CN104855227A - Cultivation method of karst stony desertification mountain land strawberry trees - Google Patents
Cultivation method of karst stony desertification mountain land strawberry trees Download PDFInfo
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- CN104855227A CN104855227A CN201510308147.1A CN201510308147A CN104855227A CN 104855227 A CN104855227 A CN 104855227A CN 201510308147 A CN201510308147 A CN 201510308147A CN 104855227 A CN104855227 A CN 104855227A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
Abstract
The invention relates to a cultivation method of karst stony desertification mountain land strawberry trees. Local wild strawberry trees are used as stocks. Heiruilin planted in Taiwan, China is used as scions. The cultivation method comprises the steps of soil preparation, seedling culturing, grafting, nursery stock processing, planting, pruning and trimming, field management, pest control and blossoming and fruit bearing period strawberry tree management. The cultivated strawberry trees have exuberant growth vigor, branch tips are strong and large, the fruiting rate is high, fruits have rich nutritive value and are especially rich in vitamin C, eight kinds of amino acid and a certain quantity of proteins and fat, the fruits are very good to human body health, the fruits can be subjected to fresh eating and be made into sweet water cans, fruit juice, fruit wine, preserved fruit and the like, the method is suitable for planting at a stony desertification mountain land barren soil condition, water and soil conservation is achieved, and poverty-stricken area ecotope restoration and mass peasant income increasing are achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cultivation method of economic plants, particularly the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot.
Background technology
Strawberry tree, original name: red bayberry, another name: aspen plum, bright red, pearl Rong, Latin literary fame:
myrica rubra (Lour.) S. et Zucc.myruca ceas, Myrica(Myrica) aiphyllium, Gao Keda more than 15 meters, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground reaches more than 60 centimetres; Bark grey, time old, longitudinal direction is shallow splits; Tree crown spheroidal.Sprig and bud are without hair, and hole skin is usually remarkable less and not, young tender time only by circular and peltate raw body of gland.Leaf keratin, without hair, survives to 2 years and comes off, often intensive in sprig upper part; Be born in person on sprouting bar is long ellipticity or wedge-like lanceolar more, reaches more than 16 centimetres, and top is point or anxious point gradually, the sharp sawtooth that the above tool of marginal center is sparse, Chang Weiquan edge below middle part, base portion wedge shape; Being born in person on pregnant property branch is wedge-like obovate or long ellipticity obovate, long 5-14 centimetre, wide 1-4 centimetre, nose-circle is blunt or the short point of tool is extremely anxious sharp, base portion wedge shape, full edge or even have the sharp sawtooth of above tool minority at middle part, above bottle green, glossy, light green color below, without hair, is only had sparse golden yellow body of gland, dry postmedia and lateral vein at upper and lower surface all significantly, more swell below; The long 2-10 millimeter of petiole.Flower dioecism.Male inflorescence separately or several grow thickly in axil, cylindric, long 1-3 centimetre, branch is not single spike usually, rare have inapparent extremely short branch phenomenon at base portion, and the bract of base portion is infertile, pregnant property bract subcircular, Quan Yuan,, without hair, only there is body of gland at the back side, is about 1 millimeter, raw 1 male flower in every bract armpit.Male flower tool 2-4 piece of avette bractlet and 4-6 piece of stamen; Flower pesticide is oval, and kermesinus, without hair.Female inflorescence Chang Dan is born in axil, short and carefully thin compared with male inflorescence, long 5-15 millimeter, and bract is similar with the bract of male flower, and contiguity forms imbricate arrangement, raw 1 female flower in every bract armpit.The usual tool of female flower 4 pieces of avette bractlets; Ovary is avette, minimum, and without hair, the style that top is extremely short and 2 cherry elongated column caps are the thelephorous stigmatic surface of tool inside it.Each female inflorescence is upper end 1(rare 2 only) female flower can develop into fruit.Drupe is spherical, appearance mask papillary bulge, footpath 1-1.5 centimetre, and cultivar can reach 3 cm, exocarp meat, succulence liquid and resin, sweet and sour, peony or aubergine time ripe; Core is often that oblong or circle are avette, slightly becomes to flatten shape, long 1-1.5 centimetre, wide 1-1.2 centimetre, and endocarp is extremely hard, wooden.April blooms, 6-7 month fruit maturation.
Strawberry tree originates in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, TaiWan, China, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong.Also there are distribution in Japan, Korea and Philippine.Growth is in the hillside or mountain valley woods of height above sea level 125-1500 rice, and red bayberry is the famous fruit in China south of the River; Bark is imbued with tannin, can be used as russet dye well astringent pharmaceutically.Nature and flavor: " Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine ": " puckery, flat." function cures mainly: anti-inflammatory, convergence, antidiarrheal, upper blood, and pain relieving, controls dysentery, enteritis, uterine bleeding, stomachache." Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine ": " bark anti-inflammation hemostasia, astringing to arrest diarrhea.Control metrorrhagia, dysentery, stomachache, stomach ulcer." " choosing of Simao, Yunnan Chinese herbal medicine ": " root skin Sweeling-eliminating medicine powder stasis of blood, pain relieving, desinsection, convergence.Control dysentery, enteritis, lumbar muscle strain, osteopatia sprain, eczema, bareheaded sore, chronic sore."
The a lot of provinces, cities and autonomous regions of south China, as there is a lot of Karst hill area on the ground such as Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong, Jiangxi.The feature in Karst hill area is that the water with corrosion power carries out the general name that corrosion etc. acts on earth's surface and the underground form formed, also known as karst features to solublerock.Except corrosion, also comprise the erosion of flowing water, erosion of diving, and the mechanical erosion process such as to collapse.Before centuries, the Karst hill area rainfall of south China is abundant, have abundant water resources, virgin forest coverage rate is high, aboundresources, beautiful scenery, but along with the growth of entrance, the mankind are in Karst hill area Fast Activities, just cause the destruction of mountain areas forest, the Karst Desertification of current Southwestern China karst has been current global the most serious one of environment and socioeconomic problem, when we are having a taste of karst stone forests in different poses and with different expressions and stone forest wonder, after the superb craftsmanship of admiration the Nature, hardly realize that Karst Rocky Desertification engulfs our home just gradually, threaten our production and life.Under the fragile ecological environment of karst, because locals is to the unreasonable exploitation of land resources, cause vegetation deterioration, water and soil loss, land capability decline or lose, rock is exposed gradually, and earth's surface presents similar desertscape.At present, the Rocky desertification hazard of China nearly more than 70% is mainly distributed in southern 8 provinces (district, city) such as Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangdong centered by Guizhou Plateau, stony desertification area reaches 12.96 ten thousand square kilometres, annual land area of approximately engulfing 1856 square kilometres, overall in aggravation trend.
For intensity Rocky Desertification Region, due to the relation numerous imbalances of human and environment, the mankind lack basic life condition, therefore the ecology strategy based on clear-cutting forestland is mainly taked to the improvement of stony desertification, except planned, do systematically Ecological Immigration, the measure such as take to close hillsides to facilitate afforestation progressively recovers vegetation, and the eco-tour of reasonable development karst.For moderate Rocky Desertification Region, mainly take to administer into main ecology strategy, by conceding the land to forestry, developing, the measures such as farm forestry are actively administered.For slight Rocky Desertification Region; mainly taking to administer is ecology strategy that is main, that strengthen prevention; carry out the Comprehensive ecological control of the ecological agriculture, courtyard economy; strengthen farmland capital construction, rural energy construction and man and livestock drinking water project construction; protect existing soil and vegetation cover, prevent new stony desertification soil.
In the Guangxi Hechi of Southwestern China, some areas in Yizhou and Guizhou Province, had and successfully planted strawberry tree and achieve good achievement, but, how the area plantation high-quality strawberry tree that stony desertification is more serious, also do not have scale to implement.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of method being adapted at the plantation high-quality strawberry tree in Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region, not only can water-retaining effect, check winds and fix drifting sand, red bayberry can also be gathered in the crops, create objective economic benefit, for peasant increases production extra earning, for the road of sustainable development provides foundation, bring Revegetation of Eco-environment and increase income to mass peasants to Karst hill area.
Karst mountain area strawberry tree cultivation method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
1, breed breeding
With local wild bayverry tree as stock, with " the black Rayleigh " of TaiWan, China kind as scion.
Local wild bayverry tree is picked up from Xiangzhou for examination red bayberry kind.
" black Rayleigh " is one of TaiWan, China name fruit, and this kind tree vigo(u)r is prosperous, branch is sturdy, and blade is slender and curling, mid or late Febuary at florescence, and the maturing stage is late May, than Zao 10 days of east chief, pacifies sea slow seven days than prince.Fruit color is atropurpureus, and fruit is individual close to east chief, and mean fruit weight 24 grams, maximum 42 grams, local flavor is sweet, savory, and product are of fine quality.Fruit cedductor is thick and stiff, anti-extrusion, special storage tolerance, week nondiscolouring of raining, do not feel like jelly, sick, do not fall fruit in a large number, be the most long keeping red bayberry kind at present.Dark in fruiterer and consumption liking all, be the most potential improved seeds being worth greatly developing.
Grafting strawberry tree of the present invention can embody the kind of its primary characteristic and genetic stability, under the technology of the present invention condition, all can obtain good yield and quality, as long as suitably apply fertilizer, fruiting rate is very high, the fresh jealous U.S. of fruit, makes beverage or directly eating mouth feel is good, and taste is fresh and sweet.
2, wholely
Excavation Contour terrace, be advisable with subacidity soil, dig planting pit 1.2m × 0.6m by seeding row spacing (3-5) m × 5m, execute the fertile 50kg and superphosphate 1-2kg in the hurdle that becomes thoroughly decomposed in cave, select more than rugosity 0.7cm to have the strong sprout of 3 ~ 4 branches, suitably deeply plant, ridging, to branching-point, is only watered after plantation, is not watered fertilizer, shade with branch then, can survival rate be improved.
3, nursery and grafting
Red bayberry scion selects that tree crown is peripheral or top 2-3 raw, diameter 0.5-1 centimetre, and the linen healthy and strong branch of outer belt does scion, the fully aging spring last year tip or summer shoot, scion adopt lower after, blade, withe should be cut off immediately, and carry out moisturizing; During grafting, high grafting is done and block in the above 12-14 centimeters of branching, scabble fracture, vertically split from section center with cutter, then dark stock stem intermediate vertical incision 1.5 ~ 2.5 centimetres, 3 ~ 5 buds are stayed in scion, and scion lower end is whittled into wedge shape, wedge shape size is suitable with stock otch, insert in the otch of stock with by scion, after alignment, fix with Grafting clip; The staminiferous plant that will configure 1-2% during nursery does pollinizers.
4, seedling treatment
Thin liquid fertilizer or liquid dung can be executed through 15 ~ 20 days, monthly 1 time after grafting survival; Erase the sprout tillers that stock grows at any time; Within 20 ~ 30 days, take away Grafting clip after connecing, be beneficial to the healing growth of grafting position; Note trickle irrigate keep soil or nutritive mud moistening.
5, plant
Before planting, root is hindered in equating, cuts off top spray, cuts off plant 2/3rds blade, stay the aging blade of rhizome, after planting whole completing, just can directly plant, ridge row zonally can be become to plant, and block ground can single or many, and base area block size is planted, first dig pit before plantation, the degree of depth of digging pit is 2-10 centimetre darker in Plain suitably, and mainly stony desert mountain soil is few, arid, appropriate depth is digged pit and red bayberry sapling can be made to take root deeply, drought-enduring; In hole, add appropriate farmyard manure or composite fertilizer as base manure after digging pit, notice that the root of red bayberry sapling does not directly contact fertilizer, after fertilizer can be put into, cover one deck soil, then plantation red bayberry sapling.
6, pruner cuts down
Childhood, tree was to cultivate trunk branch, several secondary major branches and side shoot group, the full bearing period trees prune every year will to expand based on tree crown, many cultivation results branch thereafter.
Strawberry tree pruning is determined by the growth stage division of strawberry tree, simultaneously also by the impact of physiological habit.Terminal bud and the neighbouring l bud energy pumping branch thereof of strawberry tree become skeleton branch or side shoot, and the growth potential of tip pumping branch is all very strong, and the bud of all the other bottoms is kryptoblast, only just can rudiment branch out after environmental stimuli.As given free rein to growth, with the expansion of tree crown, the prolongation of branch, setting fruit position is constantly outer to be moved, normal formation globular model or semicircle capitiform tree crown, expand very little to tree crown in the full bearing period, cause top branches and leaves intensive, bottom and interior thorax then skeleton branch baldness are hollow, surface results yields poorly, aging fast, also brings much inconvenience to fertilizer of gathering, spray, spray medicine simultaneously.Therefore, after red bayberry seedling planting, artificially strawberry tree is trained certain tree-like, and make have certain quantity branch result and growth every year on this basis, thus reach upper and lower, the inside and outside three-dimensional result of tree crown, both improved output, promote quality again, contradiction also between adjustable growth and result, reduces the amplitude of biennial fruiting, has positive effect to prolongation tree body life time, convenient management etc.
Tree-pruning childhood is mainly to cultivate trunk branch, several secondary major branches and side shoot group.Specific practice: after seedling planting, trunk stays about 30cm cutting back, and (nursery stock of production potential difference must cut off at 5 ~ lOom place more than grafting, inspire shoot and again cultivate trunk, next year is cutting back again, postpone and form tree crown in 1 year), adopt respectively and long to put, cutting back, dredge and delete, draw the methods such as branch, bud picking, pinching, cultivate the major branch that 3 ~ 4 are compared the first transaction of a day's business, and on major branch, cultivate each side shoot group, make tree crown basically form natural open centre shape and the tree crown of high quality and stable yield by trimming and finishing.The annual pruning of firstfruits tree will to expand based on tree crown, many cultivation results branch thereafter.After tree crown basically forms, every year renewal pruning is carried out to fruit bearing shoot, reach rotation result.Prune and require, first submit to precocity fruiting childhood, adult tree crown is that uneven, branch rises and falls, the natural open centre shape tree crown of surface curve undulate.
7, field management
Carry out earthing up, covering grass in conjunction with fertilising, ridging is generally fetched earth on the spot, and the most frequently used is mountain ground surface soil, turf mud, and during treelet tree dish diameter about 1m, intertillage is cut weeds continuously, and carries out Mulching, fertilizing method is according to the red bayberry age of tree, growth potential and soil property situation take fertilising, treelet field planting should not be applied fertilizer then, 25 grams, urea is executed in Second Year strain in spring, between 5-June, sealing fertilizer 0.5 kilogram or people and animals urinate 30 kilograms, excrement, 0.2 kilogram, urea is executed in strain in 5-June in 3rd year, execute ash 10 kilograms or potassium sulfate 1 kilogram 9-October, execute ash 10 kilograms or potassium sulfate 1 kilogram 9-October, people and animals urinate 30 kilograms, excrement, before bearing-age tree leaf bud in spring is sprouted, urea 0.2-0.3 is executed in every strain, when base manure is more sufficient, can execute, 6-July, urea 0.3-0.5 was executed in every strain, potassium sulfate about 2 kilograms, or ash 10-15 kilograms, 9-October, strain manuring 25-30 kilograms of improving the soil was ploughed deeply in combination, or 40-45 kilograms, compost or loam 50-60 kilograms.
8, the extermination of disease and insect pest
Strawberry tree to the resistance of sick worm, but still should be noted that the usual sick worm protection extermination of disease and insect pest; The extermination of disease and insect pest of strawberry tree is the control to Bacterial Gall of Red Bayberry, red bayberry brown spot, red bayberry die back disease, red bayberry branch maize ear rot, the red clothing disease of red bayberry, red bayberry white rot, root rot in Chinese strawberry, red bayberry little leaf, red bayberry top dry, a red-spotted lizard class, moth class, fruit bat and termite.
Wherein, the damage by disease and insect such as canker, brown spot, leaf roller, pine caterpillars is very big to red bayberry tree vigo(u)r and yield effect, produce upper will to put prevention first, implementation integrated control.Except taking applying organic manure and potash fertilizer, do well outside the measures such as clear garden in winter, the season of growth for damage by disease and insect pests occurrence rule, will adopt an effective measure in time, is eliminated before large generation. 1。Canker, also known as syphilis, is a kind of bacterial disease, mostly occurs on trunk and bough, to tree vigo(u)r and yield effect very large.This disease is propagated by rainwater, invades from wound, and late May starts morbidity, and just during morbidity, disease portion produces milky small embossment, after enlargement gradually, form surperficial very coarse pitchy tumour.In control except protection limb preserves from; tumour (until existing new organization) can be eliminated with sharp knife after spring, autumn two monsoon rain; and on wound, smear " 402 " antibacterial agent 50 ~ 100 times of liquid; or agricultural streptomycin 200 mg/litre, 0.1% potassium permanganate; or 70% alcohol, copper sulphate 100 times of liquid disinfection protection in addition; after two weeks, be coated with 1 time again, the sick tumor tissue scraped concentrated and is burnt. 2。Brown spot belongs to fungal disease, blade of causing harm, 1 year occur 1 time, cause the autumn and winter to fall leaves in a large number, and make bud and sprig withered, to tree vigo(u)r and yield effect very big.Before fruit picking after 20 ~ 30 days and fruit picking, 11: 2: 200 bordeaux mixture or the bactericide such as 70% thiophanate methyl, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid, 65% zineb, 600 times of liquid are respectively sprayed to tree crown, can be controlled.When control miss the season cause the autumn and winter to fall leaves in a large number time, the systemic fungicides such as 70% thiophanate methyl, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid can be sprayed to tree crown in conjunction with top dressing and add 2,4-D10 ~ 20 mg/litre and controlled. 3。Branch maize ear rot mostly occurs on the old and the weak tree.Rot after limb morbidity withered, affect tree vigo(u)r, tree vigo(u)r is decayed ahead of time.Produce upper can employing to strike off scab in early days, saw and remove withered branch, and prevented and treated in the method that wound smears disinfectant.Scrape the same canker of the method for controlling. 4。There are for 2 generations in leaf roller 1 year, how to cause harm to mid-June, 7 ~ August at the end of May, weaves silk spire or the tender tip to be conjugated in concentrate food evil together, affects growth and the photosynthesis of young sprout.Larvae occurrence time can in conjunction with the control of brown spot etc., select 90% chlorophos, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid, or 2.5% decis (decis), 2000 ~ 3000 times of liquid, or 80% dichlorvos, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid, or 1.8% Avermectin, 2000 ~ 3000 times of liquid, or the insecticide spraying tree crown such as 50% phoxim, 1000 times of liquid is controlled. 5。There is for 1 generation in pine caterpillars 1 year, early April larvae, 35 ~ 40 days larval phases.Newly hatched larvae is clustered in food evil tender leaf top layer, only leaving layer epidermis, later dispersion food evil on young sprout, and appetite increases, and makes blade only surplus vein time serious.Mid or late April, when finding larva in the tree, can be killed by spraying insecticide, pesticide control was identical with leaf roller. 6。Scale insect mainly comprises cypress oyster shell scale, camphor tree net armored scale two kinds, causes strawberry tree dry branches and fallen leaves.Occurred in 1 year 2 generations, first generation children a red-spotted lizard occurs on the occasion of red bayberry young fruit expanding stage (5 ~ June), and the second generation is (7 ~ August) after fruit picking.In order to reduce the impact of residue of pesticide on fruit, many second generation children a red-spotted lizard incubation period medications after fruit picking in control, medicament optional 25% Buprofezin (buprofezin) 1000 times of liquid or washing powder 80 ~ 100 times of liquid, speed slaughter 1000 times of liquid.To the plant that is seriously injured individually, after fruit picking, dry way can be coated with systemic insecticide 40% Rogor 5 ~ 10 times of liquid and be prevented and treated.
9, yield positive results the phase strawberry tree management
Comprise cutting back fruit bearing shoot flower thinning, chemical flower thinning and artificial fruit thinning; Described cutting back fruit bearing shoot flower thinning is generally 2 ~ mid-March, and the good year tree too much to flower bud differentiation, entirely sets uniform cutting back 1/5 ~ 2/5 fruit bearing shoot, and remove thin and delicate, close raw fruit bearing shoot, and the available nitrogens such as urea 0.5 ~ 1.0 kilogram are executed in every strain simultaneously, inspire vegetative shoot; Described chemical flower thinning be to good year tree or result dislike many plant, use Flower thinning agent at full-bloom stage, weak tree and the too much tree of bud, can after fruit harvesting spraying 200 ~ 300 mg/kg gibberellin, every spray in 10 days 1 time, connect spray 2 ~ 3 times, to increase autumn growth number and to suppress flower_bud formation rate; Described artificial fruit thinning method sets the spring tip good year few, and tree crown top should many fruit thinnings, and the young tree spring tip is many and prosperous, and fruit is stayed on tree crown top more, presses the tip with fruit.
Advantage of the present invention:
1, karst Karst Desertification is current global the most serious one of environment and socioeconomic problem.The stony desertification of Southwestern China karst is the very outstanding territorial environment problem that development of the West Regions enforcement ecological construction faces.Have three large karst integrated distribution sections in the world, be respectively European Mediterranean, eastern united states and southwest China.Wherein section, East Asia is that carbonate rock outcrop area is maximum, Karst Development is the strongest, landscape types is maximum, ecotope is the most complicated, the area that people ground contradiction is the most sharp-pointed, the West Guangxi of China and Guizhou, the ground such as Yunnan, due to deforestation, earth's surface can not water moisture self restraint, water all runs off seriously, so plantation strawberry tree, fine effect is played to water and soil loss, peasant plants strawberry tree, both water and soil can be kept, gather in the crops fancy fruit carambola again, improve income, realize karst area Southwest China ecology, economical, the coordination of society, sustainable development has important realistic meaning and far-reaching historic significance,
2, the strawberry tree that cultivates of the present invention, vigorous growth potential, branch is sturdy, and branch is also comparatively large, and fruiting rate is very high, fruit has abundant nutritive value, especially vitamin C and 8 seed amino acids are rich in, and a certain amount of protein, fat, very useful to health, fruit, except eating raw, also can be made into sweet can, fruit juice, fruit wine, preserved fruit etc.;
3, of many uses Karst Mountains Desertification Area cultivation strawberry tree, market potential is huge: gale branch and leaves is green for winter, do not fall leaves, can be used as ornamental green plants, the fresh branches and leaves of strawberry tree are nonflammable, can be used as the plantation of forest fire protection band, anti-upper forest fire, the leaf of red bayberry, root and limb epidermis are rich in tannin (content is up to 10% ~ 19%), flavonoids and essential oil material can be refined, as russet and astringent medically, containing laetrile in the kernel of red bayberry, this is a kind of cancer-resisting substance, also containing crude protein 32%, crude fat 21%, be called as high protein, high vegetable fat food, can for stir-frying and eating or extracting oil, in addition, red bayberry has and helps digestion, resisting cold, relieve summer heat, antidiarrheal, diuresis, control dysentery and promote the production of body fluid yearningly upper, gut purge stomach, the multiple medical values such as relieving restlessness anger bad odor,
3, the applicant tests in the Xiangzhou of Laibin city of Guangxi, promote strawberry tree culture technique, begin fruit for 2 ~ 3 years, after entering the full bearing period, strain produces 60 ~ 80 kilograms, market average sales price is all stabilized in per kilogram 20 yuan, and therefore economic benefit is very considerable to local economy sustainable growth, played larger effect to increasing peasant income.
Embodiment
Implement karst mountain area strawberry tree cultivation method of the present invention to comprise the following steps:
1, breed breeding
With local wild bayverry tree as stock, with " the black Rayleigh " of TaiWan, China kind as scion.
Local wild bayverry tree is picked up from Xiangzhou for examination red bayberry kind.
" black Rayleigh " is one of TaiWan, China name fruit, and this kind tree vigo(u)r is prosperous, branch is sturdy, and blade is slender and curling, mid or late Febuary at florescence, and the maturing stage is late May, than Zao 10 days of east chief, pacifies sea slow seven days than prince.Fruit color is atropurpureus, and fruit is individual close to east chief, and mean fruit weight 24 grams, maximum 42 grams, local flavor is sweet, savory, and product are of fine quality.Fruit cedductor is thick and stiff, anti-extrusion, special storage tolerance, week nondiscolouring of raining, do not feel like jelly, sick, do not fall fruit in a large number, be the most long keeping red bayberry kind at present.Dark in fruiterer and consumption liking all, be the most potential improved seeds being worth greatly developing.。
Grafting strawberry tree of the present invention can embody the kind of its primary characteristic and genetic stability, under the technology of the present invention condition, all can obtain good yield and quality, as long as suitably apply fertilizer, fruiting rate is very high, the fresh jealous U.S. of fruit, makes beverage or directly eating mouth feel is good, and taste is fresh and sweet.
2, wholely
Excavation Contour terrace, be advisable with subacidity soil, dig planting pit 1.2m × 0.6m by seeding row spacing (3-5) m × 5m, execute the fertile 50kg and superphosphate 1-2kg in the hurdle that becomes thoroughly decomposed in cave, select more than rugosity 0.7cm to have the strong sprout of 3 ~ 4 branches, suitably deeply plant, ridging, to branching-point, is only watered after plantation, is not watered fertilizer, shade with branch then, can survival rate be improved.
3, nursery and grafting
Red bayberry scion selects that tree crown is peripheral or top 2-3 raw, diameter 0.5-1 centimetre, and the linen healthy and strong branch of outer belt does scion, the fully aging spring last year tip or summer shoot, scion adopt lower after, blade, withe should be cut off immediately, and carry out moisturizing; During grafting, high grafting is done and block in the above 12-14 centimeters of branching, scabble fracture, vertically split from section center with cutter, then dark stock stem intermediate vertical incision 1.5 ~ 2.5 centimetres, 3 ~ 5 buds are stayed in scion, and scion lower end is whittled into wedge shape, wedge shape size is suitable with stock otch, insert in the otch of stock with by scion, after alignment, fix with Grafting clip; The staminiferous plant that will configure 1-2% during nursery does pollinizers.
4, seedling treatment
Thin liquid fertilizer or liquid dung can be executed through 15 ~ 20 days, monthly 1 time after grafting survival; Erase the sprout tillers that stock grows at any time; Within 20 ~ 30 days, take away Grafting clip after connecing, be beneficial to the healing growth of grafting position; Note trickle irrigate keep soil or nutritive mud moistening.
5, plant
Before planting, root is hindered in equating, cuts off top spray, cuts off plant 2/3rds blade, stay the aging blade of rhizome, after planting whole completing, just can directly plant, ridge row zonally can be become to plant, and block ground can single or many, and base area block size is planted, first dig pit before plantation, the degree of depth of digging pit is 2-10 centimetre darker in Plain suitably, and mainly stony desert mountain soil is few, arid, appropriate depth is digged pit and red bayberry sapling can be made to take root deeply, drought-enduring; In hole, add appropriate farmyard manure or composite fertilizer as base manure after digging pit, notice that the root of red bayberry sapling does not directly contact fertilizer, after fertilizer can be put into, cover one deck soil, then plantation red bayberry sapling.
6, pruner cuts down
Childhood, tree was to cultivate trunk branch, several secondary major branches and side shoot group, the full bearing period trees prune every year will to expand based on tree crown, many cultivation results branch thereafter.
Strawberry tree pruning is determined by the growth stage division of strawberry tree, simultaneously also by the impact of physiological habit.Terminal bud and the neighbouring l bud energy pumping branch thereof of strawberry tree become skeleton branch or side shoot, and the growth potential of tip pumping branch is all very strong, and the bud of all the other bottoms is kryptoblast, only just can rudiment branch out after environmental stimuli.As given free rein to growth, with the expansion of tree crown, the prolongation of branch, setting fruit position is constantly outer to be moved, normal formation globular model or semicircle capitiform tree crown, expand very little to tree crown in the full bearing period, cause top branches and leaves intensive, bottom and interior thorax then skeleton branch baldness are hollow, surface results yields poorly, aging fast, also brings much inconvenience to fertilizer of gathering, spray, spray medicine simultaneously.Therefore, after red bayberry seedling planting, artificially strawberry tree is trained certain tree-like, and make have certain quantity branch result and growth every year on this basis, thus reach upper and lower, the inside and outside three-dimensional result of tree crown, both improved output, promote quality again, contradiction also between adjustable growth and result, reduces the amplitude of biennial fruiting, has positive effect to prolongation tree body life time, convenient management etc.
Tree-pruning childhood is mainly to cultivate trunk branch, several secondary major branches and side shoot group.Specific practice: after seedling planting, trunk stays about 30cm cutting back, and (nursery stock of production potential difference must cut off at 5 ~ lOom place more than grafting, inspire shoot and again cultivate trunk, next year is cutting back again, postpone and form tree crown in 1 year), adopted respectively in 3 years and long to put, cutting back, dredge and delete, draw the methods such as branch, bud picking, pinching, cultivate the major branch that 3 ~ 4 are compared the first transaction of a day's business, and on major branch, cultivate each side shoot group, strive bearing fruit from the 4th year, entered the full bearing period by about the 10th year, make tree crown basically form natural open centre shape and the tree crown of high quality and stable yield by trimming and finishing.This 4 ~ l0 is firstfruits tree, and period prunes every year will to expand based on tree crown, many cultivation results branch thereafter.After tree crown basically forms, every year renewal pruning is carried out to fruit bearing shoot, reach rotation result.Prune and require, first submit to precocity fruiting childhood, adult tree crown is that uneven, branch rises and falls, the natural open centre shape tree crown of surface curve undulate.
7, field management
Carry out earthing up, covering grass in conjunction with fertilising, ridging is generally fetched earth on the spot, and the most frequently used is mountain ground surface soil, turf mud, and during treelet tree dish diameter about 1m, intertillage is cut weeds continuously, and carries out Mulching, fertilizing method is according to the red bayberry age of tree, growth potential and soil property situation take fertilising, treelet field planting should not be applied fertilizer then, 25 grams, urea is executed in Second Year strain in spring, between 5-June, sealing fertilizer 0.5 kilogram or people and animals urinate 30 kilograms, excrement, 0.2 kilogram, urea is executed in strain in 5-June in 3rd year, execute ash 10 kilograms or potassium sulfate 1 kilogram 9-October, execute ash 10 kilograms or potassium sulfate 1 kilogram 9-October, people and animals urinate 30 kilograms, excrement, before bearing-age tree leaf bud in spring is sprouted, urea 0.2-0.3 is executed in every strain, when base manure is more sufficient, can execute, 6-July, urea 0.3-0.5 was executed in every strain, potassium sulfate about 2 kilograms, or ash 10-15 kilograms, 9-October, strain manuring 25-30 kilograms of improving the soil was ploughed deeply in combination, or 40-45 kilograms, compost or loam 50-60 kilograms.
8, the extermination of disease and insect pest
Strawberry tree to the resistance of sick worm, but still should be noted that the usual sick worm protection extermination of disease and insect pest; The extermination of disease and insect pest of strawberry tree is the control to Bacterial Gall of Red Bayberry, red bayberry brown spot, red bayberry die back disease, red bayberry branch maize ear rot, the red clothing disease of red bayberry, red bayberry white rot, root rot in Chinese strawberry, red bayberry little leaf, red bayberry top dry, a red-spotted lizard class, moth class, fruit bat and termite.
Wherein, the damage by disease and insect such as canker, brown spot, leaf roller, pine caterpillars is very big to red bayberry tree vigo(u)r and yield effect, produce upper will to put prevention first, implementation integrated control.Except taking applying organic manure and potash fertilizer, do well outside the measures such as clear garden in winter, the season of growth for damage by disease and insect pests occurrence rule, will adopt an effective measure in time, is eliminated before large generation.
Canker: also known as syphilis is a kind of bacterial disease, mostly occurs on trunk and bough, to tree vigo(u)r and yield effect very large.This disease is propagated by rainwater, invades from wound, and late May starts morbidity, and just during morbidity, disease portion produces milky small embossment, after enlargement gradually, form surperficial very coarse pitchy tumour.In control except protection limb preserves from; tumour (until existing new organization) can be eliminated with sharp knife after spring, autumn two monsoon rain; and on wound, smear " 402 " antibacterial agent 50 ~ 100 times of liquid; or agricultural streptomycin 200 mg/litre, 0.1% potassium permanganate; or 70% alcohol, copper sulphate 100 times of liquid disinfection protection in addition; after two weeks, be coated with 1 time again, the sick tumor tissue scraped concentrated and is burnt.
Brown spot: belong to fungal disease, blade of causing harm, 1 year occur 1 time, cause the autumn and winter to fall leaves in a large number, and make bud and sprig withered, to tree vigo(u)r and yield effect very big.Before fruit picking after 20 ~ 30 days and fruit picking, 11: 2: 200 bordeaux mixture or the bactericide such as 70% thiophanate methyl, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid, 65% zineb, 600 times of liquid are respectively sprayed to tree crown, can be controlled.When control miss the season cause the autumn and winter to fall leaves in a large number time, the systemic fungicides such as 70% thiophanate methyl, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid can be sprayed to tree crown in conjunction with top dressing and add 2,4-D10 ~ 20 mg/litre and controlled.
Branch maize ear rot: mostly occur on the old and the weak tree.Rot after limb morbidity withered, affect tree vigo(u)r, tree vigo(u)r is decayed ahead of time.Produce upper can employing to strike off scab in early days, saw and remove withered branch, and prevented and treated in the method that wound smears disinfectant.Scrape the same canker of the method for controlling.
Leaf roller: 2 generations occurred, how to cause harm to mid-June, 7 ~ August at the end of May for 1 year, weaves silk spire or the tender tip to be conjugated in and concentrates food evil together, affect growth and the photosynthesis of young sprout.Larvae occurrence time can in conjunction with the control of brown spot etc., select 90% chlorophos, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid, or 2.5% decis (decis), 2000 ~ 3000 times of liquid, or 80% dichlorvos, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid, or 1.8% Avermectin, 2000 ~ 3000 times of liquid, or the insecticide spraying tree crown such as 50% phoxim, 1000 times of liquid is controlled.
Pine caterpillars: 1 year occur 1 generation, early April larvae, 35 ~ 40 days larval phases.Newly hatched larvae is clustered in food evil tender leaf top layer, only leaving layer epidermis, later dispersion food evil on young sprout, and appetite increases, and makes blade only surplus vein time serious.Mid or late April, when finding larva in the tree, can be killed by spraying insecticide, pesticide control was identical with leaf roller.
Scale insect: mainly comprise cypress oyster shell scale, camphor tree net armored scale two kinds, cause strawberry tree dry branches and fallen leaves.Occurred in 1 year 2 generations, first generation children a red-spotted lizard occurs on the occasion of red bayberry young fruit expanding stage (5 ~ June), and the second generation is (7 ~ August) after fruit picking.In order to reduce the impact of residue of pesticide on fruit, many second generation children a red-spotted lizard incubation period medications after fruit picking in control, medicament optional 25% Buprofezin (buprofezin) 1000 times of liquid or washing powder 80 ~ 100 times of liquid, speed slaughter 1000 times of liquid.To the plant that is seriously injured individually, after fruit picking, dry way can be coated with systemic insecticide 40% Rogor 5 ~ 10 times of liquid and be prevented and treated.
9, yield positive results the phase strawberry tree management
Comprise cutting back fruit bearing shoot flower thinning, chemical flower thinning and artificial fruit thinning; Described cutting back fruit bearing shoot flower thinning is generally 2 ~ mid-March, and the good year tree too much to flower bud differentiation, entirely sets uniform cutting back 1/5 ~ 2/5 fruit bearing shoot, and remove thin and delicate, close raw fruit bearing shoot, and the available nitrogens such as urea 0.5 ~ 1.0 kilogram are executed in every strain simultaneously, inspire vegetative shoot; Described chemical flower thinning be to good year tree or result dislike many plant, use Flower thinning agent at full-bloom stage, weak tree and the too much tree of bud, can after fruit harvesting spraying 200 ~ 300 mg/kg gibberellin, every spray in 10 days 1 time, connect spray 2 ~ 3 times, to increase autumn growth number and to suppress flower_bud formation rate; Described artificial fruit thinning method sets the spring tip good year few, and tree crown top should many fruit thinnings, and the young tree spring tip is many and prosperous, and fruit is stayed on tree crown top more, presses the tip with fruit.
Compare with the red bayberry that plants of the present invention and several frequently seen red bayberry below:
The Other Main Agronomic Characters of the different red bayberry of table 1
As can be seen here, the average weight of red bayberry of the present invention's cultivation and interior quality better than common red bayberry.
The different red bayberry output of table 2, exterior quality compare with benefit
As can be seen here, the present invention cultivation red bayberry output the highest, fruit color and exterior quality outstanding, good in economic efficiency.
Inventor is through cultivation for many years, and the carambola demonstrating the present invention's cultivation shows good growth characteristics, illustrates under self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area condition, uses this technology can complete the cultivation of strawberry tree, significantly improve local environment and economy benefit.
Claims (9)
1. a cultivation method for Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot, is characterized in that: with local wild bayverry tree as stock, with " the black Rayleigh " of TaiWan, China kind as scion; Described cultivation method comprises wholely, nursery and grafting, seedling treatment, plantation, pruner cut down, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest and phase strawberry tree management of yielding positive results step.
2. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described is excavation Contour terrace wholely, is advisable, digs planting pit 1.2m × 0.6m by seeding row spacing (3-5) m × 5m with subacidity soil, the fertile 50kg and superphosphate 1-2kg in the hurdle that becomes thoroughly decomposed is executed in cave, select more than rugosity 0.7cm to have the strong sprout of 3 ~ 4 branches, suitably deeply plant, ridging is to branching-point, only water after plantation, do not water fertilizer, shade with branch then, can survival rate be improved.
3. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described nursery and grafting are that tree crown periphery is selected in red bayberry scion or top 2-3 is raw, diameter 0.5-1 centimetre, the linen healthy and strong branch of outer belt does scion, the fully aging spring last year tip or summer shoot, scion adopt lower after, blade, withe should be cut off immediately, and carry out moisturizing; During grafting, high grafting is done and block in the above 12-14 centimeters of branching, scabble fracture, vertically split from section center with cutter, then dark stock stem intermediate vertical incision 1.5 ~ 2.5 centimetres, 3 ~ 5 buds are stayed in scion, and scion lower end is whittled into wedge shape, wedge shape size is suitable with stock otch, insert in the otch of stock with by scion, after alignment, fix with Grafting clip; The staminiferous plant that will configure 1-2% during nursery does pollinizers.
4. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described seedling treatment can execute thin liquid fertilizer or liquid dung through 15 ~ 20 days after grafting survival, monthly 1 time; Erase the sprout tillers that stock grows at any time; Within 20 ~ 30 days, take away Grafting clip after connecing, be beneficial to the healing growth of grafting position; Note trickle irrigate keep soil or nutritive mud moistening.
5. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described plantation is that before planting, root is hindered in equating, cut off top spray, cut off plant 2/3rds blade, stay the aging blade of rhizome, in whole the plantation completed, zonally become ridge row plantation, single or many plantations blockly.
6. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described pruner cuts down, childhood, tree was to cultivate trunk branch, several secondary major branches and side shoot group, the full bearing period trees prune every year will to expand based on tree crown, many cultivation results branch thereafter.
7. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described field management manages after planting, carry out earthing up, covering grass in conjunction with fertilising, ridging is generally fetched earth on the spot, the most frequently used is mountain ground surface soil, turf mud, during treelet tree dish diameter about 1m, intertillage is cut weeds continuously, and carries out Mulching, fertilizing method is according to the red bayberry age of tree, growth potential and soil property situation take fertilising, treelet field planting should not be applied fertilizer then, 25 grams, urea is executed in Second Year strain in spring, between 5-June, sealing fertilizer 0.5 kilogram or people and animals urinate 30 kilograms, excrement, 0.2 kilogram, urea is executed in strain in 5-June in 3rd year, execute ash 10 kilograms or potassium sulfate 1 kilogram 9-October, execute ash 10 kilograms or potassium sulfate 1 kilogram 9-October, people and animals urinate 30 kilograms, excrement, before bearing-age tree leaf bud in spring is sprouted, urea 0.2-0.3 is executed in every strain, when base manure is more sufficient, can execute, 6-July, urea 0.3-0.5 was executed in every strain, potassium sulfate about 2 kilograms, or ash 10-15 kilograms, 9-October, strain manuring 25-30 kilograms of improving the soil was ploughed deeply in combination, or 40-45 kilograms, compost or loam 50-60 kilograms.
8. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the described extermination of disease and insect pest is the control to Bacterial Gall of Red Bayberry, red bayberry brown spot, red bayberry die back disease, red bayberry branch maize ear rot, the red clothing disease of red bayberry, red bayberry white rot, root rot in Chinese strawberry, red bayberry little leaf, red bayberry top dry, a red-spotted lizard class, moth class, fruit bat and termite.
9. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification Mountainous Poplar Japanese apricot according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described phase of yielding positive results strawberry tree management, comprises cutting back fruit bearing shoot flower thinning, chemical flower thinning and artificial fruit thinning; Described cutting back fruit bearing shoot flower thinning is generally 2 ~ mid-March, and the good year tree too much to flower bud differentiation, entirely sets uniform cutting back 1/5 ~ 2/5 fruit bearing shoot, and remove thin and delicate, close raw fruit bearing shoot, and the available nitrogens such as urea 0.5 ~ 1.0 kilogram are executed in every strain simultaneously, inspire vegetative shoot; Described chemical flower thinning be to good year tree or result dislike many plant, use Flower thinning agent at full-bloom stage, weak tree and the too much tree of bud, can after fruit harvesting spraying 200 ~ 300 mg/kg gibberellin, every spray in 10 days 1 time, connect spray 2 ~ 3 times, to increase autumn growth number and to suppress flower_bud formation rate; Described artificial fruit thinning method sets the spring tip good year few, and tree crown top should many fruit thinnings, and the young tree spring tip is many and prosperous, and fruit is stayed on tree crown top more, presses the tip with fruit.
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