CN109699265B - Fertilizing method suitable for mechanically transplanting japonica rice in wheat stubble in northern Jiangsu area - Google Patents
Fertilizing method suitable for mechanically transplanting japonica rice in wheat stubble in northern Jiangsu area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a fertilizing method suitable for mechanically transplanting japonica rice in wheat stubble in northern Jiangsu, which relates to the technical field of rice planting, and comprises the following steps: selecting middle-maturing or late-maturing middle-maturing japonica rice varieties for strong seedling cultivation; after returning the whole amount of wheat straws to the field, applying a base fertilizer to the land to be transplanted for soil preparation 0-3 days before planting; spraying herbicide on the rice seedlings after strong seedling planting; applying a tillering fertilizer 8-12 days after planting; and (4) applying spike fertilizer 45-50 days after the middle-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted or 50-55 days after the late-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted. The method is suitable for fertilizing during planting of the japonica rice planted by mechanically transplanting wheat stubble in the northern Jiangsu area, effectively reduces the application of nitrogen fertilizer, controls the fertilizing frequency, improves the utilization rate of the fertilizer and the yield of rice, and reduces the fertilizing cost. Not only solves the problems of high fertilization amount, difficult control of fertilization period and multiple fertilization times, but also solves the problems of delay of harvest period and incapability of sowing wheat in proper time caused by easy green lodging in later period of population.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of rice planting, in particular to a fertilizing method suitable for mechanically transplanting japonica rice in wheat stubble in the northern Jiangsu area.
Background
The rice planting area in the northern Jiangsu area is about 2000 ten thousand mu, wherein the area of the japonica rice planted by the wheat stubble machine is about 1400 thousand mu, which accounts for 70% of the total area, and the high and stable yield of the japonica rice planted by the northern Jiangsu machine has important influence on the grain production safety of the whole province. As the temperature and light resources of the rice season in the northern Jiangsu area are relatively deficient compared with those in Suzhong and Sunan areas, and the performance of wheat stubble machine-transplanted rice is more obvious, the machine-transplanted rice mostly selects medium and small ear type japonica rice varieties, so that the yield is generally low, and the average practical yield is 600kg/667m2Left and right. In order to pursue the (ultra) high yield of the japonica rice, farmers blindly invest a large amount of chemical fertilizers to exploit the yield potential of the japonica rice, so that the purpose of increasing the yield is not achieved, but the problems of population lodging, increased pest and disease damage, increased labor cost and the like are caused due to unscientific fertilizer application, environmental non-point pollution is also increased, the exertion of the high yield and high-quality potential of the machine-transplanted japonica rice is restricted, and finally the continuous high-yield and high-efficiency planting of rice and wheat in the northeast of Subei is not facilitated. According to practical production conditions of many years, the following common problems are considered to exist in the fertilization link in the production of the wheat stubble mechanical transplanting japonica rice in the northern Jiangsu area:
1) the total fertilization amount is high. The total fertilization amount of the wheat stubble machine-transplanted japonica rice field is more than 23-28 kg/667m in terms of pure nitrogen2The material cost is increased;
2) the fertilization times are many. From rice transplanting to rice harvesting, the fertilizing times are all 4-5 times, and some times are even more, so that the labor cost is increased;
3) the fertilization period is not accurate. Farmers mostly apply fertilizers by experience or topdressing according to the leaf color of rice groups, the fertilizing period is relatively disordered, the requirement of physiological fertilizer requirement of rice cannot be met, and the fertilizer utilization rate is low;
4) the fertilizer structure is unreasonable, more diazo fertilizer is applied, the phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is less, and the problems result in low yield and low planting pure income of the northern Jiangsu wheat stubble machine-planted japonica rice.
In the prior art, in order to reduce the fertilization times and solve the problem of heavy field operation, a fertilizer suitable for one-time fertilization of rice is provided, namely a slow/controlled release fertilizer is applied in the field production of the rice. However, the practice of the Huaian city agricultural technology popularization center in rice and wheat comprehensive demonstration bases in recent years shows that the cost of the fertilizer is higher than that of common urea or compound fertilizer, and meanwhile, the total amount of the slow/controlled release fertilizer applied at one time is large, the labor cost is equivalent to that of the divided fertilization, the fertilizer effect release cannot be completely matched with the physiological fertilizer requirement of rice, and the fertilizer has no yield advantage, so that the fertilizer currently has no market competitiveness.
The current wheat stubble mechanical transplanting japonica rice field fertilizing method mainly pushed by agriculture and technology popularization departments in various cities of Subei is to apply 20kg/667m of pure N in total2Left and right, tiller fertilizer: the spike fertilizer is operated according to the ratio of 6:4 or 7:3, the ratio of N to P to K is 1: 0.5-0.8, the base fertilizer is applied in soil preparation, the tillering fertilizer is applied 5-7 d and 10-12 d after cultivation respectively, the herbicide is mixed in the first tillering fertilizer and uniformly spread to achieve the effect of removing, a proper amount of balance fertilizer is applied additionally according to the size of a colony, the spike fertilizer is applied in equal amount to three-leaf pouring and two-leaf pouring, and the whole field is applied for about 5 times. The scheme is completely consistent with the physiological fertilizer requirement period of rice, can achieve the aim of safety and high yield, but has three problems:
1) the ordinary farmers mostly cannot scientifically determine the leaf age period of the machine-transplanted rice, and the implementation is difficult;
2) in the field where the rice and wheat straws are completely returned to the field all the year round, the straws are decomposed to release nitrogen nutrition in the later period, application of the flower-keeping fertilizer by inverting two leaves easily causes the groups to be greedy and late-maturing and even lodging, and rice cannot be harvested in time, so that the sowing period of wheat is delayed, and the annual high yield is influenced;
3) the fertilization times are too many, and cost-saving and efficient fertilization cannot be realized.
It can be seen that a cost-saving and efficient fertilizing method suitable for mechanically transplanting japonica rice in wheat stubble in the northern Jiangsu area is lacked at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a fertilizing method suitable for transplanting japonica rice by a wheat stubble machine, aiming at overcoming the defects of complex fertilizing mode and high cost of transplanting japonica rice by a wheat stubble machine in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a fertilizing method suitable for transplanting japonica rice by a wheat stubble machine, which comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting middle-maturing or late-maturing middle-maturing japonica rice varieties, and carrying out strong seedling cultivation to obtain rice seedlings to be planted;
(2) after returning the whole amount of wheat straws to the field, applying a base fertilizer to the land to be transplanted for soil preparation 0-3 days before planting;
the base fertilizer comprises 15-25 kg/667m of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer25-10 kg/667m of urea2；
(3) Applying a tillering fertilizer 8-12 days after the planted rice seedlings are planted; the tillering fertilizer is urea 10-15 kg/667m2；
(4) Applying spike fertilizer 45-50 days after the middle-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted or 50-55 days after the late-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted;
the ear fertilizer comprises a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer of 12.5-20 kg/667m2And 7.5-10 kg/667m of urea2。
Preferably, in the step (1), the germination rate is more than 90%, and the ear number is 20-24 ten thousand/667 m2The number of grains per spike is 120-140, the setting rate is more than 85% and thousandThe weight of the rice is 25-28 g of medium-maturing medium-japonica or late-maturing medium-japonica rice.
Preferably, in the step (1), the middle-maturing middle-japonica rice variety comprises lianjing 11 or wuyujing 24, and the late-maturing middle-japonica rice variety comprises nanjing 9108.
Preferably, in the step (1), the standard of strong seedling is as follows: 15-20 days of seedling age, 3.0-4.0 of leaf age, 10-13 roots of white root, 5-6 g of dry weight of hundred plants, emerald green leaves and no insect spots.
Preferably, in the step (2), the soil preparation standard is as follows: the height difference is less than or equal to 3cm, the slurry is uniformly mixed, and the straws are not piled.
Preferably, the planting of the rice seedling to be planted in the step (3) includes:
transplanting the rice seedlings obtained by the seedling strengthening in the step (1) to the land to be planted after the land preparation in the step (2) according to the specification of the row spacing of 25-30 cm multiplied by 11-13 cm, wherein 2-3 seedlings are planted in each hole, and the planting density reaches 7-10 thousands of seedlings/667 m2。
Preferably, in the step (3), a step of applying a herbicide is further included after the rice seedling to be planted is planted and before the tillering fertilizer is applied;
the herbicide comprises 70-100 g of pretilachlor with the mass volume percentage concentration of 50% and 10-15 g/667m of bensulfuron methyl with the mass volume percentage concentration of 10%2。
Preferably, the application time of the herbicide is 0-2 days after planting.
Preferably, in the steps (2) to (4), after the rice seedlings are transplanted, field water slurry management and pest and weed control are carried out on the cultivation area.
Preferably, the mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is 15:15: 15.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application is less: the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied by the fertilizing method suitable for transplanting japonica rice by wheat stubble machine provided by the invention is 17-20 kg/667m2Compared with the total amount of nitrogenous fertilizers habitually applied by farmers, the total amount of nitrogenous fertilizers is averagely reduced by 3-11 kg/667m2, and the material cost is obviously reduced;
2) the fertilization times are controlled, and the labor amount is reduced: the fertilizing method only needs three times of fertilization:
firstly, applying a base fertilizer 0-3 days before transplanting rice seedlings under the condition of returning all wheat straws to the field;
secondly, when 8-12 days later, namely seedlings turn green and survive, and root systems have strong fertilizer absorbing capacity, tillering which needs 2 times of tillering in conventional fertilization is applied at one time, so that strong fertilizer supply capacity is provided, tillering outbreak of the group can be promoted, the expected seedling number can be reached immediately, meanwhile, the group can grow big tillering and strong tillering, and a group framework of high yield of the machine-transplanted japonica rice is built;
thirdly, according to different characteristics of medium-maturing and late-maturing rice varieties, respectively planting 45-50 d or 50-55 d later, namely, a medium-maturing or late-maturing machine-transplanted japonica rice group enters a physiological fertilizer requirement peak period, and at the moment, the group is a key period of growing up ears and large grains, sufficient ear fertilizers are applied at one time, the large ears and the large grains can be attacked, nutrition released by straw decomposition in the later period meets the requirement of grain grouting, the application times of the ear fertilizers are reduced, and the risks of greedy late maturing and lodging of the group can be effectively prevented;
compared with the conventional farmer fertilization mode, the fertilization method disclosed by the invention can reduce fertilization for at least 1-2 times, effectively reduce the fertilization times and reduce the labor amount;
3) improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and the yield of rice: conventional rice planting multi-experience fertilization is poor in technical mastery of fertilization conducted according to leaf age and group growth, the problem of large water is generally existed, fertilizer is seriously lost along with water, the fertilizer utilization rate is not high, and final yield is difficult to break through. The fertilization method provided by the invention defines the specific time period of three-time fertilization on the basis of nitrogen fertilizer reduction, scientifically and effectively improves the fertilizer utilization rate, and meets the fertilizer requirement characteristics of rice in different physiological periods, thereby obviously improving the yield of the wheat stubble machine-transplanted japonica rice;
4) the fertilization time is clear, and the operation is simple and convenient: the method provides specific fertilization opportunities according to the fertilizer requirement characteristics of different physiological periods aiming at the key physiological fertilizer requirement period of large-area wheat stubble machine-transplanted japonica rice and the days (time period) after seedling planting corresponding to the key period, and is popular and easy to understand, common farmers can learn once, and the operation feasibility is strong;
the fertilizing method only needs to fertilize for 3 times in the whole rice cultivation process on the basis of reducing the using amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, solves the problems of high fertilizing amount, difficulty in mastering the fertilizing period and excessive fertilizing times, effectively solves the problems of delay of the harvesting period and incapability of sowing wheat in the proper period caused by green lodging in the later period of the group, finally effectively improves the yield level of the japonica rice planted in the northern Jiangsu wheat stubble machine, greatly improves the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer, and lays a solid foundation for high-yield and high-efficiency planting in the year.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a fertilizing method suitable for transplanting japonica rice by a wheat stubble machine, which comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting middle-maturing or late-maturing middle-maturing japonica rice varieties, and carrying out strong seedling cultivation to obtain rice seedlings to be planted;
(2) after returning the whole amount of wheat straws to the field, applying a base fertilizer to the land to be transplanted for soil preparation 0-3 days before planting;
the base fertilizer comprises 15-25 kg/667m of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer25-10 kg/667m of urea2；
(3) Applying a tillering fertilizer 8-12 days after the planted rice seedlings are planted; the tillering fertilizer is urea 10-15 kg/667m2；
(4) Applying spike fertilizer 45-50 days after the middle-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted or 50-55 days after the late-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted;
the ear fertilizer comprises a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer of 12.5-20 kg/667m2And 7.5-10 kg/667m of urea2。
The fertilizing method is provided aiming at the planting condition of the japonica rice planted by mechanically transplanting wheat stubble, and the specific wheat stubble mechanically transplanting mode is not repeated herein and is carried out according to the known method for mechanically transplanting japonica rice by wheat stubble in the field.
The invention selects middle-maturing japonica rice or late-maturing middle-maturing japonica rice varieties to carry out strong seedling cultivation to obtain rice seedlings to be planted. The selection of the middle-maturing japonica rice or late-maturing middle-maturing japonica rice is limited by the influence of the warm-light resources of rice seasons and the annual high yield of rice and wheat in the northern Jiangsu area.
In the invention, the rice variety with the germination rate of more than 90 percent and the ear grain type of high yield and high quality is preferably selected from the middle-maturing or late-maturing middle-maturing rice variety; the high-yield and high-quality rice variety with spike grain compatibility meets the following requirements: the number of spikes is 20-24 ten thousand per 667m2The number of grains per spike is 120-140, the setting rate is more than 85%, and the weight of every thousand grains is 25-28 g.
In the invention, the middle-maturing middle round-grained nonglutinous rice variety comprises but is not limited to Neijing No. 11 or Wuyujing No. 24, and the late-maturing middle-grained nonglutinous rice variety comprises but is not limited to Nanjing 9108. The invention can also select other middle-maturing japonica rice or late-maturing middle-maturing japonica rice which meets the requirements.
In the present invention, the rice seedlings obtained after said strong seedling are preferably subjected to the following criteria: 15-20 days of seedling age, 3.0-4.0 of leaf age, 10-13 white roots, 5-6 g of dry weight of hundred plants, emerald green leaves and no insect spots. The specific seedling strengthening method is not particularly limited, and the scientific seedling strengthening method known in the field can be adopted.
After the wheat straws are completely returned to the field to be transplanted, the base fertilizer is applied to the field to be transplanted 0-3 days before planting, and soil preparation is carried out. The invention applies base fertilizer under the condition that the total amount of wheat straw is still day, and soil preparation is carried out on the land block applied with the base fertilizer according to the requirements of 'flat, paste and clean', and the rice seedlings after strong seedling are transplanted.
The base fertilizer comprises 15-25 kg/667m of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer25-10 kg/667m of urea2. In the invention, the application time of the base fertilizer is preferably 1-2 days before planting.
In the invention, the total requirement of land preparation is to reach the standard of 'flat, paste and clean', namely the height difference is less than or equal to 3cm, the slurry is uniformly mixed and the straws are not piled up.
After soil preparation is completed, tillering fertilizer is applied 8-12 days after the rice seedlings to be planted are planted; the tillering fertilizer is urea 10-15 kg/667m2. The rice seedlings to be planted can be planted after soil preparation is finished. After planting, the method preferably further comprises the step of spraying the herbicide.
In the present invention, the planting of the rice seedling to be planted preferably includes: transplanting the rice seedlings to be planted to the land to be planted after land preparation according to the specification that the row spacing is 25-30 cm multiplied by 11-13 cm, wherein 2-3 seedlings are planted in each hole, and the planting density reaches 7-10 ten thousand seedlings/667 m2。
In the invention, the herbicide preferably comprises 70-100 g of pretilachlor with a mass volume concentration of 50% and 10-15 g/667m of bensulfuron methyl with a mass volume concentration of 10%2. In the present invention, the herbicide is preferably sprayed after being diluted with water; more preferably, the dosage of the water during dilution is preferably 15-20 kg/667m2. In the invention, the application time of the herbicide is preferably 0-2 d after cultivation, and more preferably 1d after cultivation.
After rice seedlings are transplanted, applying tillering fertilizer 8-12 days after the rice seedlings are planted; the tillering fertilizer is urea 10-15 kg/667m2. The application time of the tillering fertilizer corresponds to the seedling green turning and seedling surviving period, at the moment, the root system has stronger fertilizer absorbing capacity, and only one time of tillering fertilizer application is needed, so that the fertilizing frequency is reduced; can also promote tillering outbreak of the group, reach the expected seedling number in time, and the group can grow big tillers and strong tillers, thereby providing a powerful group framework for improving the yield of the machine-transplanted japonica rice. In the invention, the fertilizing time of the tillering fertilizer is preferably 10 days.
After the tillering fertilizer is applied, the spike fertilizer is applied 45-50 days after the middle-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted or 50-55 days after the late-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted. The invention applies spike fertilizer at the time, namely, the middle-maturing or late-maturing machine-transplanted japonica rice group enters the physiological fertilizer-requiring peak period, which is the key period of group growth of spike and big grain. In the invention, the time for applying the panicle fertilizer to the medium-maturing and medium-maturing japonica rice is preferably 46-48 d; the preferable time for applying the panicle fertilizer to the late-maturing mid-japonica rice is 52-54 d.
The fertilization method is preferably matched with scientific field management, and the field management comprises but is not limited to field water slurry management and disease, pest and weed control. In the invention, the whole field water slurry management process mainly comprises wetting management, and the field sunning in the seedling stage mainly comprises multiple times of light placement, so that large cracks are forbidden to be sunned for one time; in continuous rainy days, water shortage should be built at the water outlet, and urgent drainage and irrigation should be recorded to prevent fertilizer from losing with water. Specifically, the moisture management of the present invention includes: keeping a shallow water layer of 2-3 cm in the field all the time, protecting seedlings and surviving, and then avoiding obvious water shortage in the field. In the invention, the pest control mainly comprises two key control periods of a seedling stage and a heading stage, and the whole process mainly comprises green control.
In the invention, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer adopted during fertilization is preferably a compound fertilizer with the mass percentage of N-P-K of 15-15 percent; the content of nitrogen in the urea used in the fertilization is preferably 42-48%, and more preferably 46%.
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
(1) Selecting a medium-maturing medium-japonica rice variety No. 11 with the germination rate of 95% and the spike number of 20-23 ten thousand per 667m2The number of grains per spike is 120-130, the setting rate is about 93%, and the weight of thousand grains is 26 g;
(2) cultivating standardized strong seedlings, wherein the seedling age of the cultivated seedlings is 18d, the leaf age is 3.5, the white roots are 11.3, the dry weight of the hundred plants is 5.4g, and the seedlings are emerald green and have no disease and insect spots;
(3) returning the whole amount of wheat straws to the field, wherein the length of the straws is about 7cm, and uniformly spreading the straws in the field; applying 20kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15% -15%) 2d before planting2Adding 7.5kg/667m of urea (N, 46%)2(ii) a The field preparation overall meets the requirements of 'flat, paste and clean', namely the height difference of the field is about 2.6cm, slurry is uniformly mixed, and the straws are not accumulated;
(4) selecting the standard strong seedlings cultivated in the step (2), transplanting the standard strong seedlings according to the planting specification of 30cm multiplied by 12cm in plant-row spacing, planting 4.5 seedlings in each hole, and planting basic seedlings in the field about 8.3 ten thousand/667 m2(ii) a 0d after planting, each 667m250% of pretilachlor 75g and 10% of bensulfuron methyl for field10g of water and 20kg of water are added for even spraying and removing;
(5) tillering fertilizer is applied 10 days after planting, 12.5kg/667m of urea (N, 46%) is applied in one time212.5kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15%) is applied at one time 45 days after planting2Adding 7.5kg/667m of urea (N, 46%)2；
(6) The whole process of the field water slurry mainly comprises wetting management, the field is lightly placed for 2 times in the sun drying period in a seedling stage until the field is placed to the position without sinking feet, and when continuous rainy days occur, water shortage is built at a water outlet, urgent drainage and irrigation are avoided, and fertilizer loss along with water is prevented; the pest control focuses on 2 key control periods in the seedling stage and the ear stage, and the whole process mainly adopts green control.
Example 2
(1) Selecting a late-maturing medium japonica rice variety Nanjing 9108, wherein the germination rate of the variety is 96 percent, and the ear number is 22-24 ten thousand/667 m2The number of grains per spike is 125-140, the setting rate is about 91%, and the weight of thousand grains is about 27 g;
(2) and (5) cultivating standardized strong seedlings. The seedling age of the cultivated seedling is 20 days, the leaf age is 3.8, the white root number is 12.5, the dry weight of the hundred plants is 5.8g, and the seedling leaves are emerald green and have no pest spots;
(3) returning the total amount of wheat straws to the field, wherein the length of the straws is about 6cm, and uniformly spreading the straws in the field; applying 25kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15% -15%) 3d before planting2Adding 5.0kg/667m of urea (N, 46%)2(ii) a The field preparation overall meets the requirements of flatness, paste and cleanness, namely the height difference of the field is about 2.0cm, slurry is uniformly mixed, and the straws are not accumulated;
(4) selecting the standard strong seedlings cultivated in the step (2), transplanting the standard strong seedlings according to the planting specification of 30cm multiplied by 12.3cm of plant row spacing, planting 4.0 seedlings in each hole, and planting basic seedlings in the field of about 7.2 ten thousand/667 m2(ii) a 1d after planting, each 667m2In the field, 50% of pretilachlor 80g, 10% of bensulfuron-methyl 15g and 18kg of water are uniformly sprayed and dissolved;
(5) tillering fertilizer is applied 11 days after planting, and 13kg/667m of urea (N, 46%) is applied in one time215kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15%) is applied at one time 53d after planting2Adding urea (N, 46%) 10kg/667m2；
(6) The whole process of the field water slurry mainly comprises wetting management, the field is lightly placed for 4 times in the sun drying period in a seedling stage until the field is placed to the position without sinking feet, and when continuous rainy days occur, water shortage is built at a water outlet, urgent drainage and irrigation are avoided, and fertilizer loss along with water is prevented; the pest control focuses on 2 key control periods in the seedling stage and the ear stage, and green control is mainly adopted.
Example 3
(1) Selecting a late-maturing medium japonica rice variety Wuyujing 24, wherein the germination rate of the variety is 93 percent, and the ear number is 23-25 ten thousand/667 m2The number of grains per spike is 126-130, the setting rate is about 90%, and the weight of thousand grains is about 26 g;
(2) and (5) cultivating standardized strong seedlings. The seedling age of the cultivated seedling is 17 days, the leaf age is 3.2, the white root number is 12.3, the dry weight of the hundred plants is 5.1g, and the seedling leaves are emerald green and have no insect spots;
(3) returning the total amount of wheat straws to the field, wherein the length of the straws is about 5cm, and uniformly spreading the straws in the field; applying 15kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15% -15%) 1d before planting2Adding 10.0kg/667m of urea (N, 46%)2(ii) a The field preparation overall meets the requirements of 'flat, paste and clean', namely the height difference of the field is about 2.4cm, slurry is uniformly mixed, and the straws are not accumulated;
(4) selecting the standard strong seedlings cultivated in the step (2), transplanting the standard strong seedlings according to the planting specification of 30cm multiplied by 11.7cm of plant row spacing, planting 4.3 seedlings in each hole, and planting basic seedlings in the field about 8.2 ten thousand/667 m2(ii) a 2d after planting, each 667m2In the field, 85g of 50 percent pretilachlor, 12g of 10 percent bensulfuron methyl and 19kg of water are uniformly sprayed and dissolved;
(5) tillering fertilizer is applied 12 days after planting, and 13kg/667m of urea (N, 46%) is applied in one time220kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15%) is applied at one time 52d after planting2Adding 8kg/667m of urea (N, 46%)2；
(6) The whole process of the field water slurry mainly comprises wetting management, the field is lightly placed 3 times in the sun at the seedling stage and placed until the field does not sink, and when continuous rainy days occur, water shortage is built at a water outlet, urgent drainage and irrigation are avoided, and fertilizer loss along with water is prevented; the pest control focuses on 2 key control periods in the seedling stage and the ear stage, and the whole process mainly adopts green control.
Comparative example 1
The selected rice variety, the cultured standardized strong seedlings, the selected field and the transplanting specification are the same as those in the embodiment 1, the variety is the even japonica 11, the transplanting field is divided into two fields selected in the embodiment 1, wherein 1/2 is managed by the nitrogen-saving and efficient fertilization method, 1/2 is managed by the conventional fertilization method of farmers, and two fields are ridged, enveloped and isolated.
The conventional fertilization method of farmers is to fall the paddy in 2016, 5 and 29 days, the seedlings are transplanted in 6 and 18 days, and 25kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15%) is applied 2 days before the cultivation2Adding 5kg/667m of urea (N, 46%)2Preparing the field according to the requirements of 'flat, paste and clean', and simultaneously, every 667m2In the field, 120ml of 50 percent butachlor missible oil is mixed with 30kg of water and evenly sprayed and sealed. Transplanting according to the planting specification of 30cm multiplied by 12cm of plant row spacing, planting 4.5 seedlings in each hole, and planting 8.3 ten thousand/667 m of basic seedlings in the field2(ii) a Applying first tillering fertilizer 5d after planting, and applying urea (N, 46%) 10kg/667m2Adding 25g of 10 percent bensulfuron-methyl, uniformly scattering, applying a second tillering fertilizer 15d after planting, and applying 10kg of urea (N,46 percent)/667 m2Applying a flower promoting fertilizer compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15%) 20kg/667m in 32d after planting2Applying flower-retention fertilizer urea (N, 46%) 15kg/667m in 50d after planting2。
Comparative example 2
The selected variety, the cultured standard strong seedlings, the arranged field and the transplanting specification are the same as those in the embodiment 2, the variety is Nanjing 9108, the transplanted field is a field which is divided into two parts in the embodiment 2, wherein 1/2 is managed by the nitrogen-saving and efficient fertilization method, 1/2 is managed by a conventional fertilization method of farmers, and two fields are ridged, enveloped and isolated.
The farmers drop the rice in 2017 in 5-month and 28-day and transplant the seedlings in 6-month and 20-day. Applying 30kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15% -15%) 3d before planting2Preparing the field according to the requirements of 'flat, paste and clean', and simultaneously, every 667m2The field is evenly sprayed and sealed with 100ml of 50 percent butachlor missible oil mixed with 20kg of water. Transplanting according to the planting and transplanting specification of 30cm multiplied by 12.3cm, 4.0 seedlings are planted in each hole, and the basic seedlings in the field are about 7.2 ten thousand/667 m2(ii) a Applying tillering fertilizer 10 days after planting, and applying 20kg/667m of urea (N, 46%) at one time2Mixing with 10% bensulfuron-methyl 30g, uniformly spreading, applying balancing promoting fertilizer 30d after planting, and applying urea (N, 46%) 10 kg/ml667m2Applying a flower promoting fertilizer compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15%) 20kg/667m at 45d after planting2Adding 7.5kg/667m2 urea, applying flower-keeping fertilizer urea (N, 46%) 5kg/667m urea 55d after planting2。
Comparative example 3
The selected variety, the cultured standardized strong seedlings, the arranged field and the planting specification are the same as those in the embodiment 3, the variety is Wuyujing No. 24, the transplanted field is obtained by dividing the field which is well prepared in the embodiment 2 into two, wherein 1/2 is managed by the nitrogen-saving and efficient fertilization method, 1/2 is managed by the conventional fertilization method of farmers, and two fields are ridged, enveloped and isolated.
The farmers drop the seedlings in 2017 in 26 months in a conventional method, and the seedlings are transplanted in 16 days in 6 months. Applying 15kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15% -15%) 1d before planting2Adding urea (N, 46%) 10kg/667m2Preparing the field according to the requirements of 'flat, paste and clean', and simultaneously, every 667m2In the field, 110ml of 50% butachlor emulsifiable concentrate is mixed with 30kg of water to be evenly sprayed and killed. Transplanting according to the planting specification of 30cm x 11.7cm, planting 4.3 seedlings in each hole, and planting the basic seedlings in the field about 8.2 ten thousand/667 m2(ii) a Tillering fertilizer is applied 10 days after planting, and urea (N, 46%) 15kg/667m is applied at one time2And then 30g of 10 percent bensulfuron methyl is mixed and evenly spread, 26 days after planting, balance promoting fertilizer is applied, and 10kg/667m of compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15 percent to 15 percent) is applied once2Applying a flower promoting fertilizer compound fertilizer (N-P-K, 15% -15%) 20kg/667m after planting for 43d2Adding 5kg/667m of urea (N, 46%)2Applying flower-retention fertilizer urea (N, 46%) 10kg/667m at 55d after planting2。
Example 1 and control 1 were 9 acres each, example 2 and control 2 were 8 acres each, and example 3 and control 3 were 11 acres each. The test investigation content includes the number of ears per mu, the number of grains per ear, the setting rate, the actual production and the nitrogen absorption and utilization rate, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 influence of different fertilization methods on yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization rate of japonica rice planted in wheat stubble machine
And (4) conclusion: by comparison, example 1 showed a significant decrease in total nitrogen application from 25.2kg/667m compared to conventional farmer fertilisation (comparative example 1)2Reduced to 17.5kg/667m2Decrease by 7.7kg/667m2Pure nitrogen of (4); the using amount of the compound fertilizer is reduced by 12.5kg/667m in the using amount of the fertilizer2The urea is reduced by 7.5 kg/mu; in the fertilization times, the fertilizer is fertilized for 3 times in the example 1, and the conventional fertilizer is fertilized for 5 times by farmers; example 1 the production was 56.55kg/667m higher than that of control 12The number of ears is less than 0.88 ten thousand ears/667 m2The grain number of each spike is increased by 12.96 grains, the setting rate is high by 2.14 percent, the thousand grain weight is high by 0.1g, and finally the nitrogen absorption utilization rate is high by 25.25 percent.
Example 2 compared with the conventional fertilization of farmers (comparative example 2), there was a significant decrease in the total nitrogen applied, from 27.1kg/667m2Reduced to 18.9kg/667m2Decrease by 8.2kg/667m2Pure nitrogen of (4); the using amount of the compound fertilizer is reduced by 10kg/667m in the using amount of the fertilizer2The urea is reduced by 14.5 kg/mu; in the fertilization times, the fertilizer is applied for 3 times in the example 2, and the conventional fertilizer application (the comparative example 2) of a farmer is performed for 5 times; example 2 the yield was 57.94kg/667m higher than that of control 22The number of ears per mu is less than 0.95 ten thousand ears per 667m2The grain number of each spike is increased by 11.61 grains, the setting rate is high by 1.04 percent, the thousand grain weight is high by 0.36g, and finally the nitrogen absorption utilization rate is high by 18.18 percent.
Example 3 compared with the conventional fertilization of farmers (comparative example 3), there was a significant decrease in the total nitrogen applied, from 25.2kg/667m2Reduced to 19kg/667m2Decrease by 6.2kg/667m2Pure nitrogen of (4); the using amount of the compound fertilizer is reduced by 10kg/667m in the using amount of the fertilizer2The urea is reduced by 9kg/667m2(ii) a In the fertilization times, the fertilizer is applied for 3 times in total in example 3, and the fertilizer is applied for 5 times in the conventional manner by farmers (comparative example 3); example 3 the yield was 72.64kg/667m higher than that of control 321.23 ten thousand ears per 667m less ear number2The grain number of each spike is increased by 13.83 grains, the setting rate is high by 1.82 percent, the thousand grain weight is high by 0.89g, and finally the nitrogen absorption utilization rate is high by 16.72 percent.
The dynamic stem tillers of the groups treated by different fertilization treatments are analyzed (table 2), the stem tillers of the groups from the (N-N) stage to the mature stage are higher than those of the field blocks of the examples 1-3 in terms of the habit of farmers (comparative examples 1-3), the examples 1-3 show the same trend, the fact that the habit of the farmers can finally realize higher spike counts of the groups is seen, but the final spike rate of the groups is in an opposite trend, and the spike rate of the fertilization method (examples 1-3) is higher than that of the farmers (comparative examples 1-3) and is 19.21% -22.60% higher.
TABLE 2 dynamic influence of different fertilization treatments on tiller-inserted rice populations
In the (N-N) period and the elongation period, the population LAI is higher in the farmer habit than the nitrogen-saving high efficiency (Table 3), the method shown in examples 1-3 is higher than that shown in comparative examples 1-3 (the farmer habit) from the heading period to the maturation period, the LAI in the heading period of the fertilization treatment shown in examples 1-3 reaches 7.25-7.76, the LAI in the comparative examples 1-3 (the farmer habit) reaches 6.53-7.03, and the nitrogen-saving high efficiency LAI in the maturation period still reaches more than 3.0.
TABLE 3 influence of different treatments on the LAI of the mechanically transplanted Rice population
The population dry matter weight change trend is similar to LAI (Table 4), the (N-N) period and the jointing period are represented by higher substance accumulation in the fields of comparative examples 1-3 (farmer habit), the heading period to the mature period are represented by higher substance accumulation in the fields of examples 1-3, and the dry matter accumulation in the mature period examples 1-3 is 9.13-12.34% higher than that in the fields of comparative examples 1-3 (farmer habit).
TABLE 4 Effect of different treatments on the production of mechanically transplanted Rice populations
Analysis of nitrogen absorption utilizationAs shown in the table (Table 5), the total amount of accumulated nitrogen in the field blocks fertilized in the examples 1 to 3 is higher than that in the comparative examples 1 to 3 (the habit of farmers), and the total amount reaches 15.22 to 15.86kg/667m2The habit of the farmers is 3.46 to 7.23 percent higher. The nitrogen agronomic utilization rate, the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity, the nitrogen absorption utilization rate and the nitrogen physiological utilization rate are all the fertilizing modes of the embodiments 1-3 higher than the comparative examples 1-3, wherein the nitrogen utilization rate of the fertilizing modes of the embodiments 1-3 reaches 43.96% -45.37%, so that the total nitrogen applying amount is reduced, the fertilizing times are simplified, the fertilizing time is scientifically calculated, the nitrogen accumulation amount of a group is increased, and the fertilizer utilization rate is greatly improved.
TABLE 5 influence of different treatments on nitrogen absorption and utilization in machine-transplanted rice
From the net yield (difference between the yield and the material cost) and the net profit (deduction of the labor and machinery operating costs from the net yield), the field net yield values of examples 1-3 were 1703.89, 1739.80, 1671.40 yuan/667 m2The net gains are 1172.79, 1175.90 and 1113.00 yuan/667 m respectively2The net yield and the average net gain of examples 1-3 were 18.95% and 30.02% higher than those of comparative examples 1-3, respectively.
In conclusion, compared with the habit of farmers to apply fertilizers, the fertilizer application method provided by the invention has the advantages of higher yield value, low production cost and obviously higher final net yield value and pure income.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A fertilizing method suitable for transplanting japonica rice by a wheat stubble machine comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting middle-maturing or late-maturing middle-maturing japonica rice varieties, and carrying out strong seedling cultivation to obtain rice seedlings to be planted;
(2) after returning the whole amount of wheat straws to the field, applying a base fertilizer to the land to be transplanted for soil preparation 0-3 days before planting;
the base fertilizer comprises 25kg/667m of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer2And urea 5kg/667m2；
(3) Applying a tillering fertilizer 8-12 days after the planted rice seedlings are planted; the tillering fertilizer is urea 13kg/667m2；
(4) Applying spike fertilizer 45-50 days after the middle-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted or 50-55 days after the late-maturing middle-japonica rice variety is planted;
the ear fertilizer comprises 15kg/667m of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer2And urea 10kg/667m2；
The mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is 15:15: 15;
in the step (1), the standard of strong seedlings is as follows: 15-20 days of seedling age, 3.0-4.0 of leaf age, 10-13 white roots, 5-6 g of dry weight of hundred plants, emerald green leaves and no insect spots;
the machine-transplanted japonica rice region is the northwest region;
in the step (1), the germination rate is more than 90%, and the ear number is 20-24 ten thousand per 667m2120-140 grains per ear, a setting rate of more than 85% and a thousand-grain weight of 25-28 g;
in the step (1), the middle-maturing medium japonica rice variety comprises Neijing No. 11 or Wuyujing No. 24, and the late-maturing medium japonica rice variety comprises Nanjing 9108;
in the step (2), the standard of soil preparation is as follows: the height difference is less than or equal to 3cm, the slurry is uniformly mixed, and the straws are not piled;
in the step (3), the planting of the rice seedling to be planted comprises:
transplanting the rice seedlings obtained by strong seedling cultivation in the step (1) to the land to be planted after soil preparation in the step (2) according to the specification of the row spacing of 25-30 cm multiplied by 11-13 cm, wherein 2-3 seedlings are planted in each hole, and the planting density reaches 7-10 ten thousand seedlings/667 m 2；
In the step (3), a step of applying a herbicide is further included after the rice seedlings to be planted are planted and before the tillering fertilizer is applied;
the herbicide comprises the components with mass volume percentage concentration70-100 g of pretilachlor with the concentration of 50% and 10-15 g/667m of bensulfuron methyl with the mass volume percentage concentration of 10% 2。
2. The fertilization method according to claim 1, wherein the herbicide is applied for 0-2 days after planting.
3. The fertilization method according to claim 1, wherein in the steps (2) - (4), after transplanting of the rice seedlings, field water slurry management and pest and weed control are carried out on a cultivation area.
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