CN106358918A - Variety breeding method for high-quality walnut - Google Patents
Variety breeding method for high-quality walnut Download PDFInfo
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- CN106358918A CN106358918A CN201610739866.3A CN201610739866A CN106358918A CN 106358918 A CN106358918 A CN 106358918A CN 201610739866 A CN201610739866 A CN 201610739866A CN 106358918 A CN106358918 A CN 106358918A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
Abstract
The invention discloses a variety breeding method for a high-quality walnut. According to the method, triple strict screenings, including primary screening for high-quality walnut trees, re-screening for the high-quality walnut trees and last screening for the high-quality walnut trees, are performed. The breeding is expanded in the manner of grafting. The bred walnut has the characteristics of moderate peel thickness, high quality, synchronogamy, high yielding ability, early fruit ripe period, plump walnut, high oil concentration (71.38%), no obvious over-year resulting phenomenon, high stability, and the like, and is principal in medium-short branch result.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Semen Juglandiss planting technology field, the breed breeding breeding of more particularly to a kind of high-quality Semen Juglandiss
Method.
Background technology
Semen Juglandiss also known as Qiang's Fructus Persicae, are that Han dynasty opens and takes back when holding high up the logical Western Regions according to legend.From after guide to Chang'an, gradually north widely
Cultivation, south is then propagated in the Sichuan Basin by sword door, high and level tone twice.Again according to described in the county annals of Qing Chuan, in January, 1979, in Qiao Zhuancheng
Be found that an ancient tomb group at suburb Wang Wen acute hearing man toft, in tomb inscribed wooden table write in Qin Wu king 2 years (front 307), Warring states' middle and late stage, with
Bury and in implements, have 14 pieces of Semen Juglandiss (being now stored in Sichuan Museum).The Semen Juglandiss cultivation history of Qingchuan County is very long, at least
The cultivation history of more than 2300 year, the Walnut Germplasm Resources in county are also to enrich very much, are one of major production areas of Sichuan Semen Juglandiss.
Qingchuan County is subordinate to Guangyuan City administration, positioned at Sichuan Basin the northern fringe, river, Shan, Gan San joint portion of provinceing, east and Chaotian District,
Li Zhouqu, Shaanxi Province Ningqiang County border on, and south connects Jiange County, west neighbour Mianyang City Pingwu County, Jiangyou City, north and Gansu Province Wen County phase
Even.Thing length more than 90 km, north and south width 57km.Geographical coordinate: 104 ° 03 ' 42 of east longitude " 105 ° 37 ' 5 ", 32 ° 08 ' 25 of north latitude "
32 ° 56 ' 06 " between, whole county territory area 3216km2.
Longmenshan southwester runs through whole from northeast, and Motianling Ridge crosses the north, meter Cang Shan oblique cutting northeast.By Longmenshan
Disrupted fold and channel erosion cutting impact, ravines and guillies criss-cross in border of the county, with a varied topography, physical features tilts from the north-westward southeast, highest
Height above sea level 3864m, minimum height above sea level 491m.Western, northern is alpine relief in structural erosion, mostly magma distribution, and the many paddy of ditch is deep, ground
Shape is steep, and the forest is dense, and natural landscape is peculiar.The southeast is structural erosion low middle mountain region shape, and crosscutting Valley Development, in carbonate
Rock interbed distribution section Chang You valley occurs, and ridge, mountain peak are sharp, and ditch depth ridge is narrow, and landform is rugged.
Domestic river all belongs to Marine formation, valley terrain, and gather in the network of rivers, big brook ditch is a lot of, long-pending rain area 50km2With
On 19, river, 100km217, above river.QINGZHU river, the larger river of Qiao Zhuan river system, Qing Chuan is run through in white Dragon River stage casing
East.Whole county surface water 20.85 hundred million m3, average depth of runoff 636.96mm, subsoil water 3.34 hundred million m3, pass by water for white Dragon River, QINGZHU river
132.35 hundred million m3, total Water 156.54 hundred million m3, more than 100 ten thousand kilowatts of water energy reserves, state key energy project installs 700,000 kilowatts
Baozhusi Hydropower Station be located on the domestic white Dragon River in Qing Chuan, form water surface area 72km within the border in Qing Chuan2Bai Longhu, for west
The maximum artificial lake in south area, now for national scenery.
Qingchuan County genus subtropical zones moisten monsoon climate, spatially change with landforms, humidity northwestwards reduces gradually from the southeast,
Climate difference is big, and vertical change is obvious.Many average temperatures of the whole year are 13.7 DEG C within the border, and active accumulated temperature is 1058.5 DEG C 5511.5
DEG C, averagely continue 233 days more than 10 DEG C, 4247 DEG C of accumulated temperature, lowest temperature January, average 2.5 DEG C, highest temperature July, averagely
23.6 DEG C, 37 DEG C of extreme value maximum temperature, minimum -9 DEG C, 233 days frost-free periods.Abundant rainfall, focuses mostly in season in autumn in summer two, throughout the year
Average precipitation 993mm, highest 1737mm, minimum 522mm, higher than year Land Surface Evaporative Capacity 569.6mm, raise with height above sea level, rainfall
Increased.Sunshine time is 1100～1500h.Average of the whole year humidity 75%, medial humidity 85% in forest.
Because height above sea level drop is larger, domestic natural vegetation and soil vertical distribution band spectrum are more obvious, and height above sea level 1100m the following is
Evergreen broadleaf forest and yellow earth distribution band, yellow earth is base band soil；1100 1900m be broad leaved and deciduous broad leaved, evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest and
Yellowish soil distribution band；Pin, Broad-leaved Mixed Forest and brown earth are distributed in height above sea level 1900 2400m；2400 2800m are Subalpine region needle
Woods and dark brown earth distribution；2800m mostly is Subalpine region shrubbery, alpine scrub and subalpine meadow great soil group.Whole county forest cover distribution
Inequality, totally northern intensive, south is less, and in forest land, shrub land and opening ratio are great, conserve water and soil, water conservation function
On the weak side.
Because people rise year by year to fresh-eating walnut consumption figure in good taste in recent years, the high-quality Semen Juglandiss of morning in period of maturation enjoy
Consumers, but the weather of Qing Chuan is unique, the Walnut Cultivars introduced from the outside also have several, and the such as fragrant tinkling of pieces of jade, distant core, river are early
No. 1 is waited New Walnut Cultivars, but can only be that small range is planted experimentally at present, and its yield is relatively low, and economic benefit is not high, constrains and works as Herba Violae Collinae
The development of industry.
Content of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of breed breeding propagation method of high-quality Semen Juglandiss, to solve current Qingchuan County Semen Juglandiss yield relatively
Problem low, that economic benefit is not high.
For solving above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention employs the following technical solutions:
A kind of breed breeding propagation method of high-quality Semen Juglandiss is it is characterised in that comprise the steps:
(1) Semen Juglandiss select tree primary election: select tree-like complete, tree crown thes first transaction of a day's business, well-grown, tree body strong in Semen Juglandiss natural forests
The strong, age of tree more than 20 years, yield and the excellent plant of quality aspect performance as fine individual plant, thus it is excellent to have selected candidate
Tree；
(2) Semen Juglandiss select tree final election: actual measurement single plant yield, nut nutrition composition, nut nutrition composition reaches standard person and enters
Final election, otherwise, is eliminated；
(3) Semen Juglandiss select tree final election: final election select tree is carried out with the repeated measures investigation of continuous 3 years, nut is carried out adopting in year
Collection, mensure and inclusions analysis, with the Early mature apricot performance of select tree, the Major Economic index of nut, high yield characteristic and nothing
Property system Precocious trait shows as foundation, by final election select tree, by strain assay, is filtered out with excellent, the precocious feature of nut quality
Substantially, improved seeds early real, that yielding ability is good；
(4) set up Semen Juglandiss nursery: selection physical features is shallower, soil layer is fertile, quality is loose, draining is good, neutral or micro- alkali
Property, the yellow soil slope region having irrigation conditions and having a good transport service carry out finishing and build garden, from no disease and pests harm, full common Walnut Seed
Build in the correction choosing and sowed on the soil in garden, after germination, strengthen the water and fertilizer management of stock seedling, prevent and treat disease pest
Evil, carries out a weeding, loosens the soil, applies fertilizer in spring, promoting Growth status vigorous；Connect using spring whip grafting or summer square bud
Method carries out grafting, is adopted using the first year or then spring and shear off wax seal simultaneously from the improved seeds of step (3) Semen Juglandiss select tree final election
It is stored in the scion under 0～5 DEG C of temperature conditions；Regularly weed with a hoe after building garden, spraying herbicide glyphosate, dry season pouring 1～2
Secondary water, rainy season notes timely draining, carries out weeding, digs after fallen leaves, and applies farm manure 50～100kg/ strain；
(5) cultivating and managing: the lateral bud sprouted is erased after grafting on the following stock of interface, budders after 15d and start to sprout, 30d
Rear port heals substantially, according to seedling growth situation, applies fertilizer 1～2 time, and 10～15kg nitrogenous fertilizer/mu controls nitrogenous fertilizer after mid-August,
Impose phosphorus potassium complex fertilizer, control nursery stock later stage prosperous length, promote nursery stock tissue to enrich, improve resistance, survived the winter with profit, in seedling growth
During loosen the soil and remove weeds, to promote the effectively utilizes of the gas permeability of soil and fertilizer, improve seedling quality, meet rainy season hydrops
Should timely draining；
(6) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: take and put prevention first, prevent and treat the principle combining, dormant pruning sick branch, burn after concentration
Ruin, after pruning, spray 5 degree of lime sulfur, after Germination to Frondescent, spray 1 0.5 degree of lime sulfur again, winter removes disease in time
Really, sick leaf, carries out buried or concentrates and burn, and artificial capture method adult is concentrated and kills or use medicament.
More excellent, in step (1), the specifically chosen content of Semen Juglandiss select tree primary election is:
A. complete survey, find out Semen Juglandiss preservation area, main distribution situation, by visiting and investigating, stand from the growth of Semen Juglandiss
Ground condition, tree-like, yield, nut single fruit weight, kernel percent and pest and disease damage aspect primarily determine that Semen Juglandiss fine individual plant selection range；
B. the quality and quantity of investigation and the qualitative analysis, determines candidate select tree；
C. investigate the land occupation condition of walnut: investigation content is terrain, the gradient, slope aspect, height above sea level and soil types；
D. investigate the basic condition of Semen Juglandiss individual plant: index is tree-like, the age of tree, the height of tree, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground and hat width；
E. analyze the Elemental characters of Walnut: the investigation fruit shape of nut, fruit color, go out core situation, analyze nut transverse diameter,
Vertical footpath, abdomen footpath, thickness of the shell and mean fruit weight；
F. investigate the victimization state of Semen Juglandiss pest and disease damage: susceptible serious not as candidate select tree.
More excellent, adopting the fringe time is carried out in rest period, retains 3～4 buds under clip；Repair to adopting fringe tree after adopting fringe
Cut, first major branch that is long or adopting spike number year and substantially fail is carried out with cutting back, promote to sprout prosperous bar, then removed
Close and withered branch stake, thin and delicate branch, to adopting the cutting back to be carried out staying stake long during bar, to reduce the formation of withered stake.
More excellent, in step (4), 3～4 major branches of selecting and remain during grafting, at least grafting 1～2 head, work as young sprout after grafting survival
Pinching during 50cm, pinching during second branch 60～80cm, 4～6 major branches of selecting and remain are in head, take every year from these major branches
Fringe.
More excellent, Semen Juglandiss break after anvil grafting, extract base portion and are upset the kryptoblast of generation, and base portion kryptoblast is upset generation
It is necessary to timely remove, otherwise vigorous rudiment bar will fight for nutrient and moisture with scion bar, affects grafting survival for a large amount of rudiments
Rate and increment.
More excellent, after grafting pinching in 1～2 year, turns out good tree-like, increases the quantity of fringe bar, if not pinching,
What grafted branch had can grow 2～3m then, thick 1.5～2cm, and not only fringe bar quantity is few, and fringe bar is slightly difficult to apply excessively.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
(1) Semen Juglandiss through selection-breeding of the present invention breeding have that skin thickness is moderate, best in quality, synchronogamy, with middle brachyplast
Based on result, yielding ability is strong, fructescence is early, kernel enriches full, oil content high (71.38%), no substantially biennial bearing is existing
As the good characteristic such as, stability is strong；
(2) be conducive to the stable development of Walnut Industry, be conducive to the conversion of surplus rural labor force, be that rural area expands employment
Face, drives more peasants to increase income, improves the living condition, go on the road of affluence, promotes social stability and local warp
The development of Ji, reasonable disposition simultaneously gives full play to the productive potentialities of forest resourceies；
(3) by observing to the growing state of the Semen Juglandiss that selection-breeding of the present invention is bred, find its robust growth, substantially no
Pest and disease damage occurs, and single plant yield is up to 13kg, average out to 7kg/ strain, per mu yield average out to 154kg, by 50 yuan/kg of market price, often
Mu is taken in as 7700 yuan, and prediction abounds with phase nut production up to 3750kg/hm2More than, the income of per hectare is 11.55 ten thousand yuan；
(4) Semen Juglandiss of selection-breeding breeding of the present invention in September, 2011 is on the first China Semen Juglandiss section that Hebei province's Xingtai City is held
Obtain a silver medal, in August, 2014 obtains silver in Sichuan flowers (fruit) the eco-tour section first " Sichuan fruit prince " competition (Semen Juglandiss class)
Prize；
(5) present invention " Qing Chuan 1 Semen Juglandiss selection-breeding and promotion applied research " project obtains Guangyuan City people's civil administration in 2016 2 months
Mansion scientific and technological progress second prize；
(6) complete Qing Chuan area native soil Selection And Breeding of Fine Strains In Walnut and the supporting High Yield Cultivation System of Almond of popularization and application are formed,
Form Industry with Local Characteristics, to ensure health, the sustainable development of Walnut Industry, promote the purpose of Regional Economic Development.
Specific embodiment
The application principle of the present invention, effect and effect, are explained by mode is implemented as follows.
Embodiment 1
This Semen Juglandis selects excellent work to be related to 36 small towns of Qingchuan County, 104 ° 03 ' 42 " 105 ° of geographical coordinate east longitude
37 ' 5 " 1, between 32 ° 08 ' 25 of north latitude " 32 ° 56 ' 06 ", temperature on average is 13.7 DEG C, and active accumulated temperature is 1058.5 DEG C
5511.5 DEG C, averagely continue 233 days more than 10 DEG C, 4247 DEG C of accumulated temperature, lowest temperature January, average 2.5 DEG C, highest temperature July,
Average 23.6 DEG C, 37 DEG C of extreme value maximum temperature, minimum -9 DEG C, 233 days frost-free periods.This area of rainfall is abundant, focuses mostly in the autumn in summer
Two seasons, long-term average precipitation 993mm, maximum 1737mm, minimum 522mm, higher than year Land Surface Evaporative Capacity 569.6mm, with height above sea level
Lifting, rainfall increased.Sunshine time is 1100 1500h.Average of the whole year humidity 75%, medial humidity 85% in forest.
Semen Juglandiss select tree primary election: select tree-like complete in Semen Juglandiss natural forests, tree crown is opened a business, well-grown, and tree body is healthy and strong, tree
Age, yield and quality aspect showed excellent plant as fine individual plant, thus having selected candidate select tree more than 20 years.Tool
Body primary election index is as follows:
A. complete survey, find out Semen Juglandiss preservation area, mainly main distribution situation, by visiting and investigating, from the growth of Semen Juglandiss
The aspects such as land occupation condition, tree-like, yield, nut single fruit weight, kernel percent and pest and disease damage primarily determine that Semen Juglandiss fine individual plant chooses model
Enclose；
B. conscientiously investigate and qualitative analyses various quality and quantity character, determine candidate select tree；
C. conscientiously investigate the land occupation condition of walnut: main investigation content is terrain, the gradient, slope aspect, height above sea level, soil
Type；
D. conscientiously investigate the basic condition of Semen Juglandiss individual plant: leading indicator is tree-like, the age of tree, the height of tree, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground and hat width；
E. the Elemental characters of serious analysis Walnut: investigated the fruit shape of nut, fruit color, gone out core situation, analyzed heavily fortified point
The indexs such as fruit transverse diameter, vertical footpath, abdomen footpath, thickness of the shell, and mean fruit weight；
F. conscientiously investigated the victimization state of Semen Juglandiss pest and disease damage: susceptible serious not as candidate select tree.Semen Juglandiss select tree is multiple
Choosing: mainly actual measurement single plant yield, nut nutrition composition, nut nutrition composition reaches standard person and enters final election, otherwise, washed in a pan
Eliminate.
Semen Juglandiss select tree final election: final election select tree is carried out continuous 3 years repeated measures investigation, nut is carried out year collection,
Measure and inclusions analysis, mainly with the Early mature apricot performance of select tree, the Major Economic index of nut, high yield characteristic and nothing
Property system Precocious trait shows as foundation, by final election select tree, by strain assay, is filtered out with the excellent (comprehensive score of nut quality
>=80 points), precocious feature substantially, early real, improved seeds that yielding ability is good.
Result and analysis
Semen Juglandiss select tree primary election:
On the basis of Walnut Germplasm Resources are generally investigated, according to above-mentioned Semen Juglandiss select tree just choosing method, choose in Semen Juglandiss wildwood
173 plants of primary election Semen Juglandiss select tree individual plant, is distributed mainly on 13 small towns such as Qiao Zhuan town, Qingxi stream town, San Guo township, primary election select tree such as table 1
Shown:
Table 1 primary election Semen Juglandiss select tree overview table
Semen Juglandiss select tree final election:
According to the condition of above-mentioned final election method, final election in 173 plants of primary election select trees goes out 5 plants of Semen Juglandiss select tree, and final election select tree is such as
Shown in table 2:
Table 2 final election Semen Juglandiss select tree overview
Semen Juglandiss select tree final election:
The select tree that final election is gone out, carries out annual repeated observation investigation for continuous 3 years, and carries out annual fruit sample collection respectively, obtains
Take and have accumulated a large amount of basic datas, establish important foundation for carrying out select tree final election.In order to final election select tree is carried out with comprehensive commenting
Valency, according to our province native soil Walnut nut quality standards of grading (table 3), obtains the integrated quality score of 5 plants of select trees, comprehensive
Points >=80 points for final final election fine individual plant, result such as table 4:
Table 3 Walnut sample quality standards of grading
Table 4 final election select tree integrated quality comprehensive evaluation result
As can be seen from Table 4: only No. 1 Semen Juglandiss of comprehensive score >=80 point, therefore, the fine individual plant that this final election goes out
It is finally No. 1 Semen Juglandiss.
The improved seeds Semen Juglandiss of this selection-breeding, elect from the primary election Semen Juglandiss select tree of 173 plants of Qingchuan County, have skin depth
Degree is moderate, best in quality, synchronogamy, based on middle brachyplast result, yielding ability strong, fructescence is early, and kernel enriches full
Full, oil content height (71.38%), no obvious biennial bearing phenomenon, stability waits by force good characteristic.
The improved seeds Semen Juglandiss of this selection-breeding are grown on height above sea level 820m, and tree vigo(u)r is strong, and tree performance is relatively opened a business, and mixed bud is circular.
Imparipinnate leafs, the long 36cm of compound leaf, the little number of sheets 3～9, most 7, parietal lobules is more roomy, long 19cm, wide 10cm, ovate
Ellipse, ground paper matter, full edge, no hair above, below arteries and veins tufted hair, the raw lobule in side is oval, and tip is sharp or blunt.Branch power is relatively
By force, based on middle brachyplast result.Start rudiment mid-March, mid-April, female flower was contained the phase, mid-April male flower loose powder, late August nut
Maturation, mid or late October falls leaves.Nut subcircular, outward appearance yellowish white, shell surface is smooth, lighter color, and fruit top is more flat, and rib ridge is relatively
Flat.Abdomen, through 4.0cm, stitches through 3.59cm, vertical footpath 3.89cm.Average fruit weight 14.2g, shell thickness 0.94mm.Kernel relatively enriches full
Full, mouthfeel is fragrant, easily rounds core, kernel percent 59%, oil content 71.38%.Substantially no biennial bearing situation, compared with stable yields, drought-resistant.Right
Powdery mildew, melasma have very strong resistance.
Next the improved seeds Semen Juglandiss of this selection-breeding are enlarged breeding, are carried out by the way of grafting: selectively
Gesture is shallower, soil layer is fertile, quality is loose, draining is good, neutral or alkalescence, have irrigation conditions and the yellow earth slope having a good transport service
Ground carries out finishing and builds garden, and from no disease and pests harm, full common Walnut Seed is built in the correction choosing and carried out on the soil in garden
Sowing, after germination, strengthens the water and fertilizer management of stock seedling, prevention and elimination of disease and pests, carries out a weeding, loosen the soil, apply in spring
Fertilizer, promotes Growth status vigorous；Grafting is carried out using spring whip grafting or summer square bud grafting method, using the first year or spring then
Adopt from the improved seeds of step (3) Semen Juglandiss select tree final election and shear off wax seal and be stored in the scion under 0～5 DEG C of temperature conditions；
Regularly weed with a hoe after building garden, spraying herbicide glyphosate, dry season waters 1～2 water, and rainy season notes timely draining, after fallen leaves
Carry out weeding, dig, and apply farm manure 50～100kg/ strain.
Spring adopts whip grafting, and Qing Chuan area is 4～May, engrafting method: clip length 3～5cm carries 1 to enrich full bud
Branch section, bud position away from branch section top 0.5～1.0cm, a short bevel of splaying in 45° angle with bud homonymy in its lower end, then in bud just
Pruning the cortex of fringe thick 1/4～1/3 in lower section, is about 2cm, then cuts a flat plagioclase bevel, its upper end in its offside band xylem
A little higher than opposite at lower knife.In stock at the 10～15cm of ground cut anvil, select its smooth side slightly to carry wooden downward vertical cut.Otch
Width and depth are adapted with the long bevel of scion.General 2～the 3cm of depth, then by little for stock face xylem and cortex strip off (note
Meaning can not damage cortex), it is in that 45° angle excises little face xylem in otch base portion with knife.Long for scion bevel is inserted stock inwards
Otch, makes anvil fringe cambium layer align.Slightly firmly scion is pressed down against so as to be tightly combined, then by little for stock dough cover layer by
Under gently held together to be wrapped in upwards on another bevel of scion.With grafting membrane, interface is all tightly wrapped Bao Yan together with the face of cutting of stock,
Again one headband is risen and push down scion top clip, pull down bondage firmly, slightly reveal point of a little buddering.After grafting binding,
Draw stock cortex about 1/2 or 1/3 with knife at 3～4cm below graft union, the edge of a knife overflows resin, form bleeding, reduce interface water
Divide and tanning matter content, promote calli induction, improve survival rate.
Summer adopts bud grafting method, and Qing Chuan area is 6～July.In stock away from below ground 30cm, select a smooth surface, thick
The position of degree about 8mm.Make the upper cut of an about 1.5cm of single cutting tool, more parallel up and down cut 1 knife respectively, depth about 1.0cm reaches wood
Matter portion, right side one knife downwards compared with left side one knife more extends 1.0cm, as dewatering outlet.Budder as far as possible choose scion middle and lower part enrich,
Open and flat, easy ripe bud tablets with growing point.Pruned with single cutting tool petiole base of first buddering, at 0.5cm above buddering and leaf
Each crosscutting 1 knife at 0.5cm below handle base portion, is cut 1 knife in each side erecting of bud, is connected with upper and lower transverse incision, formed rectangular
Shape bud tablets, bud tablets typically grow 1.5～2.0cm, wide 0.8～1.2cm.Then pinch petiole base with thumb and forefinger, gradually use
Power laterally urges takes off bud tablets it is ensured that growing point is complete.Open stock skin with point of a knife from transverse incision button, and peel off downwards with bud tablets
The suitable epidermis of length, and cut this segment table skin, bud tablets are embedded otch.By flat bud tablets, flattened with thumb, wide with 3～4cm
Grafting part is all tightened (must not encase dewatering outlet lower end) by plastic film strip from bottom to top, and bud tablets position only wraps 1 layer
Plastic foil.
Obtain through said method expanding propagation behind high-quality Semen Juglandiss nursery, select below height above sea level 1000m, year-round average temperature 9～
16 °, -2 °～-25 ° of extreme minimum temperature, 35 °～38 ° of extreme maximum temperature, soil thickness be 7.0～8.2 more than 1m, ph value
Neutral slightly alkaline soil environment, annual sunshine time will be in more than 1000h, leeward local cultivation high-quality Semen Juglandiss nursery on the sunny side
In Juglans, hillside base portion soil layer is deep, and water regime is good, thus ratio is in the middle part of hillside and upper grown result is better.
It is December to next year late March afforestation to before the rudiment of spring in next year after selecting winter nursery stock fallen leaves；Seeding row spacing is 5m
× 6m, the gentle slope that the gradient is less than 20 °, planting pit size presses long 100cm × wide 100cm × depth 80cm site preparation；The gradient 20 °～
Planting pit is dug in 30 ° of hillside fields, and planting pit size presses long 80cm × wide 80cm × depth 60cm site preparation；Every cave decomposed dung 50kg (agriculture
Fertilizer+compound fertilizer of family) in backfill hole, righting nursery stock when planting, unfold root system, fill compaction, backfill be slightly above ground 5cm～
10cm, is filled with enough root water after planting, June next year checks the situation that survives, and finds that dead seedling need to mend cultivation.
Treelet is colonized then, survives rear summer and applies 1 time and topdress.Second Year and after, disposably apply farmers' in spring and autumn
Fertilizer, every year before spending, the phase of bearing fruit, apply 3～4 fertilizer after fruit stone phase and fruit harvesting.To spread manuer in holes, based on row replacement, and often
Orientation year to be changed.Rationally pour water, divide including rudiment water (before rudiment mid-March), Hua Houshui (at the beginning of late April～5 month), bud
Change phase feedwater (7～August), freeze-up water (by the end of October～mid-November).Pour water the root system integrated distribution layer that will drench, notice that garden is arranged
Water.
Vegetative growth phase, the 1st year, training in the 2nd year on the basis of nursery stock does surely, based on shaping culture tree crown, after field planting
Foster major branch, secondary major branch of selecting and remain, the 3rd year based on layout side shoot group.Cultivate 2～4 tips every year, pluck when young sprout grows to 40cm
The heart.Operation the previous year reaches the compact semicircular in shape of tree crown, tree-like the first transaction of a day's business, and branch and leaf are luxuriant；The operation initial stage continues to cultivate spreading crown,
Reasonable arrangement skeleton branch, appropriate result.Wipe out to growing overstocked and intersection, overlap branch, make branch top healthy and strong, distribution is all
Even, tree crown is opened a business, and hat width controls in 4～5m；The best fruiting period prunes because setting suiting measures to different conditions, and Xiu Miliu dredges, and bounce back overstocked bough or side shoot, cuts
Remove thin and delicate branch, juxtaposition branch, sick branch, keep side shoot to be evenly distributed, ventilation and penetrating light, result face is big.Increase with tree body,
Start to sparsely fell when the age of tree is more than 10 years, intensity is 20～30%, advises 15～22 plants every mu after sparselying fell；Period of decline is bounced back
Prune, side shoot, secondary major branch are carried out by retraction and update, retracts to the branch of excessive growth or the place of growth branch, with using these branch weights
New culture skeleton branch；Pruned every year, the first bough of pruning order, rear sprig, first top, rear lower, rear outer in elder generation, clip is put down
Whole, big clip answers coating protectant, and sick branch should be cleared up in time.
To put prevention first, Biological control combines.Winter removes disease fruit, sick leaf in time, carries out buried or concentrates and burn, people
Work catches adult, and concentration is killed, if necessary using medicament.
Planted the different degrees of disease pest of Qu Douyou by Semen Juglandiss Pests, finding the Semen Juglandiss in 36 small towns in Qingchuan County
Evil situation, occur the most general disease just be Semen Juglandiss anthrax and melasma, Major Pests be Alcidodes juglans Chao, Atrijuglans hetaohei and
Dictyoploca japonica butler.
Semen Juglandiss anthrax: this disease is caused by fungal infection.The fruit of main harm Semen Juglandiss, also the harm leaf of Semen Juglandiss, bud and
Tender tip.After fruit is aggrieved, brown is occurred on peel to pitchy, circular or rotund scab, concavity, sick portion has black
Color point produces, and is in that colyliform arranges sometimes.During high humidity, scab little place pinkiness projection, that is, the aceravlus of pathogenic bacteria and
Conidium.During morbidity weight, a disease fruit often has multiple scabs, and scab expansion leads to full fruit blackening in flakes afterwards, rots to reach interior fruit
Skin, kernel no edibility.When falling ill light, the sheath portion blackening of nucleocapsid or kernel, reduce oil yield and kernel yield, or fruit
When real ripe, scab is confined to outer peel, on Semen Juglandiss impact less.After blade is susceptible, scab is irregular, have along at edge 1cm
Withered and yellow, have is elongated withered and yellow in master pulse both sides.When serious, full leaf is withered and yellow comes off.After the bud of nursery stock and treelet, twig are susceptible,
Often wither downwards from top, blade is in burn shape to come off.Prevention and treatment method: spray 3～5 Baume degrees lime sulfurs before germination,
Spray the Bordeaux mixture of 1:1:200 (copper sulfate: Calx: water) premorbid late June to mid-July or 50% Tuzet can
600～800 times of liquid of WP 2～3 times.Spray 100 times of liquid of 50% carbendazol wettable powder or 2% pesticide corrosion 120 in period of disease
200 times of liquid of water preparation or 600 times of liquid of 75% Bravo or 800～1000 times of liquid of 50% thiophanate, every first quarter moon sprays once, even spray 2～3
Secondary.
Semen Juglandiss melasma: main harm leaf, tender tip, inflorescence and fruit.The generation of disease is relevant with rainwater, and moisture is conducive to
The intrusion of pathogenic bacteria.By to the leaf of Juglans regia trees and the method for bud acupuncture and spraying, carrying out inoculation test proves, keeps inoculation
Area moist, is favourable to infecting, and in the time morbidity weight more than rain, dry year is then light.Additionally with each position of host
The tender degree of children, tissue hydrops situation are relevant with factors such as the sizes of stomatal opening.Semen Juglandiss bloom and leaf stretching period susceptible.When
Tissue children is tender, stomatal opening big tissue hydrops are many, infects fruit and the time of leaf is respectively 5min and 10min.Infect to temperature
The requirement of degree, is 4 DEG C～30 DEG C on leaf, is 5 DEG C～20 DEG C on fruit.The length in incubation period and host and environmental condition
Relevant, on fruit, the incubation period is 5d～34d, is 8d～18d on leaf.In field generally 5d about.This condition of disease infects
The multiple kind of Semen Juglandiss, but different kinds, slope aspect, the age of tree and tree vigo(u)r different onset are also variant.Schattenseite overweights tailo, nursery stock and
During veteran overweights, treelet, Semen Juglandiss lift wing moth and serious area occur, and disease occurs also serious.Prevention and controls: spray 3～5 before germinateing
Secondary Baume degrees lime sulfur, trophophase sprays the Bordeaux mixture of 1～3 1:0.5:200, or spray 50% thiophanate methyl；Spray 0.4%
Oxalic acid is also preferable with effect, and is not susceptible to poisoning.The copper sulfate that can also add 2% with the agricultural streptomycin of 0.003% concentration,
Repeatedly spraying also can obtain good effect.
Alcidodes juglans Chao: also known as Semen Juglandiss fruit as, fruit as.Semen Juglandiss fruit is as being survived the winter with adult in Qing Chuan.Annual late March,
When temperature goes back up to 12 DEG C, adult comes into play.The peak period that the first tenday period of a month in late April to May supplement the nutrients for imago feeding.Mainly
Take food okra fruit epidermis, petiole, twig and bud etc. in treetop.Several channels are often had on aggrieved fruit, wherein part is tocostome, remaining
For taking food hole.Fruit causes shedding because aggrieved.Shedding is serious, and shedding amount reaches more than 90%.Larva is endangered after hatching in fruit
Evil, takes food peel and kernel, and discharges brown feces and juice.Prevention and controls: in the first tenday period of a month in annual late April to May,
With No. 1 dilution of Semen Juglandiss fruit retention spirit, 800～1000 times spray 2 times, can effectively prevent and treat.
Atrijuglans hetaohei: this larva is gone here and there food in fruit surface in length and breadth and causes harm, and piles with frass, larva in a fruit in gallery
Up to several, many persons more than 30 are only.Blacked by harm peel, and the shrinkage that is gradually recessed, so that the whole blackening of whole peel, shrinkage is become
Black walnut.Some fruits in the form of sheets or strip black speck, walnut kernel dysplasia, performance drying shrinkage and black, therefore also known as " black walnut ".
The part larva that early stage pierces in duricrust can eat into food kernel, and some moths are eaten fruit stem, caused early stage shedding, the killed fruit having all becomes
Black, drying shrinkage is on branch.Prevention and controls: one is before adult eclosion, tree disk earthing 2～4cm, or ground spray 800～1000
Times Semen Juglandiss fruit retention No. 1 special agent of spirit, from the Adult worms producting eggs phase, was sprayed 1 time with above-mentioned diluent agent every 10～15 days, altogether
Spray 2-3 time, can effectively prevent and treat the harm of this worm.
Dictyoploca japonica butler: dictyoploca japonica butler also known as Semen Juglandiss Io moth, Semen Ginkgo silkworm, it is commonly called as herba aristolochiae millissimae, belong to Lepidoptera Io moth
Section's Semen Juglandiss Io moth belongs to, and 1 year generation is survived the winter with ovum.Qing Chuan area, dictyoploca japonica butler was mainly 3～5 instar larvae (April
The last ten-days period are to mid-May) harm the heaviest, larval feeding blade, big whole tree blade eat everything up can be caused to set when occurring
Hat baldness, impact trees normal growth is even dead.Prevention and controls: vulnerable before dictyoploca japonica butler larvae 3 age, and have cluster
Property feature, for prevent and treat optimal optimum period.With 1.2% bitter cigarette cream vegetable insecticide release 800～1000 times of liquid or cpv1000～
1500 times of liquid or 1500～2000 times of muscardine wettable powder (50,000,000,000/g) are prevented and treated.Also can in larvae hatch peak period,
Prevented and treated with muscardine powder.
The Semen Juglandiss prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control should be in line with putting prevention first, and the policy of integrated control should combine using during Agro-chemicals control
Physics, cultural control measure, as far as possible less with or without chemical prevention.The selection of pesticide is also with efficient, low toxicity, low-residual for mark
Standard, reduces as far as possible and sprays number of times, reduces pollution.
Physical control: in the existing Semen Juglandiss in river, extreme portions Semen Juglandiss are in the weak tree that grows up, growth potential is weak, and pest and disease damage is tight
Weight, every year in mid-September after fruit harvest is complete, should wipe out the deadwood on tree, concentration is burnt while shape pruning.Every
Mid-June to the early July in year will ground shedding pick up totally, with Semen Juglandiss fruit retention 1000 times of liquid collection of spirit around Semen Juglandiss plant respectively
Middle immersion treatment or with iron hammer by rotten for aggrieved fruit hammer just in it larva hammer dead, can effectively reduce the insect insect population number of next year
Amount.Annual 6～August, Qingchuan County forestry and landscape bureau's also unified purchase dictyoploca japonica butler worm cocoon, carries out concentrating and destroys.
Agro-chemicals control: according to Semen Juglandiss pest species, pests occurrence rule and harmful characteristics, annual April in the domain of Qingchuan County
The middle ten days to mid-May, sprayed 2～3 times in woodland using Semen Juglandiss fruit retention spirit series medicament, can effective control Semen Juglandiss anthrax, core
The causing harm of the pest and disease damages such as Peach black spot, Alcidodes juglans Chao, Atrijuglans hetaohei, dictyoploca japonica butler.Dispenser, adds in a medicament simultaneously
Foliar nutrition is fertile, is that tree strain growth provides nutrition while prevention and elimination of disease and pests again.In 4～June, excavate rhizome portion soil, often
Every 10cm about cut broken skin layer, with fruit retention spirit brush aggrieved position, then earth backing, Dyscerus juglaus larva can be killed.
2011 start, and carry out the test of breeding Semen Juglandiss in Qingchuan County gold mountain area, bridge township and Qingxi stream town, using spring
The mode that scion grafting and summer budding combine.Proving ground be mainly distributed on 600 mu of gold mountain area Kingsoft village, bridge township cordierite and
100 mu of ichthyosauru village, 100 mu of Qingxi stream town Qingxi stream village.Using propagation by grafiting technology, make stock from this Herba Violae Collinae of Qing Chuan, according to season
The change of section, is respectively adopted scion grafting and square bud connects and combines it is desirable to survival rate >=90%, storage rate >=80%.
Result of the test: 18000 plants of grafting Semen Juglandiss altogether, survive 16200 plants, preserve 15480 plants, that is, graft survival rate is
90%, storage rate is 86%.By forming walnut alive and observing to transferring, its robust growth, basic no disease and pests harm.
It is embodiments of the invention as mentioned above.The present invention is not limited to above-mentioned embodiment, and anyone should learn
The structure change made under the enlightenment of the present invention, every have same or like technical scheme with the present invention, each falls within this
Within the protection domain of invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of breed breeding propagation method of high-quality Semen Juglandiss is it is characterised in that comprise the steps:
(1) Semen Juglandiss select tree primary election: select tree-like complete, tree crown thes first transaction of a day's business, well-grown in Semen Juglandiss natural forests, tree body is healthy and strong, set
Age, yield and quality aspect showed excellent plant as fine individual plant, thus having selected candidate select tree more than 20 years；
(2) Semen Juglandiss select tree final election: actual measurement single plant yield, nut nutrition composition, nut nutrition composition reaches standard person and enters final election,
Otherwise, eliminated；
(3) Semen Juglandiss select tree final election: final election select tree is carried out with the repeated measures investigation of continuous 3 years, nut is carried out with year collection, surveys
Fixed and inclusions are analyzed, early with the Early mature apricot performance of select tree, the Major Economic index of nut, high yield characteristic and clone
Real trait expression is foundation, by final election select tree, by strain assay, is filtered out excellent, the precocious feature of nut quality substantially,
Improved seeds early real, that yielding ability is good；
(4) set up Semen Juglandiss nursery: select that physical features is shallower, soil layer is fertile, quality is loose, draining is good, neutrality or alkalescence, have
The irrigation conditions and yellow soil slope region having a good transport service carries out finishing and builds garden, from no disease and pests harm, full common Walnut Seed is in choosing
The correction selected is built and is sowed on the soil in garden, after germination, the water and fertilizer management of reinforcement stock seedling, and prevention and elimination of disease and pests,
Carry out a weeding, loosen the soil, apply fertilizer in spring, promoting Growth status vigorous；Using spring whip grafting or summer square bud grafting method
Carry out grafting, adopted from the improved seeds of step (3) Semen Juglandiss select tree final election using the first year or then spring and shear off wax seal and store
It is hidden in the scion under 0～5 DEG C of temperature conditions；Regularly weed with a hoe after building garden, spraying herbicide glyphosate, dry season waters 1～2 time
Water, rainy season notes timely draining, carries out weeding, digs after fallen leaves, and applies farm manure 50～100kg/ strain；
(5) cultivating and managing: the lateral bud sprouted is erased after grafting on the following stock of interface, budders after 15d and start to sprout, 30d is followed by
Mouth is basic to heal, and according to seedling growth situation, applies fertilizer 1～2 time, and 10～15kg nitrogenous fertilizer/mu controls nitrogenous fertilizer after mid-August, imposes
Phosphorus potassium complex fertilizer, controls nursery stock later stage prosperous length, promotes nursery stock tissue to enrich, improves resistance, survived the winter with profit, in seedling growth process
In loosen the soil and remove weeds, to promote the effectively utilizes of the gas permeability of soil and fertilizer, improve seedling quality, meet rainy season hydrops should and
When draining；
(6) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: take and put prevention first, prevent and treat the principle combining, dormant pruning sick branch, burn after concentration, repair
Spray 5 degree of lime sulfur after cutting, after Germination to Frondescent, spray 1 0.5 degree of lime sulfur again, winter removes disease fruit, disease in time
Leaf, carry out buried or concentrate burn, artificial capture method adult, concentrate kill or use medicament.
2. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of breed breeding propagation method of high-quality Semen Juglandiss it is characterised in that step (1) center
The specifically chosen content of Fructus Persicae select tree primary election is:
A. complete survey, find out Semen Juglandiss preservation area, main distribution situation, by visiting and investigating, from the growth on the spot bar of Semen Juglandiss
Part, tree-like, yield, nut single fruit weight, kernel percent and pest and disease damage aspect primarily determine that Semen Juglandiss fine individual plant selection range；
B. the quality and quantity of investigation and the qualitative analysis, determines candidate select tree；
C. investigate the land occupation condition of walnut: investigation content is terrain, the gradient, slope aspect, height above sea level and soil types；
D. investigate the basic condition of Semen Juglandiss individual plant: index is tree-like, the age of tree, the height of tree, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground and hat width；
E. the Elemental characters of Walnut are analyzed: the investigation fruit shape of nut, fruit color, go out core situation, analyze nut transverse diameter, vertical
Footpath, abdomen footpath, thickness of the shell and mean fruit weight；
F. investigate the victimization state of Semen Juglandiss pest and disease damage: susceptible serious not as candidate select tree.
3. a kind of breed breeding propagation method of high-quality Semen Juglandiss is stopped it is characterised in that adopting the fringe time as claimed in claim 1
The dormancy phase is carried out, and retains 3～4 buds under clip；Prune to adopting fringe tree after adopting fringe, first to long or adopt spike number year and bright
The major branch of aobvious decline carries out cutting back, promotes to sprout prosperous bar, then removes overstocked and withered branch stake, thin and delicate branch, to adopting bar
When stay the long cutting back to be carried out of stake, to reduce the formation of withered stake.
4. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of breed breeding propagation method of high-quality Semen Juglandiss it is characterised in that in step (4), transferring
Select and remain when connecing 3～4 major branches, at least grafting 1～2 head, the pinching as young sprout 50cm after grafting survival, second branch 60～
Pinching during 80cm, 4～6 major branches of selecting and remain are in head, take fringe every year from these major branches.
5. a kind of breed breeding propagation method of high-quality Semen Juglandiss anvil grafting it is characterised in that Semen Juglandiss break as claimed in claim 1
Afterwards, extract base portion to be upset the kryptoblast of generation.
6. as claimed in claim 1 a kind of breed breeding propagation method of high-quality Semen Juglandiss it is characterised in that after grafting 1
Pinching in～2 years, turns out good tree-like, the quantity of increase fringe bar.
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Application publication date: 20170201 |