CN113243270A - Ultrahigh-yield cultivation method for potatoes - Google Patents
Ultrahigh-yield cultivation method for potatoes Download PDFInfo
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- CN113243270A CN113243270A CN202110610962.9A CN202110610962A CN113243270A CN 113243270 A CN113243270 A CN 113243270A CN 202110610962 A CN202110610962 A CN 202110610962A CN 113243270 A CN113243270 A CN 113243270A
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- 235000012015 potatoes Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
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- RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N (S,S)-paclobutrazol Chemical compound C([C@@H]([C@@H](O)C(C)(C)C)N1N=CN=C1)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a potato ultrahigh-yield cultivation method, which relates to the technical field of potato planting and has the technical scheme that: in the bud stage, the invention inserts a bracket with the height of 1.2m on the two sides of the narrow row in a forward-going manner at the distance of 3m, and fixes the plant on the bracket; only the strongest 1-2 main stems are reserved in each pond, and buds are removed at the bud stage to control the existing bud amount of the plants within 5 percent; spraying 25ppm paclobutrazol for 2 times in the bud stage, and spraying the paclobutrazol for 3d at an interval period; according to the invention, the reasonable structure of potato groups and the robustness of individuals can be maintained for a long time by pruning the main stems of potatoes, building a simple bracket, removing buds, spraying paclobutrazol, maintaining the appropriate soil water content in the field, continuously applying fertilizer, preventing and controlling diseases and insect pests with potato late blight as a main disease and the like, so that the yield is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of potato planting, in particular to an ultrahigh-yield cultivation method for potatoes.
Background
According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United nations, the potato planting area and the total yield of China are all in the front of the world, 7220.3 ten thousand mu and 9032.14 thousand tons are respectively obtained in 2018, and the potato is the fourth major food crop following corn, rice and wheat. Since the sovereign strategy of potatoes was proposed by the ministry of agriculture in 2015, high attention is paid to potatoes by the nation. There is 2/3 people consuming potatoes as staple food all over the world. In Europe, potatoes are always staple food on dining tables, are called as second bread, and historically, the stable production of the potatoes is said to cause the European population to increase greatly due to the fact that the potatoes make Europe. 70% of the potatoes in Asia and Africa are used for eating, playing an important role in securing food safety for low-income people. The edible consumption quantity of potatoes in China is increased rapidly in recent 25 years. Because of this, the united nations will generally define 2008 as "international potato year" and potatoes as "future food" on the earth by resolution. The potato production in China is mostly distributed in economic impoverished areas such as northwest, inner Mongolia and southwest, and the areas are poor in land, cold in climate or dry and rain-less, and are not suitable for producing cereal grain crops. Potatoes have become superior crops promoting grain production in these areas due to the superior conditions of high economic benefit, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, high water utilization rate and the like.
At present, the potato cultivation method generally comprises the steps of deeply ploughing the land before sowing, leveling the ground, digging a pond and sowing, applying farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer at one time, covering soil and covering seeds, and carrying out intertillage weeding and ridging for 1-2 times after seedling emergence. It has the problems that: the main stems and branches grow luxuriantly, the field stagnates, the main stems and the branches are generally lodging, the late blight is serious, the spring drought, the late-stage fertilizer release and the excessive flowers consume nutrition, the yield is lower, and particularly, the yield per unit of the potatoes in the Zhaotong city is about 1 ton per mu in a long-term loitering area in high altitude cold areas such as Zhaotong city.
Therefore, how to design an ultrahigh-yield cultivation method for potatoes is a problem to be solved currently.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide the potato ultrahigh-yield cultivation method, which provides technical support for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of potatoes through trimming of main stems of the potatoes, building of a simple bracket, spraying of paclobutrazol, flower bud picking, keeping of proper soil water content during the whole growth period, continuous fertilizer supply, prevention and control of pests and diseases such as potato late blight and the like and multiple times of ridging.
The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a potato ultrahigh-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:
s101: selecting a planting land with the upper elevation limit of corn planting, non-solanaceae crops of the previous crops and the pH value of 6.0-7.0, deeply turning the land for at least 30cm in winter to freeze worm pupae and increase the water content of the soil, picking out grass roots before sowing, and leveling the land;
s102: the seedling emergence stage is controlled to be sown after the local frost period is finished, and the sowing time is 3m per mu3Composting farmyard manure or 1000kg commercial organic fertilizer is uniformly mixed with the plough layer;
s103: cutting seed potatoes into blocks by keeping 1-2 top buds per block, keeping the thickness of the bottom bud potato to be not less than 1cm and the weight of each block to be not less than 60g, soaking the blocks in potassium permanganate solution dissolved in 0.2-0.5% cold boiled water or 75% ethanol by using a cutter for disinfection treatment, and replacing when diseased and rotten seed potatoes are cut;
s104: adding Yinflue SC150mL into high smart FS100mL or adding 100mL of high smart seed coating agent into 50g of inhibition quick cleaning WG, and adding 2kg-3kg of clear water into the potato blocks which are sprayed and cut for seed dressing treatment; has grub, black cutworm and yellow ant lumps: 5% of Duoxin Phosphorus GR3kg is spread around the potato blocks during sowing.
S105: sowing in a wide-narrow double-row mode of 1.2m offline, small row spacing of about 35cm, 10cm of ditching depth and 20cm of ditch bottom width, selecting a pond spacing of 28-30 cm for sowing according to the plant size and the soil fertility of the variety, and keeping the density of 3700-3970 ponds/mu;
s106: 3m per mu during sowing3Composting farmyard manure or 200kg commercial organic fertilizer to cover the seed potatoes, and selecting pure N: P2O5:K2Uniformly applying 60-80 kg/mu of compound fertilizer with O of 12:8:18 and 50-80 kg/mu of 16% common calcium superphosphate around the seed potatoes at a position 2cm away from the edges of the potato blocks, and keeping the height of the potato blocks from the covered soil top surface to be 10-15 cm after sowing and covering soil;
s107: removing the mulching film 7d before seedling emergence after mulching;
s108: in the bud stage, the plants are inserted into the supports with the height of 1.2m at the two sides of the narrow row at the distance of 3m in a forward-going manner, and the plants are fixed on the supports; only the strongest 1-2 main stems are reserved in each pond, and buds are removed at the bud stage to control the existing bud amount of the plants within 5 percent; spraying 25ppm paclobutrazol for 2 times in the bud stage, and spraying the paclobutrazol for 3 days at an interval period;
s109: harvesting within 1 week after top leaf yellowing.
Preferably, the potato variety selection specifically comprises the following steps: the high and cold regions select the super-late-maturing variety such as Yunshiya 108, and the region with the annual average temperature of about 10 ℃ selects the late-maturing variety of sweet potato No. 9.
Preferably, when the seed potatoes are not germinated within 15-20 days before sowing, accelerating germination at the temperature of 25 ℃, and when the sprouts grow to 5mm, hardening the sprouts to green in the environment with scattered light for sowing.
Preferably, the farmyard manure composting treatment specifically comprises: about 7 days before sowing, every 3m3Adding 50kg-80kg of common calcium superphosphate with the concentration of 16 percent for composting.
Preferably, after the potato seedlings are aligned, topdressing and pesticide spraying treatment are carried out, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
topdressing of roots: topdressing with 5 kg/mu of high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer or urea for 2-3 times before potato bearing; topdressing with 5 kg/mu of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer or potassium sulfate for 2-3 times during potato bearing; stopping pursuing 30 days before maturity;
and (3) top dressing on leaf surfaces: 0.3 percent monopotassium phosphate liquid is sprayed for 4-5 times from the time of potato bearing, and the interval period is 10 days, so that the monopotassium phosphate liquid can be applied together with the time of pest control;
spraying in seedling stage: 5% of amino-oligosaccharin AS is sprayed 3-4 times in the bud stage after seedlings are aligned, and the dosage per mu is 15mL each time;
applying medium and trace fertilizer: proper amount of calcium and boron fertilizer is applied to roots in the agglomeration period.
Preferably, after the potato seedlings are aligned, intertillage weeding and ridging are carried out, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: the thickness of the hilling is 5cm after the first seedling is uniform, the thickness of the hilling is 5cm before the second potato bearing, the thickness of the hilling is 5 cm-10 cm in the third potato block expansion period, the better the hilling soil is, and the hilling soil can be mixed with farmyard manure and fine soil for hilling.
Preferably, the early blight control of the potatoes is specifically as follows: from the seedling stage to the pre-mature stage, any one of 52.5 percent oxatone-cymoxanil WG 1000-fold liquid, 250g/L of cyprodinil SC 2500-fold liquid and 10 percent difenoconazole WG 1000-fold liquid and 70 percent mancozeb WP 600-fold liquid is sprayed.
Preferably, the control of the late blight of the potatoes is specifically as follows:
before the maturity of the colony period, when no central diseased plant appears in the field, spraying protective bactericide for 2-3 times at an interval of 7 days from the bud period, wherein the medicament is any one of 72% frost urea-manganese-zinc WP 400-600 times liquid, 80% dimethomorph WG500 times liquid and 68% methyl spermate-manganese-zinc WG 800-1000 times liquid;
when central disease plants are found in the field, immediately performing prevention and control, spraying 25% of an SC 2500-fold liquid of mandipropamid, 250g/L of an SC 2500-fold liquid of pyrimethanil and 52.5% of an oxatone-cymoxanil WG 1500-fold liquid in sequence, and alternately spraying 10% of a oxathiapiprolin OD 5000-fold liquid and 68.75% of a fluopicolide-propamocarb SC 700-fold liquid in sequence for 2-4 times according to the disease condition; the application interval period is 7d-10d, the secondary spraying is needed in time when meeting rain after the spraying, and each medicament is applied for no more than 2 times in the same production process; the organic silicon assistant is properly utilized to improve the drug effect.
Preferably, the pest control treatment is carried out on the potatoes in the seedling stage, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
grub: 1 head/m of larva2-2 heads/m2When in use, 5 percent of phoxim GR3kg is scattered on a small row per 667 square meter;
black cutworm: 1 head/m of larva2-2 heads/m2Every 667m2Spreading 5% phoxim GR3kg on the small row, uniformly mixing 50% phoxim EC1000 times liquid with 5kg of fried rapeseed cakes, and spreading near the plant roots in the evening for trapping and killing;
leafhopper, aphid, whitefly, thrips: when the rate of the existing insects is 10 percent or the amount of the single insect is 5-7, 10 percent imidacloprid WP2000-4000 times liquid, 20 percent acetamiprid SP800 times liquid and 40 percent chlorantraniliprole thiamethoxam WG3000-5000 times liquid are alternately sprayed at intervals of 7 days;
lepidoptera larvae: when the square meter is just in danger, 16000IU/mg bacillus thuringiensis WP50g is prepared into 1000 times of liquid per 667 square meter, and is prepared into 3000 + 5000 times of liquid alternate spraying at the interval of 7d with 40 percent chlorantraniliprole-thiamethoxam WG25 g;
potato tuber moth: when the seed potatoes are stored and the egg hatching full period reaches the second instar larvae, 0.3 percent of azadirachtin EC 800-fold liquid and 0.3 percent of matrine AS 300-500-fold liquid are used for preventing and treating the seed potatoes from the egg hatching full period to the second instar larvae, 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin EC 2000-fold liquid can be sprayed for preventing and treating the seed potatoes in the adult full period by field spraying, and physical prevention and treatment are adopted in the adult period;
ladybug with twenty-eight stars: when the quantity of a single plant is 2-3, before dispersing larvae, adding water for spraying, and spraying for 1 time at 7d-10d according to the insect condition, wherein the amount of the single plant is 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin EW2000-3000 times liquid, 2.5 percent of deltamethrin EC1500-2500 times liquid, and 21 percent of synergistic cyhalothrin EC 1500-3000 times liquid;
yellow ants: when the plant is just damaged, 50% of the EC 1000-fold solution of the phoxim is used for irrigating the roots, or wheat bran and rice bran are used for stir-frying, 50% of the EC 500-fold solution of the phoxim is added for spraying and wetting, and a proper amount of honey is added to prepare a food attractant which is sprayed around the plant for trapping and killing.
Preferably, the moisture management of the potatoes in the cultivation process is specifically as follows: the relative water content of soil in seedling stage, potato bearing stage, tuber expansion stage and maturation stage is respectively maintained at 70%, 70% -80%, 75% -85% and less than 60%, and the irrigation water is pond water stored for 1 week.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention comprises the following steps: firstly, main stems of potatoes are trimmed, so that the field canopy closure degree can be greatly reduced, the small ventilation and light-transmitting environment of plant groups is improved, and the photosynthetic rate is higher; picking off flower buds, picking off flower organs before blooming of the small flowers can reduce dry matter consumption, crude protein consumption and full sugar consumption, so that more nutrition is transferred to the underground part; thirdly, building a simple bamboo pole bracket and spraying paclobutrazol. After the crops are lodging, the staggered distribution of the leaves in the space is disturbed, the group structure of the plants is destroyed, and the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves is sharply reduced; the support and the spraying of the paclobutrazol can reduce the height of the plant, greatly reduce the lodging of the potato plant, and the paclobutrazol can also promote the improvement of the content of the photosynthetic pigment; keeping proper soil water content and continuously applying fertilizer during the whole growth period, so that the potato plants are always in the optimal growth environment, the optimal conditions of potato block expansion and starch accumulation, and sufficient nutrition and transformation conditions are provided for the potato source; in the middle and later stages, the prevention and control of the main diseases and insect pests with late blight ensure that the plants are in a healthy state for a long time;
2. the invention carries out 108 seed test on the ipomoea batatas in Yongshan county of Shoatong city, the area of the field is 1.50 mu, and the actual harvest area is 702.0m2The actual yield and fresh yield are 6445.6kg, the reduced yield per mu is 6138.67kg, the impurity filtration rate is 2.0 percent, and the net yield per mu is 6015.89 kg.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a prior art split line plot of potato yield per unit.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples, and the exemplary embodiments and descriptions thereof are only used for explaining the present invention and are not used as limitations of the present invention.
Example (b): a potato ultrahigh-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:
s101: selecting a planting land with the upper elevation limit of corn planting, non-solanaceae crops of the previous crops and the pH value of 6.0-7.0, deeply turning the land for at least 30cm in winter to freeze worm pupae and increase the water content of the soil, picking out grass roots before sowing, and leveling the land; in addition, the planting land should also be selected from fertile, deep soil layer, sunny, slope land which ensures no waterlogging, irrigation and drainage at any time, no wind damage and no pollution source at the periphery;
s102: the seedling emergence stage is controlled to be sown after the local frost period is finished, the seedling can be properly sown for about 10 days in advance on the premise of safety, and the sowing time is 3m per mu3Composting farmyard manure or 1000kg commercial organic fertilizer is uniformly mixed with the plough layer;
s103: cutting seed potatoes into blocks by keeping 1-2 top buds per block, keeping the thickness of the bottom bud potato to be not less than 1cm and the weight of each block to be not less than 60g, soaking the blocks in potassium permanganate solution dissolved in 0.2-0.5% cold boiled water or 75% ethanol by using a cutter for disinfection treatment, and replacing when diseased and rotten seed potatoes are cut;
s104: adding Yinflue SC150mL into high smart FS100mL or adding 100mL of high smart seed coating agent into 50g of inhibition quick cleaning WG, and adding 2kg-3kg of clear water into the potato blocks which are sprayed and cut for seed dressing treatment; has grub, black cutworm and yellow ant lumps: 5 percent of Duoxin Phosphorus GR3kg is scattered around the potato blocks during sowing per mu;
s105: sowing in a wide-narrow double-row mode of 1.2m offline, small row spacing of about 35cm, 10cm of ditching depth and 20cm of ditch bottom width, selecting a pond spacing of 28-30 cm for sowing according to the plant size and the soil fertility of the variety, and keeping the density of 3700-3970 ponds/mu;
s106: 3m per mu during sowing3Composting farmyard manure or 200kg commercial organic fertilizer is covered on the seed potatoes, uniformly applying 60-80 kg/mu of compound fertilizer with potassium sulfate element ratio of 12:8:18 and 50-80 kg/mu of superphosphate around the seed potatoes at a position 2cm away from the edges of the potato blocks, sowing and covering with soilThe height of the potato blocks from the top surface of the cover is 10-15 cm;
irrigation during sowing: the sandy loam can fill sufficient bottom water in the sowing trench before sowing; if the soil is sticky, the whole sowing row can be watered thoroughly by a watering spray head after sowing;
s107: covering with transparent mulching film, compacting with soil every 3m at the periphery and top to prevent the film from being blown over by wind. Removing the mulching film 7d before emergence of seedlings;
s108: in the bud stage, the plants are inserted into the supports with the height of 1.2m at the two sides of the narrow row at the distance of 3m in a forward-going manner, and the plants are fixed on the supports; only the strongest 1-2 main stems are reserved in each pond, and the stems and leaves are trimmed, and buds are removed at the bud stage to control the existing bud amount of the plants within 5 percent; spraying 25ppm paclobutrazol for 2 times in the bud stage, and spraying the paclobutrazol for 3 days at an interval period;
s109: harvesting within 1 week after top leaf yellowing.
The potato variety selection specifically comprises the following steps: the high and cold regions select the super-late-maturing variety such as Yunshiya 108, and the region with the annual average temperature of about 10 ℃ selects the late-maturing variety of sweet potato No. 9.
Accelerating germination of the seed potato at 25 ℃ when the seed potato does not bud 15-20 days before sowing, and hardening the bud to green in the environment with scattered light for sowing when the bud grows to 5 mm.
The farmyard manure composting treatment specifically comprises the following steps: about 7 days before sowing, every 3m3Adding 50kg-80kg of common calcium superphosphate with the concentration of 16 percent for composting.
Topdressing and pesticide spraying treatment are carried out after potato seedlings are aligned, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
topdressing of roots: topdressing with 5 kg/mu of high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer or urea for 2-3 times before potato bearing; topdressing with 5 kg/mu of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer or potassium sulfate for 2-3 times during potato bearing; stopping pursuing 30 days before maturity;
and (3) top dressing on leaf surfaces: 0.3 percent monopotassium phosphate liquid is sprayed for 4-5 times from the time of potato bearing, and the interval period is 10 days, so that the monopotassium phosphate liquid can be applied together with the time of pest control;
spraying in seedling stage: 5% of amino-oligosaccharin AS is sprayed 3-4 times in the bud stage after seedlings are aligned, and the dosage per mu is 15mL each time;
applying medium and trace fertilizer: proper amount of calcium and boron fertilizer is applied to roots in the agglomeration period.
After potato seedlings are aligned, intertillage weeding and ridging are carried out, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: the thickness of the hilling is 5cm after the first seedling is uniform, the thickness of the hilling is 5cm before the second potato bearing, the thickness of the hilling is 5 cm-10 cm in the third potato block expansion period, the better the hilling soil is, and the hilling soil can be mixed with farmyard manure and fine soil for hilling.
The early blight prevention and control of the potatoes are as follows: from the seedling stage to the pre-mature stage, any one of 52.5 percent oxatone-cymoxanil WG 1000-fold liquid, 250g/L of cyprodinil SC 2500-fold liquid and 10 percent difenoconazole WG 1000-fold liquid and 70 percent mancozeb WP 600-fold liquid is sprayed.
The control of the late blight of the potatoes is specifically as follows:
before the maturity of the colony period, when no central diseased plant appears in the field, spraying protective bactericide for 2-3 times at an interval of 7 days from the bud period, wherein the medicament is any one of 72% frost urea-manganese-zinc WP 400-600 times liquid, 80% dimethomorph WG500 times liquid and 68% methyl spermate-manganese-zinc WG 800-1000 times liquid;
when central disease plants are found in the field, immediately performing prevention and control, spraying 25% of an SC 2500-fold liquid of mandipropamid, 250g/L of an SC 2500-fold liquid of pyrimethanil and 52.5% of an oxatone-cymoxanil WG 1500-fold liquid in sequence, and alternately spraying 10% of a oxathiapiprolin OD 5000-fold liquid and 68.75% of a fluopicolide-propamocarb SC 700-fold liquid in sequence for 2-4 times according to the disease condition; the application interval period is 7d-10d, the secondary spraying is needed in time when meeting rain after the spraying, and each medicament is applied for no more than 2 times in the same production process; the organic silicon assistant is properly utilized to improve the drug effect.
The pest control treatment of the potatoes in the seedling stage comprises the following specific steps:
grub: 1 head/m of larva2-2 heads/m2When in use, 5 percent of phoxim GR3kg is scattered on a small row per 667 square meter;
black cutworm: 1 head/m of larva2-2 heads/m2Every 667m2Spreading 5% phoxim GR3kg on the small row, uniformly mixing 50% phoxim EC1000 times liquid with 5kg of fried rapeseed cakes, and spreading near the plant roots in the evening for trapping and killing;
leafhopper, aphid, whitefly, thrips: when the rate of the existing insects is 10 percent or the amount of the single insect is 5-7, 10 percent imidacloprid WP2000-4000 times liquid, 20 percent acetamiprid SP800 times liquid and 40 percent chlorantraniliprole thiamethoxam WG3000-5000 times liquid are alternately sprayed at intervals of 7 days;
lepidoptera larvae: when the square meter is just in danger, 16000IU/mg bacillus thuringiensis WP50g is prepared into 1000 times of liquid per 667 square meter, and is prepared into 3000 + 5000 times of liquid alternate spraying at the interval of 7d with 40 percent chlorantraniliprole-thiamethoxam WG25 g;
potato tuber moth: when the seed potatoes are stored and the egg hatching full period reaches the second instar larvae, 0.3 percent of azadirachtin EC 800-fold liquid and 0.3 percent of matrine AS 300-500-fold liquid are used for preventing and treating the seed potatoes from the egg hatching full period to the second instar larvae, 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin EC 2000-fold liquid can be sprayed for preventing and treating the seed potatoes in the adult full period by field spraying, and physical prevention and treatment are adopted in the adult period;
ladybug with twenty-eight stars: when the quantity of a single plant is 2-3, before dispersing larvae, adding water for spraying, and spraying for 1 time at 7d-10d according to the insect condition, wherein the amount of the single plant is 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin EW2000-3000 times liquid, 2.5 percent of deltamethrin EC1500-2500 times liquid, and 21 percent of synergistic cyhalothrin EC 1500-3000 times liquid;
yellow ants: when the plant is just damaged, 50% of the EC 1000-fold solution of the phoxim is used for irrigating the roots, or wheat bran and rice bran are used for stir-frying, 50% of the EC 500-fold solution of the phoxim is added for spraying and wetting, and a proper amount of honey is added to prepare a food attractant which is sprayed around the plant for trapping and killing.
The water management of the potatoes in the cultivation process specifically comprises the following steps: the relative water content of soil in seedling stage, potato bearing stage, tuber expansion stage and maturation stage is respectively maintained at 70%, 70% -80%, 75% -85% and less than 60%, and the irrigation water is pond water stored for 1 week.
The cultivation method is used for carrying out 108 test planting on the ipomoea batatas in the Yongshan county of Zhaotong city, the area of a land block is 1.50 mu (1000 square meters), the real-income area is 702.0 square meters (1.053 mu), the real-income fresh yield is 6445.6kg, the reduced acre yield is 6138.67kg, 2.0% of impurities are deducted, the net-income acre yield is 6015.89kg, and the specific data are shown in the following table:
shoantong city statistics bureau potato area yield table (fresh potato)
As seen from the above table, the yield per mu is increased by about 5 tons in comparison with the yield per mu in Showa City in recent years. As shown in FIG. 1, the International Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) statistics, 2018, the yield per unit of Chinese potato is 1.2509 tons/mu (Yunming, China potato and its products import and export trade research [ J ] world agriculture 2020(10): 54-62.).
It should be noted that in recent years, the standard of high yield measurement of potatoes in the national potato industry technical system is data of actually digging more than 1 mu instead of less than 1 mu.
The above-mentioned embodiments are intended to illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention in further detail, and it should be understood that the above-mentioned embodiments are merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A potato ultrahigh-yield cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s101: selecting a planting land with the upper elevation limit of corn planting, non-solanaceae crops of the previous crops and the pH value of 6.0-7.0, deeply turning the land for at least 30cm in winter to freeze worm pupae and increase the water content of the soil, picking out grass roots before sowing, and leveling the land;
s102: the seedling emergence stage is controlled to be sown after the local frost period is finished, and the sowing time is 3m per mu3Composting farmyard manure or 1000kg commercial organic fertilizer is uniformly mixed with the plough layer;
s103: cutting seed potatoes into blocks by keeping 1-2 top buds per block, keeping the thickness of the bottom bud potato to be not less than 1cm and the weight of each block to be not less than 60g, soaking the blocks in potassium permanganate solution dissolved in 0.2-0.5% cold boiled water or 75% ethanol by using a cutter for disinfection treatment, and replacing when diseased and rotten seed potatoes are cut;
s104: adding Yinflue SC150mL into high smart FS100mL or adding 100mL of high smart seed coating agent into 50g of inhibition quick cleaning WG, and adding 2kg-3kg of clear water into the potato blocks which are sprayed and cut for seed dressing treatment; has grub, black cutworm and yellow ant lumps: 5 percent of Duoxin Phosphorus GR3kg is scattered around the potato blocks during sowing per mu;
s105: sowing in a wide-narrow double-row mode of 1.2m offline, small row spacing of about 35cm, 10cm of ditching depth and 20cm of ditch bottom width, selecting a pond spacing of 28-30 cm for sowing according to the plant size and the soil fertility of the variety, and keeping the density of 3700-3970 ponds/mu;
s106: 3m per mu during sowing3Composting farmyard manure or 200kg commercial organic fertilizer to cover the seed potatoes, and selecting pure N: P2O5:K2Uniformly applying 60-80 kg/mu of compound fertilizer with O of 12:8:18 and 50-80 kg/mu of superphosphate around the seed potatoes at a position 2cm away from the edges of the potato blocks, and keeping the height of the potato blocks from the covered soil top surface to be 10-15 cm after sowing and covering the soil;
s107: removing the mulching film 7d before seedling emergence after mulching;
s108: in the bud stage, the plants are inserted into the supports with the height of 1.2m at the two sides of the narrow row at the distance of 3m in a forward-going manner, and the plants are fixed on the supports; only the strongest 1-2 main stems are reserved in each pond, and buds are removed at the bud stage to control the existing bud amount of the plants within 5 percent; spraying 25ppm paclobutrazol for 2 times in the bud stage, and spraying the paclobutrazol for 3d at an interval period;
s109: harvesting within 1 week after top leaf yellowing.
2. The method for cultivating the potatoes with the ultrahigh yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein the potato varieties are selected from the following specific group: the high and cold regions select the super-late-maturing variety such as Yunshiya 108, and the region with the annual average temperature of about 10 ℃ selects the late-maturing variety of sweet potato No. 9.
3. The method for cultivating potato in ultra high yield as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed potato is pregerminated at 25 ℃ before germination 15-20 days before sowing, and when the sprout is as long as 5mm, the seed potato is pregerminated to green color in scattered light environment for sowing.
4. The method for cultivating potato in high yield according to claim 1, wherein the farmyard manure composting treatment comprises: about 7 days before sowing, every 3m3Adding 50kg-80kg of common calcium superphosphate with the concentration of 16 percent for composting.
5. The method for cultivating the potatoes in the ultrahigh yield according to claim 1, wherein the topdressing and pesticide spraying treatment are carried out after the potatoes are planted in a uniform manner, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
topdressing of roots: topdressing with 5 kg/mu of high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer or urea for 2-3 times before potato bearing; topdressing with 5 kg/mu of high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer or potassium sulfate for 2-3 times during potato bearing; stopping pursuing 30 days before maturity;
and (3) top dressing on leaf surfaces: 0.3 percent monopotassium phosphate liquid is sprayed for 4-5 times from the time of potato bearing, and the interval period is 10 days, so that the monopotassium phosphate liquid can be applied together with the time of pest control;
spraying in seedling stage: 5% of amino-oligosaccharin AS is sprayed 3-4 times in the bud stage after seedlings are aligned, and the dosage per mu is 15mL each time;
applying medium and trace fertilizer: proper amount of calcium and boron fertilizer is applied to roots in the agglomeration period.
6. The method for cultivating the potatoes in the ultrahigh yield according to claim 1, wherein intertillage weeding and ridging are carried out after the potatoes are planted in a uniform manner, and the method comprises the following specific steps: the thickness of the hilling is 5cm after the first seedling is uniform, the thickness of the hilling is 5cm before the second potato bearing, the thickness of the hilling is 5 cm-10 cm in the third potato block expansion period, the better the hilling soil is, and the hilling soil can be mixed with farmyard manure and fine soil for hilling.
7. The method for cultivating potatoes in high yield according to claim 1, wherein the early blight control of potatoes is as follows: from the seedling stage to the pre-mature stage, any one of 52.5 percent oxatone-cymoxanil WG 1000-fold liquid, 250g/L of cyprodinil SC 2500-fold liquid and 10 percent difenoconazole WG 1000-fold liquid and 70 percent mancozeb WP 600-fold liquid is sprayed.
8. The method for cultivating potatoes in an ultrahigh yield according to claim 1, wherein the specific method for controlling the late blight of potatoes comprises the following steps:
before the maturity of the colony period, when no central diseased plant appears in the field, spraying protective bactericide for 2-3 times at an interval of 7 days from the bud period, wherein the medicament is any one of 72% frost urea-manganese-zinc WP 400-600 times liquid, 80% dimethomorph WG500 times liquid and 68% methyl spermate-manganese-zinc WG 800-1000 times liquid;
when central disease plants are found in the field, immediately performing prevention and control, spraying for 2-3 times every 7d-10d according to the sequence of 25% of an SC 2500-fold liquid of mandipropamid, 250g/L of an SC 2500-fold liquid of pyrimethanil and 52.5% of an oxatone-cymoxanil WG 1500-fold liquid, and alternatively spraying for 2-4 times according to the sequence of 10% of a Fluthiazolepyrietophenone OD 5000-fold liquid and 68.75% of Fluopyramid-propamocarb SC 700-fold liquid; the application interval period is 7d-10d, the secondary spraying is needed in time when meeting rain after the spraying, and each medicament is applied for no more than 2 times in the same production process; the organic silicon assistant is properly utilized to improve the drug effect.
9. The method for cultivating the potatoes in the ultrahigh yield according to claim 1, wherein the potatoes are subjected to pest control treatment in the seedling stage, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
grub: 1 head/m of larva2-2 heads/m2When in use, 5 percent of phoxim GR3kg is scattered on a small row per 667 square meter;
black cutworm: 1 head/m of larva2-2 heads/m2Every 667m2Spreading 5% phoxim GR3kg on the small row, uniformly mixing 50% phoxim EC1000 times liquid with 5kg of fried rapeseed cakes, and spreading near the plant roots in the evening for trapping and killing;
leafhopper, aphid, whitefly, thrips: when the rate of the existing insects is 10 percent or the amount of the single insect is 5-7, 10 percent imidacloprid WP2000-4000 times liquid, 20 percent acetamiprid SP800 times liquid and 40 percent chlorantraniliprole thiamethoxam WG3000-5000 times liquid are alternately sprayed at intervals of 7 days;
lepidoptera larvae: when the square meter is just in danger, 16000IU/mg bacillus thuringiensis WP50g is prepared into 1000 times of liquid per 667 square meter, and is prepared into 3000 + 5000 times of liquid alternate spraying at the interval of 7d with 40 percent chlorantraniliprole-thiamethoxam WG25 g;
potato tuber moth: when the seed potatoes are stored and the egg hatching full period reaches the second instar larvae, 0.3 percent of azadirachtin EC 800-fold liquid and 0.3 percent of matrine AS 300-500-fold liquid are used for preventing and treating the seed potatoes from the egg hatching full period to the second instar larvae, 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin EC 2000-fold liquid can be sprayed for preventing and treating the seed potatoes in the adult full period by field spraying, and physical prevention and treatment are adopted in the adult period;
ladybug with twenty-eight stars: when the quantity of a single plant is 2-3, before dispersing larvae, adding water for spraying, and spraying for 1 time at 7d-10d according to the insect condition, wherein the amount of the single plant is 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin EW2000-3000 times liquid, 2.5 percent of deltamethrin EC1500-2500 times liquid, and 21 percent of synergistic cyhalothrin EC 1500-3000 times liquid;
yellow ants: when the plant is just damaged, 50% of the EC 1000-fold solution of the phoxim is used for irrigating the roots, or wheat bran and rice bran are used for stir-frying, 50% of the EC 500-fold solution of the phoxim is added for spraying and wetting, and a proper amount of honey is added to prepare a food attractant which is sprayed around the plant for trapping and killing.
10. The method for cultivating potatoes in high yield according to claim 1, wherein the moisture management of the potatoes during the cultivation process comprises: the relative water content of soil in seedling stage, potato bearing stage, tuber expansion stage and maturation stage is respectively maintained at 70%, 70% -80%, 75% -85% and less than 60%, and the irrigation water is pond water stored for 1 week.
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| CN114830981A (en) * | 2022-05-17 | 2022-08-02 | 昭通市农业科学院(昭通市农业科学技术推广中心) | Summer-sowing potato semi-film mulching planting method |
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