CN104871912A - Cultivation method of plum in Karst rock-desertification areas - Google Patents
Cultivation method of plum in Karst rock-desertification areas Download PDFInfo
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- CN104871912A CN104871912A CN201510308106.2A CN201510308106A CN104871912A CN 104871912 A CN104871912 A CN 104871912A CN 201510308106 A CN201510308106 A CN 201510308106A CN 104871912 A CN104871912 A CN 104871912A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
Abstract
The invention relates to a cultivation method of plum in Karst rock-desertification areas. The varieties of the cultivated plum are 'Nanhua plum', 'Sanhua plum' and 'Shuanghua plum'. The cultivation method includes the steps of land preparation, field planting, fertilizer and water management, pruning, field management and pest control. The cultivated plum trees are strong in tree vigor, hard in branches, long in life and high in fruiting rate, the plum fruit has rich nutritional value, contains sugar, microprotein, fat, carotene, vitamins B1, B2 and C, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, asparagine, glutamine, serine, glycine, proline, threonine, alanine and the like and can be processed into good-taste dried plum, honey plum slices, sugar preserved plum and the like beside fresh eating, the plum is suitable for being planted in the rock-desertification areas under the condition of poor soil for water and soil conservation, ecological environment is restored for poverty-stricken areas, and income is increased for mass peasants.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cultivation method of economic plants, particularly the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region plum.
Background technology
Plum (
prunus salicina Lindl.), be rose family cherry, another name in Jiaqing, cloth continuous heavy rain, plum, Jade Emperor Lee, mountain plum.Deciduous tree, high 9-12 rice; Tree crown is extensively circular, bark taupe, uneven; Old branch puce or bronzing, without hair; Sprig yellowish red color, without hair; Hibernaculum oval, reddish violet, have several pieces of imbricate arrangement scales, usually without hair, rare scale edge has pole open wool.The oval obovate of blade, oblong, rare oval avette, long 6-8(-12) centimetre, wide 3-5 centimetre, tip gradually point, anxious point or short-tail is sharp, base portion wedge shape, there is the blunt heavy sawtooth of circle at edge, is often mixed with single sawtooth, crown band gland during children, bottle green above, glossy, lateral vein 6-10 couple, do not reach blade edge, angle at 45 ° with master pulse, two sides, all without hair, has sparse pubescence or arteries and veins armpit to have beard along master pulse below sometimes; Stipule film quality, linear, tip is gradually sharp, and there is gland at edge, caducous; The long 1-2 centimetre of petiole, usually without hair, there are 2 bodies of gland or nothing in top, sometimes has body of gland at blade base edge.Spend usual 3 also lifes; Bennet 1-2 centimetre, usually without hair; Flower diameter 1.5-2.2 centimetre; Calyx tube mitriform; Sepal is oval avette, is about 5 millimeters, the anxious point of tip or circle blunt, while there is thin tooth, closely isometric with calyx tube, all without hair outside calyx tube and sepal, inner face is dredged pubescence at calyx tube base portion; Petal white, oval obovate, tip erodes shape, base portion wedge shape, has obviously band purple vein, the short pawl of tool, raw at calyx tube edge, longer than calyx tube 2-3 times; Stamen is most, and filigree differs in length, and lines up irregular 2 and takes turns, shorter than petal; Gynoecium 1, column cap plate-like, style is slightly longer than stamen.Drupe is spherical, ovoid or closely conical, diameter 3.5-5 centimetre, and cultivar can reach 7 centimetres, yellow or red, is green sometimes or purple, stalk depression people, the micro-point in top, and base portion has longitudinal furrow, outer by wax powder; Core oval or Long Circle, have wrinkle.April at florescence, the fruit phase 7-8 month.
Plum, to the strong adaptability of weather, as long as comparatively dark to soil soil layer, has certain fertility, no matter which kind of soil property can be planted.Require higher to air and soil moisture, the not resistance to ponding in pole, orchard impeded drainage, often causes rotten, undergrowth or the easily various disease of generation.Should select that the soil is porous, Soil ventilation and draining good, the dark and subterranean water level lower ground Fang Jianyuan of soil layer.
Plum produces Liaoning, Jilin, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan.Be born in the shrubbery of hillside, in the sparse woods of mountain valley or the place such as waterside, bottom of trench, roadside.Height above sea level 400-2600 rice.Each province and all have cultivation all over the world of China is one of important temperate fruit tree.
Fruit is containing gibberellin A/32(
gibberellinA/32).Also containing carrot class pigment, as beta carotene (
β-carcotene), kryptoxanthin (
cryptoxanthin), xanthophyll (
lutein), violaxanthin (
violaxanthin) and neoxathin (
neoxanthin), and containing vitamin A.The nutrition of plum a little less than peach, sugary, trace protein, fat, carotin, vitamin B1 .B2.C, the compositions such as nicotinic acid, calcium, phosphorus, iron, asparagine, glutamine, serine, glycine, proline, threonine, alanine.
In the edible part of every 100 grams of plums, containing energy 117.2 ~ 221.9 kilojoule, sugar 8.8 grams, 0.7 gram, protein, 0.25 gram, fat, provitamin A (carotin) 100--360 microgram, 0.3 milligram, nicotinic acid, calcium more than 6 milligrams, 12 milligrams, phosphorus, iron 0.3 milligram, 130 milligrams, potassium, vitamin c 2 ~ 7 milligrams, in addition containing other mineral matters, several amino acids, asparagine and cellulose etc.
The a lot of provinces, cities and autonomous regions of south China, as there is a lot of Karst hill area on the ground such as Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong, Jiangxi.The feature in Karst hill area is that the water with corrosion power carries out the general name that corrosion etc. acts on earth's surface and the underground form formed, also known as karst features to solublerock.Except corrosion, also comprise the erosion of flowing water, erosion of diving, and the mechanical erosion process such as to collapse.Before centuries, the Karst hill area rainfall of south China is abundant, have abundant water resources, virgin forest coverage rate is high, aboundresources, beautiful scenery, but along with the growth of entrance, the mankind are in Karst hill area Fast Activities, just cause the destruction of mountain areas forest, the Karst Desertification of current Southwestern China karst has been current global the most serious one of environment and socioeconomic problem, when we are having a taste of karst stone forests in different poses and with different expressions and stone forest wonder, after the superb craftsmanship of admiration the Nature, hardly realize that Karst Rocky Desertification engulfs our home just gradually, threaten our production and life.Under the fragile ecological environment of karst, because locals is to the unreasonable exploitation of land resources, cause vegetation deterioration, water and soil loss, land capability decline or lose, rock is exposed gradually, and earth's surface presents similar desertscape.At present, the Rocky desertification hazard of China nearly more than 70% is mainly distributed in southern 8 provinces (district, city) such as Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangdong centered by Guizhou Plateau, stony desertification area reaches 12.96 ten thousand square kilometres, annual land area of approximately engulfing 1856 square kilometres, overall in aggravation trend.
For intensity Rocky Desertification Region, due to the relation numerous imbalances of human and environment, the mankind lack basic life condition, therefore the ecology strategy based on clear-cutting forestland is mainly taked to the improvement of stony desertification, except planned, do systematically Ecological Immigration, the measure such as take to close hillsides to facilitate afforestation progressively recovers vegetation, and the eco-tour of reasonable development karst.For moderate Rocky Desertification Region, mainly take to administer into main ecology strategy, by conceding the land to forestry, developing, the measures such as farm forestry are actively administered.For slight Rocky Desertification Region; mainly taking to administer is ecology strategy that is main, that strengthen prevention; carry out the Comprehensive ecological control of the ecological agriculture, courtyard economy; strengthen farmland capital construction, rural energy construction and man and livestock drinking water project construction; protect existing soil and vegetation cover, prevent new stony desertification soil.
In the Guangxi Hechi of Southwestern China, some areas in Yizhou and Guizhou Province, had and successfully planted plum and achieve good achievement, but, how at the area plantation high-quality plum that stony desertification is more serious, also do not have scale to implement.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of method being adapted at the plantation high-quality plum in Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region, not only can water-retaining effect, check winds and fix drifting sand, plum can also be gathered in the crops, create objective economic benefit, for peasant increases production extra earning, for the road of sustainable development provides foundation, bring Revegetation of Eco-environment and increase income to mass peasants to Karst hill area.
Karst mountain area plum cultivation method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
Breed breeding
Select kind: " Nanhua Lee ", " Gentiana triflora " and " two magnificent Lee ".
Nanhua Lee has another name called bamboo silk Lee, is the treasure of Li Guozhong.Originate in black stone illiteracy, between legend Shi Liang heavenly prison or jail's year (502-519), India eminent monk intelligence medicine Threefold Canon brings from India, and plant moonlight temple in Wu Shimeng, rear culture transferring, in Nanhua Temple, is named Nanhua Lee.Strong adaptability, requires not strict to soil, rapidly, productive phase, early output was high in growth.Anti-ash corrosion is sick strong, fruit storage tolerance, and the florescence comparatively early.Sometimes early frost impact is subject in cold and cool area.Pure Nanhua Lee, the sutural both sides of seed have spill " indentation " to be the outstanding feature of Nanhua Lee; Fruit is rounded or oval, and bottom surface is dimpling upwards; Pericarp element is green, drapes over one's shoulders white wax powder outward; Core is thin, meat and core natural separation during food.Fruit macronucleus is little, and look is as jasper, and meat is soft sharp and clear, and juice is many without slag, fresh and sweet good to eat, comparatively storage tolerance.
Gentiana triflora, call large sweet Lee, Ji Mali, mountain China Lee, be Guangdong, Guangxi province praises one of famous-brand and high-quality, characteristic fruit of great reputation most, Wengyuan County, Guangdong three Hua Zhen is the cradle of Gentiana triflora, Gentiana triflora is temperate zone fallen leaves property fruit tree, comparatively strong to climate adaptability, but florescence chance low temperature frost or continuous rainfall weather, serious fallen flowers can be caused even to lose receipts, on the other hand, spring, temperature was high, bloomed after first foliation, was also unfavorable for the formation of fruit; Gentiana triflora is happiness light fruit tree, poorly just should not cultivate, planting density, pruning are noted in day illumination, and to meet its needs to illumination, illumination is not enough, not only affects its growth result, also affects fruit quality and color; Gentiana triflora requires not severe to soil, as long as soil layer is relatively deep and too not barren, all can plant, wherein, the subacidity soil the most suitable cultivation of being rich in humus deep with soil layer.Gentiana triflora arnotto skin red meat, chromaticness is gorgeous, and individual pork is thick, and meat is sharp and clear, sweet and sour taste, fragrant odour, fruit is sugary, protein, carotin, vitamin b3 etc., containing vitamin C 17.5-28.7 milligram in every 100 milliliters of fruit juice, flavor quality is splendid, being of high nutritive value, is the first-class fruit eaten raw, is again the first-class raw material of processing preserved fruit.
Two magnificent Lee, belongs to the rose family, and a kind of in Chinese Prunus, two magnificent Lee originates from Wengyuan County, Guangdong.Two magnificent plum fruit is rich in carbohydrate and several amino acids, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotin, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, vitamin C etc.In the edible part of every 100 grams of plums, containing energy 117.2 ~ 221.9 kilojoule, sugar 8.8 grams, 0.7 gram, protein, 0.25 gram, fat, provitamin A (carotin) 100--360 microgram, 0.3 milligram, nicotinic acid, calcium more than 6 milligrams, 12 milligrams, phosphorus, iron 0.3 milligram, 130 milligrams, potassium, vitamin c 2 ~ 7 milligrams, in addition containing other mineral matters, several amino acids, asparagine and cellulose etc., nutritive value is very high, except eating raw, be processed into the products such as prune, Lee's honey sheet, words Lee, taste is also rather good.The medical value of two magnificent Lee: the sweet acid of taste, cool in nature, there is clearing heat and promoting fluid, heat is washed in purging the liver of pathogenic fire, effect of promoting blood circulation and detoxication, inducing diuresis for removing edema.Be applicable to the diseases such as treatment deficiency of stomach-Yin, thirsty and dry pharynx, extensive abdominal edema, difficult urination, also can be used for the illnesss such as internal injury consumptive disease heat, hepatic ascites.Eat Lee after meal, can hydrochloric acid in gastric juice be increased, help digest; Eat Lee when hot summer weather, have promoting the production of body fluid to quench thirst, antipyretic effect of driving away summer heat.
Inventor, by planting experimentally above three kinds of plum kinds, finds that above three kinds all can obtain good yield and quality under the technology of the present invention condition.Cultivation method comprises wholely, field planting, rich water quality management, pruning, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest step:
Wholely: select soil layer deep, soil acidity or alkalinity pH6.0 ~ 7.5, not the mountain region of ponding, level land, hilly ground, plant Miao Qianying and carry out planting pit or trench is improved the soil, and basal dressing, every cave base manure amount of application is; Natural pond slag 25kg+ urea 3kg+ carbonic hydroammonium 1.0kg.
Field planting: in the breeding strong sprout of selecting wild peach grafting, seeding row spacing is planted by 3m ~ 4m kind, and the good pollinated variety of the proportional arrangement of pressing male and female plant 6:1, use normal root water soaking seedling root 10 minutes before planting, clear water is planted after rinsing.Plum has self-sterility phenomenon, and thus, cultivar is unsuitable single, and florescence of should planting at a certain distance consistent different cultivars does pollinizers.
Select wild peach to do stock affinity is strong, growth is fast, result early, drought-enduring, the large taste of fruit is sweet, is adapted at Karst Rocky Desertification mountain planting.The elite stand of good quality and high output is picked up from scion, chooses the peripheral middle and upper part of tree crown and to grow substantial annotinous branch, generally high with adopting with being connected into motility rate, the branch of winter pruning also can be utilized to be preserved and be made for scion.Grafting can bud grafting or cut-grafting.Bud grafting was carried out in the 6-8 month, and cut-grafting was carried out in 1 ~ February.
Rich water quality management is: 1. annual early September starts basal dressing of digging pit. dig pit in tree crown upright projection periphery, wide, dark each 65cm, long identical with tree crown, often hole apply sugarcane end pin, corn straw 10-20 cm thick, execute people's farmyard manure 20-25 kilogram again, add 0.2 kilogram, urea, added after phosphorus calcium 1.5-2 kilogram is mixed with soil and fill out again; 2. before rudiment, after fallen flowers, young fruit expanding stage and ripe front ramp phase carry out topdressing for 1 time respectively; 3. before rudiment after shedding, fruit expanding period and freeze-up front manure use and multielement micro-fertilizer; 4. start paintedly between picking time, to use compound organic and inorganic fertilizer at fruit;
Pruning is: shaping control shoot, cultivates high yield tree-shaped, and the summer cuts and mainly water sprout carried out pinching or shortly to cut, and prunes the water sprout sprouting out from trunk, major branch off, and the winter cuts and mainly cuts off deadwood, sick branch, the sagging branch that mops floor.
Japanese plum is pruned to classify according to the age of tree, tree vigo(u)r and kind habit and is carried out.General treelet should light pruning be long puts, and except several major branch extending head and side shoot extending head must except cutting backs (staying export-oriented bud), all the other branches generally length are put and do not cut, with its formation bud short.Wherein to becoming principal stresses strong (sending out branch many), should many sparse branchings, namely stop outside 4-5 major branch when First Year shaping in winter, the unnecessary branch that center is done will remove (removing), to prevent treelet major branch too much, upset tree-like, impact is born fruit.To becoming principal stresses weak (branch is few), when treelet shaping, may there is the problem that major branch quantity is few in First Year winter, suitably can carry out cutting back to it, does major branch cultivation after inspiring young sprout.Through 2-3, after tree crown and major branch quantity are all cultivated and put in place, length can be made and put process, to promote that branch changes into flower as early as possible, bears fruit.Also should take to restrict in treelet shaping and pruning process more draw, the way of brick pendant, with major branch angle of opening a business, strong for one-tenth principal stresses, and the easy obvolvent growth of branch, spreading angle, relaxes branch gesture, promotes into colored, very effective to raising early yield.
Enter the Japanese plum in the full bearing period, focus on regulating the relation of nourishing and growing and between reproductive growth, prevent tree body premature aging.Control output, suitably heavy cutting back, to increase shoot length.Keep tree vitality of subject, guarantee high and stable yield.
Field management is, expand hole and improve the soil, plough deeply Shi Chongfei, the Ying Yiqin that topdresses executes thin executing, and the tip phase executes as principle more, and fertilizer is first rare rear dense, and consumption expands with tree body and increases, and the florescence wants flower thinning, mainly removes tip of a branch flower, late flower and weak flower.
If seldom there is honeybee to dance in the air in florescence garden, preferably arrives place of bee-keeping specialist and borrow 1-2 hive bee to orchard, so more fully can solve the problem of pollination.As spring arid, should within 2 weeks, water once before flowering, make that the flowers are in blossom together, open strong.Florescence, the person of having ready conditions can take a framework cover films on tree crown, avoids rainwater to wash away pollen as wet weather.As rare honeybee after rain stops, artificial supplementary pollination can be carried out.Available feather duster is brushed lightly from pollinated variety tree flower, more sticky pollen; Again the whisk being stained with pollen is being brushed lightly by pollinated variety, sweeping and sweep, flower can propagated into and spent on interior column cap by pollinated variety.Artificial supplementary pollination can be carried out once for one day, and every day preferably carries out up to afternoon 5 time in the morning 9, and must dew or rainwater dry after, just can carry out artificial pollination.
The extermination of disease and insect pest is to aphid, dichocrocis punctiferalis, white peach scale, two spotted spider mite, peach fruit borer, and the control of brown spot, powdery mildew, red bacterium property shothole disease and red spot disease.Production mainly should do conventional control well, as by winter clear garden, wipe out, collect the withered branch of disease worm, and concentrate burn.
Topdressing in rich water quality management uses the inorganic fertilizer of quick-acting, and element is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the element N:P containing following quality proportioning
2o
5: K
2o=4:1:2.
Multielement micro-fertilizer in described rich water quality management is boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, the element B containing following quality proportioning: Zn: Cu: Mo=2: 2: 1: 1.Research proves, in physiological function of plants, trace element is the important composition composition of enzyme or coenzyme.These enzymes are biocatalysts, have very strong activity, they can ensure that some materials have physiology, biochemical function, to the synthesis of chlorophyll and protein, photosynthesis and metabolism, and to nitrogen, phosphorus, the absorbing of potassium, all play important promotion and regulating action.
Fertilizer in described rich water quality management is the mixture of fowl and animal excrement, filter mud of sugarcane, ferrous sulfate and the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed of becoming thoroughly decomposed, and its weight proportion is 3:5:3:1:7.Filter mud of sugarcane contains sugarcane fibre, sucrose, condensation colloid, protein, calcium phosphate with cerosin, and also carry the sand brought with sugarcane secretly, wherein most composition is from sugarcane, and calcareous thing majority adds when cane juice clarification process.Add ferrous sulfate can make to become thoroughly decomposed fowl and animal excrement, the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed not smelly.
Normal root water formula during described field planting is, 4.2% metalaxyl+4.2% is disliked mould spirit+45% sodium naphthenate+10% compound sodium nitrophenolate+10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+water and mended to 100%.Normal root water Promoting plant growth is grown, and promotes photosynthesis, strengthens improving activity of root system, the absorption of reinforced nutrition matter and conversion.
Described compound organic and inorganic fertilizer is 45-48% containing inorganic fertilizer percentage by weight, wherein N>=18%, P
2o
5>=9%, K
2o>=18%; Organic percentage by weight>=12%.
Described compound organic and inorganic fertilizer combines spray medicine to carry out, and sprays 68% Zineb wettable powder, 500 ~ 600 times of liquid or 72% carbendazim, 300 times of liquid or 75% thiophanate methyl, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid.While guarantee nutrition, also serve good insecticidal effect.
Advantage of the present invention:
1, karst Karst Desertification is current global the most serious one of environment and socioeconomic problem.The stony desertification of Southwestern China karst is the very outstanding territorial environment problem that development of the West Regions enforcement ecological construction faces.Have three large karst integrated distribution sections in the world, be respectively European Mediterranean, eastern united states and southwest China.Wherein section, East Asia is that carbonate rock outcrop area is maximum, Karst Development is the strongest, landscape types is maximum, ecotope is the most complicated, the area that people ground contradiction is the most sharp-pointed, the West Guangxi of China and Guizhou, the ground such as Yunnan, due to deforestation, earth's surface can not water moisture self restraint, water all runs off seriously, so plantation plum, fine effect is played to water and soil loss, peasant plants plum, both water and soil can be kept, gather in the crops fancy fruit carambola again, improve income, realize karst area Southwest China ecology, economical, the coordination of society, sustainable development has important realistic meaning and far-reaching historic significance,
2, the Japanese plum that cultivates of the present invention, tree vigo(u)r is strong, branch is hard, and the life-span is long, and fruiting rate is very high, fruit has abundant nutritive value, sugary, trace protein, fat, carotin, vitamin B1 .B2.C, the compositions such as nicotinic acid, calcium, phosphorus, iron, asparagine, glutamine, serine, glycine, proline, threonine, alanine, fruit is except eating raw, be processed into the products such as prune, Lee's honey sheet, words Lee, taste is also rather good;
3, can greening environment at Karst Mountains Desertification Area cultivation Japanese plum, increasing fine view, is excellent landscape tree;
4, the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region of the present invention plum, the use multielement micro-fertilizer in rich water quality management, nutrient is comprehensive, and fertility is lasting, has the effect of improvement soil simultaneously, effectively prevent the problem of process of crop growth Middle nutrition disappearance;
5, the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region of the present invention plum, the manure use in rich water quality management, technique is simple, without the need to specific step and equipment, not only reduces production cost, and improves economic benefit;
6, the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region of the present invention plum, the normal root water of original creation is used during field planting, not only can improve the suffertibility of plant to poor environment, effectively can also improve density and the length of the axillary root of plant, it is made to strengthen the moisture in soil and nutrient absorption, thus Promoting plant growth is grown, promote photosynthesis;
7, the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region of the present invention plum, adopts compound organic and inorganic fertilizer to combine spray medicine, while guarantee nutrition, also serves good insecticidal effect;
8, the applicant tests in the Xiangzhou of Laibin city of Guangxi, promote plum culture technique, cultivated area 20 mu, about 2 years results, enter high yield period after date, every annual income can reach more than 300,000 yuan, and therefore economic benefit is very considerable to local economy sustainable growth, played larger effect to increasing peasant income.
Embodiment
Implement karst mountain area plum cultivation method of the present invention to comprise the following steps:
Breed breeding
Select kind: " Nanhua Lee ", " Gentiana triflora " and " two magnificent Lee ".
Nanhua Lee has another name called bamboo silk Lee, is the treasure of Li Guozhong.Originate in black stone illiteracy, between legend Shi Liang heavenly prison or jail's year (502-519), India eminent monk intelligence medicine Threefold Canon brings from India, and plant moonlight temple in Wu Shimeng, rear culture transferring, in Nanhua Temple, is named Nanhua Lee.Strong adaptability, requires not strict to soil, rapidly, productive phase, early output was high in growth.Anti-ash corrosion is sick strong, fruit storage tolerance, and the florescence comparatively early.Sometimes early frost impact is subject in cold and cool area.Pure Nanhua Lee, the sutural both sides of seed have spill " indentation " to be the outstanding feature of Nanhua Lee; Fruit is rounded or oval, and bottom surface is dimpling upwards; Pericarp element is green, drapes over one's shoulders white wax powder outward; Core is thin, meat and core natural separation during food.Fruit macronucleus is little, and look is as jasper, and meat is soft sharp and clear, and juice is many without slag, fresh and sweet good to eat, comparatively storage tolerance.
Gentiana triflora, call large sweet Lee, Ji Mali, mountain China Lee, be Guangdong, Guangxi province praises one of famous-brand and high-quality, characteristic fruit of great reputation most, Wengyuan County three Hua Zhen is the cradle of Gentiana triflora, Gentiana triflora is temperate zone fallen leaves property fruit tree, comparatively strong to climate adaptability, but florescence chance low temperature frost or continuous rainfall weather, serious fallen flowers can be caused even to lose receipts, on the other hand, spring, temperature was high, bloomed after first foliation, was also unfavorable for the formation of fruit; Gentiana triflora is happiness light fruit tree, poorly just should not cultivate, planting density, pruning are noted in day illumination, and to meet its needs to illumination, illumination is not enough, not only affects its growth result, also affects fruit quality and color; Gentiana triflora requires not severe to soil, as long as soil layer is relatively deep and too not barren, all can plant, wherein, the subacidity soil the most suitable cultivation of being rich in humus deep with soil layer.Gentiana triflora arnotto skin red meat, chromaticness is gorgeous, and individual pork is thick, and meat is sharp and clear, sweet and sour taste, fragrant odour, fruit is sugary, protein, carotin, vitamin b3 etc., containing vitamin C 17.5-28.7 milligram in every 100 milliliters of fruit juice, flavor quality is splendid, being of high nutritive value, is the first-class fruit eaten raw, is again the first-class raw material of processing preserved fruit.
Two magnificent Lee, belongs to the rose family, and a kind of in Chinese Prunus, two magnificent Lee originates from Wengyuan County, Guangdong.Two magnificent plum fruit is rich in carbohydrate and several amino acids, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotin, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, vitamin C etc.In the edible part of every 100 grams of plums, containing energy 117.2 ~ 221.9 kilojoule, sugar 8.8 grams, 0.7 gram, protein, 0.25 gram, fat, provitamin A (carotin) 100--360 microgram, 0.3 milligram, nicotinic acid, calcium more than 6 milligrams, 12 milligrams, phosphorus, iron 0.3 milligram, 130 milligrams, potassium, vitamin c 2 ~ 7 milligrams, in addition containing other mineral matters, several amino acids, asparagine and cellulose etc., nutritive value is very high, except eating raw, be processed into the products such as prune, Lee's honey sheet, words Lee, taste is also rather good.The medical value of two magnificent Lee: the sweet acid of taste, cool in nature, there is clearing heat and promoting fluid, heat is washed in purging the liver of pathogenic fire, effect of promoting blood circulation and detoxication, inducing diuresis for removing edema.Be applicable to the diseases such as treatment deficiency of stomach-Yin, thirsty and dry pharynx, extensive abdominal edema, difficult urination, also can be used for the illnesss such as internal injury consumptive disease heat, hepatic ascites.Eat Lee after meal, can hydrochloric acid in gastric juice be increased, help digest; Eat Lee when hot summer weather, have promoting the production of body fluid to quench thirst, antipyretic effect of driving away summer heat.
Inventor, by planting experimentally above three kinds of plum kinds, finds that above three kinds all can obtain good yield and quality under the technology of the present invention condition.Cultivation method comprises wholely, field planting, rich water quality management, pruning, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest step:
Wholely: select soil layer deep, soil acidity or alkalinity pH6.0 ~ 7.5, not the mountain region of ponding, level land, hilly ground, plant Miao Qianying and carry out planting pit or trench is improved the soil, and basal dressing, every cave base manure amount of application is; Natural pond slag 25kg+ urea 3kg+ carbonic hydroammonium 1.0kg.
Field planting: in the breeding strong sprout of selecting wild peach grafting, seeding row spacing is planted by 3m ~ 4m kind, and the good pollinated variety of the proportional arrangement of pressing male and female plant 6:1, use normal root water soaking seedling root 10 minutes before planting, clear water is planted after rinsing.Plum has self-sterility phenomenon, and thus, cultivar is unsuitable single, and florescence of should planting at a certain distance consistent different cultivars does pollinizers.
Select wild peach to do stock affinity is strong, growth is fast, result early, drought-enduring, the large taste of fruit is sweet, is adapted at Karst Rocky Desertification mountain planting.The elite stand of good quality and high output is picked up from scion, chooses the peripheral middle and upper part of tree crown and to grow substantial annotinous branch, generally high with adopting with being connected into motility rate, the branch of winter pruning also can be utilized to be preserved and be made for scion.Grafting can bud grafting or cut-grafting.Bud grafting was carried out in the 6-8 month, and cut-grafting was carried out in 1 ~ February.
Rich water quality management is: 1. annual early September starts basal dressing of digging pit. dig pit in tree crown upright projection periphery, wide, dark each 65cm, long identical with tree crown, often hole apply sugarcane end pin, corn straw 10-20 cm thick, execute people's farmyard manure 20-25 kilogram again, add 0.2 kilogram, urea, added after phosphorus calcium 1.5-2 kilogram is mixed with soil and fill out again; 2. before rudiment, after fallen flowers, young fruit expanding stage and ripe front ramp phase carry out topdressing for 1 time respectively; 3. before rudiment after shedding, fruit expanding period and freeze-up front manure use and multielement micro-fertilizer; 4. start paintedly between picking time, to use compound organic and inorganic fertilizer at fruit;
Pruning is: shaping control shoot, cultivates high yield tree-shaped, and the summer cuts and mainly water sprout carried out pinching or shortly to cut, and prunes the water sprout sprouting out from trunk, major branch off, and the winter cuts and mainly cuts off deadwood, sick branch, the sagging branch that mops floor.
Japanese plum is pruned to classify according to the age of tree, tree vigo(u)r and kind habit and is carried out.General treelet should light pruning be long puts, and except several major branch extending head and side shoot extending head must except cutting backs (staying export-oriented bud), all the other branches generally length are put and do not cut, with its formation bud short.Wherein to becoming principal stresses strong (sending out branch many), should many sparse branchings, namely stop outside 4-5 major branch when First Year shaping in winter, the unnecessary branch that center is done will remove (removing), to prevent treelet major branch too much, upset tree-like, impact is born fruit.To becoming principal stresses weak (branch is few), when treelet shaping, may there is the problem that major branch quantity is few in First Year winter, suitably can carry out cutting back to it, does major branch cultivation after inspiring young sprout.Through 2-3, after tree crown and major branch quantity are all cultivated and put in place, length can be made and put process, to promote that branch changes into flower as early as possible, bears fruit.Also should take to restrict in treelet shaping and pruning process more draw, the way of brick pendant, with major branch angle of opening a business, strong for one-tenth principal stresses, and the easy obvolvent growth of branch, spreading angle, relaxes branch gesture, promotes into colored, very effective to raising early yield.
Enter the Japanese plum in the full bearing period, focus on regulating the relation of nourishing and growing and between reproductive growth, prevent tree body premature aging.Control output, suitably heavy cutting back, to increase shoot length.Keep tree vitality of subject, guarantee high and stable yield.
Field management is, expand hole and improve the soil, plough deeply Shi Chongfei, the Ying Yiqin that topdresses executes thin executing, and the tip phase executes as principle more, and fertilizer is first rare rear dense, and consumption expands with tree body and increases, and the florescence wants flower thinning, mainly removes tip of a branch flower, late flower and weak flower.
If seldom there is honeybee to dance in the air in florescence garden, preferably arrives place of bee-keeping specialist and borrow 1-2 hive bee to orchard, so more fully can solve the problem of pollination.As spring arid, should within 2 weeks, water once before flowering, make that the flowers are in blossom together, open strong.Florescence, the person of having ready conditions can take a framework cover films on tree crown, avoids rainwater to wash away pollen as wet weather.As rare honeybee after rain stops, artificial supplementary pollination can be carried out.Available feather duster is brushed lightly from pollinated variety tree flower, more sticky pollen; Again the whisk being stained with pollen is being brushed lightly by pollinated variety, sweeping and sweep, flower can propagated into and spent on interior column cap by pollinated variety.Artificial supplementary pollination can be carried out once for one day, and every day preferably carries out up to afternoon 5 time in the morning 9, and must dew or rainwater dry after, just can carry out artificial pollination.
The extermination of disease and insect pest is to aphid, dichocrocis punctiferalis, white peach scale, two spotted spider mite, peach fruit borer, and the control of brown spot, powdery mildew, red bacterium property shothole disease and red spot disease.Production mainly should do conventional control well, as by winter clear garden, wipe out, collect the withered branch of disease worm, and concentrate burn.
Topdressing in rich water quality management uses the inorganic fertilizer of quick-acting, and element is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the element N:P containing following quality proportioning
2o
5: K
2o=4:1:2.
Multielement micro-fertilizer in described rich water quality management is boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, the element B containing following quality proportioning: Zn: Cu: Mo=2: 2: 1: 1.Research proves, in physiological function of plants, trace element is the important composition composition of enzyme or coenzyme.These enzymes are biocatalysts, have very strong activity, they can ensure that some materials have physiology, biochemical function, to the synthesis of chlorophyll and protein, photosynthesis and metabolism, and to nitrogen, phosphorus, the absorbing of potassium, all play important promotion and regulating action.
Fertilizer in described rich water quality management is the mixture of fowl and animal excrement, filter mud of sugarcane, ferrous sulfate and the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed of becoming thoroughly decomposed, and its weight proportion is 3:5:3:1:7.Filter mud of sugarcane contains sugarcane fibre, sucrose, condensation colloid, protein, calcium phosphate with cerosin, and also carry the sand brought with sugarcane secretly, wherein most composition is from sugarcane, and calcareous thing majority adds when cane juice clarification process.Add ferrous sulfate can make to become thoroughly decomposed fowl and animal excrement, the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed not smelly.
Normal root water formula during described field planting is, 4.2% metalaxyl+4.2% is disliked mould spirit+45% sodium naphthenate+10% compound sodium nitrophenolate+10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+water and mended to 100%.Normal root water Promoting plant growth is grown, and promotes photosynthesis, strengthens improving activity of root system, the absorption of reinforced nutrition matter and conversion.
Described compound organic and inorganic fertilizer is 45-48% containing inorganic fertilizer percentage by weight, wherein N>=18%, P
2o
5>=9%, K
2o>=18%; Organic percentage by weight>=12%.
Described compound organic and inorganic fertilizer combines spray medicine to carry out, and sprays 68% Zineb wettable powder, 500 ~ 600 times of liquid or 72% carbendazim, 300 times of liquid or 75% thiophanate methyl, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid.While guarantee nutrition, also serve good insecticidal effect.
All showing quality better, advantage that output is high by technique scheme " Nanhua Lee ", " Gentiana triflora " and " two magnificent Lee " of the cultivation of self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area, is below output and other variety protection of three kinds:
Inventor is through cultivation for many years, the Japanese plum demonstrating the present invention's cultivation shows good growth characteristics, output is also than the height of other kinds, illustrate under self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area condition, use this technology can complete the cultivation of Japanese plum, obtain the plum of high-quality, significantly improve local environment and economy benefit.
Claims (9)
1. the cultivation method of a Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region plum, it is characterized in that: cultivate plum kind for " Nanhua Lee ", " Gentiana triflora " and " two magnificent Lee ", cultivation method comprises wholely, field planting, rich water quality management, pruning, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest step;
Describedly be: select soil layer deep, soil acidity or alkalinity pH6.0 ~ 7.5, not the mountain region of ponding, level land, hilly ground plant Miao Qianying and carry out planting pit or trench is improved the soil wholely, and basal dressing, every cave base manure amount of application is; Natural pond slag 25kg+ urea 3kg+ carbonic hydroammonium 1.0kg;
Described field planting is: in the breeding strong sprout of selecting wild peach grafting, seeding row spacing is planted by 3m ~ 4m kind, and the good pollinated variety of the proportional arrangement of pressing male and female plant 6:1, use normal root water soaking seedling root 10 minutes before planting, clear water is planted after rinsing;
Described rich water quality management is: 1. annual early September starts basal dressing of digging pit. dig pit in tree crown upright projection periphery, wide, dark each 65cm, long identical with tree crown, often hole apply sugarcane end pin, corn straw 10-20 cm thick, execute people's farmyard manure 20-25 kilogram again, add 0.2 kilogram, urea, added after phosphorus calcium 1.5-2 kilogram is mixed with soil and fill out again; 2. before rudiment, after fallen flowers, young fruit expanding stage and ripe front ramp phase carry out topdressing for 1 time respectively; 3. before rudiment after shedding, fruit expanding period and freeze-up front manure use and multielement micro-fertilizer; 4. start paintedly between picking time, to use compound organic and inorganic fertilizer at fruit;
Described pruning is: shaping control shoot, cultivates high yield tree-shaped, and the summer cuts and mainly water sprout carried out pinching or shortly to cut, and prunes the water sprout sprouting out from trunk, major branch off, and the winter cuts and mainly cuts off deadwood, sick branch, the sagging branch that mops floor.
2. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region according to claim 1 plum, it is characterized in that: described field management is, expand hole to improve the soil, plough deeply Shi Chongfei, the Ying Yiqin that topdresses executes thin executing, and the tip phase executes as principle more, fertilizer wants first rare rear dense, consumption expands with tree body and increases, and the florescence wants flower thinning, mainly removes tip of a branch flower, late flower and weak flower.
3. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region according to claim 1 plum, it is characterized in that: the described extermination of disease and insect pest is to aphid, dichocrocis punctiferalis, white peach scale, two spotted spider mite, peach fruit borer, and the control of brown spot, powdery mildew, red bacterium property shothole disease and red spot disease.
4. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region according to claim 1 plum, is characterized in that: topdressing in described rich water quality management uses the inorganic fertilizer of quick-acting, and element is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the element N:P containing following quality proportioning
2o
5: K
2o=4:1:2.
5. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region according to claim 1 plum, is characterized in that: the multielement micro-fertilizer in described rich water quality management is boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, the element B containing following quality proportioning: Zn: Cu: Mo=2: 2: 1: 1.
6. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region according to claim 1 plum, it is characterized in that: the fertilizer in described rich water quality management is the mixture of fowl and animal excrement, filter mud of sugarcane, ferrous sulfate and the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed of becoming thoroughly decomposed, and its weight proportion is 3:5:3:1:7.
7. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region according to claim 1 plum, it is characterized in that: normal root water formula during described field planting is, 4.2% metalaxyl+4.2% is disliked mould spirit+45% sodium naphthenate+10% compound sodium nitrophenolate+10% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+water and is mended to 100%.
8. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region according to claim 1 plum, is characterized in that: described compound organic and inorganic fertilizer is 45-48% containing inorganic fertilizer percentage by weight, wherein N>=18%, P
2o
5>=9%, K
2o>=18%; Organic percentage by weight>=12%.
9. the cultivation method of Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region according to claim 1 plum, it is characterized in that: described compound organic and inorganic fertilizer combines spray medicine to carry out, spray 68% Zineb wettable powder, 500 ~ 600 times of liquid or 72% carbendazim, 300 times of liquid or 75% thiophanate methyl, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid.
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| CN107593136A (en) * | 2017-11-06 | 2018-01-19 | 陈金水 | A kind of cultural method of precocious Gentiana triflora tree |
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