CN117158263A - Planting method suitable for producing vegetables in northern greenhouse with three crops for rotation - Google Patents
Planting method suitable for producing vegetables in northern greenhouse with three crops for rotation Download PDFInfo
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- CN117158263A CN117158263A CN202310416238.1A CN202310416238A CN117158263A CN 117158263 A CN117158263 A CN 117158263A CN 202310416238 A CN202310416238 A CN 202310416238A CN 117158263 A CN117158263 A CN 117158263A
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- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a planting method suitable for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse, which comprises 6 steps of production mode, variety selection, seeding and seedling raising, field management, pest control and harvesting. The invention adopts the multiple cropping and interplanting technology to realize the continuous cropping among different varieties of vegetables in the year, can effectively relieve the problem of soil continuous cropping obstacle caused by continuous cultivation of tomatoes for many years, and lays a good foundation for sustainable development of greenhouse tomato production. The method has the advantages of simple cultivation technology, low cost and high economic benefit, fully and reasonably utilizes the growth idle period of tomatoes in a first half period before field planting, improves the land utilization rate, reasonably utilizes the time and space of facility cultivation, increases the income of peasants, solves the problem of soil continuous cropping obstacle, is suitable for greenhouse production characteristics in inner Mongolian areas, and provides scientific production basis for sustainable development of tomatoes in greenhouse.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of facility vegetables, and particularly relates to a planting method suitable for producing vegetables in three crops for winter in a northern greenhouse.
Background
The facility vegetable industry is an important component of the agricultural industry of the inner Mongolian autonomous region, and is rapidly and stably developed along with the market development and the increase of the living demands of people, so that the facility vegetable industry is an important industry for increasing the income of peasants and guaranteeing the vegetable basket engineering. The red peak city is a main planting area of the greenhouse tomatoes Xia Cha, the annual planting area is stabilized to be about 10 ten thousand mu, the planting area accounts for more than 46% of the whole area, the annual growing trend is that the greenhouse tomatoes are rapidly grown along with the continuous development of facility vegetables, the growers obtain considerable economic benefit due to the planting of the greenhouse tomatoes, and the average pure economic benefit of the greenhouse per mu can be more than 1 ten thousand yuan. In the planting process of many years, we find that a period of idle growth time can be utilized before the field planting of the greenhouse tomatoes and after seedling pulling, the effective production time can be fully utilized for planting vegetables with shorter growth period and stronger cold resistance, green plants can synthesize more organic substances, the annual total yield of the unit area of crops is improved, and the advantages of greenhouse production are better exerted while the economic benefit of farmers is improved.
In recent years, however, greenhouse tomato cultivation works have encountered a number of difficulties and problems. As the growing years of facility agriculture are increased, the continuous cropping cultivation and the excessive fertilizer consumption are carried out in the rapid development of over 20 years, the continuous cropping obstacle of greenhouse soil is highlighted, and the phenomena of yield reduction and quality reduction of greenhouse tomatoes caused by the continuous cropping obstacle of soil are gradually aggravated, so that the economic benefit of farmers is reduced, and the planting enthusiasm of the farmers is directly influenced by the long-term development. We also find that the continuous cropping obstacle of greenhouse soil with longer planting period is prominent and more serious in the research and study in recent years. Therefore, greenhouse continuous cropping obstacles are formed and gradually deepened, and the problem of researching greenhouse continuous cropping obstacles is a key problem of sustainable development of greenhouse tomato production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a planting method suitable for producing vegetables in three crops for winter in a northern greenhouse in order to overcome the defects in the prior art.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the invention discloses a planting method suitable for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse, which comprises 6 steps of production mode, variety selection, seeding and seedling raising, field management, pest control and harvesting;
(1) And (3) production modes:
production time: 11 late month to 10 late month next year; spinach is recrudesced with tomatoes, and tomatoes are interplanted with mustard;
spinach in winter and spring stubble: sowing in the last ten days of 11 months to 12 months of the next year, harvesting in the middle ten days of 4 months of the next year, and finishing harvesting in the last ten days of 4 months;
tomato of over summer stubble: planting in the middle and late 4-5 months, harvesting in the middle and late 7-month, and harvesting in the middle and late 9-month;
qiu Cha leaf mustard: directly seeding two tomato plants in the middle and late 7 months, leaving two root mustard plants between the two tomato plants, and harvesting in the middle and late 10 months;
(2) Variety selection:
spinach variety selection: selecting a variety with strong cold resistance and disease resistance;
selecting tomato varieties: selecting a variety with strong resistance, strong growth vigor, strong continuous fruit setting capability, high yield and high quality and being suitable for local production;
selecting leaf mustard varieties for root: selecting a variety with strong disease resistance, good cold resistance and a growth period of 65-75 days;
(3) Sowing and seedling raising:
spinach soil preparation and sowing: after harvesting tomatoes in autumn, clearing a greenhouse in time, deeply turning over, preparing soil for 11 months, leveling soil, and making a furrow; directly seeding the soil in a greenhouse at the end of 11 months to the beginning of 12 months, mechanically seeding in holes, carrying out row spacing of 25cm and hole spacing of 8cm, covering each hole with two grains, earthing for 2 cm-3 cm, then watering, and sealing the greenhouse after the soil temperature is stabilized below 4 ℃;
sowing and seedling raising of tomatoes: the industrial seedling culture is carried out, the seedling standard is selected from seedlings with complete cotyledons, three leaves and one heart, the plant height is 15 cm-18 cm, the stem thickness is 4.0-4.5 mm, the leaves are dark green, no disease spots and insect pests exist, and the root system is strong and developed;
tomato soil preparation: after spinach is harvested, fertilizing and turning over, applying 8m to 10m of high-quality decomposed farmyard manure every 667 square meters, and turning over 500kg of dry corn straw decomposed organic fertilizer into soil by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage is carried out for 2 times, and the rotary tillage depth is 25cm to 30cm. 35kg of 64% diammonium phosphate and 15 kg% of 51% potassium sulfate are evenly mixed or compound fertilizer (N: P) 2 O 5 :K 2 O=19: 19:19 40kg, uniformly spreading on the field planting ridges or ditching and spreading on the field planting ridges;
ridging and film covering: high-ridge film-covered cultivation is adopted, the width of the ridge bottom is 70cm, the width of the ridge top is 40 cm-50 cm, and the ridge height is 15 cm-20 cm;
planting: selecting a field planting in the morning of sunny days from the late 4 months to the early middle 5 months, and planting 1800-2200 plants every 667 square meters;
sowing the root with leaf mustard: directly seeding two tomato plants in middle and late 7 months, sowing two holes between the two tomato plants, wherein each hole is 2-3 grains, and the number of the tomato plants per mu is 3600-4400, as shown in figure 1;
(4) And (3) field management:
the field management comprises a spinach field management method, a tomato field management method and a root mustard field management method;
(5) And (3) pest control:
principle of pest control: the method is characterized in that the method is based on the plant protection policy of the prevention and comprehensive control, takes agricultural control as a basis, adopts physical control and biological control technologies preferentially, and takes chemical control as an auxiliary;
the plant diseases and insect pests which mainly need to be controlled are as follows: spinach downy mildew, tomato gray leaf spot, tomato canker, tomato leaf mold, root mustard soft rot, root mustard black rot, root mustard cabbage caterpillar and root mustard plutella xylostella;
the pest control method comprises 4 methods of agricultural control, biological control, physical control and chemical control, wherein the chemical control is applied with different medicaments for different germs;
(6) Harvesting:
spinach harvesting: beginning harvesting in the middle ten days of 4 months, and ending harvesting in the late ten days of 4 months;
harvesting tomatoes: the tomatoes are harvested in time when the commodities are ripe, and harvesting is finished in middle and late 9 months;
harvesting the root with leaf mustard: when the basal leaf of the root mustard is withered and yellow, the head of the root is changed from green to yellow, and the fleshy root is fully enlarged and timely harvested.
The spinach field management method comprises the following specific steps: spinach emergence: starting emergence in middle and late 2 months; spinach temperature management: the proper growth temperature of the spinach is 15-23 ℃; when the spinach grows to 3 cm-5 cm, watching weather conditions, and cooling in the noon; ventilation is carried out day and night after the beginning of 3 months to 4 months; spinach water and fertilizer management: when the spinach grows to 7-10 cm, 10-15 kg of urea is applied every 667 square meters.
The tomato field management method comprises the following specific steps: tomato temperature management:the growth temperature of tomatoes is 23-28 ℃ in daytime, 13-15 ℃ at night, and the air is cut off when the afternoon temperature is reduced to 23 ℃; the daytime temperature of flowering and fruit setting is 25-30 ℃ and the night temperature is 15-18 ℃; the outside temperature is stabilized above 15 ℃, and the air is blown out day and night; tomato water and fertilizer management: watering seedling-recovering water after field planting for 4-6 d, and controlling water squatting seedlings before flowering after seedling-recovering water; the first seed kernel is applied with water at a ratio of 667 square meters, and balanced water-soluble (N: P) 2 O 5 :K 2 O
=20:20:20) 7 kg-10 kg, and after two ears of fruits, one high potassium (N: P) is added in each ear of fruits expansion period 2 O 5 :K 2 O
=12:5:35) 7kg to 10kg of water-soluble fertilizer; spraying foliar fertilizer for 3-4 times in the growing period; watering is carried out in the morning; tomato plant treatment: the bottom leaves are removed when the color of the first spike of the tomatoes is changed, the bottom leaves are removed in time when 1 spike to 3 spikes are picked up each time, and tomato plants are cleaned in time after the picking is finished.
The field management of the root mustard comprises the following specific steps: root mustard water and fertilizer management: after the tomato harvesting is finished, the root and stem of the leaf mustard enter an expansion period, and 15kg of compound fertilizer plus 10kg of urea are applied after every 667 square meters, and the leaf mustard is applied with water; watering according to soil moisture content and plant growth vigor, and selecting sunny and morning; root mustard temperature management: the proper growth temperature of the root mustard is 15-20 ℃, and the optimal temperature of the rhizome expanding period is 13-20 ℃.
The chemical control method of the spinach downy mildew comprises the following steps: spraying 1500 times of 25% azoxystrobin suspension emulsion, 72.2% propamocarb hydrochloride, 500 times of liquid, 52.5% famoxadone cymoxanil, 1000 times of liquid or 70% enoyl cymoxanil, 1000 times of liquid on leaf surfaces at the initial stage of disease; when the disease is heavier, the composition is applied with the metalaxyl-M with the mass percentage of 68 percent, the manganese zinc is sprayed on leaf surfaces of the liquid which is 600 times of the night or 800 times of the olefine acyl manganese zinc with the mass percentage of 69 percent for 2 to 3 times continuously for 5 to 7 days.
The chemical control method of tomato gray leaf spot comprises the following steps: the preparation method comprises the steps of (1) applying a 1500-time liquid of 25% by mass of azoxystrobin, a 1500-time liquid of 32.5% by mass of isopyrazam azoxystrobin, a 1500-time liquid of 42.8% by mass of fluopyram oxime mycorrhizal, a 1200-time liquid of 32.5% by mass of difenoconazole azoxystrobin, a 1500-time liquid of 42.4% by mass of fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin suspending agent or a 2500-time liquid of 12.5% by mass of myclobutanil emulsifiable concentrate, and spraying the medicament in the initial stage of disease, wherein the medicament is used alternately for one time for 5-7 days and is continuous for 2-3 times;
the chemical control method of tomato canker comprises the following steps: the preparation method comprises the steps of (1) applying a 500-time liquid of 47% spring thunder and copper king wettable powder, a 500-time liquid of 77% copper hydroxide wettable powder, a 600-time liquid of 40% thiazole zinc suspension emulsion or a 1500-time liquid of 25% azoxystrobin and a 500-time liquid of 47% spring thunder and copper king wettable powder; spraying or root irrigation in the initial stage of disease, wherein the medicaments are used alternately for one time in 5-7 days and 2-3 times continuously;
the chemical control method for tomato leaf mold comprises the following steps: 10% of polyoxin wettable powder 600 times liquid, 10% of flusilazole 1500 times liquid, 12% of benzamide 1200 times liquid, 42.8% of trifloxystrobin suspension emulsion 3000 times liquid, 10% of difenoconazole 1500 times liquid, 32.5% of isopyrazam azoxystrobin 1500 times liquid, 42.8% of fluoxastrobin oxime ester 1000 times liquid, 32.5% of difenoconazole azoxystrobin 1200 times liquid or 32.5% of isopyrazam azoxystrobin suspension emulsion 1000 times liquid foliar spray, and the method is carried out for 5-7 days for 2-3 times continuously.
The invention relates to a chemical prevention and treatment method for soft rot of leaf mustard for root, which comprises the following steps: spraying 800-1000 times of liquid of 47% Chunlei-copper soluble powder, 300 times of liquid of 14% copper ammonia complex aqueous solution or 600 times of liquid of 20% thiabendazole copper suspending agent in the initial period of onset, and continuously spraying for 2-3 times for 8-10 days for 1 time;
the chemical prevention and treatment method for the black rot of the leaf mustard for root comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of (1) applying 600 times of liquid of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, 1500 times of liquid of 50% pamoic wettable powder, 500 times of liquid of 50% thiram wettable powder, 500 times of liquid of 64% bactericidal alum wettable powder or 1000 times of liquid of 45% ambam aqueous solution, spraying the medicines 1 time every 7-10 days, and continuously spraying 3-5 times;
the chemical control method of the cabbage caterpillar for the root comprises the following steps: 500 times of diluent of deltamethrin, fenpropathrin and cyhalothrin with the mass percent of 25 percent of the insecticidal double-water agent or 3000 times of diluent of deltamethrin with the mass percent of 25 percent are alternately applied for 2-3 times at intervals of 7-10 days for 1 time;
the chemical control method of the root mustard plutella xylostella comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of applying 3000 times of diluent of 5% of anti-interference emulsion, 4000 times of diluent of 5% of fipronil suspension, 200 times of diluent of 98% of soluble powder of baran, 3000 times of diluent of 5% of blocking emulsion or 3000 times of liquid foliage of 4.5% of high-efficiency cyfluthrin, spraying for 2-3 times, 1 time every 7-10 days, and alternately applying.
The biological control method adopted by the invention specifically comprises the following steps: 200ml of osthole aqueous emulsion with the mass percentage of 1% is selected for each 667 square meter to be sprayed for preventing and controlling the downy mildew of spinach; every 667 square meters, 55 ml-60 ml of 6% kasugamycin aqua by mass percent and 120 g-140 g of 10% polyoxin wettable powder by mass percent are used for preventing and treating leaf mold, and 50 g-150 g of 100 hundred million/g bacillus subtilis are used for preventing and treating ulcer disease; 8000 IU/microliter of Bacillus thuringiensis 200 ml-300 ml for preventing and controlling plutella xylostella; 500-800 times of bacillus emulsion or cabbage caterpillar fungus spray for controlling cabbage caterpillar.
The agricultural control method adopted by the invention specifically comprises the following steps: selecting a variety with strong disease resistance and stress resistance for a local main plant disease and insect pest control object, carrying out balanced fertilization, reasonably close planting, and applying fully decomposed organic fertilizer to timely remove weeds in and around the greenhouse.
The physical control method adopted by the invention specifically comprises the following steps: the insect-killing lamp is used for trapping and killing insects, or an insect-preventing net with more than 40 meshes is arranged at the air outlet, 20-25 yellow boards and 10 blue boards with the height of 15-20 cm above plants are hung every 667 square meters, and 25cm multiplied by 30cm of yellow boards are hung.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the invention designs a planting technology suitable for producing vegetables by interplanting in a northern greenhouse. Multiple cropping is one of the main characteristics of intensive cultivation of Chinese vegetables, can obviously improve the land and light energy utilization rate, and is an effective way for realizing high-yield diversity of vegetables and annual balanced supply. Interplanting refers to the interplanting of a crop of the next crop into the interline of the previous crop immediately before the previous crop is harvested but not harvested. The main function is to improve the utilization rate of land and light energy, so that green plants synthesize more organic substances by prolonging the utilization time of light energy and heat on the limited land area, and the annual total yield of crops per unit area is improved. The method has the advantages of improving the utilization efficiency of resources such as light, heat, water, fertilizer and the like, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, increasing the productivity and stability of an agricultural production system and the like, and is also one of important technical measures for promoting high yield, high efficiency and continuous yield increase of crops. The planting method of the invention realizes the continuous cropping of different varieties of vegetables in the year by adopting multiple cropping and interplanting methods, can effectively relieve the problem of soil continuous cropping obstacle caused by continuous cultivation of tomatoes for many years, and lays a good foundation for sustainable development of greenhouse tomato production.
According to the practical application results, the spinach-tomato multi-cropping cultivation mode has the highest mu economic benefit reaching 3240 yuan, the pure benefit reaching 2970 yuan/mu, and the soil detection results show that the nutrient contents of soil organic matters, quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and the like are increased after multi-cropping, the PH value and EC value in the soil are reduced to the range suitable for tomato growth, and the total amount of harmful substance soil soluble salt ions is reduced. The spinach-tomato multi-cropping cultivation mode improves the soil environment and improves the soil quality. The spinach-tomato reseeding cultivation mode adopted by the invention has the advantages of simple cultivation technology, low cost and higher economic benefit, fully and reasonably utilizes the growth idle period of one half month in the early stage of tomato field planting, improves the land utilization rate, reasonably utilizes the time and space of facility cultivation, increases the income of farmers, solves the problem of soil continuous cropping obstacle, is more suitable for the greenhouse production characteristics in inner Mongolian areas, provides scientific production basis for the sustainable development of greenhouse tomatoes, and lays a foundation for healthy development of facility vegetable industry. The highest mu economic benefit of the greenhouse tomato root interplanting cultivation mode can reach 2640 yuan, the pure benefit can reach 2540 yuan/mu, the economic benefit of the greenhouse tomato interplanting cultivation mode is calculated according to the current market price and the measured yield and is higher than that of a single cultivation mode for planting tomatoes, and the purposes of reasonably utilizing the time and the space of facility cultivation and increasing the income of peasants are achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the interplanting of tomato with root mustard in example 2 of the present invention.
In the figure: the diamond-shaped parts represent planted tomatoes, and the round parts represent planted root mustard.
Description of the embodiments
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments.
1. Test site: the method comprises the steps of karlam Qin flag king mansion and town loading in a tile house village.
2. Test crops for rotation: two-crop planting, winter-spring-crop spinach and over-summer-crop tomatoes.
3. Test facility: a plastic greenhouse.
4. And (3) test design:
spreading spinach in a greenhouse at the end of 11 months, covering with 2-3cm soil, and then pouring frozen water. Collected in the middle of 4 months to the last of 4 months. Growing seedlings of tomatoes in a greenhouse in the late 3 months, planting in the middle 5 months, adopting high-ridge film-covered cultivation, planting 1800-2200 plants per mu, and harvesting in the late 9 months.
Taking a soil (CK) detection value of continuous single cultivation tomatoes for 10 years as a control, and taking a cultivation soil (T) of spinach-tomato multi-cropping for 2 years as a treatment to respectively detect the change conditions of the soluble salt, the conductivity and the water-soluble ion content of the soil.
5. Test results.
5.1, analyzing the yield and economic benefit of the multi-cropping cultivation mode of the spinach tomatoes in the greenhouse.
Measuring the yield of spinach in 4 greenhouses for 3 years according to a diagonal method, wherein the yield per mu in 2017 reaches 1800 Kg at the highest, the average price is 1.65 yuan/Kg, and the highest positive benefit reaches 3060 yuan/mu; the maximum acre yield reaches 1800 Kg in 2018, the average price is 1.7 yuan/Kg, and the maximum positive benefit is 3240 yuan/acre; the maximum acre yield reaches 1890 Kg in 2019, the average price is 1.625 yuan/Kg, and the maximum positive benefit is 3402 yuan/acre; the economic benefits of the multi-cropping cultivation mode of the greenhouse spinach tomatoes in 2017-2019 are calculated according to the current market price and the measured yield and are higher than those of the cultivation mode of single tomatoes, the purposes of reasonably utilizing the time and space of facility cultivation and increasing the income of peasants are achieved, and the specific economic benefits are shown in table 1.
Table 1: and (5) obtaining the yield and economic benefit of the greenhouse spinach tomato multi-cropping cultivation mode.
5.2 And the cost and the pure benefit of the multi-seed cultivation mode of the spinach tomatoes in the greenhouse are increased.
According to the analysis of the input cost and economic benefits of the 4 greenhouses in 2017-2019, the highest pure benefit can reach 2780 yuan/mu in 2017, and the average pure benefit can reach 2470 yuan/mu; the highest net benefit can reach 2970 yuan/mu in 2018, and the average net benefit can reach 2680 yuan/mu; the highest net benefit can reach 3402 yuan/mu in 2019, the average net benefit is 3132 yuan/mu, and the specific cost and the net benefit are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: the cost and the pure benefit of the multi-cropping cultivation mode of the spinach tomatoes in the greenhouse are increased.
5.3, detecting and analyzing soil nutrients in the multi-cropping cultivation mode of the spinach tomatoes in the greenhouse.
The detection value of soil (CK) for continuously and singly cultivating tomatoes for 10 years is used as a control, the cultivation soil (T) for spinach-tomato multi-cropping for 2 years is used as a treatment, the change conditions of the soluble salt, the conductivity and the water-soluble ion content of the soil are detected respectively, and the detection results show that the detection values of the soil in the tomato single cultivation mode and the spinach-tomato multi-cropping cultivation mode are greatly different. The spinach-tomato multi-cropping cultivation mode can reduce the EC value, the total amount of soluble salt ions and the quick-acting nitrogen content in single cultivation soil of tomatoes, improve the nutrient content of organic matters, quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and the like in the soil, increase the soil nutrients and improve the pH value of the soil, so that the pH value of the soil most suitable for growing tomatoes is achieved, and the continuous cropping obstacle of the soil is relieved. The analysis of soil improvement effect of spinach-tomato reseeding 2 years mode is shown in table 3.
Table 3: analysis of soil improvement effect by spinach-tomato reseeding 2 years mode.
6. Conclusion of the test.
The highest mu economic benefit of the spinach-tomato double cropping cultivation mode can reach 3240 yuan, the pure benefit can reach 2970 yuan/mu, and the soil detection result shows that after double cropping, the nutrient contents of soil organic matters, quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and the like are increased, the PH value and the EC value in the soil are reduced to the range suitable for tomato growth, and the total amount of the soluble salt ions of the harmful substance soil is reduced. The spinach-tomato multi-cropping cultivation mode is described to improve the soil environment and the soil quality; the spinach-tomato multi-cropping cultivation mode cultivation technology is simple, low in cost and high in economic benefit, fully and reasonably utilizes the growth idle period of tomatoes in a half-month period in the early period of planting, improves the land utilization rate, reasonably utilizes the time and space of facility cultivation, increases the income of peasants, solves the problem of soil continuous cropping obstacle, and is suitable for the production characteristics of greenhouse in the red peak city. Provides scientific production basis for sustainable development of the peaked greenhouse tomatoes, and lays a foundation for healthy development of the facility vegetable industry.
Example 2: interplanting cultivation mode of greenhouse tomatoes and root mustard.
1. Test site: kari Qingqi mountain Zhenlong mountain village, pine mountain area junior long town.
2. Test crops for rotation: two-crop planting, namely, summer-crop tomato and Qiu Cha root mustard.
3. Test facility: a plastic greenhouse.
4. And (3) test design:
tomato soilless substrate seedlings are planted in 72 holes Kong Yomiao plates, sowed in a greenhouse for 3 months and 27 days, and planted in a greenhouse for 5 months at the bottom of 4 months. Planting the plant with large row spacing of 70cm, small row spacing of 40cm, plant spacing of 60cm and high ridge film. As shown in figure 1, the leaf mustard is directly planted between two tomato plants in the middle of 8 months, two tomato plants are reserved between the two tomato plants, the number of the reserved plants per mu is 3600-4400, and harvesting is started at the end of 10 months. And cleaning tomato plants in time after the tomato harvesting is finished, cutting off the tomato plants from roots and removing the tomato plants from the greenhouse.
The method is characterized in that the tomatoes are not used as important cultivation before harvesting, and the tomatoes are topdressed with the types and the amounts required by the tomatoes; the compound fertilizer 15kg plus urea 10kg are applied every 667 square meters in the expansion period of the mustard roots and stems, and are applied with water, and watering is carried out according to soil moisture content and plant growth vigor in the later period.
2019 test area is 5 mu, and total is 4 greenhouses. Planting tomatoes in the beginning of 5 months, and harvesting at the end of 9 months; the root is directly sown in 8 ten days of the leaf mustard, and the root is harvested at the end of 10 months.
2020 test area is 10 mu, and total is 10 big-arch shelter. Planting tomatoes in the beginning of 5 months, and harvesting at the end of 9 months; the root is directly sown in 8 ten days of the leaf mustard, and the root is harvested at the end of 10 months.
5. Test results.
5.1, analyzing the yield and economic benefit of leaf mustard for greenhouse tomato roots.
According to the diagonal method, 4 demonstration greenhouse roots in 2019-2020 are subjected to yield measurement by using leaf mustard, the average value of the mu yield of the leaf mustard in 2019 of the kari is 1795 kg, and the average value of the mu yield of the leaf mustard in 2020 is 2130 kg. The economic benefit in 2019 and 2020 are 1795 yuan/mu and 2472 yuan/mu respectively in combination with the current market price calculation. The average yield per mu of the root mustard in 2019 of the pine mountain area is 2225 kg, and the average yield per mu of the root mustard in 2020 is 2000 kg. The economic benefit in 2019 and 2020 are 2225 yuan/mu and 2400 yuan/mu respectively in combination with the current market price calculation. The economic benefit analysis of root mustard yield is shown in Table 4.
Table 4: and (5) analyzing the yield and economic benefit of the root mustard.
5.2, the cost and the pure benefit of the interplanting cultivation mode of the leaf mustard for the greenhouse tomato root are increased.
According to the input cost and economic benefit analysis of the demonstration 4 demonstration greenhouses, the input cost in 2019 is 100 yuan/mu, the highest pure benefit can reach 2250 yuan/mu, and the average pure benefit is 1910 yuan/mu. The input cost in 2020 is 100 yuan/mu, the highest pure benefit can reach 2540 yuan/mu, and the second is 2070 yuan/mu, and the average pure benefit is 2378 yuan/mu. The cost and purity benefits of the greenhouse tomato root mustard interplanting cultivation mode are shown in Table 5.
Table 5: the cost and the pure benefit of the interplanting cultivation mode of the leaf mustard for the greenhouse tomato root are increased.
6. Conclusion of the test.
The highest mu economic benefit of the greenhouse tomato root interplanting cultivation mode can reach 2640 yuan, the pure benefit can reach 2540 yuan/mu, the economic benefit of the greenhouse tomato interplanting cultivation mode is calculated according to the current market price and the measured yield and is higher than that of a single cultivation mode for planting tomatoes, and the purposes of reasonably utilizing the time and the space of facility cultivation and increasing the income of peasants are achieved. Provides scientific production basis for sustainable development of the peaked greenhouse tomatoes, and lays a foundation for healthy development of the facility vegetable industry.
Example 3: greenhouse tomato cultivation mode.
Test time: 2022 months 2-11 months.
Test site: the test demonstration base of the farm and animal science research institute in the Chifeng city.
And (3) test design:
early spring stubble: the spinach is directly planted in a greenhouse in the middle 2 months of the current year, covered with soil for 2-3cm, and then watered. Collected in the middle and late 4 months.
Over summer stubble: tomato soilless substrate seedling, 72 holes Kong Yomiao trays, 3 months of sowing in a greenhouse, 4 months of initial greenhouse planting at the bottom of 5 months, 1800-2200 plants planted per mu, and 9 days of harvesting. And in the middle and upper 8 months, when the tomato picking reaches the end of 3 spike picking, the bottom leaves of the tomato are knocked off. Planting the plants with a large row spacing of 70cm and a small row spacing of 40cm and a plant spacing of 30cm.
Qiu Yancha: and (3) directly seeding in the middle ten days of 8 months between two tomato plants, leaving two root mustard plants between the two tomato plants, and beginning harvesting in the late 10 months.
Test results: and (3) measuring the yield of the early spring stubble spinach according to a diagonal method, wherein the acre yield of the spinach is 1036 kg. The economic benefits are 1864.8 yuan/mu respectively by combining with the calculation of the current market price; the more Xia Chakou tomatoes are given per mu of yield 8426 kg. The economic benefits are 21907.6 yuan/mu respectively by combining with the calculation of the current market price; qiu Yan stubble of mustard is 1030 kg per mu of yield, and economic benefit is 1236 yuan/mu; the economic benefit of the efficient cultivation mode of the greenhouse tomatoes is 25008.4 yuan/mu, and compared with single cultivation tomatoes, the yield per mu is increased by 14.2%.
Table 6: and (5) economic benefit analysis of greenhouse tomato cultivation modes.
| Crop rotation and crop | Yield (Kg/mu) | Unit price (Yuan/Kg) | Economic benefit (Yuan/mu) | Mu increasing yield (%) |
| Spinach with early spring stubble | 1036 | 1.8 | 1864.8 | --- |
| Tomato with over-summer stubble | 8426 | 2.6 | 21907.6 | --- |
| Qiu Yancha leaf mustard for root | 1030 | 1.2 | 1236 | --- |
| Totalizing | 25008.4 | 14.2 |
Conclusion of the test: experimental study shows that the greenhouse tomatoes can effectively utilize the growth time and space of the greenhouse and increase the income of farmers by sowing cold-resistant vegetables before and after field planting, and compared with single-cultivated tomatoes, the greenhouse tomatoes are high-efficiency in a cultivation mode, and the income per mu is increased by 14.2%. The efficient cultivation mode of greenhouse tomatoes is formed initially, and the subsequent variety selection and cultivation management technology is yet to be researched. Early spring stubble: spinach. Over summer stubble: tomato. Qiu Yancha: leaf mustard.
Finally, it should be noted that the above description is only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and not for limiting the scope of the present invention, and that the simple modification and equivalent substitution of the technical solution of the present invention can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A planting method suitable for producing vegetables in three crops for a winter in a northern greenhouse is characterized in that: the planting method specifically comprises 6 steps of production mode, variety selection, seeding and seedling raising, field management, pest control and harvesting;
(1) And (3) production modes:
production time: 11 late month to 10 late month next year; spinach is recrudesced with tomatoes, and tomatoes are interplanted with mustard;
spinach in winter and spring stubble: sowing in the last ten days of 11 months to 12 months of the next year, harvesting in the middle ten days of 4 months of the next year, and finishing harvesting in the last ten days of 4 months;
tomato of over summer stubble: planting in the middle and late 4-5 months, harvesting in the middle and late 7-month, and harvesting in the middle and late 9-month;
qiu Cha leaf mustard: directly seeding two tomato plants in the middle and late 7 months, leaving two root mustard plants between the two tomato plants, and harvesting in the middle and late 10 months;
(2) Variety selection:
spinach variety selection: selecting a variety with strong cold resistance and disease resistance;
selecting tomato varieties: selecting a variety with strong resistance, strong growth vigor, strong continuous fruit setting capability, high yield and high quality and being suitable for local production;
selecting leaf mustard varieties for root: selecting a variety with strong disease resistance, good cold resistance and a growth period of 65-75 days;
(3) Sowing and seedling raising:
spinach soil preparation and sowing: after harvesting tomatoes in autumn, clearing a greenhouse in time, deeply turning over, preparing soil for 11 months, leveling soil, and making a furrow; directly seeding the soil in a greenhouse at the end of 11 months to the beginning of 12 months, mechanically seeding in holes, carrying out row spacing of 25cm and hole spacing of 8cm, covering each hole with two grains, earthing for 2 cm-3 cm, then watering, and sealing the greenhouse after the soil temperature is stabilized below 4 ℃;
sowing and seedling raising of tomatoes: the industrial seedling culture is carried out, the seedling standard is selected from seedlings with complete cotyledons, three leaves and one heart, the plant height is 15 cm-18 cm, the stem thickness is 4.0-4.5 mm, the leaves are dark green, no disease spots and insect pests exist, and the root system is strong and developed;
tomato soil preparation: after spinach is harvested, fertilizing and turning over, applying 8m to 10m of high-quality decomposed farmyard manure every 667 square meters, and turning over 500kg of dry corn straw decomposed organic fertilizer into soil by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage is carried out for 2 times, and the rotary tillage depth is 25cm to 30cm. 35kg of 64% diammonium phosphate and 15 kg% of 51% potassium sulfate are evenly mixed or compound fertilizer (N: P) 2 O 5 :K 2 O=19: 19:19 40kg, uniformly spreading on the field planting ridges or ditching and spreading on the field planting ridges;
ridging and film covering: high-ridge film-covered cultivation is adopted, the width of the ridge bottom is 70cm, the width of the ridge top is 40 cm-50 cm, and the ridge height is 15 cm-20 cm;
planting: selecting a field planting in the morning of sunny days from the late 4 months to the early middle 5 months, and planting 1800-2200 plants every 667 square meters;
sowing the root with leaf mustard: directly seeding two tomato plants between two tomato plants in middle and late 7 months, sowing two holes between the two tomato plants, wherein each hole contains 2-3 plants, and the number of plants per mu is 3600-4400;
(4) And (3) field management:
the field management comprises a spinach field management method, a tomato field management method and a root mustard field management method;
(5) And (3) pest control:
principle of pest control: the method is characterized in that the method is based on the plant protection policy of the prevention and comprehensive control, takes agricultural control as a basis, adopts physical control and biological control technologies preferentially, and takes chemical control as an auxiliary;
the plant diseases and insect pests which mainly need to be controlled are as follows: spinach downy mildew, tomato gray leaf spot, tomato canker, tomato leaf mold, root mustard soft rot, root mustard black rot, root mustard cabbage caterpillar and root mustard plutella xylostella;
the pest control method comprises 4 methods of agricultural control, biological control, physical control and chemical control, wherein the chemical control is applied with different medicaments for different germs;
(6) Harvesting:
spinach harvesting: beginning harvesting in the middle ten days of 4 months, and ending harvesting in the late ten days of 4 months;
harvesting tomatoes: the tomatoes are harvested in time when the commodities are ripe, and harvesting is finished in middle and late 9 months;
harvesting the root with leaf mustard: when the basal leaf of the root mustard is withered and yellow, the head of the root is changed from green to yellow, and the fleshy root is fully enlarged and timely harvested.
2. The planting method suitable for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps: the spinach field management comprises the following specific steps:
spinach emergence: starting emergence in middle and late 2 months;
spinach temperature management: the proper growth temperature of the spinach is 15-23 ℃; when the spinach grows to 3 cm-5 cm, watching weather conditions, and cooling in the noon; ventilation is carried out day and night after the beginning of 3 months to 4 months;
spinach water and fertilizer management: when the spinach grows to 7-10 cm, 10-15 kg of urea is applied every 667 square meters.
3. The planting method for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps: the tomato field management comprises the following specific steps:
tomato temperature management: the growth temperature of tomatoes is 23-28 ℃ in daytime, 13-15 ℃ at night, and the air is cut off when the afternoon temperature is reduced to 23 ℃; the daytime temperature of flowering and fruit setting is 25-30 ℃ and the night temperature is 15-18 ℃; the outside temperature is stabilized above 15 ℃, and the air is blown out day and night;
tomato water and fertilizer management: watering seedling-recovering water after field planting for 4-6 d, and controlling water squatting seedlings before flowering after seedling-recovering water; performing first topdressing on the first spike and the walnut, each time667 square meters and water-flushing balanced water-soluble fertilizer (N: P) 2 O 5 :K 2 O=20:20:20) 7 kg-10 kg, and after two ears of fruits, fertilizer is added once in each ear of fruit expansion period (N: P) 2 O 5 :K 2 O=12:5:35) 7kg to 10kg of water-soluble fertilizer; spraying foliar fertilizer for 3-4 times in the growing period; watering is carried out in the morning;
tomato plant treatment: the bottom leaves are removed when the color of the first spike of the tomatoes is changed, the bottom leaves are removed in time when 1 spike to 3 spikes are picked up each time, and tomato plants are cleaned in time after the picking is finished.
4. The planting method for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps: the specific steps of the field management of the root mustard are as follows:
root mustard water and fertilizer management: after the tomato harvesting is finished, the root and stem of the leaf mustard enter an expansion period, and 15kg of compound fertilizer plus 10kg of urea are applied after every 667 square meters, and the leaf mustard is applied with water; watering according to soil moisture content and plant growth vigor, and selecting sunny and morning;
root mustard temperature management: the proper growth temperature of the root mustard is 15-20 ℃, and the optimal temperature of the rhizome expanding period is 13-20 ℃.
5. The planting method for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps: the chemical control method of the spinach downy mildew comprises the following steps: spraying 1500 times of 25% azoxystrobin suspension emulsion, 72.2% propamocarb hydrochloride, 500 times of liquid, 52.5% famoxadone cymoxanil, 1000 times of liquid or 70% enoyl cymoxanil, 1000 times of liquid on leaf surfaces at the initial stage of disease; when the disease is heavier, the composition is applied with the metalaxyl-M with the mass percentage of 68 percent, the manganese zinc is sprayed on leaf surfaces of the liquid which is 600 times of the night or 800 times of the olefine acyl manganese zinc with the mass percentage of 69 percent for 2 to 3 times continuously for 5 to 7 days.
6. The planting method for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps:
the chemical control method of tomato gray leaf spot comprises the following steps: the preparation method comprises the steps of (1) applying a 1500-time liquid of 25% by mass of azoxystrobin, a 1500-time liquid of 32.5% by mass of isopyrazam azoxystrobin, a 1500-time liquid of 42.8% by mass of fluopyram oxime mycorrhizal, a 1200-time liquid of 32.5% by mass of difenoconazole azoxystrobin, a 1500-time liquid of 42.4% by mass of fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin suspending agent or a 2500-time liquid of 12.5% by mass of myclobutanil emulsifiable concentrate, and spraying the medicament in the initial stage of disease, wherein the medicament is used alternately for one time for 5-7 days and is continuous for 2-3 times;
the chemical control method of tomato canker comprises the following steps: the preparation method comprises the steps of (1) applying a 500-time liquid of 47% spring thunder and copper king wettable powder, a 500-time liquid of 77% copper hydroxide wettable powder, a 600-time liquid of 40% thiazole zinc suspension emulsion or a 1500-time liquid of 25% azoxystrobin and a 500-time liquid of 47% spring thunder and copper king wettable powder; spraying or root irrigation in the initial stage of disease, wherein the medicaments are used alternately for one time in 5-7 days and 2-3 times continuously;
the chemical control method for tomato leaf mold comprises the following steps: 10% of polyoxin wettable powder 600 times liquid, 10% of flusilazole 1500 times liquid, 12% of benzamide 1200 times liquid, 42.8% of trifloxystrobin suspension emulsion 3000 times liquid, 10% of difenoconazole 1500 times liquid, 32.5% of isopyrazam azoxystrobin 1500 times liquid, 42.8% of fluoxastrobin oxime ester 1000 times liquid, 32.5% of difenoconazole azoxystrobin 1200 times liquid or 32.5% of isopyrazam azoxystrobin suspension emulsion 1000 times liquid foliar spray, and the method is carried out for 5-7 days for 2-3 times continuously.
7. The planting method for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps:
the chemical prevention and treatment method of the soft rot of the leaf mustard for root comprises the following steps: spraying 800-1000 times of liquid of 47% Chunlei-copper soluble powder, 300 times of liquid of 14% copper ammonia complex aqueous solution or 600 times of liquid of 20% thiabendazole copper suspending agent in the initial period of onset, and continuously spraying for 2-3 times for 8-10 days for 1 time;
the chemical prevention and treatment method for the black rot of the leaf mustard for root comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of (1) applying 600 times of liquid of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, 1500 times of liquid of 50% pamoic wettable powder, 500 times of liquid of 50% thiram wettable powder, 500 times of liquid of 64% bactericidal alum wettable powder or 1000 times of liquid of 45% ambam aqueous solution, spraying the medicines 1 time every 7-10 days, and continuously spraying 3-5 times;
the chemical control method of the cabbage caterpillar for the root comprises the following steps: 500 times of diluent of deltamethrin, fenpropathrin and cyhalothrin with the mass percent of 25 percent of the insecticidal double-water agent or 3000 times of diluent of deltamethrin with the mass percent of 25 percent are alternately applied for 2-3 times at intervals of 7-10 days for 1 time;
the chemical control method of the root mustard plutella xylostella comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of applying 3000 times of diluent of 5% of anti-interference emulsion, 4000 times of diluent of 5% of fipronil suspension, 200 times of diluent of 98% of soluble powder of baran, 3000 times of diluent of 5% of blocking emulsion or 3000 times of liquid foliage of 4.5% of high-efficiency cyfluthrin, spraying for 2-3 times, 1 time every 7-10 days, and alternately applying.
8. The planting method for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps: the biological control method specifically comprises the following steps: 200ml of osthole aqueous emulsion with the mass percentage of 1% is selected for each 667 square meter to be sprayed for preventing and controlling the downy mildew of spinach; every 667 square meters, 55 ml-60 ml of 6% kasugamycin aqua by mass percent and 120 g-140 g of 10% polyoxin wettable powder by mass percent are used for preventing and treating leaf mold, and 50 g-150 g of 100 hundred million/g bacillus subtilis are used for preventing and treating ulcer disease; 8000 IU/microliter of Bacillus thuringiensis 200 ml-300 ml for preventing and controlling plutella xylostella; 500-800 times of bacillus emulsion or cabbage caterpillar fungus spray for controlling cabbage caterpillar.
9. The planting method for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps: the agricultural control method specifically comprises the following steps: selecting a variety with strong disease resistance and stress resistance for a local main plant disease and insect pest control object, carrying out balanced fertilization, reasonably close planting, and applying fully decomposed organic fertilizer to timely remove weeds in and around the greenhouse.
10. The planting method for producing vegetables in three crops in a northern greenhouse according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the planting method comprises the following steps: the physical control method specifically comprises the following steps: the insect-killing lamp is used for trapping and killing insects, or an insect-preventing net with more than 40 meshes is arranged at the air outlet, 20-25 yellow boards and 10 blue boards with the height of 15-20 cm above plants are hung every 667 square meters, and 25cm multiplied by 30cm of yellow boards are hung.
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| CN202310416238.1A CN117158263A (en) | 2023-04-19 | 2023-04-19 | Planting method suitable for producing vegetables in northern greenhouse with three crops for rotation |
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| CN202310416238.1A CN117158263A (en) | 2023-04-19 | 2023-04-19 | Planting method suitable for producing vegetables in northern greenhouse with three crops for rotation |
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