CN109804871B - Cultivation method for preventing and delaying premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn - Google Patents
Cultivation method for preventing and delaying premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a cultivation method for preventing and delaying premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn. A cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn comprises the following steps: (1) the preparation before sowing comprises: land management and seed management; the land management method comprises the following steps: selecting land, treating soil and reasonably applying fertilizer; the seed management comprises the following steps: (2) the management after sowing comprises: comprises management before flowering and management in flowering and fruit setting period; managing before flowering comprises: cooling management, squatting, final singling and pest control; fourthly, management in the flowering and fruit setting period comprises: water and fertilizer management, pruning and branch pruning and pest control. The cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plants is suitable for the open field cultivation of muskmelons in Xinjiang area, and can effectively prevent and delay the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plants by adopting various agricultural measures (land management, cooling management, pruning and twitching, water and fertilizer management, pest control and the like).
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for preventing and delaying premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn.
Background
In recent years, with the development of Chinese economy, the improvement of the living standard of people and the development of tourism industry, the consumption market of the melons is continuously expanded, and the production development of the melons in China is rapid. The muskmelon, also called muskmelon, can be widely cultivated nationwide, and is particularly famous due to the long cultivation history, unique geographical conditions and climate factors in Xinjiang. In order to improve the utilization rate of free land and rich photo-thermal resources in Xinjiang and increase the planting income of farmers, the area adopts a two-crop open-field planting mode for many years, the watermelon and the melon are planted in the former spring or other crops are intercropped, and the melon is planted in the latter autumn.
However, in the production and cultivation of the melons, particularly in the summer and autumn facilities and open field cultivation processes, due to the fact that the cultivation area is large, early-stage cultivation management measures are not proper, high-temperature strong light, unbalanced endogenous hormones, insufficient nutrition supply, diseases, insect pests and weeds are caused, plants can be prone to senilism in the melon fruit expansion period, large-area melon seedling death, yield reduction and even no harvest are caused, the yield and quality of the melons are reduced, and certain influence is brought to the planting benefits of farmers. Therefore, a reasonable and effective cultivation method is found to prevent and delay the senescence of melon plants in the middle and later fruit development period, and the cultivation method has important practical significance for the development of the Xinjiang melon industry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn, which can effectively prevent and delay the premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn and is suitable for outdoor muskmelon cultivation.
In order to realize the purpose, the adopted technical scheme is as follows:
a cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn comprises the following steps:
(1) the preparation before sowing comprises: land management and seed management;
the land management method comprises the following steps:
selecting land parcels: selecting a land which is not continuously planted with the melon vegetables;
soil treatment: applying 3kg of 50% carbendazim and 2kg of quicklime according to the amount of each mu, and uniformly spreading the application in a fertilizing ditch;
and (3) reasonable fertilization: applying fully decomposed organic fertilizer 5-6m in each mu320kg of urea, 35kg of triple superphosphate and 30kg of potassium sulfate;
the seed management comprises the following steps:
variety selection: selecting excellent melon varieties which are suitable for local climate, strong in stress resistance, compact in plant type, resistant to premature senility, premature, high in quality, high in yield, good in quality, high in sugar degree, not prone to cracking and strong in disease resistance;
seed disinfection: sterilizing the seeds before sowing;
(2) the management after sowing comprises: comprises management before flowering and management in flowering and fruit setting period;
managing before flowering includes the following steps:
cooling management: cooling by using a sunshade net every day when seedlings emerge to 9 true leaves;
squatting and final singling: after 3 true leaves grow out, water control squat seedlings are started, water dripping intervals are gradually lengthened from 1 d, 2 d and 3d, and water is dripped for 2-3h each time; normally managing when 6-7 true leaves grow, and dripping water every 5-7d for 1 time for 3-4 h; setting seedlings when 4-5 true leaves are available, and reserving 1 healthy and strong seedling in each hole;
and (3) pest control: when 4-5 true leaves grow, mixing the pesticide and the foliar fertilizer for foliar spraying, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, and continuously spraying for 4-5 times;
fourthly, management in the flowering and fruit setting period comprises the following steps:
and (3) water and fertilizer management: dripping 1 time of water every 5-7d in the flowering and fruit setting period, dripping 3-4h every time, and applying 10-15kg of monopotassium phosphate and 2-3kg of urea along with each mu of water;
pruning and twitching: adopting a double-vine pruning mode, allowing the main vine to climb the vine to grow and leave a single melon, cultivating and reserving a subsidiary vine closest to the rhizome part of the main vine after seedling setting, removing other subsidiary vines and grand vines when the subsidiary vine grows to 40-50cm, and gradually winding the subsidiary vine to the rhizome part of the main vine along with the growth of the subsidiary vine to play a role in shading and protecting the roots;
and (3) pest control: preventing and treating bemisia tabaci and aphid.
Further, before the fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, 600 times of solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder is used for disinfection.
Further, the variety selection comprises the following steps: west Mi 25 and West Mi 17 were selected.
Further, the seed disinfection: soaking seeds in 0.1% potassium permanganate or 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20min, washing with clear water, soaking seeds in warm water at 50-55 deg.C for 15min, stirring to room temperature, soaking for 4-6h, and accelerating germination.
Further, in the cooling management: and (3) when seedlings emerge among 3 true leaves, cooling by adopting a sunshade net every day, and dripping water for 5-6 hours every day.
Further, in the pest control in the pre-anthesis management, the pesticide is 50% thiram wettable powder 800-fold liquid, 20% moroxydine hydrochloride wettable powder 400-fold liquid, 0.3% monopotassium phosphate, 0.1% urea solution, boron, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and other trace element leaf fertilizers.
Further, in the water and fertilizer management: spraying 6-BA solution with the concentration of 20mg/L and 2500 times of amino acid selenium leaf fertilizer on leaf surfaces at the beginning of an initial flowering period, wherein the spraying is carried out for 1 time every 5-7 days and for 5-6 times.
And further, when the full-bloom stage is in a high-temperature stage, 0.1% of zinc sulfate solution is sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
Further, in the pest control during the flowering and fruit setting period, the control of bemisia tabaci and aphids: 30-40 yellow boards are hung per mu, and pesticide spraying is combined for comprehensive control.
Further, in the pest control during the flowering and fruit setting period, the pesticide is as follows: 10 percent of cyanotraniliprole dispersible oil suspending agent 800 times liquid, 5 percent of imidacloprid missible oil 2000-3000 times liquid, 20 percent of spirotetramat 3000-4000 times liquid and 5 percent of abamectin 1000 times liquid are sprayed for 1 time every 5 to 7 days, and any two are mixed and used alternately for prevention and treatment.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plants is suitable for the open field cultivation of muskmelons in Xinjiang area, and can effectively prevent and delay the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plants by adopting various agricultural measures (land management, cooling management, pruning and twitching, water and fertilizer management, pest control and the like).
Detailed Description
In order to further illustrate the cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the autumn open field melon plant, which is disclosed by the invention, and achieve the expected invention purpose, the specific implementation mode, the structure, the characteristics and the efficacy thereof of the cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the autumn open field melon plant, which is disclosed by the invention, are described in detail below by combining the preferred embodiment. In the following description, different "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" refers to not necessarily the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
Before describing the cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn in detail, the method and the like mentioned in the invention need to be further explained to achieve better effects.
The symptoms of premature senility show: the typical symptoms of premature senility shown in field survey are seedling collapse, wilting and death of melons. The early senescence of the melons is manifested as the symptoms of water loss of leaves and drooping of the leaves when the temperature is highest at noon, and the leaves recover to be normal by the late afternoon, so that the leaves do not recover any more in the late afternoon after the leaf withering in a plurality of days, the edges of the leaves begin to be dried and faded, and the melons die after the whole plant collapses.
According to the field investigation and the analysis result of the physiological experiment, the main reasons for the premature senility of the muskmelon plant are as follows by combining the expert opinions:
(1) influence of weather
Because the temperature is high in summer and autumn, the transpiration of the melons is very vigorous, and water absorbed by root systems is transpired from the leaves through roots, so that the temperature of melon plants is regulated, and the normal physiological metabolic state is maintained. Since 6 months, the temperature rises from about 30 ℃ to 40 ℃ quickly, the field air temperature and the ground temperature of the melons also rise quickly, the field ground temperature in many areas at the beginning of 6 months and the indoor temperature exceed 40 ℃, the quick rise of the air temperature and the ground temperature accelerates the transpiration of the melon leaves, and meanwhile, in the key period of melon yield and soluble solid formation, the water absorption capacity of the root system of the melons is not timely followed up in the high-temperature period in summer and autumn, so that the transpiration of the melons is blocked, the air temperature and the ground temperature are high or dry hot air occurs, so that the temperature regulation capacity of the melon plants is abnormal, the physiological disorder of the melons is caused, seedling collapse is formed, and the whole melons are seriously aged and died.
(2) Damage of aphid and bemisia tabaci
In recent years, the area of the melon aphids and bemisia tabaci is large, the damage is serious, the damage of the melon aphids and bemisia tabaci is mainly reflected in that adults and nymphs suck plant juice on the back of leaves and young and tender stems of the melon, a large amount of juice is lost by damaged plants, diseases such as virus diseases and the like are indirectly infected, the aphids and the bemisia tabaci secrete a large amount of honeydew to cover leaves, the photosynthesis and the respiration are influenced, the stress resistance of the melon is reduced, and the melon is more easily influenced by high-temperature weather, so that the melon collapses and dies.
(3) Influence of unreasonable fertilization
The application amount of the high-quality organic fertilizer in the base fertilizer is insufficient or the organic fertilizer which is not fully decomposed is applied, the chemical fertilizer is excessively applied, the proportion is unreasonable, and the roots are burnt or the plants are unbalanced in nutrition to cause premature senility.
(4) Influence of successive cropping obstacles
In recent years, with the maturity of the cultivation technology of 'two cropping in one year' and the popularization of the cultivation mode, melon facilities and open field planting areas are enlarged year by year, and because reasonable rotation and stubble cutting are not carried out, large-area melon fields are deeply turned over in the late autumn, irrigated before winter and are not paid high attention to the prevention and control work of diseases and insect pests, so that a large number of pathogenic bacteria are accumulated in melon field soil, and soil-borne diseases are easily caused. Meanwhile, in order to avoid the high temperature period, watering of the muskmelon land blocks is frequent, and propagation of gummy stem blight is also one of important causes of death of the muskmelon in a large area.
The raw materials used in the present invention are all commercially available.
After understanding the above methods and others, the cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of autumn open field melon plants according to the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following embodiments:
one embodiment of the invention
The technical method comprises the following steps:
the specific operation steps are as follows:
(1) the preparation before sowing comprises: land management and seed management;
the land management method comprises the following steps:
selecting land parcels: selecting the land which is not continuously planted with the melon vegetables. The field which carries out crop rotation of crops such as green onions, garlic and the like in three years is selected, namely continuous cropping with melon vegetables is not needed. Alternatively, interplanting of the melons and the scallion and garlic crops can be adopted, and the melons are planted in the position of the scallion and garlic crops in the next crop.
Soil treatment: in one year before planting, muskmelon planting plots are developed to be deeply turned in the end of autumn, irrigated with water in the end of autumn and irrigated with water in the front of winter, the positions of the muskmelons are planted in spring, and the muskmelons can be planted in the original line spacing positions in autumn. 3kg of 50 percent carbendazim and 2kg of quicklime are applied per mu and evenly spread into the fertilizing furrows.
And (3) reasonable fertilization: deeply ploughing the soil, and applying fully decomposed organic fertilizer 5-6m in the fertilizing ditch per mu3(such as sheep manure and oil residue contain rich nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, and are the best complete fertilizer for melons), 20kg of urea, 35kg of heavy calcium superphosphate and 30kg of potassium sulfate; and a proper amount of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied, so that a large amount of urea is prevented from being applied singly, the permeability of the soil is improved, and a soil testing formula fertilization technology can be preferably adopted.
The seed management comprises the following steps:
variety selection: according to market demands, excellent muskmelon varieties which are suitable for local climate, strong in stress resistance, compact in plant type, resistant to premature senility, premature, high in quality, high in yield, good in quality, high in sugar degree, not prone to cracking and strong in disease resistance are selected as much as possible, such as West Zhou Mi No. 25 and West Zhou Mi No. 17;
seed disinfection: sterilizing the seeds before sowing;
(2) the management after sowing comprises: comprises management before flowering and management in flowering and fruit setting period;
managing before flowering includes the following steps:
cooling management: during the summer and autumn high-temperature period between seedling emergence and 9 main leaves, particularly 10:30 to 19:30 in the afternoon, the two sides of a long bamboo sheet with the length of 2.2-2.5m are respectively inserted into the ground for forming an arch, a bamboo arch is inserted every 2m, a sun-shading net with the width of 1m is transversely pulled at the middle part of the bamboo arch, and the bamboo arch is bound to the bamboo sheet by thin iron wires, so that the seedlings are prevented from being damaged by high-temperature and strong light.
Squatting and final singling: after 3 true leaves grow out, water control squat seedlings are started, water dripping intervals are gradually lengthened from 1 d, 2 d and 3d, and water is dripped for 2-3h each time; when 6-7 true leaves grow, the management is normal, 1 drop of water is made every 5-7d, and 3-4 hours are made each time. Setting seedling when 4-5 true leaves are available, and reserving 1 healthy and strong seedling per hole. If the precision seeding is carried out, thinning and final singling can be completed at one time when 4 true leaves are planted.
And (3) pest control: when 4-5 true leaves grow, mixing pesticide and foliar fertilizer for foliar spraying to prevent pest and disease damage and nutrient deficiency in advance, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, and continuously spraying for 4-5 times;
fourthly, management in the flowering and fruit setting period comprises the following steps:
and (3) water and fertilizer management: under the conditions of sunny days, low air humidity and large plant evaporation capacity, a method of combining a small amount of water dripping with fertilization is adopted to reduce the moisture content of field soil. Dripping 1 time of water every 5-7d in the flowering and fruit setting period, dripping 3-4h each time, and applying 10-15kg of monopotassium phosphate and 2-3kg of urea along with each mu of water.
Pruning and twitching: timely pruning and branching to ensure the luxuriant leaves of plants, adopting a double-vine pruning mode, allowing a main vine to climb the vine to grow and leave a single melon, cultivating a subsidiary vine closest to the rootstock part of the main vine after seedling setting, removing other subsidiary vines and grand vines when the subsidiary vine grows to 40-50cm, gradually winding the subsidiary vine to the rootstock part of the main vine along with the growth of the subsidiary vine to play a role in shading sun and protecting the roots, and adopting a 'front tight and back loose' principle after the melon is seated.
And (3) pest control: preventing and treating bemisia tabaci and aphid.
Other management is the same as the local autumn open field melon cultivation management.
Preferably, before the fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, 600 times of solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder is used for disinfection, so that the harm of germs is thoroughly eliminated.
Preferably, the seed disinfection is: soaking seeds in 0.1% potassium permanganate or 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20min, washing with clear water, soaking seeds in warm water at 50-55 deg.C for 15min, stirring to room temperature, soaking for 4-6h, and accelerating germination.
Preferably, in the cooling management: and (3) when seedlings emerge and 3 true leaves are cooled by adopting a sunshade net from 10:30 in the morning to 19:30 in the afternoon every day, and dripping 5-6 hours every day to cool, so as to prevent the seedlings from being damaged by high-temperature strong light.
Preferably, in the pest control in the pre-flowering management, 800-times liquid of 50% thiram wettable powder is sprayed to prevent leaf spot, powdery mildew and anthracnose; spraying 400-fold liquid of 20% morpholine guanidine hydrochloride wettable powder and 500-fold liquid to prevent virus diseases; spraying 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.1 percent of urea solution, boron, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and other trace element leaf fertilizers to prevent physiological diseases and nutrient deficiency diseases in the seedling stage.
Preferably, in the water and fertilizer management: the leaf surface of the muskmelon is sprayed with a 6-BA solution with the concentration of 20mg/L and a 2500-fold amino acid selenium leaf fertilizer (the amino acid selenium fertilizer is developed by fruit tree research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences, and the patent number is ZL2010101991450, so that the leaf surface fertilizer has the effects of remarkably improving the leaf quality, delaying leaf senescence, improving the leaf disease resistance, improving the fruit quality and the like.
Preferably, when the full-bloom stage is at a high temperature (the highest temperature is above 40 ℃ in the daytime), 0.1% of zinc sulfate solution is sprayed on the leaf surfaces, so that the high-temperature and high-light resistance of plants can be improved, premature senility can be prevented, and the fruit quality can be improved.
Preferably, in the pest control in the flowering and fruit setting period, the control of bemisia tabaci and aphid: 30-40 yellow boards are hung per mu, and pesticide spraying is combined for comprehensive control.
Further preferably, in the pest control in the flowering and fruit setting period, the pesticide is as follows: 10% of cyanotraniliprole dispersible oil suspending agent 800-time liquid, 5% of imidacloprid missible oil 2000-time 3000-time liquid, 20% of spirotetramat 3000-time 4000-time liquid and 5% of abamectin 1000-time liquid are sprayed for 1 time every 5-7 days, any two of the liquids are mixed and used alternately for prevention and treatment, the generation of drug resistance is avoided, and the prevention and treatment effect is improved.
Example 1.
Example 1 in Turpan City, 3 days in 7 months, 9 days in 8 months as a full-bloom period, 15 days in 8 months as an initial fruiting period, and 26 days in 9 months for harvesting, the average yield per mu is 1942.47 kg.
The specific operation steps are as follows:
(1) the preparation before sowing comprises: land management and seed management;
the land management method comprises the following steps:
selecting land parcels: selecting the land which is not continuously planted with the melon vegetables. The field which carries out crop rotation of crops such as green onions, garlic and the like in three years is selected, namely continuous cropping with melon vegetables is not needed. Alternatively, interplanting of the melons and the scallion and garlic crops can be adopted, and the melons are planted in the position of the scallion and garlic crops in the next crop.
Soil treatment: in one year before planting, muskmelon planting plots are developed to be deeply turned in late autumn and watered before winter, the positions of the muskmelons are planted in spring, and the muskmelons can be planted in the original line spacing positions in autumn. 3kg of 50 percent carbendazim and 2kg of quicklime are applied per mu and evenly spread into the fertilizing furrows.
Before the fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, 600 times of solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder is used for disinfection, so that the harm of germs is completely eliminated.
And (3) reasonable fertilization: deeply ploughing the soil, and applying fully decomposed organic fertilizer 5-6m in the fertilizing ditch per mu3(such as sheep manure and oil residue contain rich nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, and are the best complete fertilizer for melons), 20kg of urea, 35kg of heavy calcium superphosphate and 30kg of potassium sulfate; and a proper amount of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied, so that a large amount of urea is prevented from being applied singly, the permeability of the soil is improved, and a soil testing formula fertilization technology can be preferably adopted.
The seed management comprises the following steps:
variety selection: according to market demands, excellent muskmelon varieties which are suitable for local climate, strong in stress resistance, compact in plant type, resistant to premature senility, premature, high in quality, high in yield, good in quality, high in sugar degree, not prone to cracking and strong in disease resistance are selected as much as possible; in this example, West Mi 17 was used.
Seed disinfection: soaking seeds in 0.1% potassium permanganate or 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20min, washing with clear water, soaking seeds in warm water at 55 deg.C for 15min, stirring to room temperature, soaking for 4h, and accelerating germination. (2) The management after sowing comprises: comprises management before flowering and management in flowering and fruit setting period;
managing before flowering includes the following steps:
cooling management: between the seedlings and 3 true leaves, from 10:30 in the morning to 19:30 in the afternoon, inserting 15-20cm of ground into the two sides of long bamboo chips with the length of 2.2-2.5m respectively to form an arch shape right above the double-row sweet melon seedlings, inserting a bamboo arch every 2m, transversely pulling a sun-shading net with the width of 1m at the middle part of the bamboo arch, binding the sun-shading net on the bamboo chips with thin iron wires, and dripping 5-6h every day to cool down, thereby preventing the seedlings from being damaged by high-temperature and strong light.
In the high temperature period of summer and autumn between 3-9 main leaves (in the middle and late ten days of 7 months), the temperature is reduced by adopting a sunshade net from 11:00 in the morning to 17:30 in the afternoon, so that the seedlings are prevented from being damaged by high-temperature strong light.
Squatting and final singling: after 3 true leaves grow out, water control squat seedlings are started, water dripping intervals are gradually lengthened from 1 d, 2 d and 3d, and water is dripped for 2-3h each time; when 6-7 true leaves grow, the management is normal, 1 drop of water is made every 5-7d, and 3-4 hours are made each time. Setting seedling when 4-5 true leaves are available, and reserving 1 healthy and strong seedling per hole. If the precision seeding is carried out, thinning and final singling can be completed at one time when 4 true leaves are planted.
And (3) pest control: when 4-5 true leaves grow, the pesticide and the foliar fertilizer are mixed for foliar spraying, thereby preventing the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests and the occurrence of nutrient deficiency in advance, and the spraying is carried out for 1 time every 7-10 days and the continuous spraying is carried out for 4-5 times. Spraying 800 times of 50% thiram wettable powder to prevent leaf spot, powdery mildew and anthracnose; spraying 400 times of liquid of 20% moroxydine hydrochloride wettable powder to prevent virus diseases; spraying 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.1 percent of urea solution, boron, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and other trace element leaf fertilizers to prevent physiological diseases and nutrient deficiency diseases in the seedling stage.
Fourthly, management in the flowering and fruit setting period comprises the following steps:
and (3) water and fertilizer management: under the conditions of sunny days, low air humidity and large plant evaporation capacity, a method of combining a small amount of water dripping with fertilization is adopted to reduce the moisture content of field soil. Dripping 1 time of water every 5-7d in the flowering and fruit setting period, dripping 3-4h each time, and applying 10-15kg of monopotassium phosphate and 2-3kg of urea along with each mu of water.
The leaf surface of the muskmelon is sprayed with a 6-BA solution with the concentration of 20mg/L and a 2500-time amino acid selenium leaf fertilizer (the amino acid selenium fertilizer is developed by fruit tree research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences, and the patent number is ZL2010101991450, and the leaf surface fertilizer has the effects of remarkably improving the leaf quality, delaying leaf senescence, improving the leaf disease resistance, improving the fruit quality and the like, the leaf surface fertilizer is used for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the muskmelon leaves in the application, and the liquid medicine is sprayed for 5-6 times every 5-7 days until all the leaf surfaces of the muskmelon have liquid beads without dripping; in a high-temperature period, 0.1 percent of zinc sulfate solution is sprayed on the leaves, so that the high-temperature resistance of the melons can be improved, premature senility can be prevented, and the fruit quality can be improved.
Pruning and twitching: timely pruning and branching to ensure the luxuriant leaves of plants, adopting a double-vine pruning mode, allowing a main vine to climb the vine to grow and leave a single melon, cultivating a subsidiary vine closest to the rootstock part of the main vine after seedling setting, removing other subsidiary vines and grand vines when the subsidiary vine grows to 40-50cm, gradually winding the subsidiary vine to the rootstock part of the main vine along with the growth of the subsidiary vine to play a role in shading sun and protecting the roots, and adopting a 'front tight and back loose' principle after the melon is seated.
And (3) pest control: for preventing and treating bemisia tabaci and aphids, 30-40 yellow plates are hung per mu, and pesticide spraying is combined for comprehensive prevention and treatment. The sprayed pesticide is as follows: 10% of cyanotraniliprole dispersible oil suspending agent 800-time liquid, 5% of imidacloprid missible oil 2000-time 3000-time liquid, 20% of spirotetramat 3000-time 4000-time liquid and 5% of abamectin 1000-time liquid are sprayed for 1 time every 5-7 days, any two of the liquids are mixed and used alternately for prevention and treatment, the generation of drug resistance is avoided, and the prevention and treatment effect is improved.
Other management is the same as the local autumn open field melon cultivation management.
The cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plants is suitable for the open field cultivation of muskmelons in Xinjiang area, adopts various agronomic measures (land management, cooling management, pruning and twitch, water and fertilizer management, pest control and the like), and can effectively prevent and delay the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plants.
Example 2.
Example 1 planting in Shanshan county, Shanxi province, Shanxi city, Turpan city, sowing in 1 day 7 months, blooming period 8 months and 7 days 8 months, initial fruiting period 8 months and 14 days 9 months, harvesting in 25 days 9 months, and average yield per mu of 1768.29 kg.
The specific operation steps are as follows:
(1) the preparation before sowing comprises: land management and seed management;
the land management method comprises the following steps:
selecting land parcels: selecting the land which is not continuously planted with the melon vegetables. The field which carries out crop rotation of crops such as green onions, garlic and the like in three years is selected, namely continuous cropping with melon vegetables is not needed. Alternatively, interplanting of the melons and the scallion and garlic crops can be adopted, and the melons are planted in the position of the scallion and garlic crops in the next crop.
Soil treatment: in one year before planting, muskmelon planting plots are developed to be deeply turned in late autumn and watered before winter, the positions of the muskmelons are planted in spring, and the muskmelons can be planted in the original line spacing positions in autumn. 3kg of 50 percent carbendazim and 2kg of quicklime are applied per mu and evenly spread into the fertilizing furrows.
Before the fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, 600 times of solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder is used for disinfection, so that the harm of germs is thoroughly eliminated.
And (3) reasonable fertilization: deeply ploughing the soil, and applying fully decomposed organic fertilizer 5-6m in the fertilizing ditch per mu3(such as sheep manure and oil residue contain rich nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, and are the best complete fertilizer for melons), 20kg of urea, 35kg of heavy calcium superphosphate and 30kg of potassium sulfate; and a proper amount of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are applied, so that a large amount of urea is prevented from being applied singly, the permeability of the soil is improved, and a soil testing formula fertilization technology can be preferably adopted.
The seed management comprises the following steps:
variety selection: according to market demands, excellent muskmelon varieties which are suitable for local climate, strong in stress resistance, compact in plant type, resistant to premature senility, premature, high in quality, high in yield, good in quality, high in sugar degree, not prone to cracking and strong in disease resistance are selected as much as possible; the example selects western code 25.
Seed disinfection: soaking seeds in 0.1% potassium permanganate or 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20min, washing with clear water, soaking seeds in warm water at 50 deg.C for 15min, stirring to room temperature, soaking for 6h, and accelerating germination.
(2) The management after sowing comprises: comprises management before flowering and management in flowering and fruit setting period;
managing before flowering includes the following steps:
cooling management: between the seedlings and 3 true leaves, from 10:30 in the morning to 19:30 in the afternoon, inserting 15-20cm of ground into the two sides of long bamboo chips with the length of 2.2-2.5m respectively to form an arch shape right above the double-row sweet melon seedlings, inserting a bamboo arch every 2m, transversely pulling a sun-shading net with the width of 1m at the middle part of the bamboo arch, binding the sun-shading net on the bamboo chips with thin iron wires, and dripping 5-6h every day to cool down, thereby preventing the seedlings from being damaged by high-temperature and strong light.
In the high temperature period of summer and autumn between 3-9 main leaves (in the middle and late ten days of 7 months), the temperature is reduced by adopting a sunshade net from 11:00 in the morning to 17:30 in the afternoon, so that the seedlings are prevented from being damaged by high-temperature strong light.
Squatting and final singling: after 3 true leaves grow out, water control squat seedlings are started, water dripping intervals are gradually lengthened from 1 d, 2 d and 3d, and water is dripped for 2-3h each time; when 6-7 true leaves grow, the management is normal, 1 drop of water is made every 5-7d, and 3-4 hours are made each time. Setting seedling when 4-5 true leaves are available, and reserving 1 healthy and strong seedling per hole. If the precision seeding is carried out, thinning and final singling can be completed at one time when 4 true leaves are planted.
And (3) pest control: when 4-5 true leaves grow, the pesticide and the foliar fertilizer are mixed for foliar spraying, thereby preventing the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests and the occurrence of nutrient deficiency in advance, and the spraying is carried out for 1 time every 7-10 days and the continuous spraying is carried out for 4-5 times. Spraying 1000 times of 50% thiram wettable powder to prevent leaf spot, powdery mildew and anthracnose; spraying 500 times of 20% moroxydine hydrochloride wettable powder to prevent virus diseases; spraying 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.1 percent of urea solution, boron, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium and other trace element leaf fertilizers to prevent physiological diseases and nutrient deficiency diseases in the seedling stage.
Fourthly, management in the flowering and fruit setting period comprises the following steps:
and (3) water and fertilizer management: under the conditions of low air humidity and large plant evaporation capacity in sunny days, a method of combining a small amount of water dripping with fertilization is adopted, and the moisture content of field soil is reduced. Dripping 1 time of water every 5-7d in the flowering and fruit setting period, dripping 3-4h each time, and applying 10-15kg of monopotassium phosphate and 2-3kg of urea along with each mu of water.
The leaf surface of the muskmelon is sprayed with a 6-BA solution with the concentration of 20mg/L and a 2500-time amino acid selenium leaf fertilizer (the amino acid selenium fertilizer is developed by fruit tree research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences, and the patent number is ZL2010101991450, and the leaf surface fertilizer has the effects of remarkably improving the leaf quality, delaying leaf senescence, improving the leaf disease resistance, improving the fruit quality and the like, the leaf surface fertilizer is used for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the muskmelon leaves in the application, and the liquid medicine is sprayed for 5-6 times every 5-7 days until all the leaf surfaces of the muskmelon have liquid beads without dripping; in a high-temperature period, 0.1 percent of zinc sulfate solution is sprayed on the leaves, so that the high-temperature resistance of the melons can be improved, premature senility can be prevented, and the fruit quality can be improved.
Pruning and twitching: timely pruning and branching to ensure the luxuriant leaves of plants, adopting a double-vine pruning mode, allowing a main vine to climb the vine to grow and leave a single melon, cultivating a subsidiary vine closest to the rootstock part of the main vine after seedling setting, removing other subsidiary vines and grand vines when the subsidiary vine grows to 40-50cm, gradually winding the subsidiary vine to the rootstock part of the main vine along with the growth of the subsidiary vine to play a role in shading sun and protecting the roots, and adopting a 'front tight and back loose' principle after sitting on the melon.
And (3) pest control: for preventing and treating bemisia tabaci and aphids, 30-40 yellow plates are hung per mu, and pesticide spraying is combined for comprehensive prevention and treatment. The sprayed pesticide is as follows: 10% of cyanotraniliprole dispersible oil suspending agent 800-time liquid, 5% of imidacloprid missible oil 2000-time 3000-time liquid, 20% of spirotetramat 3000-time 4000-time liquid and 5% of abamectin 1000-time liquid are sprayed for 1 time every 5-7 days, any two of the liquids are mixed and used alternately for prevention and treatment, the generation of drug resistance is avoided, and the prevention and treatment effect is improved.
Other management is the same as the local autumn open field melon cultivation management.
The cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plants is suitable for the open field cultivation of muskmelons in Xinjiang area, adopts various agronomic measures (land management, cooling management, pruning and twitch, water and fertilizer management, pest control and the like), and can effectively prevent and delay the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plants.
Two experimental tests
1. The test method comprises the following steps: photosynthetic determination method
Net photosynthetic rate determination experiment: wherein, the 'middle' represents the leaf at the node position of the melon, and the 'upper' and the 'lower' represent the leaf at 5 nodes upwards and downwards at the node position of the melon respectively.
In Turpan, Karaxiang, Karaoxi, the cultivar is West Zhou Mi 17. Sowing is carried out 3 days in 7 months, a full-bloom period is carried out 9 days in 8 months, an initial fruiting period is carried out 15 days in 8 months, and harvesting is carried out 26 days in 9 months.
The first spraying time is 8 months No. 3 (early flowering period of the Turpan open field muskmelon), the second spraying time is 8 months No. 9 days (full flowering period of the Turpan open field muskmelon), and the photosynthetic property detection is carried out for 8 months No. 17 days (high temperature period and highest temperature of 42 ℃ in the daytime). Since the time and the measured value are typical and representative, the measurement must be completed within a certain time, the number of measurement processes and samples cannot be too large, and the like, 4 processes are set, each process is 2 plants, each plant is measured for 3 different node leaves, the process is repeated for 2 times, and the average value is calculated.
And 1-6 treatments are all carried out by adopting the autumn open field premature senility prevention pruning measure, namely the cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the autumn open field melon plants.
2. Treatment of
The treatment is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
3. Results of the experiment
(1) The test results are shown in tables 2 and 3.
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
As can be seen from the above table, the yield of treatment 4 with a good effect of preventing premature senility is not the highest, but the difference in yield is significant compared with the control treatment; the highest yield was treatment 6.
(2) A control group is added, the control group is a treatment group 8, the treatment method is completely the same as that of the treatment group 4, except that the pruning measures are different, and the treatment group 8 adopts the conventional double-vine pruning.
The detection shows that the yield of the melons of the treatment 4 is 1968.43kg/667m2The melon yield of treatment 8 was 1763.82kg/667m2The difference between the two yields is obvious; and (3) after the last harvest, digging out a plant root system, and measuring the root system activity by using a TTC chromosome method, wherein the root system activity of the melon processed by the method 4 is 74.26 mg/(g.h), the root system activity of the melon processed by the method 8 is 61.74 mg/(g.h), and the yield difference of the melon and the melon is obvious.
Therefore, the cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plant is suitable for muskmelons cultivated in the open field in Xinjiang, and can effectively prevent and delay the premature senility of the autumn open field muskmelon plant by adopting various agricultural measures (land management, cooling management, pruning and twitching, water and fertilizer management, pest control and the like).
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made to the above embodiments according to the technical spirit of the present invention are within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A cultivation method for preventing and delaying the premature senility of outdoor muskmelon plants in autumn is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the preparation before sowing comprises: land management and seed management;
the land management method comprises the following steps:
selecting land parcels: selecting a land which is not continuously planted with the melon vegetables;
soil treatment: applying 3kg of 50% carbendazim and 2kg of quicklime to each mu, and spreading the obtained mixture to a fertilizing ditch;
and (3) reasonable fertilization: applying fully decomposed organic fertilizer 5-6m in each mu320kg of urea, 35kg of triple superphosphate and 30kg of potassium sulfate;
the seed management comprises the following steps:
variety selection: selecting excellent melon varieties which are suitable for local climate, strong in stress resistance, compact in plant type, resistant to premature senility, premature, high in quality, high in yield, good in quality, high in sugar degree, not prone to cracking and strong in disease resistance;
seed disinfection: sterilizing the seeds before sowing;
(2) the management after sowing comprises: comprises management before flowering and management in flowering and fruit setting period;
managing before flowering includes the following steps:
cooling management: cooling by using a sunshade net every day when seedlings emerge to 9 true leaves;
squatting and final singling: after 3 true leaves grow out, water control squat seedlings are started, water dripping intervals are gradually lengthened from 1 d, 2 d and 3d, and water is dripped for 2-3h each time; normally managing when 6-7 true leaves grow, and dripping water every 5-7d for 1 time for 3-4 h; setting seedlings when 4-5 true leaves are available, and reserving 1 healthy and strong seedling in each hole;
and (3) pest control: when 4-5 true leaves grow, mixing the pesticide and the foliar fertilizer for foliar spraying, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, and continuously spraying for 4-5 times;
fourthly, management in the flowering and fruit setting period comprises the following steps:
and (3) water and fertilizer management: dripping 1 time of water every 5-7d in the flowering and fruit setting period, dripping 3-4h every time, and applying 10-15kg of monopotassium phosphate and 2-3kg of urea along with each mu of water;
when the full-bloom stage is at a high temperature stage, 0.1 percent zinc sulfate solution is sprayed on the leaf surfaces;
pruning and twitching: adopting a double-vine pruning mode, allowing the main vine to climb the vine to grow and leave a single melon, cultivating and reserving a subsidiary vine closest to the rhizome part of the main vine after seedling setting, removing other subsidiary vines and grand vines when the subsidiary vine grows to 40-50cm, and gradually winding the subsidiary vine to the rhizome part of the main vine along with the growth of the subsidiary vine to play a role in shading and protecting the roots;
and (3) pest control: preventing and treating bemisia tabaci and aphid.
2. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fully decomposed organic fertilizer is sterilized by 600 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder before being applied.
3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the variety selection comprises: west Mi 25 and West Mi 17 were selected.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the seed is sterilized by: soaking seeds in 0.1% potassium permanganate or 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20min, washing with clear water, soaking seeds in warm water at 50-55 deg.C for 15min, stirring to room temperature, soaking for 4-6h, and accelerating germination.
5. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the cooling management comprises: and (3) when seedlings emerge among 3 true leaves, cooling by adopting a sunshade net every day, and dripping water for 5-6 hours every day.
6. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the pest control in the pre-anthesis management, the pesticide is 50% thiram wettable powder 800-.
7. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the water and fertilizer management: spraying 6-BA solution with the concentration of 20mg/L and 2500 times of amino acid selenium leaf fertilizer on leaf surfaces at the beginning of an initial flowering period, wherein the spraying is carried out for 1 time every 5-7 days and for 5-6 times.
8. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the pest control in the flowering and fruit setting stage, the control of bemisia tabaci and aphid: 30-40 yellow boards are hung per mu, and pesticide spraying is combined for comprehensive control.
9. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 8, wherein in the pest control during the flowering and fruit setting period, the pesticide is: 10 percent of cyanotraniliprole dispersible oil suspending agent 800 times liquid, 5 percent of imidacloprid missible oil 2000-3000 times liquid, 20 percent of spirotetramat 3000-4000 times liquid and 5 percent of abamectin 1000 times liquid are sprayed for 1 time every 5 to 7 days, and any two are mixed and used alternately for prevention and treatment.
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