CN102138487B - Soil productivity improving soil and fertilizer management method for mountain and hill apple orchards - Google Patents
Soil productivity improving soil and fertilizer management method for mountain and hill apple orchards Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a soil productivity improving soil and fertilizer management method for mountain and hill apple orchards, which comprises: (1) ground management of the apple orchards, and improving soil environments; and (2) reasonably applying fertilizer at one time to supply nutrients to roots. In the soil productivity improving soil and fertilizer management method for the mountain and hill apple orchards, through effective ground management and one time of scientific fertilizer application, soil fertility is improved, fertilizer utilization rate is improved, water and soil loss are reduced and yield and income are increased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to plant nutrition and fertilizer field, specifically relate to a kind of Soil and fertilizer management method that improves the hill apple orchard of soil production capacity.
Background technology
Apple production accounts for critical role in China's fruit industry, its state of development is distinguished economic revival, market supply and foreign exchange earning to fruit and had significant impact.Yet the land occupation condition that China has a large population and a few land, the fundamental realities of the country of land resources deficiency has determined Apple Industry is generally relatively poor, mostly is " the lower beach of going up a hill " field, and is all the more so as the Shandong Province on one of China apple main product ground.Add up according to investigations, the apple orchard of Shandong Province 64% is based upon Mountainous Areas, mainly is distributed in Jiaodong Peninsula, middle areas in Shandong Province southern Shandong mountainous region and hills ground.
Hill apple orchard soil drought and barren, the preserve moisture and fertility ability.Fruit is distinguished the peasant for asking high yield, the excessive use chemical fertilizer of ubiquity, fertilizer insufficient investment; The applying fruit trees with fertilizer ratio is inharmonious, the blindness fertilising phenomenon of the fertile light potash fertilizer of diazonium.Orchard worker's this empirical mode of production not only makes fruit yield and quality be difficult to continue to improve, and also can cause the risk of the wasting of resources and increase ecological environmental pollution.In addition, China is main mainly with clear ploughing in the orchard soil cultivation management, although can keep loose soil structure, the control weed growth, clear ploughing easily causes the soil organic matter deficient year after year, damages the capillary root system, causes the tree body early ageing underproduction.And clear ploughing makes the earth's surface exposed for a long time, increased the risk of water and soil loss, and this risk is particularly serious at the massif orcharding.As seen, traditional orchard worker's mode of production and soil cultivation system all can affect the raising of soil quality.Yet soil is the carrier in orchard, and soil quality situation is determining the production capacity in orchard to a great extent.
At present, improve orchard production capacity, it is many from the fertilising aspects to increase output, provides a kind of such as patent document CN101015262A and repeatedly topdresses and in conjunction with the accurate fertilizing method of spray leaf fertilizer; Patent document CN101904241A provides a kind of and has created the fertilizing method in root system local optimum space by the bio-fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes.These methods are all only regulated root system nutrition by repeatedly fertilising means, improve apple production, and now rural laborer's aging, face hired laborer's difficulty, expensive problem, and the popularization of fertilizer practice is formed challenge.Supporting the strong tree of root is the basic premise of realizing that hill apple orchard Feng You produces, and the soil condition of every factor stable coordinations such as water, fertilizer, gas, heat, edaphon, could more be conducive to the performance of nutrient effect, promote generation and the growth of root system, and then the normal growth on top is grown contentedly.Therefore, seeking and improve orchard soil quality and cooperate easy rational measures of fertilizer, is that the optimization and upgrading of massif Apple Industry and orchard ecosystem sustainable development need key problems-solving.
Summary of the invention
It is exposed to the present invention is directed to ground, hill apple orchard, and soil quality promotes difficulty and the existing loaded down with trivial details problem of apple tree fertilizer practice, and a kind of Soil and fertilizer management method that improves the hill apple orchard of soil production capacity is provided.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of Soil and fertilizer management method that improves the hill apple orchard of soil production capacity is characterized in that the method comprises one of following two steps or combination:
(1) the apple orchard floor control improves soil environment;
1. in the ranks: determine to cover the method that combines with the sandstone covering with sward covering or sward according to the fruit tree line-spacing; Line-spacing in the ranks only covers with sward less than or equal to the orchard of 3m, forms strip sward band along line direction; Line-spacing in the ranks combines with the sandstone covering with the sward covering greater than the orchard of 3m, and line-spacing is middle to be strip sward band along line direction, at sward band both sides covering sandstone formation sandstone band;
2. between strain: determine to cover the method that combines with sandstone covering or sandstone covering with sward according to the fruit tree spacing in the rows; Spacing in the rows only covers with sandstone between strain less than or equal to the orchard of 3m, forms strip sandstone band along the direction vertical with row; Spacing in the rows combines with the sward covering with the sandstone covering between strain greater than the orchard of 3m, and the sandstone band is strip with the sward band and distributes alternately along the direction vertical with row;
(2) the disposable rational application of fertilizer increases root system nutrition;
Disposable fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes, every strain fruit tree applies fertilizer 15-25kg; Chemical fertilizer employing Controlled Release Fertilizer and common chemical fertilizer are composite, the fertilizing amount of chemical fertilizer (kg/ mu)=(crop specific yield Nutrient Absorption amount * target output-soil testing value * 0.16)/(fertilizer nutrient content * utilization rate of fertilizer).
Preferably,
Step (1) 1. in the sward bandwidth decide with fruit tree line-spacing and the age of tree, the large sward band of children's orchard line-spacing in age can be wider, one-tenth orchard line-spacing your pupil straw cord in age can be narrower; Line-spacing is less than or equal to the orchard of 3m, and the sward bandwidth is the 1/3-1/2 of line-spacing; Line-spacing is greater than the orchard of 3m, and the sward bandwidth is the 2/5-3/5 of line-spacing; Both sides sandstone bandwidth is respectively the 1/10-1/5 of line-spacing.
Step (1) 2. in the whole cover tape width 5/10-7/10 that is spacing in the rows; Spacing in the rows is greater than the orchard of 3m, and sandstone covers and the ratio of sward mulching soil area is 5-6: 5-4.
Step (1) 1. in the ranks sward band grass seeds be perennial ryegrass and butch clover, sowing grass-seed amount was 0.6-1kg/ mu, by mixed seeding in 1: 1; Seeding method is drilling; The sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, and cladding thickness is 3-5cm.
Step (1) 2. middle sward band grass seeds is butch clover, and sowing grass-seed amount is 0.3-0.6kg/ mu; Seeding method is bunch planting; The sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, and cladding thickness is 2-4cm.
Fertilizer described in the step (2) is the fruit tree fertilizer special for organic, living bacteria count 〉=0.2 hundred million/g, organic 〉=30%, N+P
2O
5+ K2O 〉=5%.
Common chemical fertilizer described in the step (2) is nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer; Wherein nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, carbonic hydroammonium or ammonium sulfate; Phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate or fused calcium magnesium phosphate; Potash fertilizer is potassium sulphate; Perhaps mix use with the composite fertilizer of Different Nutrients content with simple substance fertilizer.
Controlled Release Fertilizer is Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer in the step (2); The quality compound proportion is common potash fertilizer: the controlled release phase is 6 months controlled-release fertilizer: the controlled release phase is 10 months controlled-release fertilizer=3: 4: 3; The quality compound proportion of common nitrogenous fertilizer and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer, then depend on tree vigo(u)r:
1. Wang Shu; Common nitrogenous fertilizer: the controlled release phase is Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer=6-7 of 10 months: 3-4;
2. the golden mean of the Confucian school is set; Common nitrogenous fertilizer: the controlled release phase is 6 months Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer: the controlled release phase is Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer=4-5 of 10 months: 3-4: 2-3;
3. tree a little less than; Common nitrogenous fertilizer: the controlled release phase is 6 months Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer: the controlled release phase is Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer=2-3 of 10 months: 4-5: 3-4.
The fertilization mode of fruit tree in the step (2) more than 4 years is the radial canal fertilising, and every strain tree is outside from the tree crown outer rim, digs 4-6 radial canal on ground, furrow width 30-50cm, dark 40-60cm; The treelet of 1-4 is adopted wide 30cm, the annular groove fertilising of dark 40cm; Chemical fertilizer and fertilizer are disposable to be applied, and fertilizing time finishes to early or mid November behind fruit harvesting.Its effect one be after guaranteeing to gather before the fallen leaves Photosynthesis of Fruit, improve nutrient accumulation, for next year growth and development of fruit tree lay a solid foundation; The 2nd, this phase is the root growth peak period, and short root is many, and growth is fast, can improve the cold tolerance of tree body.
Seedtime spring and summer autumn of orchard ground cover all can, best with planted in fall, be beneficial to Second Year and cover fast.In addition, the grass seeds grain is little and light, pushes up a little less than the native power, so unsuitable dark when sowing, 1-2cm is advisable.When general grass length arrives the 25cm left and right sides, should in time cradle, can cradle 2-4 time every year; The toothing that cradles should not be excessively low, requires to stay about 10cm.The grass of cutting off can cover under the tree crown, in order to soil moisture conservation.One time sward can be used 5 years continuously, and rear grass is aging gradually, can carry out the autumn to turn over, make its leisure 1-2 after, reseeding sward again.The sandstone replacement time is about 8 years.
Be not particularly limited in the method for the present invention, select to get final product by this area routine techniques.
The Soil and fertilizer management method in the hill apple orchard of raising soil production capacity of the present invention collects excellent to monotechnicses such as clean culture grass seeds, sod culture, coverings and fills a vacancy, and can reduce water and soil loss and improve soil quality.Sod culture and covering all are the substitute technologies that system is ploughed clearly in the orchard, and increasing soil fertility, strengthen the soil water storage soil moisture conservation, suppressing weed growth is both advantages, but weak point is also arranged separately, and sod culture preferably rich water drops into, and can weaken tree vigo(u)r; Cladding material can be stalk, hay, bark, but in the massif difficulty of drawing materials, covers materials, and the risk of initiation fire is arranged.Sward of the present invention and sandstone cover and combine, and can gather materials on the spot, and have relatively reduced labour and fund input, also solve the mountain region and cover the resource scarcity problem.Moreover surface temperature is very large on fruit tree root growth and development impact, and sandstone covers can remedy sod culture in the slow shortcoming of temperature raising in spring, and insulation autumn and winter is beneficial to Root growth and to the absorption of nutrient; And sward and cradle to cover and can reduce ground temperature summer, surface temperature is effectively regulated in both combinations, promotes Root growth.In addition, to the selection of grass seeds, butch clover has nitrogen fixation in the sod culture of the present invention, and is heat-resisting but drought-resistant ability is poor; Perennial ryegrass output is large, drought resisting but thermo-labile; Both mixed seeding can guarantee grass group's output, have both fixed nitrogen, heat-resisting, drought resisting and culture fertility.Compare with traditional clear system of ploughing, the present invention can improve ground temperature 2-4 ℃, and water content increases 4%-8%, and the bulk density of soil reduces 0.05g/cm3-0.1g/cm3, and flow path surface reduces about 10%.
The annual single fertilization of the present invention, saving of work and time; Using with of different release period Controlled Release Fertilizers prolonged the fertilization effect time, and satisfied apple each vegetative period to the demand of fertilizer, improved utilization rate of fertilizer; With cooperating of quick-acting chemical fertilizer, also remedied Controlled Release Fertilizer nutrient in early stage and discharged slowly, be complementary with the crop demand.Compare with traditional fertilizing method, the present invention saves nitrogen 50%, joint phosphorus 22%, and economic benefit improves 48%, is conducive to the good quality and high output of apple and the improvement of barren hill Soil Fertility of Apple Orchard.
Compared with prior art, the present invention also has following excellent results:
1, it is barren exposed to the present invention is directed to the hill orchard soil, uses sward and the sandstone covering method lifting soil quality that combines, and this method successful is simple and easy to do, applicable to most of orchards such as the barren exposed pear tree of soil, peach.
2, the present invention is directed to the fertilising of orchard worker's blindness, calculate fertilizing amount according to crop target output, fertilizer provision from soil power and utilization rate of fertilizer, can accomplish to apply fertilizer as required, nutrient structure is balanced, has improved utilization rate of fertilizer, and has economized on resources.
3, distinguish lack of labor for fruit, the present invention uses annual single fertilization, saving of work and time; The floor control measure has also reduced the clear system of ploughing to labour's demand, has greatly alleviated really to distinguish the expensive situation of the difficult hired laborer of hired laborer.
4, the Controlled Release Fertilizer price of the present invention's use is slightly expensive than common fertilizer, has increased to a certain extent fertilizer cost; But it can increase production, and consumption is few, and fertilizer application frequency reduces 2-3 time, has reduced labour cost, and counter increasing do not fall in economic benefit, and the peasant can relievedly use.
5, the present invention is comprised of floor control and disposable applying fertilizers scientifically, and is that both can use separately from the production capacity of improvement soil environment and increase root system nutrition two aspects raising apple orchard soil, but the Integrated using best results.
6, the present invention is by effective floor control and disposable applying fertilizers scientifically, and not only culture fertility improves utilization rate of fertilizer, reduces water and soil loss, has also increased output and income.
Embodiment
The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with embodiment, among the embodiment not in detail the explanation all by state of the art.Used fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are conventional commercially available.Used fruit tree fertilizer special for organic (living bacteria count 〉=0.2 hundred million/g, organic 〉=30%, N+P
2O
5+ K
2O 〉=5%) available from Jining of Shandong Province three cyclisation worker Co., Ltd; Common nitrogenous fertilizer is that urea (N 〉=46%) is available from Shandong Gufengyuan Fertilizer Co., Ltd; Common potash fertilizer is potassium sulphate (K
2O 〉=50%) available from middleization chemical fertilizer Shandong Co., Ltd; Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer be all available from Shandong Kingenta Bio-engineering Stock Co., Ltd., Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer 1 (N 〉=42%), Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer 2 (N 〉=38%), controlled-release fertilizer 1 (K
2O 〉=46%), controlled-release fertilizer 2 (K
2O 〉=42%); The Fertilizer Ratio ratio is mass ratio.
Embodiment 1: the loud, high-pitched sound apple orchard Soil and fertilizer management method that improves soil production capacity
Same apple orchard, Xiang Si village, Penglai City Liu family ditch Zhenan County, the age of tree 10 years, kind are loud, high-pitched sound, seeding row spacing is 5 * 5m, the tree vigo(u)r golden mean of the Confucian school, the Soil and fertilizer management method is as follows:
(1) the apple orchard floor control improves soil environment;
1. March sward in the ranks, sward bandwidth 2.5m, grass seeds are perennial ryegrass and butch clover, mixed seeding in 1: 1, seeding quantity is 0.7kg/ mu, seeding method is drilling; Sward band both sides cover sandstone, sandstone bandwidth 0.5m, and used sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, cladding thickness is 3-5cm.
2. the mulching soil area ratio of sandstone covering and sward is 5: 5 between strain, is strip and distributes alternately, and covers bandwidth 3m.Grass seeds adopts butch clover, and sowing grass-seed amount is 0.5kg/ mu; Seeding method is bunch planting; The sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, and cladding thickness is 2-4cm.
(2) the disposable rational application of fertilizer increases root system nutrition;
Rear disposable fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes of gathering autumn.Fertilizer is the fruit tree fertilizer special for organic, every strain 20kg; Fertilizing amount=(crop specific yield Nutrient Absorption amount * target output-soil testing value * 0.16)/(fertilizer nutrient content * utilization rate of fertilizer); Phosphate fertilizer is with superphosphate or fused calcium magnesium phosphate; Chemical fertilizer quality compound proportion is common nitrogenous fertilizer: Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer 1 (the controlled release phase is 6 months): Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer 2 (the controlled release phase is 10 months)=5: 3: 2; Common potash fertilizer: controlled-release fertilizer 1 (the controlled release phase is 6 months): controlled-release fertilizer 2 (the controlled release phase is 10 months)=3: 4: 3.60kg/ of present embodiment target output, fertilizing amount N-P
2O
5-K
2O=1.0-0.6-1.0kg/.
Embodiment 2: the Fuji apple orchard floor control method that improves soil production capacity
Apple orchard, Dong Zhao village, Liu Jiagou town, Penglai City, the age of tree 7 years, kind are the Fuji apple, seeding row spacing is 3 * 5m, the tree vigo(u)r golden mean of the Confucian school, the floor control method is as follows:
1. sward in the ranks, sward bandwidth 2.5m, grass seeds are perennial ryegrass and butch clover, mixed seeding in 1: 1, seeding quantity is 0.7kg/ mu; Sward band both sides cover sandstone, sandstone bandwidth 0.5m;
2. cover with sandstone between strain, width is 1.5m, and the sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, and cladding thickness is 2-4cm.
Embodiment 3: the loud, high-pitched sound apple orchard single fertilization method that improves soil production capacity
Test in same apple orchard, Dong Zhao village in Liu Jiagou town, Penglai City, and the age of tree 8 years, kind are loud, high-pitched sound, and seeding row spacing is 3 * 5m, and tree vigo(u)r is prosperous, and the disposable rational application of fertilizer increases root system nutrition:
Single fertilization in the present embodiment, fertilizing amount is determined by (crop specific yield Nutrient Absorption amount * target output-soil testing value * 0.16)/(fertilizer nutrient content * utilization rate of fertilizer), fruit tree fertilizer special for organic 20kg/ strain, chemical fertilizer N-P
2O
5-K
2O=1.5-0.7-1.3kg/.The quality proportioning is phosphate fertilizer with superphosphate or fused calcium magnesium phosphate; Common nitrogenous fertilizer: Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer (the controlled release phase is 10 months)=6: 4; Common potash fertilizer: controlled-release fertilizer 1 (the controlled release phase is 6 months): controlled-release fertilizer 2 (the controlled release phase is 10 months)=3: 4: 3.
Embodiment 4: loud, high-pitched sound apple orchard Soil and fertilizer management method effect test
Tested in same apple orchard, Xiang Si village, Penglai City Liu family ditch Zhenan County in 2008, the age of tree 10 years, kind are loud, high-pitched sound, and seeding row spacing is 5 * 5m, the tree vigo(u)r golden mean of the Confucian school, and 4 processing are established in the fruit tree test, are respectively:
Process (1): clear ploughing+peasant habit applies fertilizer in contrast, namely lie fallow between the plant of orchard, and frequent intertill and clean tillage; Organic fertilizer after results March, June, August, September carries out 4 times and topdresses N-P
2O
5-K
2O=3.0-1.0-0.8kg/;
Process (2): floor control among the present invention+peasant habit fertilising; The concrete grammar of processing floor control in (2) is: 1. March sward in the ranks, sward bandwidth 2.5m, grass seeds are perennial ryegrass and butch clover, mixed seeding in 1: 1, seeding quantity is 0.7kg/ mu, seeding method is drilling; Sward band both sides cover sandstone, sandstone bandwidth 0.5m, and used sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, cladding thickness is 3-5cm.2. the mulching soil area ratio of sandstone covering and sward is 5: 5 between strain, is strip and distributes alternately, and covers bandwidth 3m.Grass seeds adopts butch clover, and sowing grass-seed amount is 0.5kg/ mu; Seeding method is bunch planting; The sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, and cladding thickness is 2-4cm.Organic fertilizer after results March, June, August, September carries out 4 times and topdresses N-P
2O
5-K
2O=3.0-1.0-0.8kg/;
Process (3): single fertilization among clear ploughing+the present invention; The concrete grammar of processing single fertilization in (3) is: rear disposable fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes of gathering autumn.Fertilizer is the fruit tree fertilizer special for organic, every strain 20kg; Fertilizing amount=(crop specific yield Nutrient Absorption amount * target output-soil testing value * 0.16)/(fertilizer nutrient content * utilization rate of fertilizer); Phosphate fertilizer is with superphosphate or fused calcium magnesium phosphate; Common nitrogenous fertilizer: Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer 1 (the controlled release phase is 6 months): Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer 2 (the controlled release phase is 10 months)=5: 3: 2; Common potash fertilizer: controlled-release fertilizer 1 (the controlled release phase is 6 months): controlled-release fertilizer 2 (the controlled release phase is 10 months)=3: 4: 3.60kg/ of this test objective output, fertilizing amount N-P
2O
5-K
2O=1.0-0.6-1.0kg/.Measure apple production, calculate economic benefit, gather in the crops the rear bulk density of soil, soil moisture content and the utilization rate of fertilizer measured.
Process (4): the floor control+single fertilization in the embodiment of the invention 1.Four fruit trees are a processing, and every processing repeats randomized arrangement three times.Measure apple production, calculate economic benefit, gather in the crops the rear bulk density of soil, soil moisture content and the utilization rate of fertilizer measured.
Table 1 different disposal is on the impact of apple production and soil quality
As can be seen from Table 1, compare with the production custom of peasant convention, floor control can improve soil structure among the present invention, reduce the bulk density of soil, soil porosity increases, and is conducive to the soil water storage soil moisture conservation, processes (2) and processes (1) bulk density of soil reduction 0.11g cm
-3, soil moisture content improves 2.4%; Apple Leaves chlorophyll content and apple production all increase.The single fertilization technology can improve apple production among the present invention, but little on the soil physical properties impact.No matter use the present invention to process (4), be to improve soil quality, or the effect of volume increase is all best.
Embodiment 5: Fuji apple orchard floor control method effect test
Tested in same apple orchard, Dong Zhao village, the Liu Jiagou of Penglai City town in 2009, the age of tree 7 years, kind are the Fuji apple, seeding row spacing is 3 * 5m, the tree vigo(u)r golden mean of the Confucian school is established 3 processing on the basis of peasant habit fertilising, and contrast Different Ground way to manage is on the impact of apple production and soil quality.
Process (1) clean tillage, namely lie fallow between the plant of orchard, and frequent intertill and clean tillage;
Process sod culture between the plant of (2) orchard, kind is butch clover, seeding quantity 0.7kg/ mu;
Process (3) orchard sandstone and cover, the sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, and cladding thickness is 4cm;
Process the floor control method among (4) selection embodiment 2.
Obtain soil temperature, moisture by little meteorological station, field; Results are surveyed and are produced, and fetch earth and measure the bulk density of soil and organic carbon content.Four fruit trees are a processing, and every processing repeats randomized arrangement three times.
Table 2 Different Ground way to manage is on the impact of apple production and soil quality
As can be seen from Table 2, compare with processing (1) clear ploughing, process the floor control modes such as (2) orchard ground cover, processing (3) sandstone covering and all can reduce the bulk density of soil, increase soil moisture content, the soil organic matter and apple production.In addition, three kinds of floor control modes all make moderate progress to soil temperature, can obviously improve soil temperature 2-3 ℃ of winter, prevent from or slow down freezing layer generation, and the fruit tree root system is passed the winter safely; Then avoid the sun direct projection summer, surface temperature ploughed more clearly reduce 4-6 ℃, reduces the injury to the fruit tree root system; Season in spring and autumn, the soil temperature rising was 2-3 ℃, played the effect of temperature raising and maintaining, was conducive to fruit tree Root growth and Nutrient Absorption.From output, three kinds of all clear cultivated significantly volume increase, especially the present invention's processing (4) of floor control mode, amount of increase in production reaches 18%.Each side in general in three kinds of floor control modes, is processed (4) best results with the present invention especially.
Embodiment 6: loud, high-pitched sound apple orchard single fertilization method effect test
Tested in same apple orchard, Dong Zhao village, the Liu Jiagou of Penglai City town in 2009, the age of tree 8 years, kind are loud, high-pitched sound, seeding row spacing is 3 * 5m, tree vigo(u)r is prosperous, and four processing are set, relatively peasant habit fertilising and the impact of single fertilization of the present invention on apple production and utilization rate of fertilizer.
Processing (1) is not applied fertilizer and is made as contrast;
Process the fertilising of (2) peasant habit, common fertilizer 20kg/ strain is spreaded manuer in holes after the results, 3,6,8, imposes chemical fertilizer September, N-P
2O
5-K
2O=3.2-0.8-1.5kg/;
Process the single fertilization method among (3) selection embodiment 3.
Calculate fertilizer and drop into artificial, results are surveyed and are produced, and measure utilization rate of fertilizer.Four fruit trees are a processing, and every processing repeats randomized arrangement three times.
Table 3 Different Ground way to manage is on the impact of apple production and soil quality
As can be seen from Table 3, the mixing of different release period Controlled Release Fertilizers and chemical fertilizer is used in the present invention's processing (3), can satisfy fruit tree each period to the demand of nutrient, significantly improve utilization rate of fertilizer, the availability of N,P,K fertilizers improves respectively 68.6%, 29.7% and 20.8%.Although the slow-release or control-release fertilizer price is higher than common chemical fertilizer, its consumption is few, and it is fair or lower slightly that cost drops into peasant's chemical fertilizer input.Moreover single fertilization of the present invention can satisfy fruit tree to the demand of nutrient, and saving of work and time has reduced labour cost, and total input cost descends nearly 23%.Single fertilization among the present invention, when cost fell in province's fertilizer, apple production not anti-reflection increased, and processing (2) peasant habit increases by 14.3%, and every mu increases income 4264 yuan, and amplification reaches 23.3%.
Claims (1)
1. Soil and fertilizer management method that improves the hill apple orchard of soil production capacity is characterized in that the method may further comprise the steps:
The apple orchard floor control improves soil environment;
1. in the ranks: determine to cover the method that combines with the sandstone covering with sward covering or sward according to the fruit tree line-spacing; Line-spacing in the ranks only covers with sward less than or equal to the orchard of 3m, forms strip sward band along line direction; Line-spacing in the ranks combines with the sandstone covering with the sward covering greater than the orchard of 3m, and line-spacing is middle to be strip sward band along line direction, at sward band both sides covering sandstone formation sandstone band;
Described sward bandwidth is decided with fruit tree line-spacing and the age of tree, and children's orchard line-spacing in age is large, and the sward bandwidth is a little, becomes age orchard line-spacing little, and it is narrower that sward is with; Line-spacing is less than or equal to the orchard of 3m, and the sward bandwidth is the 1/3-1/2 of line-spacing; Line-spacing is greater than the orchard of 3m, and the sward bandwidth is the 2/5-3/5 of line-spacing; Both sides sandstone bandwidth is respectively the 1/10-1/5 of line-spacing;
The described band of sward in the ranks grass seeds is perennial ryegrass and butch clover, and sowing grass-seed amount is 0.6-1kg/ mu, presses the 1:1 mixed seeding; Seeding method is drilling; The sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, and cladding thickness is 3-5cm;
2. between strain: determine to cover the method that combines with sandstone covering or sandstone covering with sward according to the fruit tree spacing in the rows; Spacing in the rows only covers with sandstone between strain less than or equal to the orchard of 3m, forms strip sandstone band along the direction vertical with row; Spacing in the rows combines with the sward covering with the sandstone covering between strain greater than the orchard of 3m, and the sandstone band is strip with the sward band and distributes alternately along the direction vertical with row;
Whole cover tape width is the 5/10-7/10 of spacing in the rows; Spacing in the rows is greater than the orchard of 3m, and sandstone covers and the ratio of sward mulching soil area is 5-6:5-4;
Described sward band grass seeds is butch clover, and sowing grass-seed amount is 0.3-0.6kg/ mu; Seeding method is bunch planting; The sandstone diameter is 2-5cm, and cladding thickness is 2-4cm.
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102763515B (en) * | 2012-08-16 | 2013-10-09 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Fertilizing method for promoting production increase and quality improvement of perennial apples |
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| CN109328588A (en) * | 2018-10-08 | 2019-02-15 | 山东圣大节水科技有限公司 | A kind of Tree Precise Fertilization method based on climatic similarity Orchard-oriented root system |
| CN109565992A (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2019-04-05 | 烟台市农业技术推广中心(烟台市国际农发基金项目管理办公室） | A kind of method of regulating apple Orchard Soil quality |
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| CN100493338C (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2009-06-03 | 陕西中农瑞丰化肥科技有限责任公司 | Accurate fertilization method for apple tree |
| CN101904241B (en) * | 2010-07-11 | 2011-10-12 | 山东农业大学 | Local optimization root fertilizing method for apples |
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