CN106718405B

CN106718405B - Fuji apple bag-free cultivation matching method

Info

Publication number: CN106718405B
Application number: CN201710009113.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 卫振和
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Institute Of Agricultural And Environment Resources And Economic Shanxi Academy Of Agricultural Sciences; Wanrongzhen And Fruit Research Institute
Priority date: 2017-01-06
Filing date: 2017-01-06
Publication date: 2020-06-02
Anticipated expiration: 2037-01-06
Also published as: CN106718405A

Abstract

The invention discloses a bag-free cultivation matching method of Fuji apples, which has high commodity rate and does not need bagging, and can produce fruits with labor-saving management, low cost and excellent quality compared with bagged fruits; mowing and covering the orchard grass, additionally applying organic fertilizer to improve the soil structure, slowing down the fluctuation of soil moisture, controlling the fluctuation of water in fruits and controlling the water; determining surface hue information corresponding to the critical soil water supply through field water measurement, guiding the orchard to irrigate water at proper time, reducing soil water fluctuation and controlling fruit microcrack from water supply; the fruit surface is protected by adopting a liquid film agent during the crack generation period, and a foliar fertilizer for enhancing epidermal cell construction is matched; the division period of cells is prolonged by matching the tree nutrient elements with the regulator; the proportion of phosphorus and potassium is adjusted at the later stage of fruit expansion, the fruit surface is promoted to be faded, and anthocyanin is supplemented to the fruit at the mature stage to promote coloring; adopting pesticide and field input product meeting the requirements of green food; the invention can be widely applied to the field of fruit and vegetable cultivation.

Description

Fuji apple bag-free cultivation matching method

Technical Field

The invention relates to a bag-free cultivation matching method for Fuji apples, and belongs to the technical field of fruit and vegetable cultivation.

Background

Fuji apples are native to Japan, introduced into China in 1960, excellent in quality, good in yield and storage-resistant. Under the condition of marine climate (annual precipitation is more than 1000 mm), the fruit surface is smooth and beautiful, but the sugar content is lower. In loess plateau, the annual rainfall is 400-500 mm, the rainfall is extremely uneven, the drought in the first half year is less rain, and the cloudy rain in the second half year is continuous, although the sugar content is high and the fruit is delicious, the fruit surface is easy to rust, the microcrack is as much as 70-100%, the fruit is rough and ugly, and the orchard production benefit is not high. Therefore, the outstanding problem becomes a bottleneck limiting the production of high-quality apples on the loess plateau.

The fortune city is the largest apple production market in the whole country, the existing cultivation area is 250 ten thousand mu, and Fuji apples account for 80% of the total area. The apple bagging method has become a supporting industry for vast farmers to increase income and become rich, the income of the apples accounts for 60 percent of the income of the farmers, and the high-quality apples in the bags are more and more in short supply with the improvement of the living standard of people. The problem of microcracking of the fruit surface of Fuji apples is the bottleneck of producing high-quality apples and also the bottleneck of limiting the income increase and the richness of vast fruit growers.

In 1991, the national economic structure is greatly adjusted, the government in Wei county of Wan county proposes to develop 30 ten thousand mu of fruit trees in Wan county, and nearly 40 thousand mu of fruit trees are planted in 1992-1993 two years. Fruit trees bear fruit continuously in 1997, and rotten fruit caused by pest and disease damage is generated in large quantity, which becomes a production problem.

In order to produce high-quality fruits and increase the commodity rate, apple film-covering bags and paper-covering bags are introduced from Shandong in 1997, so that the problem of damage of plant diseases and insect pests to the fruits is solved. Then, the two bagging methods are subjected to a comparison test, and the results show that the bagging bags have bright fruit colors, but have more micro-cracks on fruit surfaces, the commodity rate is only 30-50%, and although the selling price is higher, the orchard benefits are not good; the fruit surface of the film bag is smooth, but the bottom color is green, the color is not bright, and the selling price is not high. Therefore, double-bag tests and researches on apples are developed in 1999-2004, fruit surface microcracks are reduced by 25%, commodity rate is improved by 30-50%, and mu benefit of an orchard is increased by 1570 yuan. The application and popularization of the double bags for the apples enable the production area of high-quality fruits to be doubled every year, Wanrong county becomes a high-quality apple production county which is famous in Shanxi province, a large number of new mu output values are developed every year, and the Min-Dynasty republic of China, Shanxi, the inspection and quarantine bureau in 5 th of 4 th and 5 th in 2007 certifies that the orchard, namely the Weizhuang orchard, is in line with the fruit orchard of the exit, and foreign merchants conduct investigation and investigation on the orchard every year. For example, guests of the countries such as Singapore, Australia, Canada, the United states, Murrice, Intelligence, etc.

Although the double bagging is good, the two-time bagging is troublesome, the bagging labor is less than one year every year along with the increasing expansion of the bagging area, the bagging wages are higher than one year every year, the aging performance of fruit growers is remarkable, the bagging work cannot be completed on time, the bagging effect is influenced, in addition, the bagging cost is increased by 2000 yuan per mu for secondary bagging, the orchard benefit is reduced due to the increase of the bagging cost, the secondary bagging is difficult, and the problem becomes another prominent problem in the production of high-quality apples on loess plateau. On the basis of keeping the bagging effect, a simpler fruit surface protection measure and a comprehensive matching technology, namely a bag-free cultivation technology, need to be searched, and the technology becomes a technology urgently required by fruit growers. Certainly, if the bag-free cultivation is carried out, other simple and convenient operation measures are adopted to replace the bagging function (disease prevention, insect prevention and fruit surface micro-cracking prevention), the orchard benefit is improved, and the income of farmers is increased. Therefore, relevant research must be carried out to make practical and practical operation technical rules.

In developed countries in the world, the non-bag cultivation area of apples is large due to the high labor force. In recent years, with the thawing of foreign trade barriers in China, a great amount of foreign fruits are rushed into, and the requirements of people on the safety of the fruits are strict and the requirements on the quality of the fruits are increasingly strict. The fruit selling market has radically changed, high-quality fruits are favored, common fruits are seriously lost, the market is occupied by the quality, and the market is won by the quality to be a new normal state for selling the fruits. Therefore, the fruit production is facing a qualitative change, the quantitative type must be changed into the quality type, and the sugar content of the bagged fruit is generally 2% higher than that of the bagged fruit, which is measured in the research on the loess plateau Fuji apple fruit surface microcrack control technology, so that the bagged fruit is very delicious. Therefore, the study of the bagless cultivation of Fuji apples is imperative.

Disclosure of Invention

The method overcomes the defects in the prior art, provides a Fuji apple bag-free cultivation matching method which has high commodity rate and does not need bagging, and can produce fruits which are labor-saving in management, low in cost and good in quality compared with bagged fruits.

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: the Fuji apple bag-free cultivation matching method is implemented according to the following six aspects:

firstly, increasing soil organic matters; mowing and covering the orchard grass, applying organic fertilizer to improve the soil structure, slowing down the water fluctuation of the soil and controlling the water fluctuation in the fruits, wherein the grass is seed grass and/or natural grass, the grass grows to 30cm and is mowed, and the grass is mowed for more than 4 times in the growth period of the fruit tree;

secondly, controlling the internal water; the water is water watered in an orchard or raining water on the sky, the water entering the fruits is absorbed by root systems, the earth surface hue information corresponding to the critical soil water supply is determined through field water measurement, the orchard is guided to irrigate water in time, the soil water fluctuation is reduced, and the fruit microcrack is controlled from the water supply;

step three, controlling external water; the external water is water which is formed by directly dropping rainwater on fruits or integrating more than 80% of air humidity on the fruits and soaking fruit surfaces for a long time in a bead shape, and the fruit surfaces are protected by adopting a liquid film agent during the crack generation period and matched with a leaf fertilizer for enhancing epidermal cell construction;

fourthly, adjusting nutrition; the division period of cells is prolonged by matching the tree nutrient elements with the regulator;

fifthly, degreening and increasing color; the proportion of phosphorus and potassium is adjusted at the later stage of fruit expansion, the fruit surface is promoted to be faded, and anthocyanin is supplemented to the fruit at the mature stage to promote coloring.

Sixthly, green prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests; adopts pesticide and field input product meeting the requirements of green food.

Preferably, in the first step, 8-10 m of decomposed and circled livestock such as sheep or pigs are deeply applied (30-40 cm) in autumn (9 months) and are subjected to topdressing, and 400kg of bio-organic fertilizer is blended.

Preferably, the additional fertilizer in the growing period adopts water-fertilizer integration, and the organic water-soluble fertilizer with the inorganic water-soluble fertilizer accounting for more than 50 percent of the total fertilizer amount accounts for more than 70 percent of the total fertilizer amount in the annual use amount.

Preferably, according to the dryness and humidity of the ground cover determined in the second step, a water-saving facility is adopted for irrigation, and under the condition of no water-saving irrigation facility, small-bed irrigation or sectional irrigation is adopted.

Preferably, the external water control measures in the third step are 200 times of sprayed liquid film agent SEBL1 + 600 times of foliar fertilizer BSAU in late 4-month ten days, 2000 times of sprayed liquid film agent ZWMM + GMJ times of foliar fertilizer GPHJ + 800 times of sprayed liquid film agent SEBL + 600 times of sprayed liquid film agent BSAU in 20-month ten days, 1000 times of sprayed liquid film agent MTMD + 600 times of sprayed liquid film agent in middle 6-month ten days, 800 times of sprayed liquid film agent ADS + 800 times of sprayed liquid film agent XT + 600 times of sprayed liquid film agent ADS in late 7-month ten days, 1000 times of sprayed liquid film agent MTMD + 600 times of sprayed liquid film agent MTMD + 500 times of sprayed liquid film agent MJS + 600 times of sprayed liquid film agent ZWM in late 8-month, 500 times of sprayed liquid film agent SEBL + 539 2 + 300 times of sprayed liquid film agent PKXK 2 in late 7-month ten days, 500 times of sprayed liquid film agent ZWML + GLWML + GLWMJ + 800 times of sprayed liquid film agent ZWM in late 8-month ten days.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention relates to a bag-free apple cultivation technology, namely a sunshine fruit production matching technology, at present, no systematic research result exists in China, only some manufacturers demonstrate production for promoting a certain liquid film agent material, most of the manufacturers end up failing to produce the liquid film agent material, and great loss is caused to fruit growers. Under the condition that the fruit in the 2016 year is subjected to continuous rainfall for 10 days in the mature period, the commodity rate of all bag-free cultivation in the transport city is less than 50%, while the commodity rate of the comprehensive matching demonstration garden adopting the vibration and sunshine fruit provided by the invention reaches more than 80% (2 mu of sunshine fruit which is newly favored by the people is demonstrated in the garden to produce 15000 jin of fruits, 12500 jin of fruits and 83% of commodity rate). The invention makes more prominent contributions in the following respects:

1. innovation regarding identification of orchard water shortage indicators; according to the requirements of experts of fruit trees on the water content of soil in different periods of fruit trees: 70-80% of the germination period; flowering period is 60-70%; flower bud differentiation stage is 50-60%; after the fruit expansion period 80%, the degree of satisfaction was determined. However, these data refer to the percentage of the actual water content of the soil to the saturated water content, and are accomplished by taking a sample of the soil, drying, calculating, etc., which is a set of numbers for the farmer, not used! According to the indexes, the abundance and the shortage of the soil moisture content of the orchard are judged by combining the actual growth condition of the fruit trees, the measurement of the water content of the orchard and the hue of the humidity of the soil bark under the orchard. By the method, fruit growers can judge that the orchard should not be watered, and the method is direct, simple and easy to implement.

2. The analysis and innovation of the reason of fruit surface microcracking; most experts concerned believe that the cause of fruit surface microcracking is caused by large orchard water fluctuation. The research considers that the water influencing the fruit surface cracks has two types, namely the fluctuation of the internal water, namely the orchard irrigation water or the water raining in the sky, namely the pulp is expanded by the water absorbed by root systems, and the crack is generated because the speed of the expansion of the peel is not higher than the speed of the expansion of the pulp; the second is external water, which means water in which rainwater directly falls on the fruit surface or dew covers the fruit surface due to excessive field humidity. Particularly, in 7-8 months, protopectin in the peel rapidly decreases, and after the protopectin is decomposed into soluble pectin, the pectin is decomposed into micromolecular saccharides, so that the cracking stress of the peel is reduced, and the peel surface is slightly cracked when external water is covered on the peel surface for a long time. This study first presented the concept of internal and external water.

3. Innovation of protecting fruit surfaces by using a biological film for an orchard; in recent years, with the development of society and the progress of science and technology, more than 10 new materials for protecting fruit surfaces by biological liquid films are sold in the market at home and abroad, the new materials are popularized by manufacturers or sellers of the products, and the new materials can be used for only publicizing products of the manufacturers to be sprayed on fruits to replace bagging and prevent insects and diseases. It is really an improvement of publicity, and causes disastrous losses to some farmers who have lucky psychology. Through the experimental research of 13 liquid film materials at home and abroad for 6 years in the years, the materials are considered to have certain protection effect on fruit surfaces, can only play a little role in cooperation with comprehensive cultivation measures, can only be used as auxiliary matching measures, and some materials cannot resist rain wash and cannot prevent external water. However, these new materials have their own characteristics, and can be arranged in a proper time period of comprehensive matching measures according to their actual efficacy characteristics to play a role. From the test results of these film agent materials, the research shows that none of the materials can singly control the occurrence of Fuji apple surface microcracks, and the Fuji apple surface microcracks can be effectively controlled only by matching a plurality of film agents with comprehensive agricultural measures. This is the first time the study was put forward in the technical field.

4. The innovative experiment of controlling the micro-crack by utilizing the synergistic effect of the growth regulator and the nutrient for enhancing the activity of the pericarp cell and improving the quality of the fruit proves that the micro-crack can be effectively controlled by applying proper collocation of the plant growth regulator and the nutrient for prolonging the cell division period of the fruit and enhancing the activity of the pericarp cell and improving the synergistic effect of the quality of the fruit. This is an innovation of the present study in the technical field.

5. Innovations on promoting fruit surface redness for bagless cultivation; the technology for promoting the fruit face redness by bag-free cultivation is not reported so far. Through experimental research on the non-bag cultivation technology in the years, the non-bag cultivation fruit is found to have no bag, the bottom color of the fruit surface is green from the fruit to the mature period, the coloring time is too long, and the red degree is not bright, so the appearance quality of the fruit is influenced. Therefore, through experiments, the nutritional characteristics of red Fuji apples are basically discovered, the fruit surface chlorosis and coloring are promoted by using the proportion regulation function of the nutritional elements, and the technology for promoting the fruit surface redness is brought into a comprehensive matching technical regulation. The method is unprecedented in the technical field of bag-free cultivation, namely sunshine fruit production.

Detailed Description

The core of the invention is that the fruit bag is not used for protection, the micro-crack of the fruit surface must be controlled, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is controlled, the fruit surface is enabled to be faded and colored, the fruit surface does not generate larger flaws, and the integrated matching technology is adopted to produce the fruit which is labor-saving in management, low in cost and excellent in quality compared with the fruit bag.

The invention adopts the following six integrated matching technologies:

firstly, soil organic matter increasing technology; through mowing of the grass grown in the orchard, the organic fertilizer is additionally applied to improve the soil structure, the fluctuation of the soil moisture is slowed down, and the fluctuation of water in fruits is controlled.

Secondly, internal water control technology; through field moisture measurement, the earth surface hue information corresponding to the critical moisture supply of the soil is determined, the orchard is guided to irrigate water at the right time, the fluctuation of the moisture of the soil is reduced, and the fruit microcrack is effectively controlled from the moisture supply.

Thirdly, an external water control technology; the optimal biological membrane material (replacing a plastic membrane bag) is matched with nutrient elements to carry out fruit surface spraying, so that the fruit surface elasticity is increased, the water loss of the fruit surface is reduced, and the fruit water fluctuation is reduced through the synergistic effect of the biological membrane and the nutrient elements, so that the aim of controlling micro-cracking is fulfilled; improving the activity of fruit epidermal cells, defending the invasion of rainfall to the fruit surface, and slowing the fluctuation of water outside the fruit to control the micro-cracking of the fruit surface.

Fourthly, nutrition regulation technology; by matching the tree nutrient elements with the regulator, the activity of fruit epidermal cell division is improved, the fruit nutrient condition is improved, the internal quality development of the fruit is enhanced, the tree nutrient balance is promoted, the strain capacity is exerted, and the fruit microcracking is controlled.

Fifthly, a green fading and color increasing technology; organic phosphorus, potassium and anthocyanin are sprayed in the coloring period, so that the green fading of fruits is promoted, and the coloring of the fruits is enhanced.

Sixthly, a green pest and disease prevention and control technology; biological control (sex attractant, disorientation silk, natural enemy and the like), physical control (pest sticking plate, pest collecting belt and the like), agricultural control (removing residual branches and fallen leaves, scraping and warping skin, trimming and shaping and the like), low-toxicity and non-residue control and the like are utilized.

In summary, the following steps: the first, second, third and fourth technologies are mainly used for controlling the micro-crack of the fruit surface, the fifth technology is used for promoting the fruit surface to be degreened and colored, and the sixth technology is used for controlling the plant diseases and insect pests.

The following provides a more detailed description of the above six techniques:

1. and increasing soil organic matter technology. The key point is that the soil structure can be improved, the fluctuation of soil moisture is slowed down and the fluctuation of water in fruits is controlled by adding organic matters.

The technical requirement is as follows: the grass growing in the orchard can only be cut and covered, clearing tillage is opposed, chemical weeding is strictly forbidden, grass planting or natural grass growing can be carried out, the grass grows to 30cm and is cut, the grass is cut for more than 4 times in the growth period of a fruit tree, according to the test, the grass yield per mu in 3 years of the natural grass growing in the orchard is 1800-2000 kg, the soil organic matter of 0-40 cm of the grass is 1.28 percent, the clearing tillage is 1.07 percent, the crack index is reduced by 19.4 percent, and the commodity rate is improved by 8.7 percent through measurement of a soil fertilizer station in the market.

Deeply applying (30-40 cm) 8-10 cubic parts of decomposed circle manure of sheep or pigs and other livestock in autumn (9 months) per mu, and mixing 400 kilograms of bio-organic fertilizer;

water and fertilizer integration is advocated for topdressing in the growing period, and the inorganic water-soluble fertilizer is required to be blended with more than 50% of organic water-soluble fertilizer. The annual organic fertilizer usage amount reaches more than 70 percent of the total fertilizing amount, the soil moisture fluctuation can be slowed down, the water fluctuation in the fruits can be controlled, and the effect of controlling the fruit surface micro-cracking can be achieved.

2. Internal water control technology. The key point of the internal water control technology (namely water watered in the orchard or water rained on the sky is absorbed into fruits through root systems) is that fruit growers can easily control the water supply balance of the orchard only when the orchard does not need to be watered and the amount of water watered; and secondly, the orchard soil is kept to be wet (the relative water content is more than or equal to 60 percent or the absolute water content is more than or equal to 12-13 percent), and water cracks can not occur even if the raindrop is suddenly lowered on the large fruit surface, so that the aim of controlling the micro-cracking of the fruit surface is fulfilled.

The large fluctuation of internal water means that under the long-time drought condition of an orchard, heavy rain suddenly falls or water is irrigated to ensure that soil obtains sufficient water, fruit tree roots rapidly absorb a large amount of water under the stress of water pressure and transmit the water to fruits through the xylem of stems, branches and fruit stalks to rapidly expand pulp cells, and due to the early stage of soil drought, the expansion speed of the pulp cells is limited, after watering or rainfall, the pulp cells recover to grow at a high speed, and the expansion speed of the pulp cells cannot be equal to the expansion speed of the pulp to cause fruit surface cracks. The drought in 2013 in 8 months and 28 days, and the raindrop is 49 mm heavy rain in 29 days, which causes large-area Fuji fruit surface cracks in the orchard.

Regarding orchard soil moisture requirements, the indicators of relevant experts or relevant academic papers are: the relative water content of the orchard soil is 70-80% in the germination period; flowering period is 60-70%; flower bud differentiation stage is 50-60%; the degree of satisfaction is 80% in the fruit expansion period and 70% in the fruit mature period. However, these data refer to the percentage of the actual water content of the soil reaching the saturation water content, and are accomplished through procedures of soil sampling, drying, calculation, etc., which are only a set of numbers for farmers, and have no practicability! According to the indexes and the actual condition of fruit tree growth, setting section points in an orchard by using a soil drill, setting soil, loam and sandy soil in the orchard, setting soil samples at fixed time (setting clay, loam and sandy soil) at fixed points (setting the fixed points by segmenting according to 50 meters), taking soil samples at fixed time (once every 1 day and every 10 days), weighing indoors, drying by using an oven, calculating absolute water content and relative water content of soil, observing the dry and wet degree of the soil under the orchard tree at the same period in the orchard by comparing indexes, and observing for three years to find that the wet area of the soil is 0-30% of severe drought, and irrigating or raining at the moment, so that a large number of cracks are generated on fruits; the area of the wet area of the ground skin is 31-50% of the area of the dry ground skin, and a large number of cracks can not occur when the ground skin is watered lightly or rainfalls, and cracks can occur when the ground skin is watered heavily and rainfalls on the surface of a fruit; the area of the wet area of the ground skin is 51-60% of the critical value of the water content of the orchard, no water crack occurs when watering or heavy rain falls, and the water content of the orchard reaches the lower limit and needs to be irrigated; the wet area of the ground skin is 61-80%, water shortage is avoided, irrigation is not needed, more than 80% of the ground skin is rich water, and a large amount of cracks can not occur even if the rain surface is greatly reduced. The abundance of the soil moisture content of the orchard is judged according to the hue indexes of the soil epidermis of the orchard, so that fruit growers can judge that the orchard should not be watered, and the method is direct, simple, convenient, easy to operate and practical.

The fruit grower judges that the orchard should not be watered and how to control the watering amount, and tests and researches the control. Water-saving facilities such as water and fertilizer integration, micro-spraying, burettes and the like are advocated for irrigation, and the balanced water supply of the orchard is easy to control. Under the condition of no water-saving irrigation facilities, small-furrow irrigation is advocated, the irrigation quantity can be mastered according to the water demand characteristics of the fruit trees in the growth period, and the furrows are fully irrigated with young shoots in spring for a long time; watering to water and cover moisture when drought occurs in the flower bud differentiation period and the fruit maturation period; in the fruit expansion period, the water converges to half a furrow deeply, which is convenient for controlling the irrigation quantity.

The large water flood irrigation is changed into small ridge or sectional irrigation. The research considers that the crack rate of the orchard apples mainly depends on the annual soil water content and the change range of the orchard humidity, and the larger the amplitude is, the heavier the crack occurs on the surface of the apples. According to the experimental study, the difference of the water content of the soil for flood irrigation is related to the length of raised paths between fields in the field of the orchard. Flood irrigation is a traditional mode of ground irrigation in China, namely water flows from the head of the ground to the tail of the ground (see the following table). The flow rate of water is determined by the flow rate of water and the slope and fall degree of the ground of the orchard, the underwater seepage amount of soil of the orchard is related to the flow rate and the ground length, the ground length is more than 200 meters, the upstream seepage water is more, the downstream seepage water is less, and the upstream seepage water is less and the downstream seepage water is more when the soil is less than 150 meters. Fruit trees with much water seepage are not drought-enduring, watering times are more, and fertilizer loss is large. The flood irrigation not only wastes water and loses fertilizer, but also can increase the fluctuation of water in the orchard, and has great influence on the crack of the fruit surface. Therefore, small furrows are trimmed according to the slope drop size of the orchard, more than three thousandths of the slope drop is arranged into small furrows of 30-40 square meters, and less than three thousandths of the slope drop is arranged into 30-50 meter furrows for shunt watering by using a ditch. The small furrow irrigation is that a large land is respectively made into a plurality of small furrows, the ground in the small furrows is leveled, and the watering is carried out from one furrow to one furrow during the watering. The small ridge irrigation has the advantages that: the ground in the small ridge is smooth, and the water seepage is uniform; the water quantity is easy to control and can be supplied according to the requirement; the soil is not hardened, the flow rate of the small ridge is small, the runoff time is short, the soil erosion and pressure are reduced, and the ventilation performance is not influenced by the hardened soil; the water quantity for irrigating the small furrows is supplied by controlling according to needs, deep infiltration and overgrowth of new tips can be avoided, water is saved, large fluctuation of water in an orchard is avoided, cracks are few, the slope of the orchard land is less than 3 per thousand, and the land can be divided into sections according to 30-40 meters for watering.

3. And (3) an external water control technology. The key point of the external water control technology is that a liquid film agent material which has a waterproof function and can resist rain wash is screened out to protect the fruit surface during the crack generation period, and a foliar fertilizer for reinforcing epidermal cell construction is matched to reinforce the stress resisting the fruit surface microcrack to prevent and control the occurrence of the fruit surface microcrack.

According to observation, cracks generally occur on the fruit surface in the late stage of drought in the young fruit period, stomatal burst occurs on the dry fruit surface only in 7 months, water shortage in an orchard in 8-9 months is caused by a large amount of water increase in the field, and the large occurrence period of the cracks on the fruit surface is from the middle ten to the middle 10 months. The 2016 watering test showed a 78.7% commercial rate of quantitatively watered sunlight fruit as required, and a 11% commercial rate of non-watered water as control.

In recent years, a field plot comparison test is carried out on liquid film agents which replace bagging at home and abroad 13, fruit you treasure, fruit Wuyou and three fruit spraying surface cleaning are eliminated in the test of 2010-2013, 5 new materials are added on the basis of keeping the original 5 liquid film agent materials in 2014-2016, wherein the new materials comprise SEBLI produced in Japan and ADS produced in America, and the rain erosion resistance and disease resistance of the materials in reference are basically discovered through the test, and the prevention and control effect on fruit surface microcracks is basically discovered. Meanwhile, tests are carried out on certain higher-grade foliar fertilizers at home and abroad, the influences of the tested foliar fertilizers on the control performance of fruit surface microcracking, high sugar content, peeling hardness and coloring are mainly observed, and certain ideal materials are screened out, and the results are as follows:

rain erosion resistance, disease resistance and micro-crack prevention and control observation conditions of different liquid film agent materials

From the test results in the table, the No. 5, No. 6 and No. 10 are suitable for spraying after 7-20 days of flowering, the No. 4 and No. 6 liquid film agents are suitable for spraying in the stage of apple brown spot infection and morbidity in rainy season of 6-8 months, and the No. 1 liquid film agent is planned to be sprayed in the fruit maturation stage. The liquid film agents No. 3, No. 6 and No. 9 have obvious effect on preventing and controlling the microcracks and are suitable for being arranged in 3, 9 and 7 months.

From the test results in the table, the aspect of preventing and controlling microcracks is optimal with BSAU, the crack index is 1,7%, and the times of PKQW, MJS and GLH are respectively 6.1%, 6.7% and the times of BSAU; 95% of GLH is optimal in the aspect of promoting redness, and 91.8% and 90.04% of TBL and BS are respectively; the highest contents of TBL, GLH, XT and MJS are respectively 16.4%, 16.3%, 16.1% and 16%, and 15.8% of BSAU times in terms of sugar content; looking at fruit peeling hardness, BSAU is highest 10.1 kg/cm, PKQW, HZS 9.3 kg/cm, 9.1 kg/cm and the method thereof.

External water control measures: spraying liquid film agent SEBL1 with the number of 200 times and foliar fertilizer BSAU600 times for 7-10 days (late 4 months), spraying liquid film agent ZWMM2000 with the number of GMJ300 times and foliar fertilizer GPHJ800 times for 20 days (early 5 months), spraying liquid film agent SEBL500 times and foliar fertilizer BSAU600 times for 35 days (late 5 months), spraying liquid film agent MTMD1000 times and foliar fertilizer BSAU600 times for middle 6 months, spraying liquid film agent ADS800 times and XT600 times for upper 7 months, spraying liquid film agent MTMD1000 times and XT600 times for lower 7 months, spraying liquid film agent SEBL2 with the number of 500 times and PKMJS 600 times for lower 7 months, spraying liquid film agent SEBL2 with the number of 500 times and GMJ300 times and PKH 500 times for middle 8 months, spraying liquid film agent ZWML 2 with the number of 500 times and WPMJK + foliar fertilizer SEBS 800 times for upper 9 months, spraying liquid film agent GLQWL 150 times and spraying liquid film agent GLJH 800 times for upper 9 months.

4. A nutrition regulation technology. By matching the tree nutrient elements with the regulator, the activity of fruit epidermal cell division is improved, the fruit nutrition status is improved to exert the strain capacity, and the fruit microcracking is controlled. The key point of the nutrition regulation technology is that the matching of nutrient elements and regulators prolongs the division period of cells and increases the strain activity of the cells to reduce the fruit surface microcracking.

Comparison of Effect of auxin spray during flowering

Item	Multiple of	The rate of cracking%	Fruit shape index	Volume of fruit
					Spraying BFL + DSY in flowering phase	600	6.8	0.87	378.3
Spraying BSAU in flowering phase	800	7.7	0.84	382.5
					CK (Water)	——	27.1	0.75	313.2

From the 2 regulator experiments, the BSAU and BFL + DSY are less in microcracking, the cracks are reduced by 19.4% and 20.3% compared with the control, the fruit shape index is respectively improved by 0.12 and 0.09, the fruit size is obviously increased, and the fruit volume is respectively increased by 65.1 cubic centimeters and 69.3 cubic centimeters compared with the control.

5. A green fading and color increasing technology. The sunshine fruit has green surface, dark red color and no bright color. The innovative key points of the chlorosis and hyperchromia technology of the patent are that the proportion of phosphorus and potassium is adjusted at the later stage of fruit expansion, the fruit surface chlorosis promoted by adjusting nutrition, anthocyanin is supplemented for the fruit at the mature stage to promote coloring, and the fruit surface is colored more vividly.

Through multiple tests, the fast degreening of the fruit surface is determined when the phosphorus and the potassium are adjusted to 44.7 percent and 30.3 percent in the late fruit expansion period, the anthocyanin is supplemented for 2-3 times in the mature period of the fruit, and the fruit is bright in color.

6. A green prevention and control technology for plant diseases and insect pests. The production of the sunshine fruit has no protection of paper bags, pesticides for controlling plant diseases and insect pests are directly sprayed on the fruit, and in order to ensure food safety, the key point of the green pest control technology is that the selected pesticides and all field input products must meet the requirements of green food.

The green pest and disease prevention and control technology adopts a biological prevention and control technology such as sex attractant, peach fruit borers, pear fruit borers, diamond back moths and traps are hung at 1.5 m of fruit trees, pear small disorientation silks are tied on the trees, and natural enemies such as eel and ladybug eggs are placed to kill pests;

physical control, yellow plates are hung on the trees to induce yellow aphids to adhere, the trunks are wound with the sticky insect zones to kill pests, and the trunks in 8 months are wound with the sticky insect zones to induce overwintering pests to be stung and burnt.

Agricultural control mainly adopts the agricultural measures of clearing residual branches and fallen leaves, scraping and warping bark and the like in spring, using pruning and shaping in winter to ventilate and transmit light of the tree body, strengthening fertilizer and water management in the growing period and enhancing tree vigor and the like.

The low-toxicity and non-residue pesticide mainly adopts plant-source pesticides such as matrine, mineral-source pesticides such as lime sulfur mixture and the like, specific insect regulators such as chlorbenzuron, fluazuron and the like, and microbial-source pesticides such as bacillus thuringiensis.

The method effectively controls the microcracks of the faces of Fuji apples on the loess plateau, lays a solid foundation for the bagless cultivation of Fuji apples, and the field input products selected in the test and demonstration completely accord with the green food organic production standard, thereby opening a passage for the production of organic apples. Fruit growers are called as 'sunshine fruit', the 'sunshine fruit' is not bagged, is not shaded by fruit bags, can take a bath by sunshine for a long time, has higher sugar content than bagged fruits, and the 'sunshine fruit' produced by the matching technology is delicious, beautiful and good in nutrition, returns to natural taste, is a real green fruit product, provides a powerful basis for reforming organic cultivation and non-bagged cultivation of apples, opens up the era of non-bagged cultivation of Fuji apples on loess plateau, improves the orchard benefit by 50%, and is a reliable technology for turning over the income of 'thirteen-five' farmers.

The present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, and various changes can be made without departing from the gist of the present invention within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. The Fuji apple bag-free cultivation matching method is characterized by being implemented according to the following six aspects:

secondly, controlling the internal water; the water is water watered in an orchard or raining water on the sky, the water entering the fruits is absorbed by root systems, the earth surface hue information corresponding to the critical soil water supply is determined through field water measurement, the orchard is guided to irrigate water in time, the soil water fluctuation is reduced, and the fruit microcrack is controlled from the water supply; when the area of the wet area of the ground skin is found to be 0-30% of the severe drought, the fruits are expected to crack in a large amount after irrigation or heavy rain fall; the area of the wet area of the ground skin is 31-50% of the area of the dry ground skin, a large number of cracks can not occur when the ground skin is watered lightly or rainfalls, and cracks can occur on the surface of a rain fruit when the ground skin is watered heavily; the area of the wet area of the ground skin is 51-60% of the critical value of the water content of the orchard, no water crack occurs when watering or heavy rain falls, and the water content of the orchard reaches the lower limit and needs to be irrigated; the wet area of the ground skin is 61-80%, water shortage is avoided, irrigation is not needed, more than 80% of the ground skin is rich water, and a large amount of cracks can not occur even if the rain surface is lowered to a large extent;

keeping the soil in the orchard to be wet: the relative water content is more than or equal to 60 percent or the absolute water content is more than or equal to 12-13 percent;

fifthly, degreening and increasing color; the proportion of phosphorus and potassium is adjusted at the later stage of fruit expansion, the fruit surface is promoted to be faded, and anthocyanin is supplemented to the fruit at the mature stage to promote coloring;

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first step is carried out in autumn

Carrying out deep fertilization on 8-10 m of rotten dung for livestock and carrying out topdressing on the rotten dung for livestock, wherein the depth of the rotten dung for livestock is 30-40 cm, and 400kg of bio-organic fertilizer is mixed.

3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the additional fertilizer is organic water soluble fertilizer with water and fertilizer integration in the growing period, the inorganic water soluble fertilizer accounts for more than 50%, and the annual organic fertilizer accounts for more than 70% of the total fertilizer.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water-saving irrigation is used according to the moisture level of the ground cover determined in the second step, and the small-bed irrigation or the sectional irrigation is used under the condition of the water-saving irrigation.