贯穿牙龈的话,则附着在软组织上),所述处理部112通过通道44(图4)完全地贯穿多孔的外侧部分102。
根据图6,其他植入体形式可以被用于多孔的外侧部分和在植入体上的芯部,从而除了接纳骨骼之外(或额外地)也接纳着软组织。例如,植入体200是具有穿过齿龈的喇叭形端部202的一段式植入体,所述喇叭形端部202从植入体200的骨结合部分212冠向地延伸。在这种情况下,在喇叭形端部202上的外侧部分204可以表现为全部的或部分的环,所述环安装在芯部206的周围。处理部210被施加在芯部206的外表面208上,如同植入体10那样。
根据图7,在又另一种形式中,基台300具有多孔的外侧部分或环302,所述环302安装在基台上的芯部304周围,从而当基台安装在单独的两段式牙植入体上时接纳着软组织。芯部302具有包括处理部308的外表面306,如同上述植入体10那样。
在另一种方法中,这里提到的被处理区域是多个区间的,并且每个植入体可以具有许多区间,每个区间具有被选择实现不同目的的处理部。在一种形式中,沿植入体的纵向至少具有两个不同的区间,无论这些区间是否邻近或远离彼此。在一种情况下,一个或多个区间可以被植入在骨骼中,并且其处理方式是为了骨骼生长,同时其他一个或多个区间在软组织之间延伸,并且它们的处理方式是为了软组织生长(或如上所述建立屏障)。位于骨骼中的多个区间可以被特别选择,以用于生长皮层骨或松质骨。在一种形式中,植入体10可以例如为骨骼生长而具有许多轴向分隔的局部或完整的环。在图示的示例中,植入体200也可具有为软组织生长的一个或多个区间214,并且具有为骨骼生长的一个或多个多孔的或被处理的区间216(如图6的虚线所示)。类似的,基台300也可以具有一个或多个区间,并且可以被具有一个或多个区间的植入体所支撑。
可以理解的是,除了使用在牙植入体上之外,用于覆盖内侧部分的被处理区域用的多孔外侧部分的结合也可以被使用在骨结合的植入体上,包括沿着骨长度方向的植入体,或在关节处(如膝盖、髋关节、肩膀、肘、脊柱等)的植入体上。
虽然本发明被描述为优选的设计,但是本发明能够进一步按照所揭示内容的精神和范围作修改。因此,本申请意在覆盖使用本发明基本原理的本发明任何变化、使用或改编。此外,本申请意在覆盖使用本领域已知或习惯的技术而产生的相对于本发明的偏差,本发明包括所述技术并且所述技术落入附加的权利要求限制范围内。

Claims (24)

1.一种植入器具,包括:
外侧部分,所述外侧部分形成了植入器具的外部表面,并且由多孔材料制成,所述多孔材料限定了穿过外侧部分的通道;和
内侧部分,所述内侧部分包括具有被处理区域的外表面,所述被处理区域可穿过通道从外部表面触及,所述被处理区域具有用于直接附连到骨骼或软组织上的处理部。
2.如权利要求1所述的植入器具,其特征在于:处理部至少包括外表面的粗糙化部分。
3.如权利要求1所述的植入器具,其特征在于:处理部至少包括使用生物活性材料对外表面进行涂覆的涂层。
4.如权利要求1所述的植入器具,其特征在于:处理部所包括的被处理区域具有以下特征中的至少之一:
螺纹,
环形凹槽,
表面凹口,
至少一个生物相容性涂层,和
至少一个多孔涂层。
5.如权利要求1所述的植入器具,其特征在于还包括头部部分,所述头部部分相对于外侧部分成冠状地进行设置;并且包括芯部部分,其布置于外侧部分的下面;所述处理部被施加于芯部部分上。
6.如权利要求5所述的植入器具,其特征在于:位于芯部部分处的处理部不同于施加于头部部分上的处理部。
7.如权利要求5所述的植入器具,其特征在于:处理部只施加于芯部部分。
8.如权利要求1所述的植入器具,其特征在于包括沿植入器具、在轴向上隔开的至少两个被处理区域,其中一个被处理区域被设置成贯穿软组织,同时另一个被处理区域被设置成贯穿骨骼。
9.如权利要求1所述的植入器具,其特征在于:所述植入器具包括被放置于上颌骨或下颌骨中的牙植入体。
10.如权利要求1所述的植入器具,其特征在于:外侧部分由金属制成。
11.如权利要求1所述的植入器具,其特征在于:外侧部分由钽制成。
12.一种植入器具,包括:
纵向轴,其大致由植入器具所限定;
套筒,其被构造成可放置在骨骼的孔洞中,且具有多孔材料;和
芯部,其被接纳在套筒中,且在垂直于所述纵向轴延伸的横截面上具有非圆的外周边,以接合着套筒,并且可旋转地将套筒紧固到芯部上。
13.如权利要求12所述的植入器具,其特征在于:外周边包括至少一个用于接合套筒的平坦表面。
14.如权利要求12所述的植入器具,其特征在于:外周边是以下的至少之一:
多边形的;
曲线形的;
椭圆形的。
15.如权利要求12所述的植入器具,其特征在于:外周边包括至少一个凹入的曲面。
16.如权利要求15所述的植入器具,其特征在于:芯部具有至少两个凹入的曲面,其在会合部处相邻接,所述会合部形成了接合套筒用的尖端。
17.如权利要求16所述的植入器具,其特征在于:尖端形成了用于切入套筒内的边缘。
18.如权利要求12所述的植入器具,其特征在于:芯部具有外表面,其形成了至少一个大致纵向延伸的沟槽。
19.如权利要求18所述的植入器具,其特征在于:外表面包括在芯部周围沿周向排列的多个沟槽。
20.如权利要求12所述的植入器具,其特征在于:套筒包括由多孔材料形成的多个通道,其全部地和大致径向地贯穿套筒;并且,芯部进一步包括具有被处理区域的表面,所述被处理区域被套筒覆盖并且被处理以直接附着到骨骼或软组织上。
21.如权利要求20所述的植入器具,其特征在于:被处理区域是被粗糙化处理,或具有至少一层生物相容性材料涂层。
22.一种形成植入器具的方法,包括:
对芯部进行处理用于与骨骼或软组织相直接接合;并且
将外侧多孔部分紧固在芯部的被处理区域上。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法,其特征在于:所述处理步骤包括在将外侧多孔部分组装到芯部上之前对芯部进行处理。
24.如权利要求22所述的方法,其特征在于:所述处理步骤包括在芯部上形成以下至少之一:
螺纹,
环形凹槽,
表面凹口图案,
随机布置的表面凹口,
通过酸蚀形成的表面凹口,
通过喷砂法形成的表面凹口,
至少一层的生物相容性涂层,和
至少一层的生物活性涂层。
CN201080050015.9A 2009-11-24 2010-11-09 具有改进芯部的多孔植入器具 Expired - Fee Related CN102596095B (zh)

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