CN102165599A - 用于薄膜光伏材料的硫化镉处理的大尺度化学浴系统以及方法 - Google Patents

用于薄膜光伏材料的硫化镉处理的大尺度化学浴系统以及方法 Download PDF

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CN102165599A
CN102165599A CN2009801385723A CN200980138572A CN102165599A CN 102165599 A CN102165599 A CN 102165599A CN 2009801385723 A CN2009801385723 A CN 2009801385723A CN 200980138572 A CN200980138572 A CN 200980138572A CN 102165599 A CN102165599 A CN 102165599A
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罗伯特·D·维廷
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于形成薄膜光伏材料的方法。该方法包括提供多个基底。每个基底包含第一电极材料和吸收材料,该吸收材料包括铜、铟以及硒。将基底浸渍在包含氨、镉物质、以及硫脲的水溶液中以形成厚度小于约200埃的硫化镉窗口材料。进一步使水溶液经受过滤过程,以基本上除去大于约5微米的一种或多种颗粒。

Description

用于薄膜光伏材料的硫化镉处理的大尺度化学浴系统以及方法
相关申请的参考
本申请要求享有于2008年9月30日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/101,657的优先权,题目为″LARGE SCALE CHEMICAL BATHSYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CADMIUM SULFIDE PROCESSING OFTHIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS″,发明人为Robert D.Wieting,共同转让并以引用方式结合于本文以供参考用于所有目的。
本发明是在联邦政府资助下进行研发的声明
不适用
参照压缩盘中所附的“序列表”表格或计算机程序列表
不适用
技术领域
本发明总体涉及光伏材料以及制造方法。更具体地说,本发明提供了一种用于制造薄膜太阳能电池的方法和结构。仅仅通过举例,本发明的方法和结构包括薄膜窗口层,其用于制造基于二硒化铜铟镓的薄膜光伏器件,但应当明了,本发明可以具有其它构造。
背景技术
从开始的时候,人类已受到挑战要找到利用能源的方式。能量具有多种形式如石油化学能、水电能、核能、风能、生物质能、太阳能、以及更原始形式如木材和煤炭。在过去的一个世纪,现代文明已依赖石油化学能作为重要的能源。石油化学能包括天然气和石油。天然气包括轻质形式如丁烷和丙烷,通常用来加热住宅并作为做饭燃料。天然气还包括汽油、柴油、以及喷气燃料,通常用于运输用途。在一些地方,石油化学制品的重质形式也可以用来加热住宅。不幸的是,石化燃料的供给是有限的并且基本上是固定的:基于在地球上可获得的量。另外,随着更多人使用数量不断增加的石油产品,它快速变成稀缺资源,其将随着时间的推移最终被耗尽。
最近,已期望获得环保清洁和可再生能源。清洁能源的一个实例是水电力。水电力来自由水流驱动的发电机,其中水流由水坝产生,如在内华达州(Nevada)的胡佛大坝(Hoover Dam)。产生的电力用来给加州的洛杉矶城市的大部分供电。清洁和可再生能源还包括风能、波能、生物质能等。即,风车将风能转换成更加有用的能量形式如电力。另外其它类型的清洁能源包括太阳能。太阳能的具体细节可以参见本发明的技术背景并且更特别是下文。
太阳能技术通常将来自太阳的电磁辐射转换成其它有用的能量形式。能量的这些有用形式包括热能和电力。对于电力应用,经常使用太阳能电池。虽然太阳能是环境清洁的并已在一定程度上成功,但在它在整个世界广泛使用以前,许多限制仍然有待解决。作为一个例子,一种类型的太阳能电池使用晶体材料,其来自半导体材料锭(ingot)。这些晶体材料可以用来制造光电子器件,该光电子器件包括光伏器件和光电二极管器件,其将电磁辐射转换成电力。然而,晶体材料经常是昂贵的并难以大规模制备。另外,制备自上述晶体材料的器件经常具有低能量转换效率。其它类型的太阳能电池使用″薄膜″技术来形成感光材料的薄膜以用来将电磁辐射转换成电力。在借助于薄膜技术来制备太阳能电池时存在类似的限制。即,效率往往较差。另外,膜可靠性经常较差并且在常规环境应用中不能长期使用。经常地,薄膜难以彼此机械整合。这些常规技术的这些和其它限制可以参见本说明书以及更特别是下文。
发明内容
根据本发明的实施方式涉及光伏材料和制造方法。更具体地说,本发明提供了用于制造薄膜太阳能电池的方法和结构。仅仅通过举例,本发明的方法和结构包括薄膜窗口层,其用于制造基于二硒化铜铟镓的薄膜光伏器件,但应当明了,本发明可以具有其它构造。
在一种具体实施方中,提供了用于形成薄膜光伏材料的方法。该方法包括提供多个基底,每个基底具有表面区,上覆第一电极材料,以及吸收材料,其包括至少铜物质、铟物质、以及硒物质。该方法包括在水溶液中浸渍多个基底。在一种具体实施方式中,水溶液包括氨物质、镉物质、以及有机硫物质如硫脲。根据一种具体实施方式,至少在浸渍多个基底期间,将水溶液保持在范围为约50℃至约60℃的温度。在一种优选实施方式中,吸收材料是p型光伏材料。在至少浸渍多个基底至厚度约200埃和更小的厚度或其它厚度期间,该方法形成至少包括硫化镉膜材料的窗口材料,其具有n型半导体特性。从水溶液除去至少具有吸收材料和窗口层的多个基底,并进一步经受洗涤液洗涤。
借助于本发明,可以实现相对于常规技术的许多益处。例如,根据本发明的实施方式提供了容易实施的方法来沉积用于硒化镉铟(CIS)或硒化镉铟镓(镉铟镓硒化合物)(CIGS)薄膜光伏电池的硫化镉窗口层。另外,本发明的方法提供了成本有效的途径来制造光伏电池。取决于实施方式,可以实现一种或多种益处。本领域技术人员将明了其它变化、改进、以及替换。
将在本说明书以及尤其在下文中更详细地描述这些和其它益处。仅仅通过举例,本发明的方法和材料包括吸收材料,其由CIGS、CIS、或其它物质构成,用于单结电池或多结电池。
附图说明
图1是示出了根据本发明的一种实施方式的用于制造光伏电池的方法的简化工艺流程图。
图2-5是示出了根据本发明的一种实施方式的用于制造光伏电池的方法的简化图。
图6是示出了一种化学浴系统的简化图,该系统用于沉积根据本发明的一种实施方式的光伏电池的窗口层。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的实施方式涉及光伏材料以及制造方法。更具体地说,本发明提供了用于制造薄膜太阳能电池的方法和结构。仅仅通过举例,本发明的方法和结构包括薄膜窗口层,其用于制造基于二硒化铜铟镓薄膜的光伏器件,但应当明了,本发明可以具有其它构造。
图1是示出了用于制造根据本发明的一种实施方式的光伏电池的方法的简化工艺流程图。此图仅是一个实例,而不应不适当地限制本文的权利要求。本领域技术人员将明了其它变化、改进、以及替换。如图1所示,该方法开始于起始步骤(步骤102)。该方法包括提供多个基底(步骤104)。多个基底各自包括透明基底材料。该方法包括形成第一电极层,其上覆(或覆盖)基底的表面区(步骤106)。该方法形成吸收层,其至少包括CIS或CIGS材料(步骤108)。该方法包括提供用于沉积硫化镉(CdS)膜(步骤110)的浴系统,然后将多个基底浸入浴系统中。该浴系统包括用来形成硫化镉薄膜材料(步骤112)的前体物质,其中上述硫化镉薄膜材料至少上覆(或覆盖)吸收层的表面区。在一种具体实施方式中,硫化镉薄膜材料允许用于薄膜光伏电池的窗口层。前体物质至少包括镉离子物质、硫物质、以及催化物质。该方法从浴系统除去多个基底(步骤114)并使硫化镉膜经历一个或多个冲洗和干燥过程(步骤116)。然后,该方法将多个基底储存在干燥环境中(步骤118)。进行其它步骤(步骤120)以完成光伏电池。其中,这些其它步骤可以包括第二接触元件的形成、以及层压工艺,以形成太阳能电池模块。该方法结束于最终步骤(步骤122)。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
上述顺序的步骤提供了用于制造根据本发明的一种实施方式的光伏电池的方法。在一种具体实施方式中,本发明的方法提供了一种用来形成用于薄膜光伏电池的硫化镉窗口层的方式,其由CIGS、CIS、或其它物质构成。取决于实施方式,可以添加一个或多个步骤,可以消除一个或多个步骤,可以以不同顺序提供一个或多个步骤,而不偏离本发明的范围。本领域技术人员将明了其它变化、改进、以及替换。
图2-5是示出了用于制造根据本发明的一种实施方式的薄膜光伏电池的方法的简化图。如图2所示,提供了包括表面区204的透明基底202。在一种、体实施方式中,透明基底可以由钠钙玻璃构成。还可以使用其它适宜的透明基底如石英、熔融硅石、太阳能玻璃。每个透明基底可以包括沉积在表面区上的阻挡层。在一种具体实施方式中,阻挡层可以防止钠离子从玻璃材料扩散到光伏材料区域。阻挡层可以是介电材料如利用技术沉积的氧化硅,技术如溅射法、化学气相沉积法,包括等离子体增强方法,以及其它方法。还可以使用其它阻隔性材料。取决于实施方式,这些阻隔性材料包括氧化铝、氮化钛、氮化硅、氧化钽、氧化锆。
参照图3,该方法包括形成第一电极层302,其上覆(或覆盖)透明基底的表面区,在上述透明基底上形成有阻挡层。可以使用透明导电氧化物(TCO)如氧化铟锡(通常称作ITO)、氟掺杂氧化锡等,来提供第一电极层。在某些实施方式中,可以使用金属材料来提供第一电极层。在一种具体实施方式中,金属材料可以是钼。可以利用沉积技术如溅射、电镀、物理气相沉积(包括蒸发、升华)、化学气相沉积(包括等离子体增强方法),接着是图案化过程,来形成第一电极层。
如图4所示,该方法包括提供上覆(或覆盖)第一电极层的吸收层402。在一种具体实施方式中,吸收层可以是薄膜半导体材料。在一种具体实施方式中,薄膜半导体材料是p型半导体材料,其由二硒化铜铟材料、或二硒化铜铟镓材料、其它组合等来提供。在其它实施方式中,取决于用途,吸收材料可以由二硫化铜铟材料或二硫化铜铟镓材料、或它们的任何组合、或其它材料构成。通常,根据一种具体实施方式,可以利用掺杂剂如硼、镓、铝物质来提供p型特性。可以通过技术如溅射、电镀、蒸发(包括硫化或硒化步骤)来沉积吸收层。在一种具体实施方式中,由二硫化铜铟构成的吸收材料的形成详情可以参见美国专利申请号61/059,253,其题目为″High Efficiency Photovoltaic Cell and Manufacturing Method″,共同转让并以引用方式结合于本文。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
在一种具体实施方式中,该方法包括形成上覆(或覆盖)吸收层的窗口层502,如图5所示。经常使用用于p型吸收层的宽带隙n型半导体材料来提供窗口层。在一种具体实施方式中,窗口层使用这样的材料,其选自:硫化镉(CdS)、硫化锌(ZnS)、硒化锌(ZnSe)、氧化锌(ZnO)、氧化锌镁(ZnMgO)、等。如图6所示,在一种具体实施方式中,可以利用化学浴沉积方法来提供窗口层。化学浴沉积方法通常是分批法(批量工艺法)。如图所示,提供了多个基底602,在透明基底上沉积有第一电极层、吸收层。通过用支架或托盘装置(未示出)来提供多个基底。使多个基底可以浸入604化学浴606。化学浴至少包含如在本申请中针对窗口层所描述的各种化学物类。在某种实施方式中,还包括催化剂。化学浴的特征在于长度、宽度、以及高度。如图所示,化学浴系统进一步包括一个或多个歧管608以便于单独或同时地将各种化学物质加入至化学浴。在某种实施方式中,化学浴系统可以包括一个或多个加热装置610和/或温度监控装置612以在高于室温的温度下提供反应。在一些实施方式中,可以使用浸入式加热器来提供加热装置。在一种具体实施方式中,加热器被涂布有适宜的材料并向化学浴提供热能。在一种具体实施方式中,加热器还具有安全和/或报警装置以中止热过程等。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
在一种具体实施方式中,将化学浴提供在具有适宜尺寸和材料的外壳(enclosure)中。在一种具体实施方式中,用于化学浴的外壳的特征在于宽度、长度、高度以及内部容积。例如,在某些实施方式中,化学浴可以具有约250加仑至约1000加仑的内部容积,但可以是其它内部容积。在一种具体实施方式中,外壳可以构成自适宜的塑料材料和/或纤维玻璃和/或固体材料,其具有适宜的耐化学腐蚀涂层。在一种具体实施方式中,使浴器(bath)经受来自一个或多个泵送装置(其连接于浴器和外壳)的流动。在一种具体实施方式中,流动提供不断搅拌的反应器构造,但可以是其它构造。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
在一种具体实施方式中,利用硫化镉材料来提供窗口层。取决于实施方式,化学浴系统可以提供有水溶液,其至少包含镉物质、氨物质、以及有机硫物质。在一种具体实施方式中,镉物质可以来自各种镉盐如乙酸镉、碘化镉、硫酸镉、硝酸镉、氯化镉、溴化镉等。在一种具体实施方式中,可以利用化合物如硫脲来提供有机硫物质,但可以是其它有机硫化合物。这些其它有机硫化合物可以包括N,N-二甲基硫脲和其它适宜的化合物、以及混合物。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
在一种具体实施方式中,在化学浴系统中首先提供热水。在一种具体实施方式中,热水可以具有约50℃至约60℃的温度。在一种具体实施方式中,将浓度为约28重量百分比的氨溶液加入至热水,以在水溶液中提供约0.5M的最终氨浓度或约11至12的pH值。在一种具体实施方式中,首先溶解镉物质以形成镉溶液,然后引入至包含氨物质的化学浴。在一种具体实施方式中,在被加入至化学浴以前,将有机硫物质,例如,硫脲,提供在第三水溶液中。在一种具体实施方式中,在水溶液中,以镉物质浓度的两倍至三倍来提供硫脲物质。即,在一种具体实施方式中,镉物质是限制物质。在某些实施方式中,在水溶液中,镉物质可以具有约0.1亳摩尔至约1.0毫摩尔的浓度以提供高质量硫化镉窗口材料,其具有约250埃或更小的厚度。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
再次参照图6,在一种具体实施方式中,化学浴系统包括一个或多个过滤元件614和相关装置。上述一个或多个过滤元件可以具有约5微米的标称孔径以除去在化学浴中形成的硫化镉胶体物质。相关装置可以包括泵和其它装置以使水溶液循环通过上述一个或多个过滤元件,并在除去硫化镉胶体物质以后回到化学浴。取决于实施方式,可以以并联或串联或并串联组合方式设置上述一个或多个过滤元件。在一种具体实施方式中,过滤器在过滤器外壳内成一定构造,其中上述过滤器外壳具有耐化学品性,并承受来自泵的压力。在一种优选实施方式中,通常过滤器可以由于压降和/或发生的预定量的增加或其它适宜的频率而替换。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
在某些实施方式中,使最佳量的铟物质能够浸渍硫化镉膜以增强或改变硫化镉膜的某些物理性能。例如,铟浸渍硫化镉膜具有更大电导率并且还可以包括大于硫化镉膜的硬度。某种铟浸渍硫化镉膜可以呈现对于氧化锡膜或其它透明电极材料,如氧化锌更强的粘附性,其通常用作窗口层和接触层之间的缓冲层。取决于实施方式,关于铝浸渍硫化镉膜的详情可以参见美国专利号4,086,101,权利人为Jordan,并以引用方式结合于本文。当然,可以有其它改进、变化、以及替换。
在一种具体实施方式中,在形成窗口层后,该方法包括从化学浴系统除去多个光伏电池,并使窗口层经受一个或多个冲洗过程。在一种具体实施方式中,冲洗过程使用去离子水以从窗口层膜和从多个光伏电池的各自的背面区除去任何残化学品。在某种实施方式中,硫化镉材料可以以粉末形成存在于背面区上并且可以利用冲洗过程除去或可以机械除去,例如刮除。冲洗过程可以包括使用去离子水的一次或多次冲洗。在冲洗过程以后,干燥多个光伏电池。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
在一种具体实施方式中,在干燥以后并进一步处理以前,将多个光伏电池储存在干燥环境中。干燥环境可以防止多个光伏电池暴露于水分和其它致污物,其会影响光伏电池的性能。在一种具体实施方式中,上述环境具有小于约50%或小于约10%的相对湿度。根据一种具体实施方式,温度可以是约室温或略微更低或更高。当然,可以有其它改进、变化、以及替换。具体处理方法的进一步详情可以参见本说明书以及更特别是下文。
实验:
为了证明本发明的原理和操作,我们已提供了各种实施例。这些实施例仅是说明性的,其不应不适当地限制本文权利要求的范围。本领域技术人员应明了其它变化、改进、以及替换。在这些实施例中,镉的浓缩形式(concentrated version)和稀释形式(dilute version),根据本发明的实施方式,其是优选的。稀释形式可以提供高质量CdS层的优点,上述CdS层相当薄并连同高质量ZnO层一起使用,优选利用MOCVD方法等。术语″薄″是指约300埃和更小并且优选约250埃和更小,但可以是其它厚度。当然,可以有其它变化、改进、以及替换。
实施例1
一种溶液,包含:
22.08gm--乙酸镉[Cd(CH3COO)2·2H2O]
6.58gm--硫脲
8.24gm--氯化铵[NH4Cl]
6.0l-水
将形成均匀、连续的硫化镉膜。然而,包含相同比例的相同组分、但没有氯化铵的溶液将不会形成这样的膜。
实施例1-A
16.30gm--乙酸镉[Cd(CH3COO)2·2H2O]
6.58gm--硫脲
8.24gm--氯化铵[NH4Cl]
6.58gm--氯化铝[AlCl3·6H2O]
6.0l-水
此溶液基本上与实施例1的溶液相同,只是添加了氯化铝。加入氯化铝以改变硫化镉膜的物理性能,加入的方式和原因披露于美国申请系列号631,815(美国专利US4086101)。
实施例1-B
29.45gm--乙酸镉[Cd(CH3COO)2·2H2O]
6.94gm--硫脲
14.0ml--HCl(浓)
6.0l-水
此溶液,其同样基本上与实施例1的溶液相同,采用了盐酸作为催化性的含氯化合物,而不是氯化铵。
实施例2
30.36gm--碘化镉[CdI2]
6.58gm--硫脲
14.0ml--HCl(浓)
6.0l--水
实施例2-A
30.36gm--碘化镉[CdI2]
6.58gm--硫脲
8.24gm--氯化铵[NH4Cl]
6.0l--水
实施例3
21.2gm--硫酸镉[3CdSO4·8H2O]
6.58gm--硫脲
14.0ml--HCl(浓)
6.0l--水
实施例3-A
21.2gm--硫酸镉[3CdSO4·8H2O]
6.58gm--硫脲
8.24gm--氯化铵[NH4Cl]
6.0l--水
实施例4
25.57gm--硝酸镉[Cd(NO3)2·4H2O]
6.58gm--硫脲
14.0ml--HCl(浓)
6.0l--水
实施例5
37.24gm--溴化镉[CdBr2·4H2O]
10.96gm--硫脲
14.0ml--HCl(浓)
6.0l--水
实施例6
热水浴,包含:
氨水(来自28重量百分比的最高浓度)-0.5摩尔
镉离子(Cd2+)-约0.1毫摩尔至约1毫摩尔
硫脲-浓度为3x至2X镉离子浓度(过量硫脲)
过滤元件:小于5微米标称孔径
容积:1000升至约3000升或更大
除在以上示例性配方中包括的镉化合物以外,我们已发现,按照本发明并使用其它镉化合物,包括氟化镉、氰化镉以及亚硫酸镉,来制造连续的硫化物膜。此外,含氯的镉化合物,如氯化铵镉(cadmium ammoniumchloride),在本发明的方法中可以用来供给镉和氯。
虽然每个示例性溶液采用硫脲作为含硫化合物,但可以采用其它含硫化合物。然而,我们已发现,就溶液如这些溶液的目的而言,在上述化合物中,硫脲是最便宜和最适合的。类似地,盐酸和氯化铵仅是示例性含氯化合物,并且可以采用其它含氯化合物。另外,虽然每种上述确定的示例性溶液开发用于用来形成硫化镉膜的喷涂法,但还可以采用其它众所周知的用于形成上述膜的方法,如浸涂、真空沉积、或电镀。另外,虽然依据用于CIS和/或CIGS薄膜电池的具体结构一般地进行了描述,但还可以使用其它具体的CIS和/或CIGS构造,如在美国专利号4,612,411和美国专利号4,611,091中所描述的那些构造,上述美国专利号以引用方式结合于本文,而没有偏离由本文权利要求所描述的本发明。应当明了,对在本发明的方法中采用的溶液可以进行各种改变、改进、以及变化,而不偏离如在所附权利要求中所限定的本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (19)

1.一种用于形成薄膜光伏材料的方法,所述方法包括:
提供多个基底,每个所述基底具有表面区,上覆第一电极材料,吸收材料,所述吸收材料至少包括铜物质、铟物质、以及硒物质;
将所述多个基底浸渍在浴器中的水溶液中,其中所述水溶液包含氨物质、镉物质、以及有机硫物质;
至少在所述多个基底的浸渍期间,将所述水溶液保持在约50至约60℃的温度;
至少在所述多个基底的浸渍期间,形成至少包含硫化镉的窗口材料至厚度约200埃和更小;
从所述水溶液中除去所述多个基底,所述基底至少具有所述吸收材料和所述窗口层;
使所述水溶液经受过滤过程以基本上除去大于约5微米的一种或多种颗粒,所述一种或多种颗粒包括硫化镉的胶体;以及使所述多个基底经受洗涤液洗涤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述有机硫物质是硫脲。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,每个所述多个基底是钠钙玻璃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述过滤过程包括连接于泵的过滤元件。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述第一电极材料包括钼材料。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述吸收材料包括硒化铜铟。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述氨物质来自氨水。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,所述氨水具有约28重量百分比的浓度。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述镉物质来自水合硫酸镉或水合氯化镉或水合硝酸镉。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,进一步形成来自水合硫酸镉或水合氯化镉或水合硝酸镉的镉盐(Cd2+)溶液。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,包括:
将所述氨水加入至水浴以形成氨溶液,向所述水浴提供范围约50℃至约60℃的温度;以及
向所述氨溶液中加入所述镉盐溶液和硫脲溶液。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述镉物质具有范围约0.1毫摩尔至约1.0亳摩尔的Cd2+浓度。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述镉物质被限制用于形成所述窗口层。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在所述水溶液中,所述硫脲的浓度大于所述镉物质的浓度至少两倍。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述洗涤液包括冲洗水。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述洗涤液包括第一冲洗、第二冲洗、以及第三冲洗。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括机械除去在任何一个所述基底的背面上的任何残留硫化镉材料。
18.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述浴器具有约250加仑至约1000加仑的容积。
19.一种用于形成薄膜光伏材料的方法,所述方法包括:
提供多个基底,每个所述基底具有表面区,上覆第一电极材料,吸收材料,所述吸收材料至少包括铜物质、铟物质、以及硒物质;
将所述多个基底浸渍在浴器中的水溶液中,其中所述水溶液包括氨物质、镉物质、以及有机硫物质;
至少在所述多个基底的浸渍期间,将所述水溶液保持在约50至约60℃的温度;
至少在所述多个基底的浸渍期间,形成至少包含硫化镉的窗口材料至厚度约200埃和更小;
从所述水溶液除去所述多个基底,所述基底至少具有所述吸收材料和所述窗口层;
使所述水溶液经受过滤过程以基本上除去大于约5微米的一种或多种颗粒,所述一种或多种颗粒包括硫化镉的胶体;
使所述多个基底经受洗涤液洗涤;
干燥所述多个基底;以及
将所述多个基底保持在干燥器环境中以保持至少所述吸收层基本上没有来自水蒸气的水分。
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