CN117426271A - Mechanized breeding method for astragalus membranaceus seedlings in area of genuine land - Google Patents
Mechanized breeding method for astragalus membranaceus seedlings in area of genuine land Download PDFInfo
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- 235000006533 astragalus Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 241000045403 Astragalus propinquus Species 0.000 title description 2
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- 210000004233 talus Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000009333 weeding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
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- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
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- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
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- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims description 16
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- XVOKUMIPKHGGTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Imazethapyr Chemical group OC(=O)C1=CC(CC)=CN=C1C1=NC(C)(C(C)C)C(=O)N1 XVOKUMIPKHGGTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000006013 carbendazim Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- JNPZQRQPIHJYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbendazim Chemical compound C1=C[CH]C2=NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 JNPZQRQPIHJYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005614 Quizalofop-P-ethyl Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- 239000005941 Thiamethoxam Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims description 7
- OSUHJPCHFDQAIT-GFCCVEGCSA-N quizalofop-P-ethyl Chemical group C1=CC(O[C@H](C)C(=O)OCC)=CC=C1OC1=CN=C(C=C(Cl)C=C2)C2=N1 OSUHJPCHFDQAIT-GFCCVEGCSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(C)=O)C(O)=C2C(=O)C(OC)=CC(=O)C2=C1O UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-FLIBITNWSA-N thiamethoxam Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C/1N(C)COCN\1CC1=CN=C(Cl)S1 NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-FLIBITNWSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001124076 Aphididae Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005946 Cypermethrin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- KAATUXNTWXVJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cypermethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C=C(Cl)Cl)C1C(=O)OC(C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 KAATUXNTWXVJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960005424 cypermethrin Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004308 thiabendazole Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiabendazole Chemical compound S1C=NC(C=2NC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)=C1 WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960004546 thiabendazole Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010296 thiabendazole Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- MUJOIMFVNIBMKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N fludioxonil Chemical compound C=12OC(F)(F)OC2=CC=CC=1C1=CNC=C1C#N MUJOIMFVNIBMKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 16
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- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 6
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229940107666 astragalus root Drugs 0.000 description 5
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- QMNWISYXSJWHRY-YLNUDOOFSA-N astragaloside IV Chemical compound O1[C@H](C(C)(O)C)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@]2(C)CC[C@]34C[C@]4(CC[C@H](O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO4)O)C4(C)C)[C@H]4[C@@H](O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O4)O)C[C@H]3[C@]2(C)C[C@@H]1O QMNWISYXSJWHRY-YLNUDOOFSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QMNWISYXSJWHRY-BCBPIKMJSA-N astragaloside IV Natural products CC(C)(O)[C@@H]1CC[C@@](C)(O1)[C@H]2[C@@H](O)C[C@@]3(C)[C@@H]4C[C@H](O[C@@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]5O)[C@H]6C(C)(C)[C@H](CC[C@@]67C[C@@]47CC[C@]23C)O[C@@H]8OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]8O QMNWISYXSJWHRY-BCBPIKMJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PFKIBRPYVNVMRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclosieversioside F Natural products CC(C)(O)C1COC(C)(C1)C2C(O)CC3(C)C4CC(OC5OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C5O)C6C(C)(C)C(CCC67CC47CCC23C)OC8OCC(O)C(O)C8O PFKIBRPYVNVMRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- -1 polysaccharide glycoside Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- UPMXNNIRAGDFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile Chemical compound OC1=C(Br)C=C(C#N)C=C1Br UPMXNNIRAGDFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005489 Bromoxynil Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZAJQOPSWWVMBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calycosin Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1C1=COC2=CC(O)=CC=C2C1=O ZZAJQOPSWWVMBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- QUQPHWDTPGMPEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hesperidine Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC=C1C1OC2=CC(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(COC4C(C(O)C(O)C(C)O4)O)O3)O)=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C1 QUQPHWDTPGMPEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000081757 Phalaris arundinacea Species 0.000 description 1
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- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 1
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- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000001949 Taraxacum officinale Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005187 Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine area, belongs to the technical field of astragalus planting, and aims to solve the problems that the artificial cultivation and breeding efficiency of astragalus seedlings is low, and the method is not suitable for herbicides and cannot be developed in large-scale industrialization. The method comprises the steps of planting area selection; coating seeds; mechanical sowing; fertilization management; weeding by using a medicament; disease and insect prevention; mechanical digging. The invention finds out the medium and small-sized machinery suitable for sowing, the optimal herbicide and the formula combination thereof, the optimal seed coating treatment, the optimal fertilization and the field management technology, integrates and matches the mechanical technology to form a method which complements each other, has a interlink system and has stronger operability, and opens up a new way and method for the large-scale modern high-efficiency production of astragalus seedlings. From the effect, the invention can increase the yield of astragalus seedling by more than 22%, save 8-10 people per mu, save cost by more than 600 yuan, increase income per mu by more than 2000 yuan, and achieve the whole-process mechanization rate of more than 95%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of astragalus planting, and particularly relates to a mechanized breeding method of astragalus seedlings in a genuine region.
Background
The astragalus root is a famous large amount of traditional medicinal materials in China, the main production area of the astragalus root in China is concentrated in northern and northwest provinces, the Gansu province is a typical rain-raising drought-farming area, the altitude is high, the climate is cool, the soil is loose, and the conditions of unique climate, soil and the like become one of the source production areas of the high-quality astragalus root. The produced astragalus has sweet taste, sufficient powder property, good color and luster and ultra-high polysaccharide glycoside, and is named as 'rural area of Chinese astragalus' in Qingxi county of Shangxi city.
In traditional planting, the seeding link needs manual refining operation because of small astragalus seeds, high firmness, high planting requirement and low emergence rate.
In the fertilization process, the scientific proportion of fertilizer components is also paid attention to.
In the weeding link, no medicament suitable for astragalus root is found, and most of herbicide is used for removing field weeds, and more than 80% of astragalus root seedlings are removed at the same time. Therefore, only manual weeding can be performed.
For the reasons, the breeding of astragalus seedlings in the regional areas of astragalus production in China is still mainly artificial seedling raising, and large-scale mechanized seedling raising is still under exploration, so that the progress of industrialized development is influenced.
Therefore, the research and development personnel have provided a mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in the area of the genuine land.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine region, which aims to solve the problems that the artificial breeding efficiency of the astragalus seedlings is low, no herbicide is suitable, and large-scale industrialized development cannot be realized.
In order to solve the problems, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine region comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a planting area;
the annual average temperature is 6-8 ℃, the number of sunshine hours in the year is more than or equal to 2000 hours, the frost-free period is 110-160 days, and the altitude is 1600-2200 m;
before sowing, deep turning for 25-40 cm, leveling and raking to ensure that the soil of the land block is finely crushed and soft;
s2, coating seeds;
selecting new seeds with higher purity and better plumpness, and specifically requiring: purity is more than or equal to 99%, purity is more than or equal to 98%, germination rate is more than or equal to 80%, and moisture is less than or equal to 13%; coating the selected seeds with a high-efficiency seed coating agent;
s3, mechanical sowing;
selecting a small and medium-sized seed adjustable seeder for sowing;
8-10 kg of astragalus seeds are sown per mu, the sowing depth is 2-4 cm, and the seedling protection per mu is 22-25 ten thousand plants; the sowing rows are between 4 and 6 rows, the row spacing is adjusted to be 15 to 20cm, and a pressing wheel is required to be arranged behind each row of drill of the machine, so that pressing is ensured after sowing;
s4, fertilization management;
the deep ploughing and soil preparation are combined before sowing, and 2500-3000 kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure is applied per mu of base; pure N7-10 kg, P 2 O 5 3～4kg、K 2 O2-3 kg, which are used as base fertilizer for one-time application, and fully and uniformly mixing the soil fertilizer;
topdressing foliar fertilizer for 1 time when the seedling reaches 20-30 cm, wherein the foliar fertilizer is a liquid slow-release fertilizer and an amino acid foliar fertilizer which are simultaneously matched for spraying, the N of the liquid slow-release fertilizer is more than or equal to 420g/L, the amino acid in the amino acid water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 100 g/L, and Mn+B+Zn is more than or equal to 100 g/L;
s5, weeding with a medicament;
when the number of true leaves reaches more than 8, spraying and weeding for the first time when the seedling height is 10-12 cm;
when the true leaves reach more than 10 leaves and the seedling height is 15-20 cm, performing second medicament spraying and weeding;
s6, pest control;
the seedling stage selects 50% carbendazim sulfur 500-600 times liquid to spray and prevent powdery mildew, the carbendazim sulfur comprises 15% carbendazim and 35% sulfur;
spraying 1500 times of 70% methyl mop fluid to prevent and treat fusarium wilt;
spraying 1000 times of 4.5% high-efficiency cypermethrin solution to prevent and treat aphids;
s7, mechanical digging;
when the soil in middle and late 3 months of the next year is thawed, a small and medium-sized pesticide digging machine is adopted for digging, the wide width of the digging machine is 0.8-2 m, the digging depth is 45-60 cm, and the small and medium-sized chain type caterpillar pesticide digging machine is used for driving the tractor to have horsepower of more than 51.54KW, so that the breakage rate of the medicinal materials is ensured to be less than 8%.
Further, in the S1, the planting area is selected to have annual precipitation of 350-600 mm, the field gradient is less than 10 degrees, the soil is a semiarid area mainly comprising yellow cotton soil or black soil which is relatively fertile and loose, and the soil fertility is as follows: the organic matter content of the soil is more than or equal to 10g/kg, the total nitrogen is more than 0.8g/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus is more than 10g/mg, and the quick-acting potassium is more than 120g/mg.
Further, the optimal proportion and combination of the high-efficiency coating agent in the S2 are as follows: 18% thiabendazole, fludioxonil FSC+40% bromoacyl thiamethoxam.
Further, in S4, besides the base fertilizer, the foliar fertilizer is applied for 1 time when the seedling reaches 20-30 cm, the foliar fertilizer is a liquid slow-release fertilizer and an amino acid foliar fertilizer which are simultaneously matched for spraying, the N of the liquid slow-release fertilizer is more than or equal to 420g/L, the amino acid in the amino acid water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 100 g/L, and Mn+B+Zn is more than or equal to 100 g/L.
Further, the first herbicidal combination in S5 is: 52ml of 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl +20ml of ethoxy modified polysilicone +50ml of weeding safener per mu are added with 30kg of water; the second herbicide is imazethapyr, and 67ml of 5% imazethapyr is added into 30kg of water.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) The soil environment and the minimum nutrient content of the invention ensure the optimal microbial activity of the growth of astragalus seedling and the minimum conditions of plant growth and accumulation of active ingredients, and the selected environment and nutrient are 10% -15% higher than the control samples of other soil nutrients in soil, thus being very beneficial to the formation and accumulation of astragaloside IV and astragalus polysaccharide, leading the active ingredients of astragaloside IV and calycosin glucoside to reach more than 0.1% and 0.025% respectively, being higher than the standards of pharmacopoeia and being necessary and sufficient conditions for fully embodying the genuine medicinal materials.
The coating agent adopts 18% thiabendazole, fludioxo-refined methyl FSC+40% bromoacyl thiamethoxam to obviously improve the hormone level in astragalus seedling, so that the reactive enzyme content and the reducing sugar content of astragalus seedling rootstock are respectively increased by 12.5% and 8.4%, and the drought resistance and stress resistance are further improved. Meanwhile, the method is found to be capable of effectively preventing and treating root rot and simultaneously effectively preventing and treating powdery mildew and rust of leaf surfaces of astragalus seedlings.
The mechanical sowing can realize efficient and convenient sowing in the northwest plot, compared with the traditional manual sowing, more than 8 seeds per mu can be saved, and the cost is saved by more than 600 yuan; the sowing depth and sowing density greatly improve the high-quality seedling rate of the astragalus, the high-quality seedling rate is improved by more than 25 percent, the average seedling rate reaches 82.5 percent, the weight of a single plant is obviously increased, and the average weight of the single plant can reach 16.8g. The technology is a basic condition for ensuring high and stable yield.
The fertilizer is applied based on the proportion of N, P, K in the fertilization stage, so that the fertilizer utilization efficiency of the astragalus seedling in the rhizome elongation growth period is optimal, and the absorption utilization rate of N, P, K is respectively above 46%, 25% and 54%. The foliar fertilizer is applied in the field growing period according to the method and the dosage, the trace elements Mn, B and Zn are balanced and supplemented while the nitrogen is slowly controlled and supplemented, and simultaneously trace element ions are accelerated to move and combine under the synergistic coupling of the amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, so that the optimal absorption effect is achieved, the rapid expansion and growth of seedling rootstock is promoted, and the yield is improved. Meanwhile, the dressing of the liquid fertilizer effectively increases the lignification degree of the seedling epidermis and improves the seedling stress resistance under the condition of promoting and prolonging the photosynthesis absorption
The compound combined weeding is used for the first time in the weeding stage, so that grasses such as dandelion, green bristlegrass, polygonum aviculare and the like can be effectively removed; after the imazethapyr is used for the second time, the weeding effect on the iced grass, reed grass and the like which are not easy to remove in the astragalus field is good, the injury to the astragalus seedlings is reduced to the minimum after the combination and the weeding of two different medicaments, the injury rate is controlled within 5%, the overall weeding efficiency reaches more than 92.3%, the effect which is not achieved by the medicament weeding of the astragalus seedlings in China at present is achieved, and the innovative technology plays an irreplaceable role and significance in promoting the industrialized scale and whole-process mechanized development of the astragalus.
Based on long-term research summary, the invention finds out the medium and small-sized machinery suitable for sowing, the optimal herbicide and the formula combination thereof, the optimal seed coating treatment, the optimal fertilization and the field management technology, and integrates and matches the mechanical technology to form a method which complements each other, has a interlink system and has stronger operability, thereby opening up a new way and method for the large-scale modern high-efficiency production of astragalus seedlings.
Compared with the traditional artificial planting, the method can increase the yield of astragalus seedlings by more than 22%, save 8-10 people per mu, save more than 600 yuan, increase income per mu by more than 2000 yuan, and achieve a whole-process mechanization rate of more than 95%.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in the following in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, based on the embodiments of the invention, which are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without inventive faculty, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
Selecting yellow cotton land with annual rainfall of 350-400 mm at an altitude of 1650m for breeding, and selecting high-quality seed of Gangqi No. 2 astragalus with purity of 100%, purity of 98% and moisture of 12% for breeding.
Applying 2500kg of high-quality farmyard manure (the farmyard manure is fully fermented and decomposed human and animal feces, the same applies below) to each mu, and applying 20kg of diammonium phosphate and 5kg of 50% potassium sulfate to each mu; seeds were coated with 18% thiabendazole-fludioxo-fine methyl FSC suspension seed coating.
4 rows of small seed sowing machines are adopted for mechanical drill sowing in 1 day of 4 months, the row spacing is 15cm, and the mu sowing amount is 8kg.
The herbicide is sprayed with 52ml of 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl +200ml of ethoxy modified polysilicone +50ml of herbicide safener and 30kg of water for each mu of 26 months.
The second weeding was performed with the above-mentioned agent again on 25 days 6 months.
Spraying a liquid slow release fertilizer and an amino acid foliar fertilizer for 7 months and 15 days; no pest was found.
The small-sized chain type caterpillar band medicine digging machine with the width of 0.8m is uniformly adopted for harvesting in 4 months and 5 days of the next year.
Recording and measuring yield and calculating benefit, and displaying the result: the average emergence rate of the treatment reaches 85.3%, the weeding efficiency reaches 82.4%, the incidence rate of root rot of seedlings is 9.2%, the harvest breaking rate is 5.7%, compared with 906.6kg of fresh-produced seedlings per mu, the yield of the fresh-produced seedlings per mu is increased by 22.8% compared with the average yield of the fresh-produced seedlings per mu in the traditional manual sowing and seedling raising (without seed dressing, with the seed quantity of 10kg, the manual sowing and harrowing, the grass covering and shading, the manual weeding, the manual digging, the no spraying of foliar fertilizer and the same below). The average acre saves 9.5 manpower, saves the cost by 690 yuan, and increases the acre by 2019 yuan.
Example 2
Selecting yellow cotton land with annual rainfall of 400-450 mm at the altitude of 1880m for breeding, and selecting high-quality seed of Gangqi No. 2 astragalus with purity of 100%, purity of 98% and moisture of 12% for breeding.
Applying 2500kg of high-quality farmyard manure per mu, 20kg of diammonium phosphate and 5kg of 50% potassium sulfate per mu; the seeds were coated with 40% bromoxynil thiamethoxam suspension seed coating.
4-row small seed sowing machines are adopted for mechanical drill sowing in 4 months and 5 days, the row spacing is 15cm, and the mu sowing amount is 8kg.
The herbicide is sprayed with 52ml of 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl, 20ml of ethoxy modified polysilicone and 50ml of herbicide safener, and 30kg of water for each mu of 2 months.
The second weeding was performed with the above-mentioned agent again for 7 months and 5 days.
Spraying a liquid slow release fertilizer and an amino acid foliar fertilizer for 7 months and 25 days; no pest was found.
The medicine is harvested by a small-sized chain type caterpillar band medicine digging machine with the width of 0.8m uniformly for 4 months and 1 day of the next year.
Recording and measuring yield and calculating benefit, and displaying the result: the average emergence rate of the treatment reaches 82.4%, the weeding efficiency reaches 84.8%, the incidence rate of root rot of seedlings is 8.7%, the harvest breaking rate is 6.2%, 924.5kg of fresh seedlings are produced per mu, and the yield is increased by 24.1% compared with the traditional manual sowing seedling raising method. Saving labor by 9.5, saving cost by 685 yuan, and increasing income per mu by 2154 yuan.
Example 3
Selecting yellow cotton land with annual rainfall of 400-450 mm at an altitude of 1880m for breeding, and selecting high-quality seed of Gangqi No. 2 astragalus with purity of 100%, purity of 98% and moisture of 12% for breeding;
applying 2500kg of high-quality farmyard manure (the farmyard manure is fully fermented and decomposed human and animal feces, the same applies below) to each mu, and applying 20kg of diammonium phosphate and 5kg of 50% potassium sulfate to each mu; seeds are coated by adopting 18% thiabendazole-fludioxonil FSC suspension seed coating agent and 40% bromoacyl-thiamethoxam suspension seed coating agent.
4-row small seed sowing machines are adopted for mechanical drill sowing in 4 months and 5 days, the row spacing is 15cm, and the mu sowing amount is 8kg.
The herbicide is sprayed with 52ml of 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl, 20ml of ethoxy modified polysilicone and 50ml of herbicide safener, and 30kg of water for each mu of 2 months.
The second weeding was performed with the above-mentioned agent again for 7 months and 5 days.
Spraying a liquid slow release fertilizer and an amino acid foliar fertilizer for 7 months and 25 days; no pest was found.
The medicine is harvested by a small-sized chain type caterpillar band medicine digging machine with the width of 0.8m uniformly for 4 months and 1 day of the next year.
Recording and measuring yield and calculating benefit, and displaying the result: the average emergence rate of the treatment reaches 91.4%, the weeding efficiency reaches 86.1%, the incidence rate of root rot of seedlings is 4.7%, the yield of fresh seedlings per mu is 985.0kg, the harvest breaking rate is 6.3%, and the yield is increased by 26.5% compared with the average mu yield of traditional manual broadcast seeding seedling. The labor is saved by 9, the cost is saved by 660 yuan, and the income per mu is increased by 2476 yuan.
Example 4
Selecting black loam with the annual rainfall of 500-580 mm at the altitude 2015m for breeding, and selecting high-quality seed of Gangqi No. 2 astragalus with the purity reaching 100%, the purity 98% and the moisture content 13% for breeding;
applying 3000kg of high-quality farmyard manure (the farmyard manure is fully fermented and decomposed human and animal feces, the same applies below) to each mu, and applying 25kg of diammonium phosphate and 6kg of 50% potassium sulfate to each mu; seeds are coated by adopting 18% thiabendazole-fludioxonil FSC suspension seed coating agent and 40% bromoacyl-thiamethoxam suspension seed coating agent.
And 6 rows of small seed sowing machines are adopted for mechanical drill sowing in 18 days of 4 months, the row spacing is 15cm, and the mu sowing amount is 10kg.
The first spraying weeding is carried out by adding 30kg of water to 52ml of 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl +20ml of ethoxy modified polysilicone +50ml of weeding safener per mu in 15 days of 6 months.
7 months and 5 days of imazethapyr, 67ml of 5% imazethapyr is used for each mu, and 30kg of water is added for performing second weeding. And spraying the liquid slow release fertilizer and the amino acid foliar fertilizer for 7 months and 20 days.
The powdery mildew is prevented and treated for 1 time by spraying 50% of carbendazim thiobacillus 500-600 times liquid for 8 months and 2 days, and the fusarium wilt is prevented and treated for 1 time by spraying 70% of methyl mop fluid 1500 times liquid.
The medium-sized chain type caterpillar band medicine digging machine with the width of 2m is uniformly adopted for harvesting in 4 months and 6 days of the next year.
Recording and measuring yield and calculating benefit, and displaying the result: the average emergence rate of the treatment reaches 93.8%, the weeding efficiency reaches 92.3%, the incidence rate of root rot of seedlings is 4.56%, the harvest breakage rate is 7.6%, the yield of fresh seedlings per mu is 1080.2kg, and the yield is increased by 27.2% compared with the average mu of the traditional manual broadcast seeding seedling. The labor is saved by 8.3, the cost is saved by 640 yuan, and the income per mu is increased by 2771 yuan.
Example 5
Selecting black loam with the annual rainfall of 500-580 mm at the altitude 2015m for breeding, and selecting high-quality seed of Gangqi No. 2 astragalus with the purity reaching 100%, the purity 98% and the moisture content 13% for breeding;
applying 3000kg of high-quality farmyard manure (the farmyard manure is fully fermented and decomposed human and animal feces, the same applies below) to each mu, and applying 25kg of diammonium phosphate and 6kg of 50% potassium sulfate to each mu; seeds are coated by adopting 18% thiabendazole-fludioxonil FSC suspension seed coating agent and 40% bromoacyl-thiamethoxam suspension seed coating agent.
And 6 rows of small seed sowing machines are adopted for mechanical drill sowing in 18 days of 4 months, the row spacing is 15cm, and the mu sowing amount is 10kg.
The first spraying weeding is carried out by adding 30kg of water to 52ml of 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl +20ml of ethoxy modified polysilicone +50ml of weeding safener per mu in 15 days of 6 months.
7 months and 5 days of imazethapyr, 67ml of 5% imazethapyr is used for each mu, and 30kg of water is added for performing second weeding. And spraying the liquid slow release fertilizer and the amino acid foliar fertilizer for 7 months and 20 days.
For 8 months and 2 days, 50% of carbendazim sulphur is sprayed for 1 time with 500-600 times of liquid for controlling powdery mildew, 70% of methyl mop fluid is sprayed for 1 time with 1500 times of liquid for controlling fusarium wilt, and 4.5% of high-efficiency cypermethrin is sprayed for 1 time with 1000 times of liquid for controlling aphid.
The medium-sized chain type caterpillar band medicine digging machine with the width of 2m is uniformly adopted for harvesting in 4 months and 6 days of the next year.
Recording and measuring yield and calculating benefit, and displaying the result: the average emergence rate of the treatment reaches 93.6%, the weeding efficiency reaches 93.7%, the incidence rate of root rot of seedlings is 3.72%, the harvest breakage rate is 7.8%, the yield of fresh seedlings per mu is 1154.5kg, and the yield is increased by 27.6% compared with the average mu of the traditional manual broadcast seeding seedling culture. 8 workers are saved, the cost is saved by 610 yuan, and the income per mu is increased by 2996 yuan.
The benefit analysis calculation criteria in the above examples are:
the prices of seeds, seedlings, agricultural materials and the like are calculated according to the average market price of the local three years:
150 yuan kg-1 of astragalus seeds, 12 yuan kg-1 of astragalus seedlings, 250 yuan ton-1 of farmyard manure, 3200 yuan ton-1 of diammonium phosphate, 3000 yuan ton-1 of potassium sulfate, 80 yuan mu-1 of mechanical sowing fee and 120 yuan mu-1 of mechanical sowing fee. The average labor for artificial tradition is calculated by 17 mu-1, the whole mechanized planting is calculated by 7-8 mu-1, the local labor is calculated by 80 yuan-1, and the pesticide is calculated by the local market price.
The invention designs a full-process mechanical high-efficiency breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine region, which is used for a northwest semi-arid astragalus genuine planting region with annual precipitation of 350-600 mm, annual average temperature of 6-8 ℃, annual sunshine hours of more than or equal to 2000h and frost-free period of 110-160 d; the seed requirement is a new seed with higher degree and better plumpness; reasonable drill seeding is carried out by adopting a proper machine, mechanical weeding is carried out by selecting a proper medicament and optimal formula combination, plant diseases and insect pests are scientifically prevented and controlled, and the proper period is suitable for mechanical digging. The method is simple and easy to implement, saves cost and efficiency, has high yield, achieves 900-1150 kg of fresh seedlings per mu in the northwest land production area, has the average yield increase range of more than 22 percent compared with the traditional planting, saves more than 8 manpower per mu, saves more than 600 yuan per mu, has the cost increased by more than 2000 yuan per mu, effectively solves the actual problems that the artificial breeding is the main step in the breeding of astragalus seedlings, the links such as sowing, weeding and the like cannot be mechanically operated, takes time and labor, has low and unstable yield and the like, fills the blank of whole-course mechanical seedling raising in the northwest land area, and provides scientific basis and technical support for high-quality and efficient production and breeding of rhizome medicinal seedlings.
Claims (5)
1. A mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine area is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a planting area;
the annual average temperature is 6-8 ℃, the number of sunshine hours in the year is more than or equal to 2000 hours, the frost-free period is 110-160 days, and the altitude is 1600-2200 m;
before sowing, deep turning for 25-40 cm, leveling and raking to ensure that the soil of the land block is finely crushed and soft;
s2, coating seeds;
selecting new seeds with higher purity and better plumpness, and specifically requiring: purity is more than or equal to 99%, purity is more than or equal to 98%, germination rate is more than or equal to 80%, and moisture is less than or equal to 13%; coating the selected seeds with a high-efficiency seed coating agent;
s3, mechanical sowing;
selecting a small and medium-sized seed adjustable seeder for sowing;
8-10 kg of astragalus seeds are sown per mu, the sowing depth is 2-4 cm, and the seedling protection per mu is 22-25 ten thousand plants; the sowing rows are between 4 and 6 rows, the row spacing is adjusted to be 15 to 20cm, and a pressing wheel is required to be arranged behind each row of drill of the machine, so that pressing is ensured after sowing;
s4, fertilization management;
the deep ploughing and soil preparation are combined before sowing, and 2500-3000 kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure is applied per mu of base; pure N7-10 kg,P 2 O 5 3～4kg、K 2 O2-3 kg, which are used as base fertilizer for one-time application, and fully and uniformly mixing the soil fertilizer;
topdressing foliar fertilizer for 1 time when the seedling reaches 20-30 cm, wherein the foliar fertilizer is a liquid slow-release fertilizer and an amino acid foliar fertilizer which are simultaneously matched for spraying, the N of the liquid slow-release fertilizer is more than or equal to 420g/L, the amino acid in the amino acid water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 100 g/L, and Mn+B+Zn is more than or equal to 100 g/L;
s5, weeding with a medicament;
when the number of true leaves reaches more than 8, spraying and weeding for the first time when the seedling height is 10-12 cm;
when the true leaves reach more than 10 leaves and the seedling height is 15-20 cm, performing second medicament spraying and weeding;
s6, pest control;
the seedling stage selects 50% carbendazim sulfur 500-600 times liquid to spray and prevent powdery mildew, the carbendazim sulfur comprises 15% carbendazim and 35% sulfur;
spraying 1500 times of 70% methyl mop fluid to prevent and treat fusarium wilt;
spraying 1000 times of 4.5% high-efficiency cypermethrin solution to prevent and treat aphids;
s7, mechanical digging;
when the soil in middle and late 3 months of the next year is thawed, a small and medium-sized pesticide digging machine is adopted for digging, the wide width of the digging machine is 0.8-2 m, the digging depth is 45-60 cm, and the small and medium-sized chain type caterpillar pesticide digging machine is used for driving the tractor to have horsepower of more than 51.54KW, so that the breakage rate of the medicinal materials is ensured to be less than 8%.
2. A mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine area is characterized by comprising the following steps: in the S1, the planting area is selected in a semiarid area with annual precipitation of 350-600 mm, the field gradient is less than 10 degrees, the soil is mainly yellow cotton soil or black soil which is relatively fertile and loose, and the soil fertility is as follows: the organic matter content of the soil is more than or equal to 10g/kg, the total nitrogen is more than 0.8g/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus is more than 10g/mg, and the quick-acting potassium is more than 120g/mg.
3. A mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine area is characterized by comprising the following steps: the optimal proportion and combination of the high-efficiency coating agent in the S2 are as follows: 18% thiabendazole, fludioxonil FSC+40% bromoacyl thiamethoxam.
4. A mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine area is characterized by comprising the following steps: in S4, besides the base fertilizer, the foliar fertilizer is applied for 1 time when the seedling reaches 20-30 cm, the foliar fertilizer is a liquid slow-release fertilizer and an amino acid foliar fertilizer which are simultaneously and cooperatively sprayed, the N of the liquid slow-release fertilizer is more than or equal to 420g/L, the amino acid in the amino acid water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 100 g/L, and Mn+B+Zn is more than or equal to 100 g/L.
5. A mechanized breeding method for astragalus seedlings in a genuine area is characterized by comprising the following steps: the first herbicide combination in S5 is: 52ml of 15% quizalofop-p-ethyl +20ml of ethoxy modified polysilicone +50ml of weeding safener per mu are added with 30kg of water; the second herbicide is imazethapyr, and 67ml of 5% imazethapyr is added into 30kg of water.
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